1
|
Kadowaki M, Yasuoka K, Takahashi C, Mukoyama H, Shirayama Y, Yuasa M. An analysis of factors contributing to household transmission of COVID-19-using data from active epidemiological investigations performed in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024:JJID.2023.342. [PMID: 38945861 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
An active epidemiological investigation of COVID-19 cases in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo revealed that household transmission was the main route of infection spread. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting household transmission in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and their cohabitants, during the wild type virus (December 2020) and alpha variant epidemic (May 2021). Index case factors significantly associated with household transmission for both wild type (WT) and alpha variant (AV), were at least 3 days from onset to diagnosis (WT: risk ratio [RR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.79/AV: RR 1.66, CI 1.32-2.08), and a household size of three or more people (WT: RR 1.37, CI 1.10-1.72/AV: RR 1.29, CI 1.05-1.59). There were also significant differences in age ≥ 65 (RR 2.39, CI 1.26-4.54) and symptomatic at diagnosis (RR 3.05, CI 1.22-7.63) in index cases of WT. Among cohabitants, factors associated with household transmission for both strains were being the spouse/partner of the index case (WT: RR 1.68, CI 1.21-1.82/AV: RR 1.97, CI 1.59-2.43) and at least 3 days from onset to diagnosis of the index case (WT: RR 1.48, CI 1.34-2.10/ AV: RR 1.86, CI1.52-2.28). Early diagnosis and isolation are effective for preventing household transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Kadowaki
- Department of Global Health Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Keiko Yasuoka
- Health Policy Division, Bureau of Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihisa Shirayama
- Department of Global Health Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Yuasa
- Department of Global Health Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Menezes DC, Perico J, Martins BL, Belone ADFF, Fortaleza CMCB, Santana FCDS, Latini ACP, Souza VNBD. Time between symptom and testing in relation to familial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:1751-1756. [PMID: 37255151 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023286.16112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazil has a huge number of cases and deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, few studies have dealt with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among familial contacts in Brazil. Here, we report our findings on transmission in a family-based study in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The study, conducted from July to November 2020, comprised 974 individuals with 233 index patients and 741 familial contacts. Familial contacts were evaluated using the rapid COVID-19 Ag ECO and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests immediately after the index patient diagnosis. The antigen-based rapid test was validated in 121 individuals using RT-PCR as the gold standard. Additionally, 30 days later, familial contacts were evaluated for IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We found 333 cases of COVID-19 among familial contacts (44.9%). A positive correlation was observed between the time elapsed from the onset of symptoms until the index patient's COVID-19 testing and the number of family contacts infected by SARS-CoV-2. Early SARS-CoV-2 testing and familial contact evaluation are relevant strategies to contain transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cabrera Menezes
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp). Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Jonatas Perico
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp). Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Bruna Letícia Martins
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp). Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Andrea de Faria Fernandes Belone
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
| | | | - Fabiana Covolo de Souza Santana
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
| | - Ana Carla Pereira Latini
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp). Botucatu SP Brasil
| | - Vania Nieto Brito de Souza
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros s/n, Distrito Industrial Marcus Vinícius Feliz Machado. 17034-971 Bauru SP Brasil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp). Botucatu SP Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Y, Xia Y, Pickering J, Bowen AC, Short KR. The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern within households: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, as at 30 June 2022. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200624. [PMID: 37140450 PMCID: PMC10161681 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.18.2200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMeta-analyses and single-site studies have established that children are less infectious than adults within a household when positive for ancestral SARS-CoV-2. In addition, children appear less susceptible to infection when exposed to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 within a household. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) has been associated with an increased number of paediatric infections worldwide. However, the role of children in the household transmission of VOC, relative to the ancestral virus, remains unclear.AimWe aimed to evaluate children's role in household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 VOC.MethodsWe perform a meta-analysis of the role of children in household transmission of both ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 VOC.ResultsUnlike with the ancestral virus, children infected with VOC spread SARS-CoV-2 to an equivalent number of household contacts as infected adults and were equally as likely to acquire SARS-CoV-2 VOC from an infected family member. Interestingly, the same was observed when unvaccinated children exposed to VOC were compared with unvaccinated adults exposed to VOC.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the emergence of VOC was associated with a fundamental shift in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. It is unlikely that this is solely the result of age-dependent differences in vaccination during the VOC period and may instead reflect virus evolution over the course of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Wesfarmer's Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Yao Xia
- Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Janessa Pickering
- Wesfarmer's Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Wesfarmer's Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang C, Huang X, Lau EHY, Cowling BJ, Tsang TK. Association Between Population-Level Factors and Household Secondary Attack Rate of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 10:ofac676. [PMID: 36655186 PMCID: PMC9835764 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate estimation of household secondary attack rate (SAR) is crucial to understand the transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The impact of population-level factors, such as transmission intensity in the community, on SAR estimates is rarely explored. Methods In this study, we included articles with original data to compute the household SAR. To determine the impact of transmission intensity in the community on household SAR estimates, we explored the association between SAR estimates and the incidence rate of cases by country during the study period. Results We identified 163 studies to extract data on SARs from 326 031 cases and 2 009 859 household contacts. The correlation between the incidence rate of cases during the study period and SAR estimates was 0.37 (95% CI, 0.24-0.49). We found that doubling the incidence rate of cases during the study period was associated with a 1.2% (95% CI, 0.5%-1.8%) higher household SAR. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the incidence rate of cases during the study period is associated with higher SAR. Ignoring this factor may overestimate SARs, especially for regions with high incidences, which further impacts control policies and epidemiological characterization of emerging variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaotong Huang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tim K Tsang
- Correspondence: Tim K. Tsang, PhD, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ()
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang K, Deng J, Tuo X, Fan S, Yue Y, Liu H, Liu Z, Zhang S, Wang L, Dai R, Zhao Y. Analysis of the close contact management mode and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in Chengdu, China. One Health 2022; 15:100420. [PMID: 35910302 PMCID: PMC9323207 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and the increase in cases, as a potential source of infection, the risk of close contact has gradually increased. However, few studies have analyzed the tracking and management of cross-regional personnel. In this study, we hope to understand the effectiveness and feasibility of existing close contact management measures in Chengdu, so as to provide a reference for further prevention and control of the epidemic. The close contact management mode and epidemiological characteristics of 40,425 close contacts from January 22, 2020, to March 1, 2022, in Chengdu, China, were analyzed. The relationship with index cases was mainly co-passengers (57.58%) and relatives (7.20%), and the frequency of contact was mainly occasional contact (70.39%). A total of 400 (0.99%) close contacts were converted into cases, which were mainly found in the first and second nucleic acid tests (53.69%), and the contact mode was mainly by sharing transportation (63.82%). In terms of close contact management time, both the supposed ((11.93 ± 3.00) days vs. (11.92 ± 7.24) days) and actual ((13.74 ± 17.47) days vs. (12.60 ± 4.35) days) isolation times in Chengdu were longer than those of the outer cities (P < 0.001). For the local clustered epidemics in Chengdu, the relationship with indexed cases was mainly colleagues (12.70%). The tracing and management of close contacts is a two-way management measure that requires cooperation among departments. Enhancing existing monitoring and response capabilities can control the spread of the epidemic to a certain extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Tuo
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shuangfeng Fan
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yue
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chenghua District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Wang
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Dai
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Chengdu Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen F, Tian Y, Zhang L, Shi Y. The role of children in household transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:266-275. [PMID: 35562045 PMCID: PMC9091150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore household transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in children in new-variants dominating periods. METHODS Through retrieval in PubMed and Embase, studies were included in two parts: meta-analysis of the household secondary attack rate (SAR) and case analysis of household pediatric infections. RESULTS A total of 95 articles were included: 48 for meta-analysis and 47 for case analysis. Pediatric COVID-19 only comprised a minority of the household transmission. The total pooled household SAR of child index cases and contacts were 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15-0.26) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.18-0.30). Lower household transmissibility was reported in both child index cases and contacts than in adults (relative risk [RR] = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50-0.81; RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64-0.85). Younger children were as susceptible as the older children (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.72-1.10). Through subgroup analyses of different variants and periods, increased household SAR was observed in children (Wild: 0.20; Alpha: 0.42; Delta: 0.35; Omicron: 0.56), and no significant difference was found in household SAR between children and adults when new variants dominated. CONCLUSION Although children were found not to be dominant in the household transmission, their transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 appeared to be on the rise as new variants emerged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Shi
- Corresponding author: Yuan Shi, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China, Mob: 00862363635678
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dub T, Solastie A, Hagberg L, Liedes O, Nohynek H, Haveri A, Virta C, Vara S, Lasander M, Ekström N, Österlund P, Lind K, Valtonen H, Hemmilä H, Ikonen N, Lukkarinen T, Palmu AA, Melin M. High secondary attack rate and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household transmission study participants, Finland 2020–2021. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:876532. [PMID: 35966873 PMCID: PMC9366099 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.876532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Household transmission studies offer the opportunity to assess both secondary attack rate (SAR) and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over time. Methods In Spring 2020, we invited confirmed COVID-19 cases and their household members to four visits, where we collected nasopharyngeal and serum samples over 28 days after index case onset. We calculated SAR based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and assessed the persistence of NAb and IgG antibodies (Ab) against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and nucleoprotein. Results SAR was 45% (39/87), including 35 symptomatic secondary cases. During the initial 28-day follow-up, 62% (80/129) of participants developed NAb. Of those that seroconverted, 90% (63/70), 85% (63/74), and 78% (45/58) still had NAb to early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 3, 6, and 12 months after the onset of the index case. Anti-spike IgG Ab persisted in 100% (69/69), 97% (72/74), and 93% (55/59) of seroconverted participants after 3, 6, and 12 months, while anti-nucleoprotein IgG Ab levels waned faster, persisting in 99% (68/69), 78% (58/74), and 55% (39/71) of participants, respectively. Conclusion Following detection of a COVID-19 case in a household, other members had a high risk of becoming infected. NAb to early B-lineage SARS-CoV-2 persisted for at least a year in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Dub
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Solastie
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anna Solastie,
| | - Lotta Hagberg
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Lasander
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Lind
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Valtonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hemmilä
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Lukkarinen
- Health Stations and Internal Medicine Clinic, Social and Health Care Sector, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto A. Palmu
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miguita L, Martins-Chaves RR, Geddes VEV, Mendes SDR, Costa SFDS, Fonseca PLC, Menezes D, de Souza RM, Queiroz DC, Alves HJ, de Freitas RAB, Cruz AF, Moreira RG, Moreira FRR, Bemquerer LM, de Aguilar DR, de Souza e Silva ME, Sampaio AA, Jardilino FDM, de Souza LN, da Silva TA, Gomes CC, de Abreu MHNG, de Aguiar RS, de Souza RP, Gomez RS. Biosafety in Dental Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:871107. [PMID: 35619688 PMCID: PMC9127188 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.871107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had quite an impact on dental health care. Concerns about the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through contaminant fluids and droplet formation during several dental procedures highly impacted dental health care, drastically reducing the number of dental practices worldwide. To monitor SARS-CoV-2 contamination in dental clinics, a longitudinal study was carried out during the return of dental practice at university. Methods Dental health care professionals [(DHCPs); teachers, undergraduate dental students, and dental assistants] and patients were screened for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a dental school clinic environment from 11th January to 12th March 2021 (9 weeks). Serological testing was performed on DHCPs in two-time points. Additionally, samples with low Ct values were sequenced to identify the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant and possible transmission clusters. Results We found a low number of dental staff (5.8%), patients (0.9%), and environment sites (0.8%) positive for SARS-CoV-2. Most positive cases had asymptomatic to mild symptoms, and two asymptomatic DHCPs presented prolonged infection. In the first week after previous exposure to COVID-19, 16.2% of DHCPs had IgM or IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and 1/3 of them had undetected antibodies in the last weeks. The variant zeta (P.2) could be detected. No cross-infection was observed between participants. Conclusion Our study suggests that dental practice can be safely executed when adequate control measures and biosafety protocols are applied. DHCP and patient testing, patient telemonitoring, proper use of personal protection equipment, and sanitization of surfaces are essential to avoid SARS-CoV-2 cross-infection in dental practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyene Miguita
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberta Rayra Martins-Chaves
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor Emmanuel Viana Geddes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Suellen da Rocha Mendes
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sara Ferreira dos Santos Costa
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego Menezes
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael Marques de Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Costa Queiroz
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hugo José Alves
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Fernanda Cruz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rennan Garcias Moreira
- Multiusers Laboratories Center, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marques Bemquerer
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego Rodrigues de Aguilar
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa de Souza e Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline Araújo Sampaio
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Napier de Souza
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tarcilia Aparecida da Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cavaliéri Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Santana de Aguiar
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renan Pedra de Souza
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ng DC, Tan KK, Chin L, Cheng XL, Vijayakulasingam T, Liew DWX, Zainol Abidin NZ, Lee ML, Ganasegeran K, Khoo EJ. Risk factors associated with household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:769-773. [PMID: 34723402 PMCID: PMC8661798 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Households are a significant venue for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We conducted a study to characterise the transmission dynamics and identify risk factors for household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. METHODS This retrospective observational study included 185 families of paediatric COVID-19 cases from 1 February 2020 to 31 December 2020. We identified the index case for each household and gathered the socio-demographic, epidemiological investigation results and risk factors for household transmission from medical case records. The secondary attack rate was calculated, and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with secondary household transmission of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Of the 848 household contacts, 466 acquired secondary infections, resulting in a secondary attack rate of 55%. The median age of the secondary cases was 12 years. Female household contacts and household contacts who slept in the same room with the index case were significantly associated with increased risk for COVID-19. Other independent risk factors associated with higher transmission risk in the household included an index case who was symptomatic, a household index case aged greater than 18 years and a male household index case. CONCLUSIONS High rates of household transmission of COVID-19 were found, indicating households were a major setting of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Our data provide insight into the risk factors for household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Chun‐Ern Ng
- Department of PediatricsHospital Tuanku Ja'afar SerembanSerembanMalaysia
| | - Kah Kee Tan
- Department of PediatricsPerdana University‐Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of MedicineSerembanMalaysia
| | - Ling Chin
- Department of PediatricsHospital Tuanku Ja'afar SerembanSerembanMalaysia
| | - Xiang Lin Cheng
- Department of PediatricsHospital Tuanku Ja'afar SerembanSerembanMalaysia
| | | | | | | | - Ming Lee Lee
- Department of PediatricsHospital Tuanku Ja'afar SerembanSerembanMalaysia
| | - Kurubaran Ganasegeran
- Clinical Research Centre, Seberang Jaya HospitalMinistry of Health MalaysiaPenangMalaysia
| | - Erwin Jiayuan Khoo
- Department of PediatricsInternational Medical UniversityKuala LumpurMalaysia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Secondary Attack Rate among Non-Spousal Household Contacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Tsuchiura, Japan, August 2020-February 2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178921. [PMID: 34501511 PMCID: PMC8430497 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Household secondary attack rate (HSAR) by risk factor might have a higher transmission rate between spouses. We investigated risk factors for the HSAR among non-spousal household contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We studied household contacts of index cases of COVID-19 in Tsuchiura, Japan, from August 2020 through February 2021. The HSARs of the whole household contacts and non-spousal household contacts were calculated and compared across risk factors. We used a generalized linear mixed regression model for multivariate analysis. We enrolled 496 household contacts of 236 index COVID-19 cases. The HSAR was higher for spousal household contacts (37.8%) than for other contacts (21.2%). The HSAR was lower for non-spousal household contacts with a household size (number of household members) of two (18.2%), compared to the HSAR for contacts with a household size ≥4. The HSAR was higher for non-spousal household contacts of index patients with ≥3 days of diagnostic delay (period between onset and diagnosis) (26.0%) compared to those with ≤2 days’ delay (12.5%) (p = 0.033). Among non-spousal household contacts, the HSAR was low for those with a household size of two and was high for contacts of index patients with a long diagnostic delay.
Collapse
|
11
|
Madewell ZJ, Yang Y, Longini IM, Halloran ME, Dean NE. Factors Associated With Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2122240. [PMID: 34448865 PMCID: PMC8397928 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance A previous systematic review and meta-analysis of household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 that summarized 54 published studies through October 19, 2020, found an overall secondary attack rate (SAR) of 16.6% (95% CI, 14.0%-19.3%). However, the understanding of household secondary attack rates for SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving, and updated analysis is needed. Objective To use newly published data to further the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the household. Data Sources PubMed and reference lists of eligible articles were used to search for records published between October 20, 2020, and June 17, 2021. No restrictions on language, study design, time, or place of publication were applied. Studies published as preprints were included. Study Selection Articles with original data that reported at least 2 of the following factors were included: number of household contacts with infection, total number of household contacts, and secondary attack rates among household contacts. Studies that reported household infection prevalence (which includes index cases), that tested contacts using antibody tests only, and that included populations overlapping with another included study were excluded. Search terms were SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 with secondary attack rate, household, close contacts, contact transmission, contact attack rate, or family transmission. Data Extraction and Synthesis Meta-analyses were performed using generalized linear mixed models to obtain SAR estimates and 95% CIs. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was followed. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall household SAR for SARS-CoV-2, SAR by covariates (contact age, sex, ethnicity, comorbidities, and relationship; index case age, sex, symptom status, presence of fever, and presence of cough; number of contacts; study location; and variant), and SAR by index case identification period. Results A total of 2722 records (2710 records from database searches and 12 records from the reference lists of eligible articles) published between October 20, 2020, and June 17, 2021, were identified. Of those, 93 full-text articles reporting household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were assessed for eligibility, and 37 studies were included. These 37 new studies were combined with 50 of the 54 studies (published through October 19, 2020) from our previous review (4 studies from Wuhan, China, were excluded because their study populations overlapped with another recent study), resulting in a total of 87 studies representing 1 249 163 household contacts from 30 countries. The estimated household SAR for all 87 studies was 18.9% (95% CI, 16.2%-22.0%). Compared with studies from January to February 2020, the SAR for studies from July 2020 to March 2021 was higher (13.4% [95% CI, 10.7%-16.7%] vs 31.1% [95% CI, 22.6%-41.1%], respectively). Results from subgroup analyses were similar to those reported in a previous systematic review and meta-analysis; however, the SAR was higher to contacts with comorbidities (3 studies; 50.0% [95% CI, 41.4%-58.6%]) compared with previous findings, and the estimated household SAR for the B.1.1.7 (α) variant was 24.5% (3 studies; 95% CI, 10.9%-46.2%). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that the household remains an important site of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and recent studies have higher household SAR estimates compared with the earliest reports. More transmissible variants and vaccines may be associated with further changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Ira M. Longini
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - M. Elizabeth Halloran
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Natalie E. Dean
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville
| |
Collapse
|