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St Quinton T, Morris B, Lithopoulos A, Norman P, Conner M, Rhodes RE. Self-efficacy and alcohol consumption: Are efficacy measures confounded with motivation? Cogent Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2023.2180872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom St Quinton
- School of Psychology & Therapeutic Studies, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Morris
- School of Psychology & Therapeutic Studies, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark Conner
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ryan E. Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
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2
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Shirazipour CH, Stone RC, Lithopoulos A, Capaldi JM, Latimer-Cheung AE. Examining the Impact of the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games on Explicit Perceptions of Paralympians and Individuals with Disabilities. Health Commun 2023; 38:1501-1507. [PMID: 34984933 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.2017107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of the Paralympic Games is to improve social attitudes toward individuals with physical disabilities (PD) through exposure to parasport and Paralympic mass media messaging. This study assessed whether this goal is achieved by examining changes in explicit perceptions toward Paralympians and individuals with PD over the course of the Rio 2016 Paralympics. Adults without PD (n = 119) were randomized into two groups: (1) an exposure group that was e-mailed local Paralympic Games coverage information before each day of the Games; and (2) a control group that received no e-mails about coverage. All participants completed measures assessing explicit perceptions (i.e., warmth and competence) of Paralympians and individuals with PD two weeks before, two weeks after, and three months following the Games. Exposure to Paralympic media was also assessed. No differences were present between groups for time spent watching the Games, explicit perceptions, or demographics (ps > .05). Thus, data was collapsed across groups for the main analyses. Repeated measure ANOVAs with Bonferroni adjustments indicated that explicit perceptions of warmth decreased over time for both Paralympians and individuals with PD (p ≤ .005). However, Paralympians were rated as significantly more competent and warmer than individuals with PD (ps < .001) at each timepoint. Findings suggest that public exposure to the Paralympics may have more value for Paralympians than the larger disability community. Further research should explore how to disseminate communication regarding the Paralympics to improve social attitudes and optimize integration of all people with disabilities in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina H Shirazipour
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Rachael C Stone
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University
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3
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Rhodes RE, Lithopoulos A. The Physical Activity Regulation Scale: Development and validity testing. Health Psychol 2023; 42:378-387. [PMID: 37227880 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral regulation tactics used to manage actions after the formation of a physical activity (PA) intention are common to many theories, yet comprehensive measures of PA regulation are scant. PURPOSE To develop a reliable instrument of PA regulation and test predictive validity and its capacity to mediate the intention-PA relationship. METHOD To achieve a pool of candidate items, we used the behavior change technique taxonomy as a template, followed by a critical literature review of PA regulation measures to extract exemplar items, and then concluded with a Delphi feedback method (N = 4). The main study included a sample representative of the Canadian adult population to explore and then confirm the construct and discriminant validity, and internal consistency reliability of the measure using two independent samples (N = 683 and N = 727). Finally, using a 2-week prospective design, the full sample was used to investigate test-retest reliability, and predictive validity of self-reported PA at Time 2. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a reliable 14-item, four-factor measure (internal consistencies > .80) of (a) proactive regulation, (b) reactive regulation, (c) social monitoring, and (d) self-monitoring, we named the Physical Activity Regulation Scale (PARS). The PARS factors explained 18% of PA at Time 2, and mediated the relationship between intention and PA. CONCLUSION While continued testing is needed, the initial evidence is supportive that the PARS may be a useful PA behavioral regulation measure to include for use within various theoretical models applied to understand PA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria
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4
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Dawson J, Johnston S, Marshall S, Schweizer TA, Reed N, Devos H, Schmidt J, Lithopoulos A, Zemek R. Return to Driving Following Concussion: A Research Priority. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2023; 38:277-278. [PMID: 36727787 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dawson
- CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Drs Dawson and Zemek); Montfort Hospital Institut du Savoir, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Dr Johnston); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Drs Marshall and Lithopoulos); Keenan Research Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto and Faculty of Medicine (Neurosurgery) (Dr Schweizer), University of Toronto (Dr Reed), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City (Dr Devos); and UGA Concussion Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens (Dr Schmidt)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that perceived behavioral control (PBC) is an important determinant of behavior and that it is composed of perceived capability and opportunity. However, typical measurement of these constructs may be confounded with motivation and outcome expectations. Vignettes presented before questionnaire items may clarify construct meaning leading to precise measurement. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop and validate measures of perceived capability and opportunity that parse these constructs from the influence of motivation and outcome expectations using vignettes. METHODS Study 1 collected feedback from experts (N = 9) about the initial measure. Study 2a explored internal consistency reliability and construct and discriminant validity of the revised measure using two independent samples (N = 683 and N = 727). Finally, using a prospective design, Study 2b (N = 1,410) investigated test-retest reliability, construct and discriminant validity at Time 2, and nomological validity. RESULTS After Study 1, the revised measure was tested in Studies 2a and 2b. Overall, the evidence suggests that the measure is optimal with four items for perceived capability and three for the perceived opportunity. The measure demonstrated strong internal consistency ( > 0.90) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] > .78). The measure also showed construct and discriminant validity by differentiating itself from behavioral intentions (i.e., motivation) and affective attitude (based on expected outcomes) (SRMR = 0.03; RMSEA = 0.06). It also demonstrated evidence of nomological validity as behavior 2 weeks later was predicted. CONCLUSIONS We recommend researchers use this tool in future correlational and intervention studies to parse motivation and outcome expectations from perceived capability and opportunity measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David M Williams
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Walters AJ, Lithopoulos A, Tennant EM, Weissman S, Latimer-Cheung AE. Exploring attention to the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth using eye-tracking: A randomized control trial. Public Health Nurs 2022; 39:982-992. [PMID: 35239196 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth ("Guidelines") not only pioneered the notion of an integrated movement continuum from sleep to vigorous-intensity physical activity but also introduced a new branded Guideline visual identity. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated youths' (N = 46) attention to and thoughts about the Guidelines and the brand. DESIGN A cross-sectional between-participants randomized intervention design was used. SAMPLE Canadian youth between 10 and 17 years of age comprised the study sample. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to view either branded Guidelines (n = 26) or unbranded Guidelines (n = 20). Youths' eye-movements (e.g., dwell time, fixation count) were recorded during Guideline viewing. Participants completed a follow-up survey assessing brand perceptions and Guideline cognitions. RESULTS The branded Guidelines neither drew greater overall attention nor led to more positive brand perceptions or Guideline cognitions compared to the unbranded Guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Exploratory analyses provide valuable, yet preliminary insight into how branding and Guideline content may shape how Guidelines are perceived and acted upon. These findings inform an agenda for future health education resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Walters
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - A Lithopoulos
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.,Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa, ON
| | - E M Tennant
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.,Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ottawa, ON
| | - S Weissman
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - A E Latimer-Cheung
- School of Kinesiology & Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
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7
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Lithopoulos A, Bayley M, Curran D, Fischer L, Knee C, Lauzon J, Nevison M, Velikonja D, Marshall S. Protocol for a living systematic review for the management of concussion in adults. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061282. [PMID: 35835532 PMCID: PMC9289038 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concussion/mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often presents initially with disabling symptoms that resolve, but for an unfortunate minority some of these symptoms may become prolonged. Although research into diagnosis and interventions for concussion is increasing, study quality overall remains low. A living systematic review that is updated as evidence becomes available is the ideal research activity to inform a living guideline targeting clinicians and patients. The purpose of this paper is to present the protocol of an ongoing living systematic review for the management of adult concussion that will inform living guidelines building off the Guideline for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Persistent Symptoms: third Edition. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol guidelines were followed in the reporting of this systematic review protocol. We are including English peer-reviewed observational studies, trials, qualitative studies, systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines related to diagnosis/assessment or treatment of adult concussion. Future searches will be conducted at minimum every 6 months using the following databases: MEDLINE ALL, EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycInfo and CINAHL. The data are managed in the Covidence website. Screening, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessments are being done through multiple raters working independently. Multiple validated tools are being used to assess risk of bias, and the tool applied matches the document or study design (eg, Downs and Black Scale for healthcare interventions). Many concussion experts in various clinical disciplines from across North America have volunteered to examine the evidence in order to make recommendations for the living guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethical approval is necessary because primary data are not collected. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and on the living guidelines website once built. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022301786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Bayley
- Hull-Ellis Concussion Research Center, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothyann Curran
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Fischer
- Department of Family Practice, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Knee
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Lauzon
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Nevison
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Velikonja
- Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Rehabilitation Centre, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bruyere Continuing Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Lithopoulos A, Dawson J, Reed N, Zemek R, Marshall S. The Living Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Adult and Pediatric Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2021; 39:243-244. [PMID: 34714140 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
No abstract for a letter to the editor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 10055, Clinical Epidemiology Program, 505 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8M2;
| | - Jennifer Dawson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Nick Reed
- University of Toronto, 7938, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, 37205, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Roger Zemek
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Clinical Research Unit, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1H 8L1.,401 Smyth RoadCanada;
| | - Shawn Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 10055, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
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9
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Lithopoulos A, Evans WD, Faulkner G, Rhodes RE. Marketing Physical Activity? Exploring the Role of Brand Resonance in Health Promotion. J Health Commun 2021; 26:675-683. [PMID: 34651548 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2021.1989524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Social marketing campaigns promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be more successful when associated with strong brands. Little is known regarding how brand constructs such as brand resonance may be related to MVPA and its antecedents (e.g., having a physical activity identity). A better knowledge of these constructs and their relationships can reveal how to strengthen brands to make them more useful for interventions. The purpose of this study was to test a model linking ParticipACTION (a Canadian social marketing organization) brand constructs (brand affective attitude, identification, resonance), MVPA antecedents (behavioral affective attitude, identity), and MVPA. This study used a cross-sectional online survey design with a representative Canadian adult sample of 1,475 people (M age = 49.36; 49.1% female). Path analysis was conducted to test the model. Overall, the model fit the data well, demonstrating positive associations between brand affective attitude and identification, identification and resonance, resonance and both behavioral affective attitude and identity, behavioral affective attitude and both identity and MVPA, and identity and MVPA. The results suggest that building brand resonance is important for linking branding to MVPA variables. Brand management activities designed to target brand affective attitude may be crucial to helping people feel strong resonance with a brand in a way that supports behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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10
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Jarvis JW, Berry TR, Carson V, Rhodes RE, Lithopoulos A, Latimer-Cheung AE. Examining differences in parents' perceptions of children's physical activity versus screen time guidelines and behaviours. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:1448-1453. [PMID: 33890709 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Most Canadian and Australian children do not meet Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) or Screen Time Guidelines (STG). Regarding the social issue advertising believability model (SIABM), parental support for these behaviours may depend upon how believable parents find guideline messages. The aim of the study was to examine differences in parents' SIABM variables and perceived behavioural control for PAG and STG messages. METHODS Data were collected online; 499 Canadian parents with at least one child aged 5-11 years (75.6% mothers) participated. Differences in model variables were analysed using analyses of variance. RESULTS Parents demonstrated greater issue involvement, attitudes towards the issue, parental support attitudes and perceived behavioural control for the PAG compared to the STG (d > 0.10). Mothers believed the messages more and had more favourable attitudes towards the issues as compared to fathers (d > 0.21). CONCLUSIONS Parents' evaluations of PAG messages and corresponding supportive behaviours were generally more positive than STG. Future messages should emphasise supportive behaviours for screen time reduction that are feasible and enjoyable for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn W Jarvis
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya R Berry
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy E Latimer-Cheung
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Liu S, Perdew M, Lithopoulos A, Rhodes RE. The Feasibility of Using Instagram Data to Predict Exercise Identity and Physical Activity Levels: Cross-sectional Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e20954. [PMID: 33871380 PMCID: PMC8094017 DOI: 10.2196/20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise identity is an important predictor for regular physical activity (PA). There is a lack of research on the potential mechanisms or antecedents of identity development. Theories of exercise identity have proposed that investment, commitment and self-referential (eg, I am an exerciser) statements, and social activation (comparison, support) may be crucial to identity development. Social media may be a potential mechanism to shape identity. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to (1) explore whether participants were willing to share their Instagram data with researchers to predict their lifestyle behaviors; (2) examine whether PA-related Instagram uses (ie, the percentage of PA-related Instagram posts, fitness-related followings, and the number of likes received on PA-related posts) were positively associated with exercise identity; and (3) evaluate whether exercise identity mediates the relationship between PA-related Instagram use and weekly PA minutes. METHODS Participants (18-30 years old) were asked to complete a questionnaire to evaluate their current levels of exercise identity and PA. Participants' Instagram data for the past 12 months before the completion of the questionnaire were extracted and analyzed with their permission. Instagram posts related to PA in the 12 months before their assessment, the number of likes received for each PA-related post, and verified fitness- or PA-related followings by the participants were extracted and analyzed. Pearson correlation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship among exercise identity, PA, and Instagram uses. We conducted mediation analyses using the PROCESS macro modeling tool to examine whether exercise identity mediated the relationship between Instagram use variables and PA. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to compare the number of willing participants versus those who were not willing to share their Instagram data. RESULTS Of the 76 participants recruited to participate, 54% (n=41) shared their Instagram data. The percentage of PA-related Instagram posts (r=0.38; P=.01) and fitness-related Instagram followings (r=0.39; P=.01) were significantly associated with exercise identity. The average number of "likes" received (r=0.05, P=.75) was not significantly associated with exercise identity. Exercise identity significantly influenced the relationship between Instagram usage metrics (ie, the percentage of PA-related Instagram posts [P=.01] and verified fitness-related Instagram accounts [P=.01]) and PA level. Exercise identity did not significantly influence the relationship between the average number of "likes" received for the PA-related Instagram posts and PA level. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that an increase in PA-related Instagram posts and fitness-related followings were associated with a greater sense of exercise identity. Higher exercise identity led to higher PA levels. Exercise identity significantly influenced the relationship between PA-related Instagram posts (P=.01) and fitness-related followings on PA levels (P=.01). These results suggest that Instagram may influence a person's exercise identity and PA levels. Future intervention studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Liu
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Megan Perdew
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Lithopoulos A, Liu S, Zhang CQ, Rhodes RE. Predicting physical distancing in the context of COVID-19: A test of the extended parallel process model among Canadian adults. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 2021. [DOI: 10.1037/cap0000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Rhodes RE, Liu S, Lithopoulos A, Zhang CQ, Garcia-Barrera MA. Correlates of Perceived Physical Activity Transitions during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Canadian Adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2020; 12:1157-1182. [PMID: 33006279 PMCID: PMC7537295 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to explore socio-ecological predictors of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as a result of the COVD-19 pandemic restrictions. METHOD A representative sample of 1,055 English-speaking Canadians (18+ years) completed measures of MVPA during the COVID-19 restrictions and reflecting on MVPA prior to these restrictions, as well as demographics, COVID-19-related cognitions and behavior (i.e. perceived threat, social distancing), psychological factors (e.g. personality traits, habit, identity, strategic planning), social factors (e.g. dependent children, co-habitation), home environment affordances (exercise equipment, programming) and the neighborhood environment (e.g. access to outdoor recreation, neighborhood safety). RESULTS Participants perceived that they had decreased weekly MVPA (p < .01) and the availability of home equipment and strategic planning were critical predictors (p < .01). Profiles by MVPA guidelines, however, showed that 58 per cent of the sample had not changed and 6 per cent had increased MVPA. Identity was the critical predictor of the different MVPA profiles, followed by habit, extraversion, availability of home equipment, and the age of the participant (p < .01). CONCLUSION Pandemic restrictions have affected the MVPA of many Canadians, and variables across the socio-ecological spectrum explain who has been able to maintain MVPA during this unprecedented time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Liu
- University of Victoria, Canada
| | | | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- University of Victoria, Canada.,Hong Kong Baptist University, China.,Sun Yat-sen University, China
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14
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Liu S, Lithopoulos A, Zhang CQ, Garcia-Barrera MA, Rhodes RE. Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy. Pers Individ Dif 2020; 168:110351. [PMID: 32863508 PMCID: PMC7442020 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged stress is associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. Understanding the mediators between personality and stress is critical for developing effective stress management interventions during a pandemic. Our study explored whether perceptions of threat from COVID-19 and efficacy to follow government recommendations for preventing COVID-19 would mediate the relationships between personality traits (e.g., neuroticism, conscientiousness-goal-striving, extroversion-activity and sociability) and perceived stress. In an online survey of a representative sample of Canadian adults (n = 1055), we found that higher neuroticism and extroversion were associated with higher levels of stress during the pandemic and a greater increase in stress levels compared to levels before the pandemic. Perceived threat and efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between neuroticism and stress, which suggested that individuals with higher neuroticism experienced higher levels of stress due to higher levels of perceived threat and lower levels of efficacy. Perceived threat did not mediate the relationship between extroverts and stress, which suggested that the source of stress may stem from elsewhere (e.g., inability to socialize). Our findings highlighted that personality traits could be an important factor in identifying stress-prone individuals during a pandemic and that stress management interventions need to be personality specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Liu
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
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15
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Lithopoulos A, Kaushal N, Beauchamp MR, Conner M, de Bruijn GJ, Latimer-Cheung AE, Rhodes RE. Changing Sedentary Behavior in the Office: A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing the Effect of Affective, Instrumental, and Self-Regulatory Messaging on Sitting. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2020; 12:687-702. [PMID: 32428341 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although avoiding sedentary behavior has many health benefits, adults often sit for long periods at work. The purpose of this study was to compare affective attitude, instrumental attitude, and self-regulation messaging interventions on sitting in the workplace. METHODS Using a cluster randomised controlled trial design, participants (N = 116) were assigned (by workplace) to: (a) instrumental, (b) affective, (c) self-regulation, or (d) control (nutrition information) groups. Measurements were taken online at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks post-baseline. The interventions comprised three presentations delivered following baseline, week 4, and week 8 assessments. The primary outcome was self-reported average hours of sitting per day at work (registered trial number: NCT04082624). RESULTS Controlling for baseline sitting, overall, the affective group sat for less time than the instrumental and self-regulation groups. Also, at week 4, the affective group sat for less time than the instrumental and self-regulation groups and, at week 8, the affective group sat for less time than the self-regulation and control groups. There were no differences between the groups at week 12. CONCLUSIONS This investigation showed that workplace interventions targeting affective attitude can lead to less sitting time in the short term. Future research should explore additional strategies to minimise sedentary behavior in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Conner
- University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Lithopoulos A, Liu S, Rhodes RE, Naylor PJ. The role of identity in parental support for physical activity and healthy eating among overweight and obese children. Health Psychol Behav Med 2020; 8:185-201. [PMID: 34040867 PMCID: PMC8114343 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1750959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Parental support behaviors are established predictors of children's physical activity and healthy eating. However, little is known about predictors of these parental support behaviors. Identity (i.e. a component of the self-concept) has been hypothesized to be an influential construct that may be associated with a variety of behavioral antecedents and behavior itself. Specifically, research suggests healthy eating or physical activity parental support affective attitude may predict parental identity, and that identity may predict support behavior directly and indirectly through support self-regulation (e.g. planning). Thus, this study expands on past literature by exploring these antecedents and outcomes of parental identity in the context of parental support for physical activity and healthy eating among overweight and obese children. Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey design, 83 parents (61.4% female) with at least one overweight or obese child completed measures assessing parental support affective attitude, parental identity, support self-regulation, and actual support behaviors. Path analysis was conducted to examine model fit and hypothesized relationships between variables for eating and physical activity separately. Results: For both behavioral domains, the model fit was good. Parental support affective attitude predicted parental identity, parental identity predicted support self-regulation, and support self-regulation predicted support behavior. Further, for both behaviors, support self-regulation mediated the relationship between parental identity and support behavior. Finally, parental identity also directly predicted support behavior for physical activity but not eating. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the importance of identity in parental support behaviors. These results also show that fostering enjoyable experiences for parents while supporting their children may strengthen their supportive identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Sam Liu
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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Abstract
It is important to increase the number of people regularly physically active to enhance health. Physical activity (PA) promotion organizations with strong brands may be more effective at motivating PA. However, these organizations must know which brand equity variables (e.g., brand awareness) to prioritize in their marketing. No previous review has examined whether brand equity variables are associated with PA-related variables. The primary objective of this study was to learn whether brand equity variables are associated with PA behaviors (e.g., moderate or vigorous PA). A secondary objective was to evaluate whether brand equity variables are associated with potential correlates of PA (e.g., self-efficacy). In addition to other search methods, four databases were searched for articles (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Business Source Complete). Thirty articles met the eligibility criteria. Regarding behavior, brand awareness and associations were associated with moderate or vigorous PA but not less intense activities such as walking. For correlates, brand awareness was associated with self-efficacy, outcome expectations, attitude, and parental approval of child PA. Brand associations were only associated with attitude. Age and brand awareness measure emerged as moderators of the awareness to moderate or vigorous PA relationship. Future research should examine the antecedents of brand awareness and use experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
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Bonafiglia JT, Nelms MW, Preobrazenski N, LeBlanc C, Robins L, Lu S, Lithopoulos A, Walsh JJ, Gurd BJ. Moving beyond threshold-based dichotomous classification to improve the accuracy in classifying non-responders. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13928. [PMID: 30488594 PMCID: PMC6429972 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined maximal oxygen consumption responses following exercise training to demonstrate the limitations associated with threshold‐based dichotomous classification of responders and non‐responders and proposed alternative methods for classification. Specifically, we: 1) calculated individual probabilities of response, and 2) classified individuals using response confidence intervals (CI) and reference points of zero and a smallest worthwhile change of 0.5 METs. Our findings support the use of individual probabilities and individual CIs to improve the accuracy in non‐response classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew W Nelms
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Camille LeBlanc
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Robins
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simo Lu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Walsh
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Shirazipour CH, Evans MB, Leo J, Lithopoulos A, Martin Ginis KA, Latimer-Cheung AE. Program conditions that foster quality physical activity participation experiences for people with a physical disability: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 42:147-155. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1494215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Blair Evans
- Kinesiology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Centre (BSCC), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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Lithopoulos A, Bassett-Gunter RL, Martin Ginis KA, Latimer-Cheung AE. The Effects of Gain- versus Loss-Framed Messages Following Health Risk Information on Physical Activity in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis. J Health Commun 2017; 22:523-531. [PMID: 28481157 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1318983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few people with multiple sclerosis engage in physical activity. Messaging interventions may motivate more physical activity among these individuals. The purpose of this online study was to evaluate an intervention presenting participants with multiple sclerosis (N = 237) with risk information (i.e., information demonstrating people with multiple sclerosis are more likely to experience certain health issues) or no risk information followed by gain- or loss-framed physical activity messages. Participants completed questionnaires on Days 1, 6, and 28 and received information material on Days 2-5. The dependent variables were as follows: physical activity intentions and behavior, response and task efficacy, perceived threat (i.e., perception of threat to health issues relevant to people with multiple sclerosis), and avoidance (i.e., avoiding thinking about/doing something about the health issues presented in the messages). Analyses indicated physical activity and response efficacy increased over time. Also, participants receiving risk information had higher levels of physical activity and perceived threat. However, manipulation checks showed no differences between participants regarding perceptions of risk information or gain/loss-framed messages. Despite the lack of impact of the framing intervention, this study suggests that a brief informational intervention can positively influence physical activity and certain correlates of physical activity among people with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lithopoulos
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Kathleen A Martin Ginis
- c School of Health and Exercise Science , University of British Columbia , Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Amy E Latimer-Cheung
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario , Canada
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