Loss of the Krüppel-like factor 4 tumor suppressor is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity landscape: principles of design and mechanisms of regulation

Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) enables cells to interconvert between several states across the epithelial-mesenchymal landscape, thereby acquiring hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypic features. This plasticity is crucial for embryonic development and wound healing, but also underlies the acquisition of several malignant traits during cancer progression. Recent research using systems biology and single-cell profiling methods has provided novel insights into the main forces that shape EMP, which include the microenvironment, lineage specification and cell identity, and the genome. Additionally, key roles have emerged for hysteresis (cell memory) and cellular noise, which can drive stochastic transitions between cell states. Here, we review these forces and the distinct but interwoven layers of regulatory control that stabilize EMP states or facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) and discuss the therapeutic potential of manipulating the EMP landscape.

KLF4 transcription factor in tumorigenesis

Krüppel-like transcriptional factor is important in maintaining cellular functions. Deletion of Krüppel-like transcriptional factor usually causes abnormal embryonic development and even embryonic death. KLF4 is a prominent member of this family, and embryonic deletion of KLF4 leads to alterations in skin permeability and postnatal death. In addition to its important role in embryo development, it also plays a critical role in inflammation and malignancy. It has been investigated that KLF4 has a regulatory role in a variety of cancers, including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatocellular, ovarian, esophageal, bladder and brain cancer. However, the role of KLF4 in tumorigenesis is complex, which may link to its unique structure with both transcriptional activation and transcriptional repression domains, and to the regulation of its upstream and downstream signaling molecules. In this review, we will summarize the structural and functional aspects of KLF4, with a focus on KLF4 as a clinical biomarker and therapeutic target in different types of tumors.

Krüppel-like factors in tumors: Key regulators and therapeutic avenues

Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a group of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with multiple essential functions in various cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The aberrant expression of KLFs is often found in tumor tissues and is essential for tumor development. At the molecular level, KLFs regulate multiple signaling pathways and mediate crosstalk among them. Some KLFs may also be molecular switches for specific biological signals, driving their transition from tumor suppressors to promoters. At the histological level, the abnormal expression of KLFs is closely associated with tumor cell stemness, proliferation, apoptosis, and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, the role of each KLF in tumors varies according to tumor type and different stages of tumor development rather than being invariant. In this review, we focus on the advances in the molecular biology of KLFs, particularly the regulations of several classical signaling pathways by these factors, and the critical role of KLFs in tumor development. We also highlight their strong potential as molecular targets in tumor therapy and suggest potential directions for clinical translational research.

Inside the stemness engine: Mechanistic links between deregulated transcription factors and stemness in cancer

Cell identity is largely determined by its transcriptional profile. In tumour, deregulation of transcription factor expression and/or activity enables cancer cell to acquire a stem-like state characterised by capacity to self-renew, differentiate and form tumours in vivo. These stem-like cancer cells are highly metastatic and therapy resistant, thus warranting a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms downstream of the transcription factors that mediate the establishment of stemness state. Here, we review recent research findings that provide a mechanistic link between the commonly deregulated transcription factors and stemness in cancer. In particular, we describe the role of master transcription factors (SOX, OCT4, NANOG, KLF, BRACHYURY, SALL, HOX, FOX and RUNX), signalling-regulated transcription factors (SMAD, β-catenin, YAP, TAZ, AP-1, NOTCH, STAT, GLI, ETS and NF-κB) and unclassified transcription factors (c-MYC, HIF, EMT transcription factors and P53) across diverse tumour types, thereby yielding a comprehensive overview identifying shared downstream targets, highlighting unique mechanisms and discussing complexities.

LINC01915 Facilitates the Conversion of Normal Fibroblasts into Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Induced by Colorectal Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles through the miR-92a-3p/KLF4/CH25H Axis

Increasing long non-coding RNAs are reported to regulate the cell growth, apoptosis, and metastasis of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs).This study aimed to explore how LINC01915 influences the conversion of normal fibroblasts (NFs) into CAFs in colorectal cancer (CRC). LINC01915 expression was initially measured in clinical tissue samples and in NFs and CAFs. Identification of the interaction between LINC01915, miR-92a-3p, KLF4, and CH25H was done. The effects of LINC01915, miR-92a-3p, and KLF4 on the angiogenesis, extracellular vesicle (EV) uptake by NFs, and activation of stromal cells were assessed using gain- or loss-of-function approaches. Xenograft mouse models were established to validate these in vitro findings in vivo. EVs were shown to stimulate NF proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, as well as facilitate NF conversion into CAFs. CRC tissues and CAFs showed downregulated expression of LINC01915, which was associated with poor prognosis of patients. Moreover, employed LINC01915 inhibited tumor angiogenesis, CAF activation, and the uptake of tumor-derived EVs by NFs. Mechanistically, LINC01915 could competitively bind to miR-92a-3p and caused upregulation of the miR-92a-3p target KLF4 which, in turn, promoted the transcription of CH25H, leading to the suppressed uptake of EVs by NFs. The in vivo and in vitro experimental results showed that LINC01915 inhibited the uptake of CRC-derived EVs by NFs through the miR-92a-3p/KLF4/CH25H axis, thus arresting the angiogenesis and the conversion of NFs into CAFs and in turn prevent tumor growth. These data together supported the inhibiting role of LINC01915 in the conversion of NFs into CAFs triggered by the CRC-derived EVs and the ensuing tumor growth, which may be related to its regulation on the miR-92a-3p/KLF4/CH25H axis.

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and its transcription factors

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition or EMT is an extremely dynamic process involved in conversion of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, stimulated by an ensemble of signaling pathways, leading to change in cellular morphology, suppression of epithelial characters and acquisition of properties such as enhanced cell motility and invasiveness, reduced cell death by apoptosis, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs etc. Significantly, EMT has been found to play a crucial role during embryonic development, tissue fibrosis and would healing, as well as during cancer metastasis. Over the years, work from various laboratories have identified a rather large number of transcription factors (TFs) including the master regulators of EMT, with the ability to regulate the EMT process directly. In this review, we put together these EMT TFs and discussed their role in the process. We have also tried to focus on their mechanism of action, their interdependency, and the large regulatory network they form. Subsequently, it has become clear that the composition and structure of the transcriptional regulatory network behind EMT probably varies based upon various physiological and pathological contexts, or even in a cell/tissue type-dependent manner.

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis-associated DNA methylation signatures in the colon are evident in stool samples of affected individuals

Aim: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a deadly and unpredictable gastrointestinal disease, for which no biomarker exists. We aimed to describe the methylation patterns in stool and colon from infants with NEC. Methods: We performed a high-resolution genome-wide epigenomic analysis using solution-phase hybridization and next-generation sequencing of bisulfite-converted DNA. Results: Our data reveal significant genomic hypermethylation in NEC tissues compared with non-NEC controls. These changes were more pronounced in regions outside CpG islands and gene regulatory elements, suggesting that NEC-specific hypermethylation is not a nonspecific global phenomenon. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of a methylomic signature associated with NEC that is detectable noninvasively and provides a new opportunity for the development of a novel diagnostic method for NEC.

Recent Discoveries on the Involvement of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Most Common Cancer Types

Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor highly conserved in evolution. It is particularly well known for its role in inducing pluripotent stem cells. In addition, KLF4 plays many roles in cancer. The results of most studies suggest that KLF4 is a tumor suppressor. However, the functioning of KLF4 is regulated at many levels. These include regulation of transcription, alternative splicing, miRNA, post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, protein stability and interactions with other molecules. Simple experiments aimed at assaying transcript levels or protein levels fail to address this complexity and thus may deliver misleading results. Tumor subtypes are also important; for example, in prostate cancer KLF4 is highly expressed in indolent tumors where it impedes tumor progression, while it is absent from aggressive prostate tumors. KLF4 is important in regulating response to many known drugs, and it also plays a role in tumor microenvironment. More and more information is available about upstream regulators, downstream targets and signaling pathways associated with the involvement of KLF4 in cancer. Furthermore, KLF4 performs critical function in the overall regulation of tissue homeostasis, cellular integrity, and progression towards malignancy. Here we summarize and analyze the latest findings concerning this fascinating transcription factor.

Impact of KLF4 on Cell Proliferation and Epithelial Differentiation in the Context of Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) cells display a more cancer-like phenotype vs. non-CF cells. KLF4 overexpression has been described in CF and this transcriptional factor acts as a negative regulator of wt-CFTR. KLF4 is described as exerting its effects in a cell-context-dependent fashion, but it is generally considered a major regulator of proliferation, differentiation, and wound healing, all the processes that are also altered in CF. Therefore, it is relevant to characterize the differential role of KLF4 in these processes in CF vs. non-CF cells. To this end, we used wt- and F508del-CFTR CFBE cells and their respective KLF4 knockout (KO) counterparts to evaluate processes like cell proliferation, polarization, and wound healing, as well as to compare the expression of several epithelial differentiation markers. Our data indicate no major impact of KLF4 KO in proliferation and a differential impact of KLF4 KO in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) acquisition and wound healing in wt- vs. F508del-CFTR cells. In parallel, we also observed a differential impact on the levels of some differentiation markers and epithelial-mesencymal transition (EMT)-associated transcription factors. In conclusion, KLF4 impacts TEER acquisition, wound healing, and the expression of differentiation markers in a way that is partially dependent on the CFTR-status of the cell.