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Liu P, Luo B, Feng Y, Chen L, Zhao YL, Wang QX, Liang SP, Wu HY, Yuan G, Jiang GH, Zhang J. Aberrant spontaneous brain activity in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with and without optic neuropathy: a resting-state functional MRI study. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:7981-7991. [PMID: 37410107 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the brain functional alterations in dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) by evaluating spontaneous neural activity, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with regional homogeneity (ReHo), and its relationship with ophthalmologic performance. METHODS Forty-seven patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO; 20 with DON, 27 with non-DON) and 33 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent fMRI. ReHo values were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc pairwise comparisons (voxel-level p < 0.01, Gaussian random field correction, cluster-level p < 0.05). Correlations between ReHo values and ophthalmological metrics were assessed for DONs, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.004). ROC curves were applied to evaluate the diagnostic performance of ReHo metrics. RESULTS ReHo values were significantly lower in the left insula and right superior temporal gyrus, and higher in the left posterior cingulate cortex (LPCC), of DON than of non-DON patients. ReHo values were also significantly lower in the right middle temporal, left insula, and left precentral gyrus in DON than in HCs. Meanwhile, ReHo values were higher in LPCC in non-DON than in HCs. ReHo values correlated with ophthalmic examinations to varying degrees in DON. For distinguishing DON, the ReHo values in LPCC showed optimal individually (AUC = 0.843), the combination of the ReHo in both the left insula and LPCC performed better (AUC = 0.915). CONCLUSION Spontaneous brain activity differed between TAO with and without DON, which may reflect the underlying pathological mechanism of DON. The ReHo index can be considered a diagnostic biomarker. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT Spontaneous brain activity in DON differed from that in TAO without DON, which may reflect the underlying pathological mechanism of DON. The ReHo index can be considered a diagnostic biomarker for early detection of DON. KEY POINTS • Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) affects brain activity, which contributes in the understanding of its visual dysfunction. • Regional homogeneity values differ between thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy with and without DON in various brain regions. • Regional homogeneity values can be used as a biomarker in the differential diagnosis of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ban Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Xia Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Pei Liang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yu Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gui-Hua Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, #1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Liao X, Li CQ, Ge QM, Tang LY, Su T, Li QY, Pan YC, Shu HY, Zhang LJ, Shao Y. Investigation of Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity Patterns in Herpes Zoster Keratitis Using the Percent Amplitude of Fluctuation Method: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:1781-1789. [PMID: 37601824 PMCID: PMC10439783 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s412516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to use the percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF) to study the changes in brain activity and nerve function of herpes zoster keratitis (HZK) patients. Methods We recruited 20 HZK patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Each of these groups included ten males and ten females and were matched in weight and age. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF) method was used for analysis and detected differences between the two groups in the neurological function of brain areas. We also applied the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to analyze the two groups and did a correlation analysis between the PerAF value, anxiety and depression score, and visual acuity. Results The PerAF signal at the right putamen and right precentral gyrus was significantly higher in patients than in HCs. However, the PerAF value of the left inferior temporal was lower in patients than in HCs. In addition, the HZK patients' anxiety and depression score (HADS) and visual acuity (V.A.) Log MAR negatively correlated with the PerAF value at the left inferior temporal gyrus. Conclusion HZK patients had some changes in brain regions, and the changes were also related to their mood and visual acuity. These findings might contribute to other studies on the potential pathological mechanism, disease development, prognosis, and brain function in HZK patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chu Qi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Min Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ying Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Qiu Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Ye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
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Wu YQ, Wang YN, Zhang LJ, Liu LQ, Pan YC, Su T, Liao XL, Shu HY, Kang M, Ying P, Xu SH, Shao Y. Regional Homogeneity in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:877281. [PMID: 35493938 PMCID: PMC9050296 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.877281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the potential changes in brain neural networks in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans by regional homogeneity (ReHo) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods We recruited and selected 24 volunteers, including 12 patients (6 men and 6 women) with MCI and 12 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and lifestyle. All subjects were examined with rs-fMRI to evaluate changes in neural network connectivity, and the data were analyzed by ReHo method. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between ReHo values and clinical features in different brain regions of MCI patients. The severity of MCI was determined by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale. Results The signals of the right cerebellum areas 4 and 5, left superior temporal, right superior temporal, left fusiform, and left orbital middle frontal gyri in the patient group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P < 0.01 by t-test of paired samples). The signal intensity of the right inferior temporal and left inferior temporal gyri was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P < 0.01). The ReHO value for the left inferior temporal gyrus correlated negatively with disease duration, and the value for the right inferior temporal gyrus correlated positively with MMSE scores. Conclusion Mild cognitive impairment in patients with pre- Alzheimer's disease may be related to the excitation and inhibition of neural networks in these regions. This may have a certain guiding significance for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Ning Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Qi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Cong Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xu-Lin Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Ye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - San-Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Yi Shao,
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Yang L, Xiao A, Li QY, Zhong HF, Su T, Shi WQ, Ying P, Liang RB, Xu SH, Shao Y, Zhou Q. Hyperintensities of middle frontal gyrus in patients with diabetic optic neuropathy: a dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1336-1350. [PMID: 35120020 PMCID: PMC8876911 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic optic neuropathy (DON) is a diverse complication of diabetes and its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to explore dynamic cerebral activity changes in DON patients using dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF). In total, 22 DON patients and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. The dALFF approach was used in all participants to investigate dynamic intrinsic brain activity differences between the two groups. Compared with HCs, DON patients exhibited significantly increased dALFF variability in the right middle frontal gyrus (P < 0.01). Conversely, DON patients exhibited obviously decreased dALFF variability in the right precuneus (P < 0.01). We also found that there were significant negative correlations between HADS scores and dALFF values of the right middle frontal gyrus in the DON patients (r = -0.6404, P <0.01 for anxiety and r = -0.6346, P <0.01 for depression; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Abnormal variability of dALFF was observed in specific areas of the cerebrum in DON patients, which may contribute to distinguishing patients with DON from HCs and a better understanding of DON, hyperintensities of right middle frontal gyrus may be potential diagnostic marker for DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ang Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui-Feng Zhong
- Department of Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rong-Bin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - San-Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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Shen J, Xu C. Analysis of Brain Activity Changes in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Based on Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022; 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35047157 PMCID: PMC8763543 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8561351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper uses resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to observe the changes in local consistency of brain activity in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Both healthy volunteers and Parkinson's disease patients were scanned for resting brain functional imaging, and the collected raw data were processed using resting functional magnetic resonance data processing toolkit software. This study adopted the use of Regional Homogeneity (ReHo). The postprocessing method of RS-fMRI is to study the spontaneous brain activity changes of patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment and to explore the changes in the function of their brain regions in the hope of providing help for the treatment of Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment. The results showed that, compared with the normal control group, the brain regions with increased ReHo values in the PD group were the right central anterior gyrus, the right lingual gyrus, the left middle occipital gyrus, and the bilateral anterior cuneiform lobes. The results show that PD patients have abnormal brain nerve activities in the resting state, and these abnormal brain nerve activities may be related to PD cognitive and behavioral dysfunction.
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Hu JJ, Jiang N, Chen J, Ying P, Kang M, Xu SH, Zou J, Wei H, Ling Q, Shao Y. Altered Regional Homogeneity in Patients With Congenital Blindness: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:925412. [PMID: 35815017 PMCID: PMC9256957 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.925412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with congenital blindness (CB), the lack of any visual experience may affect brain development resulting in functional, structural, or even psychological changes. Few studies to date have addressed or focused on the synchronicity of regional brain activity in patients with CB. Our study aimed to investigate regional brain activity in patients with CB in a resting state and try to explain the possible causes and effects of any anomalies. Twenty-three CB patients and 23 healthy control (HC) volunteers agreed to undergo resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. After the fMRI data were preprocessed, regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis was conducted to assess the differences in brain activity synchronicity between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to explore whether the brain areas with statistically significant ReHo differences have diagnostic and identification values for CB. All CB patients were also required to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to evaluate their anxiety and depression levels. The results showed that in CB patients mean ReHo values were significantly lower than in HCs in the right orbital part of the middle frontal gyrus (MFGorb), bilateral middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (SFGdl), but significantly higher in the left paracentral lobule (PCL), right insula and bilateral thalamus. The ReHo value of MFGorb showed a negative linear correlation with both the anxiety score and the depression score of the HADS. ROC curve analysis revealed that the mean ReHo values which differed significantly between the groups have excellent diagnostic accuracy for CB (especially in the left PCL and right SFGdl regions). Patients with CB show abnormalities of ReHo values in several specific brain regions, suggesting potential regional structural changes, functional reorganization, or even psychological effects in these patients. FMRI ReHo analysis may find use as an objective method to confirm CB for medical or legal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Jiong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - San-Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qian Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Liu L, Fan J, Zhan H, Huang J, Cao R, Xiang X, Tian S, Ren H, Tong M, Li Q. Abnormal regional signal in the left cerebellum as a potential neuroimaging biomarker of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:967391. [PMID: 35935421 PMCID: PMC9354585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.967391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While prior reports have characterized visible changes in neuroimaging findings in individuals suffering from sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), the utility of regional homogeneity (ReHo) as a means of diagnosing SSNHL has yet to be established. The present study was thus conducted to assess ReHo abnormalities in SSNHL patients and to establish whether these abnormalities offer value as a diagnostic neuroimaging biomarker of SSNHL through a support vector machine (SVM) analysis approach. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) analyses of 27 SSNHL patients and 27 normal controls were conducted, with the resultant imaging data then being analyzed based on a combination of ReHo and SVM approaches. RESULTS Relative to normal control individuals, patients diagnosed with SSNHL exhibited significant reductions in ReHo values in the left cerebellum, bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), left superior temporal pole (STP), right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), left posterior cingulum cortex (PCC), and right superior frontal gyrus (SFG). SVM analyses suggested that reduced ReHo values in the left cerebellum were associated with high levels of diagnostic accuracy (96.30%, 52/54), sensitivity (92.59%, 25/27), and specificity (100.00%, 27/27) when distinguishing between SSNHL patients and control individuals. CONCLUSION These data suggest that SSNHL patients exhibit abnormal resting-state neurological activity, with changes in the ReHo of the left cerebellum offering value as a diagnostic neuroimaging biomarker associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoran Xiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Tong
- Department of Stomatology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tianyou Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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