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Dmukauskas M, Cioffi G, Waite KA, Sloan AE, Neff C, Price M, Ostrom QT, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Sex differences in adverse events in Medicare individuals ≥ 66 years of age post glioblastoma treatment. J Neurooncol 2024:10.1007/s11060-024-04652-z. [PMID: 38563855 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-024-04652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor with the highest incidence occurring in older adults with a median age at diagnosis of 64 years old. While treatment often improves survival it brings toxicities and adverse events (AE). Here we identify sex differences in treatment patterns and AE in individuals ≥ 66 years at diagnosis with GB. METHODS Using the SEER-Medicare dataset sex differences in adverse events were assessed using multivariable logistic regression performed to calculate the male/female odds ratio (M/F OR) and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] of experiencing an AE adjusted for demographic variables and Elixhauser comorbidity score. RESULTS Males with GB were more likely to receive standard of care (SOC; Surgery with concurrent radio-chemotherapy) [20%] compared to females [17%], whereas females were more likely to receive no treatment [26%] compared to males [21%]. Females with GB receiving SOC were more likely to develop gastrointestinal disorders (M/F OR = 0.76; 95% CI,0.64-0.91, p = 0.002) or blood and lymphatic system disorders (M/F OR = 0.79; 95% CI,0.66-0.95, p = 0.012). Males with GB receiving SOC were more likely to develop cardiac disorders (M/F OR = 1.21; 95% CI,1.02-1.44, p = 0.029) and renal disorders (M/F OR = 1.65; 95% CI,1.37-2.01, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Sex differences for individuals, 66 years and older, diagnosed with GB exist in treatment received and adverse events developed across different treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Dmukauskas
- Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gino Cioffi
- Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristin A Waite
- Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Neuroscience Service Line and Piedmont Brain Tumor Center, Piedmont Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Corey Neff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mackenzie Price
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Shady Grove Campus 9609 Medical Center Dr, 20850, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Baviskar Y, Likonda B, Pant S, Mokal S, Pawar A, Dasgupta A, Chatterjee A, Gupta T. Short-course Palliative Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Patients with Poor-prognosis High-grade Glioma: Survival and Quality of Life Outcomes from a Prospective Phase II Study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023; 35:e573-e581. [PMID: 37455146 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To report longitudinal quality of life (QoL) outcomes and survival in patients with poor-prognosis high-grade glioma (HGG) treated with palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with poor-prognosis HGG were accrued on a prospective study of short-course palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy (35 Gy/10 fractions/2 weeks). The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL core questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and brain cancer module (BN20) were used in English or validated Indian vernacular languages (Hindi and Marathi) for QoL assessment at baseline (before radiotherapy), the conclusion of radiotherapy, 1 month post-radiotherapy and subsequently at 3-monthly intervals until disease progression/death. Baseline QoL scores were compared with corresponding scores from a historical HGG cohort. Summary QoL scores were compared longitudinally over time by related samples Friedman's two-way test. Progression-free survival and overall survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and reported as 1-year estimates with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Forty-nine (89%) of 55 patients completed the planned course of hypofractionated radiotherapy. Longitudinal QoL data were available in 42 (86%) of 49 patients completing radiotherapy, comprising the present cohort. The median age of included patients, comprised mainly of glioblastoma patients (81%), was 57 years, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 50-66 years and a median baseline Karnofsky score of 60 (IQR = 50-60). Baseline QoL scores were significantly worse for several domains compared with a historical institutional cohort of HGG patients treated previously with conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, indicating negative selection bias. QoL scores remained stable for most domains after palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy, with statistically significant improvements in fatigue (P = 0.032), dyspnoea (P = 0.042) and motor dysfunction (P = 0.036) over time. At a median follow-up of 8 months, Kaplan-Meier estimates of 1-year progression-free survival and overall survival were 33.3% (95% confidence interval 21.7-51.1%) and 38.1% (95% confidence interval 25.9-56%), respectively. CONCLUSION Short-course palliative hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients with poor-prognosis HGG is associated with stable and/or improved QoL scores in several domains, making it a viable resource-sparing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Baviskar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - B Likonda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - S Pant
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - S Mokal
- Department of Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - A Pawar
- Department of Clinical Research Secretariat, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - A Dasgupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - A Chatterjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India
| | - T Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH)/Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India.
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Wan S, Zhang G, Liu R, Abbas MN, Cui H. Pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy cross-talk in glioblastoma opens up new avenues for glioblastoma treatment. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:115. [PMID: 37208730 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a common primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) being the most malignant, aggressive, and drug resistant. Most drugs are designed to induce cancer cell death, either directly or indirectly, but malignant tumor cells can always evade death and continue to proliferate, resulting in a poor prognosis for patients. This reflects our limited understanding of the complex regulatory network that cancer cells utilize to avoid death. In addition to classical apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy are recognized as key cell death modalities that play significant roles in tumor progression. Various inducers or inhibitors have been discovered to target the related molecules in these pathways, and some of them have already been translated into clinical treatment. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of inducing or inhibiting pyroptosis, ferroptosis, or autophagy in GBM, which are important for treatment or drug tolerance. We also discussed their links with apoptosis to better understand the mutual regulatory network among different cell death processes. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Dao Trong P, Gluszak M, Reuss D, von Deimling A, Wick A, König L, Debus J, Herold-Mende C, Unterberg A, Jungk C. Isocitrate-dehydrogenase-mutant lower grade glioma in elderly patients: treatment and outcome in a molecularly characterized contemporary cohort. J Neurooncol 2023; 161:605-15. [PMID: 36648586 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower-grade glioma (LGG) is rare among patients above the age of 60 ("elderly"). Previous studies reported poor outcome, likely due to the inclusion of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wildtype astrocytomas and advocated defensive surgical and adjuvant treatment. This study set out to question this paradigm analyzing a contemporary cohort of patients with IDH mutant astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma WHO grade 2 and 3. METHODS Elderly patients treated in our department for a supratentorial, hemispheric LGG between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed for patient-, tumor- and treatment-related factors and progression-free survival (PFS) and compared to patients aged under 60. Inclusion required the availability of subtype-defining molecular data and pre- and post-operative tumor volumes. RESULTS 207 patients were included, among those 21 elderlies (10%). PFS was comparable between elderly and younger patients (46 vs. 54 months; p = 0.634). Oligodendroglioma was more common in the elderly (76% vs. 46%; p = 0.011). Most patients underwent tumor resection (elderly: 81% vs. younger: 91%; p = 0.246) yielding comparable residual tumor volumes (elderly: 7.8 cm3; younger: 4.1 cm3; p = 0.137). Adjuvant treatment was administered in 76% of elderly and 61% of younger patients (p = 0.163). Uni- and multi-variate survival analyses identified a tumor crossing the midline, surgical strategy, and pre- and post-operative tumor volumes as prognostic factors. CONCLUSION Elderly patients constitute a small fraction of molecularly characterized LGGs. In contrast to previous reports, favorable surgical and survival outcomes were achieved in our series comparable to those of younger patients. Thus, intensified treatment including maximal safe resection should be advocated in elderly patients whenever feasible.
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Yan Z, Wang J, Dong Q, Zhu L, Lin W, Jiang X. Predictors of tumor progression of low-grade glioma in adult patients within 5 years follow-up after surgery. Front Surg 2022; 9:937556. [PMID: 36277286 PMCID: PMC9581165 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.937556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma originates from glial cells in the brain and is the most common primary intracranial tumor. This study intends to use a retrospective analysis to explore the factors that can predict tumor progression in adult low-grade gliomas, namely WHO II grade patients, within 5 years after surgery. Methods Patients with WHO grade II glioma who were surgically treated in our hospital from February 2011 to May 2017 were included. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 252 patients were included in the final analysis. According to the results of the 5-year follow-up (including survival and imaging review results), patients were divided into progression-free group and progression group. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to investigate the related factors of tumor progression during the 5-year follow-up. Results The results of the 5-year follow-up showed that 111 (44.0%) cases had no progress (progression free group, PFG), 141 (56.0%) cases had progress (progression group, PG), of which 43 (30.5%) cases were operated again, 37 cases (26.2%) received non-surgical treatments. There were 26 (10.3%) all-cause deaths, and 21 (8.3%) tumor-related deaths. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that age >45 years old (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.07-3.19, P = 0.027), partial tumor resection (OR = 1.66, 95% CI, 1.15-3.64, P = 0.031), tumor diameter >3 cm (OR = 1.52, 95% CI, 1.14-4.06, P = 0.017) and no radiotherapy (OR = 1.37, 95% CI, 1.12-2.44, P = 0.039) were independent predictors of the progression of tumor during the 5-year follow-up period. Conclusion Age >45 years old, partial tumor resection, tumor diameter >3 cm, no radiotherapy are predictors for tumor progression for glioma patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Lin
- Correspondence: Xiaofan Jiang Wei Lin
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Internò V, Triggiano G, De Santis P, Stucci LS, Tucci M, Porta C. Molecular Aberrations Stratify Grade 2 Astrocytomas Into Several Rare Entities: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:866623. [PMID: 35756624 PMCID: PMC9226400 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.866623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of specific molecular aberrations guides the prognostic stratification and management of grade 2 astrocytomas. Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2, found in the majority of adult diffuse low-grade glioma (DLGG), seem to relate to a favorable prognosis compared to IDH wild-type (IDH-wt) counterparts. Moreover, the IDH-wt group can develop additional molecular alterations worsening the prognosis, such as epidermal growth factor receptor amplification (EGFR-amp) and mutation of the promoter of telomerase reverse transcriptase (pTERT-mut). This review analyzes the prognostic impact and therapeutic implications of genetic alterations in adult LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Internò
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Triggiano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, Policlinico Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Cazzato G, Internò V, Cimmino A, Messina R, Tucci M, Lettini T, Resta L, Ingravallo G. Papillary Meningioma: Case Presentation with Emphasis on Surgical and Medical Therapy of a Rare Variant of Meningioma. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9030063. [PMID: 34562970 PMCID: PMC8482187 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningioma is one of the most frequent neoplasms of all in the central nervous system. Different variants are known, and of these some have peculiar characteristics, both from a morphological point of view and from a biological point of view. Here, we present a rare case of relapsed papillary meningioma in a young patient, focusing on histological characteristics, medical-surgical therapy and focusing on the risk of progression and/or recurrence of the lesion if not completely eradicated. Finally, we provide detailed molecular characteristics of the case in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-340-5203641 (G.C.)
| | - Valeria Internò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Antonietta Cimmino
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Raffaella Messina
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.)
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Leonardo Resta
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.); (T.L.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-340-5203641 (G.C.)
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Stucci LS, Internò V, Tucci M, Perrone M, Mannavola F, Palmirotta R, Porta C. The ATM Gene in Breast Cancer: Its Relevance in Clinical Practice. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050727. [PMID: 34068084 PMCID: PMC8152746 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular alterations of the Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) gene are frequently detected in breast cancer (BC), with an incidence ranging up to 40%. The mutated form, the Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, is involved in cell cycle control, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and telomere maintenance, and its role as a risk factor for cancer development is well established. Recent studies have confirmed that some variants of ATM are associated with an increased risk of BC development and a worse prognosis. Thus, many patients harboring ATM mutations develop intermediate- and high-grade disease, and there is a higher rate of lymph node metastatic involvement. The evidence concerning a correlation of ATM gene mutations and the efficacy of therapeutic strategies in BC management are controversial. In fact, ATM mutations may sensitize cancer cells to platinum-derived drugs, as BRCA1/2 mutations do, whereas their implications in objective responses to hormonal therapy or target-based agents are not well defined. Herein, we conducted a review of the role of ATM gene mutations in BC development, prognosis, and different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Stefania Stucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Internò
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Research Center, Tumori Institute IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Perrone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Sciences and Technologies of Laboratory Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Camillo Porta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
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