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Saha P, Smith M, Hasan K. Accuracy of Intraarticular Injections: Blind vs. Image Guided Techniques-A Review of Literature. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:93. [PMID: 37489306 PMCID: PMC10366715 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-articular injections are widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of joint pathologies throughout the body. These injections can be performed blind by utilizing anatomical landmarks or with the use of imaging modalities to directly visualize the joint space during injections. This review of the literature aims to comprehensively identify differences in the accuracy of intra-articular injections via palpation vs. image guidance in the most commonly injected joints in the upper and lower extremities. To our knowledge, there are no such comprehensive reviews available. A narrative literature review was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies focusing on the accuracy of blind or image-guided intra-articular injections for each joint. A total of 75 articles was included in this review, with blind and image-guided strategies being discussed for the most commonly injected joints of the upper and lower extremities. Varying ranges of accuracy with blind and image-guided modalities were found throughout the literature, though an improvement in accuracy was seen in nearly all joints when using image guidance. Differences are pronounced, particularly in deep joints such as the hip or in the small joints such as those in the hand or foot. Image guidance is a useful adjunct for most intra-articular injections, if available. Though there is an increase in accuracy in nearly all joints, minor differences in accuracy seen in large, easily accessed joints, such as the knee, may not warrant image guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Khalid Hasan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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2
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Sergot L, Kho JSB, Chakraverty J. The frondiform ligament sling: a sonographic landmark for injection into the sinus tarsi. J Ultrasound 2022; 25:777-781. [PMID: 34085208 PMCID: PMC9402841 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-021-00571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Localisation and injection of the sinus tarsi can be challenging, particularly for the less experienced musculoskeletal sonographer/practitioner. The inferior extensor retinaculum arises from the sinus tarsi in the form of three roots (medial, intermediate and lateral) which are collectively termed the frondiform ligament. This is readily identified on ultrasound and can be used as a reference point to aid the safe delivery of injectate material into the sinus tarsi. This article describes the technique and its anatomical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Sergot
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, University Hospitals of Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation NHS Trust, Marlborough StreetBristol, BS1 3NU, UK.
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Marlborough StreetBristol, BS1 3NU, UK.
| | - James S B Kho
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, University Hospitals of Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation NHS Trust, Marlborough StreetBristol, BS1 3NU, UK
| | - Julian Chakraverty
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, University Hospitals of Bristol & Weston NHS Foundation NHS Trust, Marlborough StreetBristol, BS1 3NU, UK
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3
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Abstract
Orthopaedic surgeons frequently use aspirations and injections to both diagnose and treat disorders of the lower extremity. Comprehensive knowledge of regional anatomy, procedural indications, and appropriate techniques are essential. Clinicians must be well versed in a range of musculoskeletal aspiration and injection techniques, including patient positioning, equipment needs, injectable solutions, aspirate analysis, and potential complications. Safe and effective aspiration and injection techniques for the lower extremity, including the hip, knee, foot, and ankle, are reviewed. Image guidance modalities include fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, CT, and MRI.
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Mandl P, Bong D, Balint PV, Hammer HB, Miguel M, Naredo E, Terslev L, Möller I. Sonographic and Anatomic Description of the Subtalar Joint. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:119-123. [PMID: 29122317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our study provides a detailed anatomic and sonographic description of the subtalar joint, a single joint that, anatomically, is divided into the anterior subtalar joint (ASTJ) and the posterior subtalar joint (PSTJ). Cadaver specimens of the ankle and foot were examined in detail by ultrasound (US), and the subtalar joints of all the specimens were injected with colored latex of a contrasting color under US guidance. Compatible with other studies, examination of the sections revealed lack of communication between the ASTJ and the PSTJ and communication between the PSTJ and the posterior recess of the tibiotalar joint. A recommended list of standardized ultrasound scans was developed using a Delphi consensus process, which allows sonographers to evaluate both the ASTJ and PSTJ from the medial, lateral and posterior aspects. The recommended ultrasound scans were found to be applicable based on a test of agreement between images acquired in cadaver specimens and images acquired in four centers using healthy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mandl
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Bong
- Department of Rheumatology, Universitat de Barcelona, Instituto Poal de Reumatologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter V Balint
- Department of Rheumatology, National Institute of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Maribel Miguel
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esperanza Naredo
- Department of Rheumatology, Joint and Bone Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz and Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lene Terslev
- Department of Rheumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Möller
- Department of Rheumatology, Universitat de Barcelona, Instituto Poal de Reumatologia, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Musculoskeletal interventional procedures: With or without imaging guidance? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016; 30:736-750. [PMID: 27931965 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspiration and injection of joints and soft tissues is an indispensable skill used in everyday practice by the clinical rheumatologist. Most rheumatologists recognise that performing these procedures using anatomical landmarks is not always successful, particularly in the case of small or infrequently injected joints, bursae or tendon sheaths. Musculoskeletal ultrasound confirms the local pathological-anatomical diagnosis and is the most applicable and feasible imaging method that can be applied in clinical practice in guiding musculoskeletal interventional procedures. From 1993, there has been substantial examination of the accuracy of landmark- and imaging-guided procedures. We have searched the literature and ascertained whether imaging techniques improve the accuracy of musculoskeletal procedures and whether the accuracy of needle placement can be translated into improved clinical outcome (efficacy).
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6
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Ogul H, Guzel Y, Pirimoglu B, Tuncer K, Polat G, Ergun F, Sade R, Bayraktutan U, Yuce I, Kantarci M. The clinical and radiological importance of extraarticular contrast material leakage into adjacent synovial compartments on ankle MR arthrography in patients with OCD and anterolateral impingement. Eur J Radiol 2016; 85:1857-1866. [PMID: 27666628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the tibiotalar joint capacity and the localisation, frequency and amount of extravasation in patients with extraarticular contrast material leakage into adjacent synovial compartments on ankle magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sites of extravasation were determined in the ankle MR arthrograms of 69 patients. Thirty-four patients without extraarticular contrast material leakage into locations unrelated to the injection path were included as a control group. Volumetric measurements of extraarticular contrast material leakage and the tibiotalar joint capacity were performed on a three dimensional (3D) volume measurement workstation. RESULTS Extravasation of contrast material occurred through the anterior, posterior, and anterolateral recesses of the tibiotalar joint. The most common site of extravasation was along the flexor hallucis longus tendon synovium (24.6%). The amount of extravasation was significantly higher in patients with ankle osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) than in patients with a different diagnosis (p=0.039). Loose bodies were detected in all OCD's patients with insufficient tibiotalar joint distention. CONCLUSIONS Connections between the ankle joint and neighboring synovial compartments can decrease the diagnostic value of ankle MR arthrography examinations due to inadequate joint distention. Large injection volumes should be used for ankle MR arthrography of patients with OCD (especially OCD's patients with loose body) and impingement syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayri Ogul
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Guzel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Berhan Pirimoglu
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kutsi Tuncer
- Department of Orthopedic, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Polat
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ergun
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Recep Sade
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Ihsan Yuce
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mecit Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Effectiveness of Ultrasound Guidance on Intraarticular and Periarticular Joint Injections: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 94:775-83. [PMID: 25768070 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of ultrasound-guided intraarticular and periarticular joint injections as compared with landmark-guided injections technique. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in Medline, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, reference lists of articles, and other sources. Only randomized controlled trials were included. Two reviewers independently selected and assessed each study for quality and extracted data. RESULTS Twelve randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicated that ultrasound-guided intraarticular and periarticular joint injections were more accurate than the landmark-guided injections (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.60). Ultrasound-guided joint injections significantly decreased the visual analog scale scores at both 2 wks (mean difference, -9.57; 95% confidence interval, -13.14 to -5.99) (P < 0.00001) and 6 wks (mean difference, -14.21; 95% confidence interval, -18.20 to -10.21) (P < 0.00001) after injection. There was no statistically significant difference in visual analog scale score at 12 wks between ultrasound-guided and landmark-guided intraarticular and periarticular joint injections (mean difference, -4.42; 95% confidence interval, -11.71 to 2.87) (P = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS Intraarticular and periarticular injections using ultrasound guidance significantly improves the accuracy of joint injections, and there is a significant decrease in visual analog scale scores for up to 6 wks after injection. The effect of ultrasound guidance on the long-term outcome of joint injections is inconclusive. The improved accuracy of injections was associated with pain relief. The authors recommend routine ultrasound guidance for intraarticular and periarticular injections.
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Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures in Pain Medicine: A Review of Anatomy, Sonoanatomy, and Procedures: Part VI: Ankle Joint. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 41:99-116. [PMID: 26655217 DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-guided injections in pain medicine are emerging as a popular technique for pain interventions. Ultrasound can be applied for procedures of the ankle joint and surrounding structures. This review describes the anatomy and sonoanatomy of the ankle joint, subtalar joint, and surrounding extra-articular structures relevant for intra-articular injection. Second, it reviews injection techniques and the accuracy and efficacy of these intra-articular ankle injections.
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Finnoff JT, Hall MM, Adams E, Berkoff D, Concoff AL, Dexter W, Smith J. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) position statement: interventional musculoskeletal ultrasound in sports medicine. PM R 2015; 7:151-68.e12. [PMID: 25708351 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of diagnostic and interventional ultrasound has significantly increased over the past decade. A majority of the increased utilization is by nonradiologists. In sports medicine, ultrasound is often used to guide interventions such as aspirations, diagnostic or therapeutic injections, tenotomies, releases, and hydrodissections. This American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) position statement critically reviews the literature and evaluates the accuracy, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided injections in major, intermediate, and small joints, and soft tissues, all of which are commonly performed in sports medicine. New ultrasound-guided procedures and future trends are also briefly discussed. Based upon the evidence, the official AMSSM position relevant to each subject is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA; Tahoe Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 1139 Third St, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150.(∗); Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, Iowa City, IA(†).
| | - Mederic M Hall
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, Iowa City, IA(†)
| | - Erik Adams
- Midwest Sports Medicine Institute, Middleton, WI(‡)
| | - David Berkoff
- Department of Orthopaedics and Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC(§)
| | - Andrew L Concoff
- Outpatient Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, St Jude Medical Center, Fullerton, CA(¶)
| | - William Dexter
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA(#)
| | - Jay Smith
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Rochester, MN; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(∗∗)
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Young CM, Horst DM, Murakami JW, Shiels WE. Ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection of the subtalar joint for treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:1212-7. [PMID: 25672519 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subtalar joint is commonly affected in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and is challenging to treat percutaneously. OBJECTIVE To describe the technique for treating the subtalar joint with US-guided corticosteroid injections in children and young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and to evaluate the safety of the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 122 patients (age 15 months-29 years) with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who were referred by a pediatric rheumatologist for corticosteroid injection therapy for symptoms related to the hindfoot or ankle. In these patients the diseased subtalar joint was targeted for therapy, often in conjunction with adjacent affected joints or tendon sheaths of the ankle. We used a protocol based on age, weight and joint for triamcinolone hexacetonide or triamcinolone acetonide dose prescription. We describe the technique for successful treatment of the subtalar joint. RESULTS A total of 241 subtalar joint corticosteroid injections were performed under US guidance, including 68 repeat injections for recurrent symptoms in 26 of the 122 children and young adults. The average time interval between repeat injections was 24.8 months (range 2.2-130.7 months, median 14.2 months). Subcutaneous tissue atrophy and skin hypopigmentation were the primary complications observed. These complications occurred in 3.9% of the injections. CONCLUSION With appropriate training and practice, the subtalar joint can be reliably and safely targeted with US-guided corticosteroid injection to treat symptoms related to juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M Young
- Department of Radiology and The Children's Radiological Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA,
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11
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Abstract
Imaging of the subtalar joint can be challenging because of its complex planar anatomy. This article reviews the anatomy and common anatomic variants as seen with different imaging techniques. Although radiography remains the initial mode of imaging, computed tomography and MRI are frequently needed to better delineate the joint anatomy and improve the sensitivity and the specificity of detection of joint pathology. A short review of arthrographic techniques and various examples of imaging of common pathology involving this joint are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lopez-Ben
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Charlotte, NC 27516, USA; Charlotte Radiology, 1701 East Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
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Sonographically Guided Semimembranosus Bursa Injection: Technique and Validation. PM R 2015; 8:51-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Otjen J, Parnell SE, Menashe S, Thapa MM. Ultrasound-guided joint injections for MR arthrography in pediatric patients: how we do it. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45:308-16; quiz 305-7. [PMID: 25726013 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-014-3212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In children, MR arthrography is typically performed using fluoroscopic guidance. This article explores the role of US-guided joint injections as an alternative for MR arthrography in children, discussing its advantages and disadvantages compared to standard methods. We describe techniques for performing US-guided injection of the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle and posterior subtalar joints, highlighting pertinent anatomy, routes of access and unique considerations for this modality in children. Written descriptions, images and links to video clips are used to illustrate proper arthrographic technique. We conclude that US provides effective guidance for intra-articular injection prior to MR arthrography, with the advantages of improved visualization of internal structures, reduced radiation exposure, convenience of performing the procedure portably and ease of performance. Although this paper does not address therapeutic steroid injections, these techniques could easily be translated for such purposes. We propose US guidance as a viable alternative to fluoroscopic technique for arthrography in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Otjen
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE M/S-5417, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: interventional musculoskeletal ultrasound in sports medicine. Clin J Sport Med 2015; 25:6-22. [PMID: 25536481 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of diagnostic and interventional ultrasound has significantly increased over the past decade. A majority of the increased utilization is by nonradiologists. In sports medicine, ultrasound is often used to guide interventions such as aspirations, diagnostic or therapeutic injections, tenotomies, releases, and hydrodissections. This American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) position statement critically reviews the literature and evaluates the accuracy, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided injections in major, intermediate, and small joints, and soft tissues, all of which are commonly performed in sports medicine. New ultrasound-guided procedures and future trends are also briefly discussed. Based on the evidence, the official AMSSM position relevant to each subject is made.
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15
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Smith J, Maida E, Murthy NS, Kissin EY, Jacobson JA. Sonographically guided posterior subtalar joint injections via the sinus tarsi approach. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2015; 34:83-93. [PMID: 25542943 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.34.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the feasibility and accuracy of sonographically guided posterior subtalar joint (PSTJ) injections performed through the sinus tarsi. METHODS A single experienced operator completed 10 sonographically guided PSTJ injections via the sinus tarsi on 10 unembalmed cadaveric ankle-foot specimens. Injections were performed using a 17-5-MHz linear transducer, a 25-gauge, 50-mm needle, and an out-of-plane, anterior-to-posterior needle trajectory parallel to the calcaneal surface. Sonographic assessment for fluid in the posterior and lateral PSTJ recesses, sinus tarsi, and peroneal tendon sheath was performed before and after injections of 2 and 4 mL of tap water. Two additional specimens were injected with a contrast agent: 1 via the sonographically guided approach and another by a computed tomographically guided approach. RESULTS All 10 sonographically guided PSTJ tap water injections were accurate, distending both the posterior and lateral PSTJ recesses. In addition, all 10 specimens showed posterior recess distension by 2 mL, whereas only 2 specimens (20%) showed lateral recess distension at this volume. By 4 mL, both recesses were clearly distended in all specimens. Both contrast agent injections produced similar PSTJ computed tomographic arthrograms and patterns of recess distension similar to the sonographically guided tap water injections. No sonographically guided PSTJ injection placed fluid in the peroneal tendon sheath. CONCLUSIONS Sonographically guided PSTJ injections via the sinus tarsi can accurately and specifically deliver injectate into the PSTJ while monitoring injectate flow within the posterior recess. The sinus tarsi approach may be used as an alternative technique to perform sonographically guided PSTJ injections when clinically appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Smith
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.S.), Radiology (J.S., N.S.M.), and Anatomy (J.S.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.); Division of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts USA (E.Y.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA (J.A.J.).
| | - Eugene Maida
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.S.), Radiology (J.S., N.S.M.), and Anatomy (J.S.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.); Division of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts USA (E.Y.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA (J.A.J.)
| | - Naveen S Murthy
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.S.), Radiology (J.S., N.S.M.), and Anatomy (J.S.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.); Division of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts USA (E.Y.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA (J.A.J.)
| | - Eugene Y Kissin
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.S.), Radiology (J.S., N.S.M.), and Anatomy (J.S.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.); Division of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts USA (E.Y.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA (J.A.J.)
| | - Jon A Jacobson
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.S.), Radiology (J.S., N.S.M.), and Anatomy (J.S.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.); Division of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts USA (E.Y.K.); and Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA (J.A.J.)
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16
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Finnoff JT, Hall MM, Adams E, Berkoff D, Concoff AL, Dexter W, Smith J. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) position statement: interventional musculoskeletal ultrasound in sports medicine. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:145-50. [PMID: 25330777 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of diagnostic and interventional ultrasound has significantly increased over the past decade. A majority of the increased utilisation is by non-radiologists. In sports medicine, ultrasound is often used to guide interventions such as aspirations, diagnostic or therapeutic injections, tenotomies, releases and hydrodissections. OBJECTIVE Critically review the literature related to the accuracy, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided injections (USGIs) in major, intermediate and small joints; and soft tissues. DESIGN Systematic review of the literature. RESULTS USGIs are more accurate than landmark-guided injections (LMGIs; strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT) Evidence Rating=A). USGIs are more efficacious than LMGIs (SORT Evidence Rating=B). USGIs are more cost-effective than LMGIs (SORT Evidence Rating=B). Ultrasound guidance is required to perform many new procedures (SORT Evidence Rating=C). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this position statement indicate there is strong evidence that USGIs are more accurate than LMGI, moderate evidence that they are more efficacious and preliminary evidence that they are more cost-effective. Furthermore, ultrasound-guided (USG) is required to perform many new, advanced procedures and will likely enable the development of innovative USG surgical techniques in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic college of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mederic M Hall
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Sports Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Erik Adams
- Midwest Sports Medicine Institute, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Berkoff
- Department of Orthopaedics and Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew L Concoff
- Outpatient Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, St. Jude Medical Center, Fullerton, California, USA Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William Dexter
- Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jay Smith
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Robotti G, Canepa MG, Bortolotto C, Draghi F. Interventional musculoskeletal US: an update on materials and methods. J Ultrasound 2013; 16:45-55. [PMID: 24294343 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-013-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is one of the most common causes of reduced productivity. The annual cost of health-related reductions in productivity has been estimated at approximately 225 billion dollars in the United States alone. Ultrasound-guided locoregional infiltration procedures have frequently been shown to offer economical, effective, lasting relief of pain. In-depth familiarity with the equipment (probes and needles) and techniques used to perform these procedures are fundamental for safe, effective treatment. In fact, depending on the characteristics of the patient and the clinical problem, the approach and technique may have to be modified to simplify the procedure and ensure better results. Up-to-date knowledge of the drugs used for these infiltrations (indications, how they are used) is equally important. Our aim is to provide an update on the techniques and materials used in interventional musculoskeletal ultrasonography based on a review of the most recent literature as well as on our personal experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Robotti
- Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Pain Therapy, Collegiate Institute of Radiology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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The Accuracy and Efficacy of Palpation versus Image-Guided Peripheral Injections in Sports Medicine. Curr Sports Med Rep 2013; 12:296-303. [DOI: 10.1097/01.csmr.0000434103.32478.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Buck FM, Pfirrmann CWA, Brunner F, Hodler J, Peterson C. The posterolateral fluoroscopy-guided injection technique into the posterior subtalar joint: description of the procedure and pilot study on patient outcomes. Skeletal Radiol 2012; 41:699-705. [PMID: 21946953 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-011-1278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a posterolateral fluoroscopy-guided injection technique into the posterior subtalar joint and to report patient outcomes 1 month post-injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three consecutive adult patients who underwent fluoroscopy-guided injection into the posterior subtalar joint using a direct posterolateral approach and who returned an outcomes-based postal questionnaire after receiving this injection were included. Numerical pain rating scale (NRS) data were collected prior to injection. NRS and Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scales were completed 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after injection. The proportion of patients who improved was calculated for each time period. Baseline NRS data were compared to each time point using the Wilcoxon test to assess differences. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to compare the 20 min NRS score with all follow-up NRS scores. All available images were reviewed for the presence of subtalar osteoarthritis (OA). Patient charts were reviewed to identify characteristics of patients referred for subtalar injections. Risk ratios were calculated comparing presence of OA or other abnormalities with improvement. RESULTS A posterolateral approach for fluoroscopy-guided injections into the subtalar joint is described. There was a significant reduction in the mean NRS score at all time periods compared to baseline (p ≤ 0.004). One-third of patients (7/21) reported clinically relevant improvement at 1 month. CONCLUSIONS Fluoroscopy-guided puncture of the posterior subtalar joint using a posterolateral approach is possible. Clinically significant improvement is reported in 33% of patients after 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Buck
- Radiology, Orthopedic University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Collins JMP, Smithuis R, Rutten MJCM. US-guided injection of the upper and lower extremity joints. Eur J Radiol 2011; 81:2759-70. [PMID: 22130195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the application of ultrasound (US) guidance for diagnostic and therapeutic joint injections. US provides direct visualization of soft tissues and the outer borders of bony structures. With real-time needle guidance the success rate of intra-articular injections improves and iatrogenic damage to anatomic structures can be avoided. An US machine is more readily available, transferrable and more affordable than a fluoroscopy machine or CT scanner and lacks the risk of radiation. These factors make US a valuable alternative to procedures performed either blind or under fluoroscopic or CT guidance. This article focuses on the rationale for injections in the upper and lower extremity joints and describes and illustrates the different US-guided injection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M P Collins
- Department of Radiology, Medical Center Leeuwarden, H. Dunantweg 2, AD Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
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Peck E, Finnoff JT, Smith J, Curtiss H, Muir J, Hollman JH. Accuracy of palpation-guided and ultrasound-guided needle tip placement into the deep and superficial posterior leg compartments. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:1968-74. [PMID: 21617254 DOI: 10.1177/0363546511406235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive leg compartment testing may be performed to diagnose chronic exertional compartment syndrome. No prior study has assessed the accuracy of leg compartment needle tip access. PURPOSE This study was undertaken to describe and determine the accuracy of palpation-guided and ultrasound-guided techniques for needle tip placement into the deep and superficial posterior leg compartments by a less experienced clinician and a more experienced clinician using a cadaveric model. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twenty unembalmed adult lower limb cadaveric specimens were used for the study. Two investigators, a sports medicine fellow with 10 months of musculoskeletal ultrasound experience and a staff physiatrist with 3 years of musculoskeletal ultrasound experience, each performed 1 palpation-guided and 1 ultrasound-guided colored latex dye injection into the deep and superficial posterior leg compartments of each cadaveric specimen. A blinded investigator dissected the specimens and graded them for accuracy. RESULTS The accuracy rates of palpation-guided (accuracy rate, 90%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 76%-97%) and ultrasound-guided (accuracy rate, 88%; 95% CI, 73%-95%) deep posterior compartment injections were statistically equivalent (P = 1.000). All 80 injections performed into the superficial posterior compartment were accurate (accuracy rate, 100%; 95% CI, 89%-100%). The accuracy of the less experienced investigator (total injection accuracy rate, 88%; 95% CI, 73%-95%) and the more experienced investigator (total injection accuracy rate, 90%; 95% CI, 76%-97%) were not significantly different (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION Needle tip placement into the deep and superficial posterior leg compartments is relatively accurate with palpation guidance regardless of level of experience, and does not improve with the use of ultrasound guidance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasound guidance does not appear to be indicated for routine deep or superficial posterior leg compartment pressure testing. However, this does not preclude the need for ultrasound guidance in selected clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Peck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA.
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The Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided and Palpation-Guided Peroneal Tendon Sheath Injections. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 90:564-71. [DOI: 10.1097/phm.0b013e31821f6e63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kraus T, Heidari N, Borbas P, Clement H, Grechenig W, Weinberg AM. Accuracy of anterolateral versus posterolateral subtalar injection. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2011; 131:759-63. [PMID: 21161254 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-010-1208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injections into the subtalar joint may be performed for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. The anterolateral approach is most commonly utilised for this purpose. We evaluated the success of an intra-articular puncture by using the anterolateral in comparison to the posterolateral approach. METHODS Sixty-eight cadaver adult feet were used for performing injections into the subtalar joint without fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance. Methylene blue dye was infiltrated into 34 of the 68 subtalar joints through an anterolateral approach and into 34 through an posterolateral approach. An arthrotomy was then performed to confirm the placement of the dye within the joint. RESULTS Twenty-three of the anterolateral injections (67.6%) were successful as were 31 of 34 (91.2%) of the posterolateral. The posterolateral approach showed a greater accuracy with a statistically significance (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Unintended peri-articular injection can cause complications and an unsuccessful aspiration can delay diagnosis. Comparing the anterolateral to the posterolateral approach with regards to the rate of successful intra-articular puncture of the subtalar joint without the use of imaging there is a greater accuracy with the PL with statistically significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kraus
- Pediatric Orthopedic Unit, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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Chavez-Chiang CE, Sibbitt WL, Band PA, Chavez-Chiang NR, DeLea SL, Bankhurst AD. The highly accurate anteriolateral portal for injecting the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2011; 3:6. [PMID: 21447197 PMCID: PMC3077322 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The extended knee lateral midpatellar portal for intraarticular injection of the knee is accurate but is not practical for all patients. We hypothesized that a modified anteriolateral portal where the synovial membrane of the medial femoral condyle is the target would be highly accurate and effective for intraarticular injection of the knee. Methods 83 subjects with non-effusive osteoarthritis of the knee were randomized to intraarticular injection using the modified anteriolateral bent knee versus the standard lateral midpatellar portal. After hydrodissection of the synovial membrane with lidocaine using a mechanical syringe (reciprocating procedure device), 80 mg of triamcinolone acetonide were injected into the knee with a 2.0-in (5.1-cm) 21-gauge needle. Baseline pain, procedural pain, and pain at outcome (2 weeks and 6 months) were determined with the 10 cm Visual Analogue Pain Score (VAS). The accuracy of needle placement was determined by sonographic imaging. Results The lateral midpatellar and anteriolateral portals resulted in equivalent clinical outcomes including procedural pain (VAS midpatellar: 4.6 ± 3.1 cm; anteriolateral: 4.8 ± 3.2 cm; p = 0.77), pain at outcome (VAS midpatellar: 2.6 ± 2.8 cm; anteriolateral: 1.7 ± 2.3 cm; p = 0.11), responders (midpatellar: 45%; anteriolateral: 56%; p = 0.33), duration of therapeutic effect (midpatellar: 3.9 ± 2.4 months; anteriolateral: 4.1 ± 2.2 months; p = 0.69), and time to next procedure (midpatellar: 7.3 ± 3.3 months; anteriolateral: 7.7 ± 3.7 months; p = 0.71). The anteriolateral portal was 97% accurate by real-time ultrasound imaging. Conclusion The modified anteriolateral bent knee portal is an effective, accurate, and equivalent alternative to the standard lateral midpatellar portal for intraarticular injection of the knee. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00651625
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Affiliation(s)
- Colbert E Chavez-Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wilmer L Sibbitt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Philip A Band
- the Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia R Chavez-Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Suzanne L DeLea
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Arthur D Bankhurst
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Reeves KD, Lyftogt J. Prolotherapy. Pain Manag 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0721-2.00194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Rogers CJ, Cianca J. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of the Ankle and Foot. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2010; 21:549-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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