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Chen M, Chang S, Xu Y, Guo H, Liu J. Dietary Beetroot Juice - Effects in Patients with COPD: A Review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2024; 19:1755-1765. [PMID: 39099609 PMCID: PMC11296515 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s473397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) exerts a severe toll on human health and the economy, with high prevalence and mortality rates. The search for bioactive components effective in the treatment of COPD has become a focal point of research. Beetroot juice, readily accessible and cost-effective, is noted for its ability to enhance athletic performance and for its preventive and therapeutic impact on hypertension. Beetroot juice is a rich source of dietary nitrates and modulates physiological processes via the nitrate-nitrite- nitric oxide pathway, exerting multiple beneficial effects such as antihypertensive, bronchodilatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering actions. This paper provides a review of the existing research on the effects of beetroot juice on COPD, summarizing its potential in enhancing exercise capacity, lowering blood pressure, improving vascular function, and ameliorating sleep quality among patients with COPD. The review serves as a reference for the prospective use of beetroot juice in the symptomatic improvement of COPD, as well as in the prevention of exacerbations and associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuting Chang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital (Gansu Provincial Center Hospital), Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Hennis PJ, Cumpstey AF, O'Doherty AF, Fernandez BO, Gilbert-Kawai ET, Mitchell K, Moyses H, Cobb A, Meale P, Pöhnl H, Mythen MG, Grocott MPW, Levett DZH, Martin DS, Feelisch M. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Does Not Alter Exercise Efficiency at High Altitude - Further Results From the Xtreme Alps Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:827235. [PMID: 35295581 PMCID: PMC8918982 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.827235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nitrate supplementation in the form of beetroot juice (BRJ) ingestion has been shown to improve exercise tolerance during acute hypoxia, but its effect on exercise physiology remains unstudied during sustained terrestrial high altitude exposure. We hypothesized that performing exercise at high altitude would lower circulating nitrate and nitrite levels and that BRJ ingestion would reverse this phenomenon while concomitantly improving key determinants of aerobic exercise performance. Methods Twenty seven healthy volunteers (21 male) underwent a series of exercise tests at sea level (SL, London, 75 m) and again after 5-8 days at high altitude (HA, Capanna Regina Margherita or "Margherita Hut," 4,559 m). Using a double-blind protocol, participants were randomized to consume a beetroot/fruit juice beverage (three doses per day) with high levels of nitrate (∼0.18 mmol/kg/day) or a nitrate-depleted placebo (∼11.5 μmoles/kg/day) control drink, from 3 days prior to the exercise trials until completion. Submaximal constant work rate cycle tests were performed to determine exercise efficiency and a maximal incremental ramp exercise test was undertaken to measure aerobic capacity, using breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange measurements throughout. Concentrations of nitrate, nitrite and nitrosation products were quantified in plasma samples collected at 5 timepoints during the constant work rate tests. Linear mixed modeling was used to analyze data. Results At both SL and HA, plasma nitrate concentrations were elevated in the nitrate supplementation group compared to placebo (P < 0.001) but did not change throughout increasing exercise work rate. Delta exercise efficiency was not altered by altitude exposure (P = 0.072) or nitrate supplementation (P = 0.836). V̇O2peak decreased by 24% at high altitude (P < 0.001) and was lower in the nitrate-supplemented group at both sea level and high altitude compared to placebo (P = 0.041). Dietary nitrate supplementation did not alter other peak exercise variables or oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold. Circulating nitrite and S-nitrosothiol levels unexpectedly rose in a few individuals right after cessation of exercise at high altitude. Conclusion Whilst regularly consumed during an 8 days expedition to terrestrial high altitude, nitrate supplementation did not alter exercise efficiency and other exercise physiological variables, except decreasing V̇O2peak. These results and those of others question the practical utility of BRJ consumption during prolonged altitude exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hennis
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom.,SHAPE Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew F Cumpstey
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair F O'Doherty
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Gilbert-Kawai
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Mitchell
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Moyses
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Cobb
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Meale
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Pöhnl
- AURAPA Würzungen GmbH, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany
| | - Monty G Mythen
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S Martin
- Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, University College London Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom.,Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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3
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Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Beckert P, Marques JP, Amorim S, Caetano C, Carvalho P, Sá C, Cotovio R, Cruz J, Dias T, Fernandes G, Gonçalves E, Leão C, Leitão A, Lopes J, Machado E, Neves M, Oliveira A, Pereira AI, Pereira B, Ribeiro F, Silva LM, Sousa F, Tinoco T, Teixeira VH, Sousa M, Brito J. Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001082. [PMID: 34527279 PMCID: PMC8395276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football's physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Paulo Beckert
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - José P Marques
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pedro Carvalho
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sá
- ISMAI, Castelo da Maia, Porto, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Braganca, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Cruz
- Portimonense Futebol SAD, Portimao, Portugal
| | - Tiago Dias
- Clube Desportivo Santa Clara, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | | | | | - César Leão
- Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaco, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,FC Paços de Ferreira, Paços de Ferreira, Portugal
| | | | - João Lopes
- Sporting Clube de Portugal, SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica Neves
- Vitória Futebol Clube, Setúbal, Portugal.,Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Sports Medicine Control Training Unit, Instituto Portugues do Desporto e Juventude, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Moreirense FC, Moreira, Portugal
| | - Luis M Silva
- Centro de Medicina Desportiva do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Sousa
- Futebol Clube de Vizela, Vizela, Portugal.,Futbolniy Klub Shakhtar, Shakhtar, Ukraine
| | | | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Futebol Clube do Porto SAD, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Sousa
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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4
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Todorovic N, Stajer V, Ratgeber L, Betlehem J, Acs P, Ostojic SM. Effects of 7-day supplementation with escalating doses of citrulline nitrate on resting and post-exercise blood pressure and safety biomarkers in healthy men: A randomized controlled trial. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211038632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 7-day supplementation with three different dosages of citrulline nitrate (CN) on blood pressure at rest and after exercise, biochemical safety markers, and self-reported outcome measures of adverse events in healthy men. 12 apparently healthy young men (age 25.9 ± 4.0 years; weight 78.6 ± 10.0 kg, height 181.0 ± 7.0 cm) volunteered to participate in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The dosages of CN were 1.5 g per day (low dose), 3.0 g per day (medium dose), and 6.0 g per day (high dose). No significant differences were found for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate at rest and after exercise between varying doses of CN and placebo ( p > 0.05). In addition, hematological indices, biochemical variables, and clinical enzyme profiles were not affected by either intervention ( p > 0.05), and the type and frequency of side effects were comparable to the placebo group. Citrulline nitrate was safe and well tolerated when administered for 7 days in dosages up to 6 g per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Todorovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Laszlo Ratgeber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Betlehem
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Pongras Acs
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Arazi H, Eghbali E. Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2021; 8:660150. [PMID: 34055855 PMCID: PMC8155490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.660150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes often seek to use dietary supplements to increase performance during exercise. Among various supplements, much attention has been paid to beetroot in recent years. Beetroot is a source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins; also, it is a natural source of nitrate and associated with improved sports performance. Nitrates can the modification of skeletal muscle contractile proteins or calcium handling after translation. The time to reach the peak plasma nitrate is between 1 and 3 h after consumption of a single dose of nitrate. Nitrate is metabolized by conversion to nitrite and subsequently nitric oxide. Beetroot can have various effects on athletic performance through nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and extracellular messenger for regulating certain cellular functions and causes vasodilation of blood vessels and increases blood flow. Nitric oxide seems to be effective in improving athletic performance by increasing oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for better muscle fueling. Nitric oxide plays the main role in anabolic hormones, modulates the release of several neurotransmitters and the major mediators of stress involved in the acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to exercise. Beetroot is an important source of compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, betaline, and highly active phenolics and has high antioxidant properties. Beetroot supplement provides an important source of dietary polyphenols and due to the many health benefits. Phytochemicals of Beetroot through signaling pathways inhibit inflammatory diseases. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were examined and the research in this regard was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Eghbali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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6
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Fernández-Elías V, Courel-Ibáñez J, Pérez-López A, Jodra P, Moreno-Pérez V, Coso JD, López-Samanes Á. Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve Match-Play Activity in Professional Tennis Players. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:30-37. [PMID: 33180007 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1835585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beetroot juice is a source of dietary nitrate (NO3-) recognized as a potential ergogenic aid to enhance tolerance during endurance exercise of submaximal-to-maximal intensity. However, little is known about the effects of beetroot juice on exercise performance in intermittent sports such as tennis. The present study aimed to determine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on movement patterns during a competitive tennis match in professional players. METHODS In a double-blind and randomized experiment, nine professional tennis players performed two experimental trials 3 h after ingesting either 70 mL of a commercially-available concentrated beetroot juice (6.4 mmol NO3-) or placebo (0.005 mmol NO3-). In each experimental trial, players completed a 3-set tennis match and two performance tests (i.e., serve speed and isometric handgrip strength) before and after the match. Match-play running performance was recorded using wearable GPS and accelerometer units. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo trial, the acute beetroot juice supplementation did not modify any match-play running performance (p = 0.178 to 0.997, d = 0.01 to 0.42). Furthermore, beetroot juice supplementation did not alter the pre-to-post match change in serve speed (p = 0.663, ηp2 = 0.03) or isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.219, ηp2 = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that acute ingestion of a commercialized shot of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (70 mL containing 6.4 mmol of NO3-) did not produce any performance benefit on tennis matchplay. Thus, acute beetroot juice supplementation seems an ergogenic aid with little value to enhance physical performance in professional tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Pérez-López
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Sport and Physical Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Jodra
- Department of Education Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Rojas-Valverde D, Montoya-Rodríguez J, Azofeifa-Mora C, Sanchez-Urena B. Effectiveness of beetroot juice derived nitrates supplementation on fatigue resistance during repeated-sprints: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3395-3406. [PMID: 32715742 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the search for non-doping substances that enhance sports performance has increased. Ergogenic aids such as beetroot juice (BRJ) and BRJ rich in nitrates (NO3-) are widely used to cause physiological benefits that may lead to physical improvements. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to explore the knowledge reported to date on the NO3- derived from BRJ intake effect on fatigue resistance during repeated sprints. A digital search was conducted following systematic review guidelines, and 18 studies met inclusion criteria from a total of 209 articles. In a third of the selected studies, the consumption of beet juice rich in NO3- contributes to an increase in nitrites in plasma that led to the rise in peak power, mean power, number of sprint repetitions, total work and time to task failure, and causes a decrease in fatigue index and sprints times. Some different dose has been proposed for both chronic and acute protocols. It seems that a chronic intake of ∼5-6 mmol of NO3- in 70 ml of BRJ, twice a day, for a minimum of 3-6 days could lead to a fatigue resistance improvement during repeated sprints. Besides, acute intake of NO3- 2.5-3 h before physical exertion or a dose of 250 ml/d to 500 ml/d of BRJ could lead to similar effective results. This systematic review presents some improvements (1.2-5.38%) in fatigue resistance during repeated sprints when consuming BRJ derived NO3-. The in-field practical meaning of these results should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Grupo de Avances en el Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad Ciencias del Deporte), Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Jaqueline Montoya-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Christian Azofeifa-Mora
- Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (PROCESA), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Braulio Sanchez-Urena
- Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (PROCESA), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
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8
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Zamani H, de Joode MEJR, Hossein IJ, Henckens NFT, Guggeis MA, Berends JE, de Kok TMCM, van Breda SGJ. The benefits and risks of beetroot juice consumption: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:788-804. [PMID: 32292042 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1746629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot juice (BRJ) has become increasingly popular amongst athletes aiming to improve sport performances. BRJ contains high concentrations of nitrate, which can be converted into nitric oxide (NO) after consumption. NO has various functions in the human body, including a vasodilatory effect, which reduces blood pressure and increases oxygen- and nutrient delivery to various organs. These effects indicate that BRJ may have relevant applications in prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the consumption of BRJ also has an impact on oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles, muscle efficiency, tolerance and endurance and may thus have a positive impact on sports performances. Aside from the beneficial aspects of BRJ consumption, there may also be potential health risks. Drinking BRJ may easily increase nitrate intake above the acceptable daily intake, which is known to stimulate the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC's), a class of compounds that is known to be carcinogenic and that may also induce several other adverse effects. Compared to studies on the beneficial effects, the amount of data and literature on the negative effects of BRJ is rather limited, and should be increased in order to perform a balanced risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zamani
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M E J R de Joode
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - I J Hossein
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - N F T Henckens
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M A Guggeis
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J E Berends
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T M C M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S G J van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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