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Bekheit M, Grundy L, Salih AK, Bucur P, Vibert E, Ghazanfar M. Post-hepatectomy liver failure: A timeline centered review. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:554-569. [PMID: 36973111 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is a leading cause of postoperative mortality after liver surgery. Due to its significant impact, it is imperative to understand the risk stratification and preventative strategies for PHLF. The main objective of this review is to highlight the role of these strategies in a timeline centered way around curative resection. DATA SOURCES This review includes studies on both humans and animals, where they addressed PHLF. A literature search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Web of Knowledge electronic databases for English language studies published between July 1997 and June 2020. Studies presented in other languages were equally considered. The quality of included publications was assessed using Downs and Black's checklist. The results were presented in qualitative summaries owing to the lack of studies qualifying for quantitative analysis. RESULTS This systematic review with 245 studies, provides insight into the current prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and management options for PHLF. This review highlighted that liver volume manipulation is the most frequently studied preventive measure against PHLF in clinical practice, with modest improvement in the treatment strategies over the past decade. CONCLUSIONS Remnant liver volume manipulation is the most consistent preventive measure against PHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bekheit
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK; Hépatica, Integrated Center of HPB Care, Elite Hospital, Agriculture Road, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Lisa Grundy
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ahmed Ka Salih
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK
| | - Petru Bucur
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Tours, Val de la Loire 37000, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Paul Brousse Hospital, 12 Paul Valliant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France
| | - Mudassar Ghazanfar
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK
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Carrasco RA, Salih AK, Garcia MD, Khozeimeh ES, Adams GP, Phenix CP, Price EW. Development and Biodistribution of a Nerve Growth Factor Radioactive Conjugate for PET Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:977-988. [PMID: 36692661 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of these studies was to develop a nerve growth factor (NGF) radiometal-chelator conjugate to determine the biodistribution and brain uptake of NGF by positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET-CT). PROCEDURES Purified NGF from llama seminal plasma was conjugated with FITC, and the chelator NOTA or DFO. NGF conjugates were evaluated for bioactivity. NOTA- and DFO-conjugated NGF were radiolabeled with gallium-68 or zirconium-89 ([68 Ga]GaCl3, half-life = 68 min; [89Zr]Zr(oxalate)4, half-life = 3.3 days). [89Zr]Zr-NGF was evaluated for biodistribution (0.5, 1, or 24 h), PET imaging (60 min), and brain autoradiography in mice. RESULTS Cell-based in vitro assays confirmed that the NGF conjugates maintained NGF receptor-binding and biological activity. Zirconium-89 and gallium-68 radiolabeling showed a high efficiency; however, only[89Zr]Zr-NGF was stable in vitro. Biodistribution studies showed that, as with most small proteins < 70 kDa, [89Zr]Zr-NGF uptake was predominantly in the kidney and was cleared rapidly with almost complete elimination of NGF at 24 h. Dynamic PET imaging from 0-60 min showed a similar pattern to ex vivo biodistribution with some transient liver uptake. Interestingly, although absolute brain uptake was very low, at 24 h after treatment, cerebral cortex uptake was higher than any other brain area examined and blood. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that conjugation of DFO to NGF through a thiourea linkage allows effective radiolabeling with zirconium-89 while maintaining NGF bioactivity. Following intravenous administration, the radiolabeled NGF targets non-neuronal tissues (e.g., kidney, liver), and although absolute brain uptake was very low, the brain uptake that was observed was restricted to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carrasco
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - A K Salih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada
| | - M Dominguez Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada
| | - E S Khozeimeh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada
| | - G P Adams
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - C P Phenix
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada.
| | - E W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5C9, Canada.
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Salih AK, Fentiman IS. 14. Breast cancer prevention. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56:267-71. [PMID: 12074209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased risk of breast cancer may result from potentially modifiable causes such as endogenous hormone levels, obesity, HRT, and non-lactation, or non-modifiable factors including genetic susceptibility and increasing age. The Gail model, based on known factors, may be useful for estimating lifetime risk in some individuals, but those risk factors that are easier to modify may have a limited impact on the totality of breast cancer. Tamoxifen prevention still remains contentious, with a significant reduction in risk of breast cancer in women given tamoxifen in the NSABP P1 study but no effect in the Italian and Royal Marsden trials. Raloxifene, tested in the MORE trial, reduced the incidence of breast cancer by 65% but this was restricted to oestrogen receptor positive tumours. Lifestyle factors such as diet, obesity, exercise and age at first full term pregnancy and number of pregnancies have a mild to moderate impact on risk, so may have little effect on the incidence of breast cancer. Reduction of alcohol intake could lead to a modest reduction in the risk of breast cancer but possibly adversely affect other diseases. Fat reduction and GnRH analogue reduce mammographic density but have not yet been shown to affect risk. For women with BRCA1/2 mutation, options include unproven surveillance and prophylactic mastectomy with an unquantified risk reduction. Interesting new candidates for chemoprevention include aromatase inhibitors, new generation SERMs, demethylating agents, non-selective COX inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and polyamine synthetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Salih
- Hedley Atkins Breast Unit, Guy's Hospital London, UK
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Abstract
Increased risk of breast cancer may result from modifiable factors such as endogenous hormone levels, obesity, HRT, and non-lactation, or non-modifiable factors such as genetic susceptibility or increasing age. Those factors that are easiest to modify may have a limited impact on the totality of breast cancer. The Gail model, based on known factors may be useful for estimating life-time risk in some individuals. Tamoxifen prevention still remains contentious. In the NSABP-P1 study, there was a 49% reduction in risk of breast cancer in women given tamoxifen but in the Italian and Royal Marsden trials, no effect on breast cancer incidence was detected, possibly because of the different case-mix in these studies. Raloxifene, tested in the MORE trial reduced the incidence of breast cancer by 65%. The effect was restricted to ER positive tumours: no reduction in ER negative cancers was seen. Life-style factors such as diet, obesity, exercise, and age of first full term pregnancy and number of pregnancies have a mild to moderate impact on risk and so may have little effect on the incidence of breast cancer. Reduction of alcohol intake could lead to a modest reduction in the risk of breast cancer but possibly adversely affect other diseases. So far, studies of retinoids have not shown a benefit in terms of breast cancer risk reduction. Fat reduction and GnRH analogues reduce mammographic density but have not yet been shown to affect risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Salih
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Salih AK, Insall RL. Retained gall-stone as a differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Hosp Med 2000; 61:742. [PMID: 11103292 DOI: 10.12968/hosp.2000.61.10.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A52-year-old female suffering repeated attacks of cholecystitis underwent an otherwise straightforward laparoscopic cholecystectomy. At completion the gall bladder was seen through the laparoscope to rupture during its removal via the umbilical incision. A single stone was noted to fall from the gall bladder into the peritoneal cavity and this was easily retrieved. No other spilled stones were seen at completion laparoscopy. The immediate postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient was allowed home on the following day. Eight weeks later the patient presented as an emergency with central abdominal pain which radiated to the right iliac fossa. There was associated nausea and vomiting and a tachycardia but no fever or bowel upset. Clinical findings included tenderness and guarding in the right iliac fossa but normal bowel sounds and rectal examination. Chest and abdominal radiographs were normal, as were blood count, glucose, amylase, renal and liver function tests. A clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was suspected and the right iliac fossa was explored through a muscle-splitting incision. A normal appendix was found and was removed but there were fibrinous adhesions and inflammation around a gallstone surrounded by the mesentery of the terminal ileum. The adhesions were divided and the gallstone removed, followed by peritoneal lavage. The patient again made an uneventful recovery and was allowed home, free of symptoms, 72 hours later.
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Abu-Samra MT, Aziz MA, Salih AK. A new technique for the isolation of Demodex bovis from preserved infected material. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1984; 78:319-21. [PMID: 6486938 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1984.11811822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A technique for the preservation of infected material from lesions of bovine demodicosis is described, together with a simple method for the isolation and permanent mounting of individual Demodex bovis mites. The technique is based on the fact that the mites float up from pus and cell debris, from which they can easily be collected.
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