1
|
Dörner R, Hägele FA, Müller MJ, Seidel U, Rimbach G, Bosy-Westphal A. Effect of exogenous and endogenous ketones on respiratory exchange ratio and glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1027-C1033. [PMID: 38314726 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00429.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of exogenous ketone bodies (KB) on oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and glucose metabolism. The data were compared with the effects of endogenous ketonemia during both, a ketogenic diet or fasting. Eight healthy individuals [24.1 ± 2.5 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2] participated in a crossover intervention study and were studied in a whole-room indirect calorimeter (WRIC) to assess macronutrient oxidation following four 24-h interventions: isocaloric controlled mixed diet (ISO), ISO supplemented with ketone salts (38.7 g of β-hydroxybutyrate/day, EXO), isocaloric ketogenic diet (KETO), and total fasting (FAST). A physical activity level of 1.65 was obtained. In addition to plasma KB, 24-h C-peptide and KB excretion rates in the urine and postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured. Although 24-h KB excretion increased in response to KETO and FAST, there was a modest increase in response to EXO only (P < 0.05). When compared with ISO, V̇o2 significantly increased in KETO (P < 0.01) and EXO (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in FAST. V̇co2 increased in EXO but decreased in KETO (both P < 0.01) and FAST (P < 0.001), resulting in 24-h respiratory exchange ratios (RER) of 0.828 ± 0.024 (ISO) and 0.811 ± 0.024 (EXO) (P < 0.05). In response to EXO there were no differences in basal and postprandial glucose and insulin levels, as well as in insulin sensitivity. When compared with ISO, EXO, and KETO, FAST increased homeostatic model assessment β-cell function (HOMA-B) (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, at energy balance exogenous ketone salts decreased respiratory exchange ratio without affecting glucose tolerance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings revealed that during isocaloric nutrition, additional exogenous ketone salts increased V̇o2 and V̇co2 while lowering the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). Ketone salts had no effect on postprandial glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dörner
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seidel
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Nussbaumer H, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary Recommendations for Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 132:182-215. [PMID: 38286422 DOI: 10.1055/a-2166-6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Specialist Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Tombek
- Diabetes Centre Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nunes CL, Jesus F, Rosa GB, Marianito M, Francisco R, Bosy-Westphal A, Minderico CS, Martins P, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Interindividual variability in energy intake and expenditure during a weight loss intervention. Appetite 2024; 193:107162. [PMID: 38101517 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behavioral compensations may occur as a response to a negative energy balance. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between changes in energy intake (EI) and changes in physical activity (PA, min/day; kcal/d) as a response to a weight loss (WL) intervention and to understand if interindividual differences occur in EI and energy expenditure (EE). METHODS Eighty-one participants [mean (SD): age = 42.8 (9.4)y, BMI = 31.2 (4.4)kg/m2, 37% females] divided in intervention (IG, n = 43) and control group (CG, n = 38) were included. The IG underwent a moderate energy restriction (300-500 kcal/d). EI was measured through the intake-balance method. Non-exercise PA (NEPA) and exercise (through logbook) were assessed by accelerometery. The EE in NEPA (NEAT) and in exercise (EiEE) was calculated by applying the Freedson Combination'98 algorithm over the time spent in these activities. Pearson correlations were performed in IG to examine associations between EE components, EI and body composition. To understand if interindividual differences were observed, the SD of individual response (SDIR) and the smallest worthwhile change (SWC, SDbaselineCG×0.2) were calculated. RESULTS Changes in EI [Δ EI, (kcal/d)] was negatively associated with Δ exercise (min/d:r = -0.413, p = 0.045; %:r = -0.846, p = 0.008) and with Δ EiEE (kcal/d:r = -0.488, p = 0.016; %:r = -0.859, p = 0.006). A negative correlation was found between Δ sedentary time and Δ NEPA (min/d:r = -0.622, p = 0.002; %:r = -0.487, p = 0.018). An interindividual variability was found for EI(SDIR = 151.6, SWC = 72.3) and EE (SDIR = 165, SWC = 134). CONCLUSIONS Decreases in EI were not associated to compensatory responses such as decreases in PA and/or increases in sedentary time. Interindividual variability was found for EI and EE. Nevertheless, behavioral compensations and the interindividual variability should be considered when implementing WL interventions, to increase the likelihood of achieving sustainable results. (clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03031951).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Gil B Rosa
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marianito
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruben Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Döschner L, Schulze K, Göger L, Bosy-Westphal A, Krüger N, Franz K, Müller-Werdan U, Herpich C, Norman K. Effects of a Short-Term Vegan Challenge in Older Adults on Metabolic and Inflammatory Parameters-A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300623. [PMID: 38185769 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE A long-term vegan diet carries the risk of insufficient protein and micronutrient intake for older adults. However, even a short-term (48 h) vegan diet exerts positive metabolic effects in younger adults. In this study, we investigate the feasibility and effects of a short-term vegan challenge on metabolic and inflammatory markers in older adults. METHOD AND RESULTS In this randomized controlled crossover-study, 30 healthy older adults (≥65 years) are assigned to either a 48 h ad libitum vegan or omnivorous diet. During the vegan diet, participants exhibit lower protein (p = 0.001) and fat intake as well as higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake, resulting in a lower caloric intake (all p < 0.001). Insulin concentrations (p = 0.042) and insulin resistance (p = 0.036) decline only after the vegan diet. The study observes reductions in serum glucose (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.005), and hsCRP (p = 0.044) concentrations and weight (p < 0.001), independent of the diet. Participants with low-grade inflammation exhibit notable metabolic improvements after the vegan diet. CONCLUSION Improvements in insulin homeostasis are observed after the vegan diet, but meeting protein requirements are not feasible during the short-term vegan challenge despite dietary counseling, which warrants concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lary Döschner
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kora Schulze
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Göger
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nele Krüger
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Franz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Müller-Werdan
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Evangelisches Geriatriezentrum Berlin gGmbH, 13347, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catrin Herpich
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Norman
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heymsfield SB, Yang S, McCarthy C, Brown JB, Martin CK, Redman LM, Ravussin E, Shen W, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Proportion of caloric restriction-induced weight loss as skeletal muscle. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:32-40. [PMID: 37807154 PMCID: PMC10872987 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study's objective was to develop models predicting the relative reduction in skeletal muscle (SM) mass during periods of voluntary calorie restriction (CR) and to validate model predictions in longitudinally monitored samples. METHODS The model development group included healthy nonexercising adults (n = 897) who had whole-body SM mass measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Model predictions of relative SM changes with CR were evaluated in two longitudinal studies, one 12 to 14 weeks in duration (n = 74) and the other 12 months in duration (n = 26). RESULTS A series of SM prediction models were developed in a sample of 415 males and 482 females. Model-predicted changes in SM mass relative to changes in body weight (i.e., ΔSM/Δbody weight) with a representative model were (mean ± SE) 0.26 ± 0.013 in males and 0.14 ± 0.007 in females (sex difference, p < 0.001). The actual mean proportions of weight loss as SM in the longitudinal studies were 0.23 ± 0.02/0.20 ± 0.06 in males and 0.10 ± 0.02/0.17 ± 0.03 in females, similar to model-predicted values. CONCLUSIONS Nonelderly males and females with overweight and obesity experience respective reductions in SM mass with voluntary CR in the absence of a structured exercise program of about 2 to 2.5 kg and 1 to 1.5 kg per 10-kg weight loss, respectively. These estimates are predicted to be influenced by interactions between age and body mass index in males, a hypothesis that needs future testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Shengping Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jasmin B. Brown
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Corby K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; Columbia Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manfred J. Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht’s-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht’s-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva AM, Campa F, Stagi S, Gobbo LA, Buffa R, Toselli S, Silva DAS, Gonçalves EM, Langer RD, Guerra-Júnior G, Machado DRL, Kondo E, Sagayama H, Omi N, Yamada Y, Yoshida T, Fukuda W, Gonzalez MC, Orlandi SP, Koury JC, Moro T, Paoli A, Kruger S, Schutte AE, Andreolli A, Earthman CP, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Irurtia A, Castizo-Olier J, Mascherini G, Petri C, Busert LK, Cortina-Borja M, Bailey J, Tausanovitch Z, Lelijveld N, Ghazzawi HA, Amawi AT, Tinsley G, Kangas ST, Salpéteur C, Vázquez-Vázquez A, Fewtrell M, Ceolin C, Sergi G, Ward LC, Heitmann BL, da Costa RF, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Cremasco MM, Moroni A, Shepherd J, Moon J, Knaan T, Müller MJ, Braun W, García-Almeida JM, Palmeira AL, Santos I, Larsen SC, Zhang X, Speakman JR, Plank LD, Swinburn BA, Ssensamba JT, Shiose K, Cyrino ES, Bosy-Westphal A, Heymsfield SB, Lukaski H, Sardinha LB, Wells JC, Marini E. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) international database: aims, scope, and call for data. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:1143-1150. [PMID: 37532867 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a technique widely used for estimating body composition and health-related parameters. The technology is relatively simple, quick, and non-invasive, and is currently used globally in diverse settings, including private clinicians' offices, sports and health clubs, and hospitals, and across a spectrum of age, body weight, and disease states. BIA parameters can be used to estimate body composition (fat, fat-free mass, total-body water and its compartments). Moreover, raw measurements including resistance, reactance, phase angle, and impedance vector length can also be used to track health-related markers, including hydration and malnutrition, and disease-prognostic, athletic and general health status. Body composition shows profound variability in association with age, sex, race and ethnicity, geographic ancestry, lifestyle, and health status. To advance understanding of this variability, we propose to develop a large and diverse multi-country dataset of BIA raw measures and derived body components. The aim of this paper is to describe the 'BIA International Database' project and encourage researchers to join the consortium. METHODS The Exercise and Health Laboratory of the Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon has agreed to host the database using an online portal. At present, the database contains 277,922 measures from individuals ranging from 11 months to 102 years, along with additional data on these participants. CONCLUSION The BIA International Database represents a key resource for research on body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Stagi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luís A Gobbo
- Skeletal Muscle Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education Department, School of Technology and Science, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Buffa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Research Center of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel M Gonçalves
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Raquel D Langer
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Dalmo R L Machado
- Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 05508-030, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emi Kondo
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Naomi Omi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 566-0002, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 566-0002, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukuda
- Yokohama Sports Medical Center, Yokohama Sport Association, Kanagawa, 222-0036, Japan
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610 Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Silvana P Orlandi
- Nutrition Department, Federal University of Pelotas, 96010-610, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Josely C Koury
- Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Salome Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Irurtia
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Castizo-Olier
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Mascherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristian Petri
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura K Busert
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Adam Tawfiq Amawi
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Grant Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Suvi T Kangas
- International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, 10168, USA
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Department of Expertise and Advocacy, Action contre la Faim, 93358, Montreuil, France
| | - Adriana Vázquez-Vázquez
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Chiara Ceolin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Geriatrics Division, University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sergi
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Geriatrics Division, University of Padova, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Berit L Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for general Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Fernandes da Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Research Group in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - German Vicente-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science FCSD, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margherita Micheletti Cremasco
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Anthropometry and Ergonomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Moroni
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Anthropometry and Ergonomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - John Shepherd
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jordan Moon
- United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL, 36526, USA
| | - Tzachi Knaan
- Weight Management, Metabolism & Sports Nutrition Clinic, Metabolic Lab, Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Braun
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - José M García-Almeida
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Malaga University, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Inês Santos
- Laboratório de Nutrição, Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofus C Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lindsay D Plank
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Boyd A Swinburn
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jude Thaddeus Ssensamba
- Center for Innovations in Health Africa (CIHA Uganda), Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keisuke Shiose
- Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory. Physical Education and Sport Center, State University of Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Henry Lukaski
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, Hyslop Sports Center, University of North Dakota Grand Forks, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- Population, Policy & Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McCarthy C, Tinsley GM, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ, Shepherd J, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Publisher Correction: Total and regional appendicular skeletal muscle mass prediction from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12922. [PMID: 37558734 PMCID: PMC10412529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht's-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht's-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - John Shepherd
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Obesity Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hägele FA, Dörner R, Koop J, Lübken M, Seidel U, Rimbach G, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Impact of one-day fasting, ketogenic diet or exogenous ketones on control of energy balance in healthy participants. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 55:292-299. [PMID: 37202059 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Oral ketone supplements may mimic the beneficial effects of endogenous ketones on energy metabolism as β-hydroxybutyrate has been proposed to increase energy expenditure and improve body weight regulation. Therefore, our objective was to compare the effects of a one-day isocaloric ketogenic diet, fasting and supplementation with ketone salts on energy expenditure and appetite perception. METHODS Eight healthy young adults (4 women, 4 men, age 24 ± 3 years, BMI 24.3 ± 3.1 kg/m2) participated in a randomized cross-over trial with four 24 h-interventions in a whole room indirect calorimeter at a physical activity level of 1.65: (i) total fasting (FAST), (ii) isocaloric ketogenic diet (3.1% energy from carbohydrates (CHO), KETO), (iii) isocaloric control diet (47.4% energy from CHO, ISO), and (iv) ISO supplemented with 38.7 g/d ketone salts (exogenous ketones, EXO). Effects on serum ketone levels (15 h-iAUC), energy metabolism (total energy expenditure, TEE; sleeping energy expenditure, SEE; macronutrient oxidation) and subjective appetite were measured. RESULTS Compared to ISO, ketone levels were considerably higher with FAST and KETO and little higher with EXO (all p > 0.05). Total and sleeping energy expenditure did not differ between ISO, FAST and EXO whereas KETO increased TEE (+110 ± 54 kcal/d vs. ISO, p < 0.05) and SEE (+201 ± 90 kcal/d vs. ISO, p < 0.05). CHO oxidation was slightly decreased with EXO compared to ISO (-48 ± 27 g/d, p < 0.05) resulting in a positive CHO balance (p < 0.05). No differences between the interventions were found for subjective appetite ratings (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A 24 h-ketogenic diet may contribute to maintain a neutral energy balance by increasing energy expenditure. Exogenous ketones in addition to an isocaloric diet did not improve regulation of energy balance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04490226 https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Dörner
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Koop
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marie Lübken
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seidel
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Kiel University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Metabolic profiling of liver fat-Limited insights by big data research so far. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:898-899. [PMID: 36878668 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Henriksen HB, Henriksen C, de Sousa ARS, Alavi DT, Augestad EMS, Rising R, Dörner R, Hägele FA, Bosy-Westphal A, Blomhoff R, Ulven SM, Olsen T. Validity and reproducibility of a whole-room indirect calorimeter for the estimation of VO 2 , VCO 2 , and resting metabolic rate. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15658. [PMID: 37020398 PMCID: PMC10076691 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs) provide accurate instruments for the measurement of respiratory exchange, energy expenditure, and macronutrient oxidation. Here, we aimed to determine the validity and reproducibility of a 7500 L WRIC for the measurement of ventilation rates and resting metabolic rate (RMR). Technical validation was performed with propane combustion tests (n = 10) whereas biological reproducibility was tested in healthy subjects (13 women, 6 men, mean ± SD age 39.6 ± 15.3) in two 60 min measurements separated by 24 h. Subjects followed a run-in protocol prior to measurements. The coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for ventilation rates of O2 (VO2), CO2 (VCO2), the respiratory quotient (RQ; VCO2/VO2), and RMR. Technical validation showed good validity with CVs ranging from 0.67% for VO2 to 1.00% for energy expenditure. For biological reproducibility, CVs were 2.89% for VO2 ; 2.67% for VCO2 ; 1.95% for RQ; and 2.68% for RMR. With the exception of RQ (74%), ICCs were excellent for VO2 (94%), VCO2 (96%) and RMR (95%). Excluding participants that deviated from the run-in protocol did not alter results. In conclusion, the 7500 L WRIC is technically valid and reproducible for ventilation rates and RMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hege Berg Henriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Henriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ana Rita Sequeira de Sousa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dena Treider Alavi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Maria Sandstad Augestad
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Russell Rising
- D & S Consulting Services, Inc., New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Dörner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Anna Hägele
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Clinical Service, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Marie Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Müller MJ, Heymsfield SB, Bosy-Westphal A. Changes in body composition and homeostatic control of resting energy expenditure during dietary weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:892-895. [PMID: 36863769 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is the mass-independent decrease in energy expenditure (EE) in response to caloric restriction and weight loss. AT becomes manifest throughout all periods of weight loss and persists during subsequent weight maintenance. AT occurs in resting and nonresting energy expenditure as ATREE and ATNREE , respectively. ATREE appears in different phases of weight loss, each with likely different mechanisms. By contrast, during weight maintenance after weight loss, ATNREE exceeds ATREE . Some of the mechanisms of AT are known now and others are not. Future studies on AT will need an appropriate conceptual framework within which to design experiments and interpret results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Walowski CO, Herpich C, Enderle J, Braun W, Both M, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Norman K, Bosy-Westphal A. Determinants of bone mass in older adults with normal- and overweight derived from the crosstalk with muscle and adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5030. [PMID: 36977715 PMCID: PMC10050471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower bone mass in older adults may be mediated by the endocrine crosstalk between muscle, adipose tissue and bone. In 150 community-dwelling adults (59-86 years, BMI 17-37 kg/m2; 58.7% female), skeletal muscle mass index, adipose tissue and fat mass index (FMI) were determined. Levels of myokines, adipokines, osteokines, inflammation markers and insulin were measured as potential determinants of bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD). FMI was negatively associated with BMC and BMD after adjustment for mechanical loading effects of body weight (r-values between -0.37 and -0.71, all p < 0.05). Higher FMI was associated with higher leptin levels in both sexes, with higher hsCRP in women and with lower adiponectin levels in men. In addition to weight and FMI, sclerostin, osteocalcin, leptin × sex and adiponectin were independent predictors of BMC in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Muscle mass, but not myokines, showed positive correlations with bone parameters that were weakened after adjusting for body weight (r-values between 0.27 and 0.58, all p < 0.01). Whereas the anabolic effect of muscle mass on bone in older adults may be partly explained by mechanical loading, the adverse effect of obesity on bone is possibly mediated by low-grade inflammation, higher leptin and lower adiponectin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina O Walowski
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catrin Herpich
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Janna Enderle
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Braun
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Both
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristina Norman
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Enderle J, Reljic D, Jensen B, Peine S, Zopf Y, Bosy-Westphal A. Normal values for body composition in adults are better represented by continuous reference ranges dependent on age and BMI. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:644-652. [PMID: 36933351 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reference values for body composition parameters like skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) depend on age and BMI. To ensure reference intervals reflect these changes, they have traditionally been separated into groups of young adults based on sex and BMI. However, this static stratification oversimplifies the dynamic and gradual changes of body composition with increasing age and BMI. The aim was therefore to provide continuous reference ranges for body composition parameters. METHODS Cross-sectional data of 1958 healthy men and women with an age between 18 and 97 years and a BMI between 17.1 und 45.6 kg/m2 were obtained between 2011 and 2019. Multiple regression analyses stratified by sex with age, age2 and BMI as independent variables were conducted to predict fat mass index (FMI), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), SMI, appendicular lean soft tissue index (ALSTI) and the ratio between extracellular to total body water (ECW/TBW). RESULTS The regression models explained between 61 (VAT in women and ALSTI in men) and 93% of the variance in the respective body composition parameters (FMI in women). Age had only a minor impact (2-16%) whereas BMI substantially increased the explained variance of reference models for FMI, VAT and ALSTI (total explained variance 61-93%). In SMI, age is a major determinant of the explained variance (36% in men and 38% in women) with BMI equally contributing to the explained variance (total explained variance 72% in men and 75% in women). For ECW/TBW-ratio, age nearly completely explained the variance (79% in men and 74% in women) whereas BMI added only 2-3% to the explained variance. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the derived continuous reference ranges are expected to improve body composition evaluation especially in very overweight and very old persons. Future studies applying these reference equations need to validate these assumptions. STUDY REGISTRATION, CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT01368640, NCT01481285, NCT03779932, NCT04028648.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Enderle
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dejan Reljic
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Björn Jensen
- Seca Gmbh and Co. Kg, Hammer Steindamm 3 - 25, 22089 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sven Peine
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McCarthy C, Tinsley GM, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ, Shepherd J, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Total and regional appendicular skeletal muscle mass prediction from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2590. [PMID: 36788294 PMCID: PMC9929067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, frailty, and cachexia have in common skeletal muscle (SM) as a main component of their pathophysiology. The reference method for SM mass measurement is whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) appendicular lean mass (ALM) serves as an affordable and practical SM surrogate. Empirical equations, developed on relatively small and diverse samples, are now used to predict total body SM from ALM and other covariates; prediction models for extremity SM mass are lacking. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate total body, arm, and leg SM mass prediction equations based on a large sample (N = 475) of adults evaluated with whole-body MRI and DXA for SM and ALM, respectively. Initial models were fit using ordinary least squares stepwise selection procedures; covariates beyond extremity lean mass made only small contributions to the final models that were developed using Deming regression. All three developed final models (total, arm, and leg) had high R2s (0.88-0.93; all p < 0.001) and small root-mean square errors (1.74, 0.41, and 0.95 kg) with no bias in the validation sample (N = 95). The new total body SM prediction model (SM = 1.12 × ALM - 0.63) showed good performance, with some bias, against previously reported DXA-ALM prediction models. These new total body and extremity SM prediction models, developed and validated in a large sample, afford an important and practical opportunity to evaluate SM mass in research and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht's-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht's-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - John Shepherd
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Obesity Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rubin D, Bosy-Westphal A, Kabisch S, Kronsbein P, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Skurk T. Nutritional Recommendations for People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:33-50. [PMID: 36638807 DOI: 10.1055/a-1946-3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany.,Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Tombek
- Diabetes Center Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Walowski CO, Herpich C, Enderle J, Braun W, Both M, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Norman K, Bosy-Westphal A. Analysis of the adiponectin paradox in healthy older people. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:270-278. [PMID: 36401062 PMCID: PMC9891976 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unknown why adiponectin levels are associated with poor physical functioning, skeletal muscle mass and increased mortality in older populations. METHODS In 190 healthy adults (59-86 years, BMI 17-37 kg/m2 , 56.8% female), whole body skeletal muscle mass (normalized by height, SMI, kg/m2 ), muscle and liver fat were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (n = 135). Levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, inflammation markers, leptin and fibroblast growth factor 21 were measured as potential determinants of the relationship between adiponectin and body composition. RESULTS Higher adiponectin levels were associated with a lower SMI (r = -0.23, P < 0.01), BMC (r = -0.17, P < 0.05) and liver fat (r = -0.20, P < 0.05) in the total population and with higher muscle fat in women (r = 0.27, P < 0.01). By contrast, IGF-1 showed positive correlations with SMI (r = 0.33), BMD (r = 0.37) and BMC (r = 0.33) (all P < 0.01) and a negative correlation with muscle fat (r = -0.17, P < 0.05). IGF-1 was negatively associated with age (r = -0.21, P < 0.01) and with adiponectin (r = -0.15, P < 0.05). Stepwise regression analyses revealed that IGF-1, insulin and leptin explained 18% of the variance in SMI, and IGF-1, leptin and age explained 16% of the variance in BMC, whereas adiponectin did not contribute to these models. CONCLUSIONS Associations between higher adiponectin levels and lower muscle or bone mass in healthy older adults may be explained by a decrease in IGF-1 with increasing adiponectin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina O Walowski
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Catrin Herpich
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Janna Enderle
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Braun
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Both
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristina Norman
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics and Medical Gerontology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lindner M, Geisler C, Rembarz K, Hummitzsch L, Radke DI, Schulte DM, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Elke G. Resting Energy Expenditure in the Critically Ill and Healthy Elderly-A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020303. [PMID: 36678174 PMCID: PMC9861149 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of indirect calorimetry to measure resting energy expenditure (mREE) is widely recommended as opposed to calculating REE (cREE) by predictive equations (PE). The aim of this study was to compare mREE with cREE in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients aged ≥ 75 years and a healthy control group matched by age, gender and body mass index. The primary outcome was the PE accuracy rate of mREE/cREE, derived using Bland Altman plots. Secondary analyses included linear regression analyses for determinants of intraindividual mREE/cREE differences in the critically ill and interindividual mREE differences in the matched healthy cohort. In this retrospective study, 90 critically ill patients (median age 80 years) and 58 matched healthy persons were included. Median mREE was significantly higher in the critically ill (1457 kcal/d) versus the healthy cohort (1351 kcal/d), with low PE accuracy rates (21% to 49%). Independent predictors of mREE/cREE differences in the critically ill were body temperature, heart rate, FiO2, hematocrit, serum sodium and urea. Body temperature, respiratory rate, and FiO2 were independent predictors of interindividual mREE differences (critically ill versus healthy control). In conclusion, the commonly used PE in the elderly critically ill are inaccurate. Respiratory, metabolic and energy homeostasis variables may explain intraindividual mREE/cREE as well as interindividual mREE differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lindner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Haus 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristina Rembarz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Hummitzsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Haus 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - David I. Radke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Haus 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dominik M. Schulte
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Haus 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J. Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar Elke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3 Haus 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zacharias HU, Kaleta C, Cossais F, Schaeffer E, Berndt H, Best L, Dost T, Glüsing S, Groussin M, Poyet M, Heinzel S, Bang C, Siebert L, Demetrowitsch T, Leypoldt F, Adelung R, Bartsch T, Bosy-Westphal A, Schwarz K, Berg D. Microbiome and Metabolome Insights into the Role of the Gastrointestinal-Brain Axis in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: Unveiling Potential Therapeutic Targets. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121222. [PMID: 36557259 PMCID: PMC9786685 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the prevalence of which is rapidly rising due to an aging world population and westernization of lifestyles, are expected to put a strong socioeconomic burden on health systems worldwide. Clinical trials of therapies against PD and AD have only shown limited success so far. Therefore, research has extended its scope to a systems medicine point of view, with a particular focus on the gastrointestinal-brain axis as a potential main actor in disease development and progression. Microbiome and metabolome studies have already revealed important insights into disease mechanisms. Both the microbiome and metabolome can be easily manipulated by dietary and lifestyle interventions, and might thus offer novel, readily available therapeutic options to prevent the onset as well as the progression of PD and AD. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the interplay between microbiota, metabolites, and neurodegeneration along the gastrointestinal-brain axis. We further illustrate state-of-the art methods of microbiome and metabolome research as well as metabolic modeling that facilitate the identification of disease pathomechanisms. We conclude with therapeutic options to modulate microbiome composition to prevent or delay neurodegeneration and illustrate potential future research directions to fight PD and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena U. Zacharias
- Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.U.Z.); (C.K.)
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science—KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.U.Z.); (C.K.)
| | | | - Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Henry Berndt
- Research Group Comparative Immunobiology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Best
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Dost
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Svea Glüsing
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathieu Groussin
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathilde Poyet
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Leonard Siebert
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science—KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Demetrowitsch
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Network of Analytical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science—KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Materials Science, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bartsch
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science—KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, 24107 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science—KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Technology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel Network of Analytical Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science—KiNSIS, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dörner R, Hägele FA, Koop J, Rising R, Foerster T, Olsen T, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Validation of energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation measured by two new whole-room indirect calorimeters. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1796-1805. [PMID: 35927795 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to validate two new whole-room indirfect calorimeters according to Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards (RICORS 1.0). METHODS For technical validation, 16 propane combustion tests were performed to determine accuracy and precision of energy expenditure (EE) and ventilation rates of oxygen (VO2 ), carbon dioxide (VCO2 ), and respiratory exchange ratio (VCO2 /VO2 ). For biological validation, eight participants (mean [SD], age 24.1 [2.5] years; BMI 24.3 [3.1] kg/m2 ) underwent four 24-hour protocols under highly standardized conditions: (1) isocaloric sedentary, (2) fasting sedentary, (3) isocaloric active, and (4) fasting active. Reliability (coefficients of variation [CV]) and minimal detectable changes (MDC) were calculated for 24-hour EE, sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), thermic effect of food (TEF), and macronutrient oxidation rates. RESULTS Technical validation showed high reliability and recovery rates for VO2 (0.75% and 100.8%, respectively), VCO2 (0.49% and 100.6%), and EE (0.54% and 98.2%). Biological validation revealed CV and MDC for active conditions of 1.4% and 4.3% for 24-hour EE, 1.7% and 5.9% for SMR, and 30.2% and 38.4% for TEF, as well as 5.8% and 10.5% for PAEE, respectively. Mean CV and MDC for macronutrient oxidation rates were 9.9% and 22.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The precision of 24-hour EE and SMR was high, whereas it was lower for PAEE and poor for TEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dörner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Koop
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistic, Agricultural and Food Economics Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. On Appropriate Phenotypes of Patients With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3526-e3527. [PMID: 35435966 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Casanova N, Bosy-Westphal A, Beaulieu K, Finlayson G, Stubbs RJ, Blundell J, Hopkins M, Müller MJ. Associations between high-metabolic rate organ masses and fasting hunger: A study using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in healthy males. Physiol Behav 2022; 250:113796. [PMID: 35358549 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat-free mass (FFM) has been shown to be positively associated with hunger and energy intake, an association mediated by resting metabolic rate (RMR). However, FFM comprises a heterogeneous group of tissues with distinct metabolic rates, and it remains unknown how specific high-metabolic rate organs contribute to the degree of perceived hunger. OBJECTIVE To examine whether FFM and its anatomical components were associated with fasting hunger when assessed at the tissue-organ level. DESIGN Body composition (quantitative magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging), RMR and whole-body glucose oxidation (indirect calorimetry), HOMA-index as a marker of insulin sensitivity, nitrogen balance and fasting hunger (visual analogue scales) were assessed in 21 healthy males (age = 25 ± 3y; BMI = 23.4 ± 2.1 kg/m2) after 3 days of controlled energy balance. RESULTS FFM (rs = 0.39; p = 0.09), RMR (rs = 0.52; p = 0.02) and skeletal muscle mass (rs = 0.57; p = 0.04), but not fat mass (rs = -0.01; p = 0.99), were positively associated with fasting hunger. The association between the combined mass of high-metabolic rate organs (i.e., brain, liver, kidneys and heart; rs = 0.58; p = 0.006) and fasting hunger was stronger than with FFM as a uniform body component. The strongest individual association was between liver mass and fasting hunger (rs = 0.51; p = 0.02). No associations were observed between glucose parameters, markers of insulin sensitivity and fasting hunger. The encephalic measure, an index of brain-to-body energy allocation, was negatively associated with fasting hunger (rs = -0.51; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Fasting hunger was more strongly associated with the combined mass of high-metabolic rate organs than with FFM as a uniform body component, highlighting the importance of integrating individual tissue-organ masses and their functional correlates into homeostatic models of human appetite. The association between liver mass and fasting hunger may reflect its role in ensuring the brain's basal energy needs are met.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Casanova
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; KinesioLab, Research Unit in Human Movement Analysis, Piaget Institute, Av. Jorge Peixinho 30 Quinta da Arreinela, 2805-059 Almada, Portugal.
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - R James Stubbs
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nunes CL, Carraça EV, Jesus F, Finlayson G, Francisco R, Silva MN, Santos I, Bosy-Westphal A, Martins P, Minderico C, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Changes in food reward and intuitive eating after weight loss and maintenance in former athletes with overweight or obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1004-1014. [PMID: 35347875 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the following: 1) the impact of Champ4Life's intervention on intuitive eating and food reward; and 2) associations between changes in eating behavior and changes in body composition. METHODS A total of 94 former athletes (mean [SD], BMI = 31.1 [4.3] kg/m2 , age = 43.0 [9.4] years, 34% female) assigned to intervention (n = 49) and control groups (n = 45) underwent 4 months of active weight loss (WL) followed by 8 months of WL maintenance. Intuitive eating and food reward were assessed by the Intuitive Eating Scale and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS The WL was -4.8% (4.9%) and 0.3% (2.6%) for the intervention and control groups, respectively. Participants reported a decrease in fat bias for explicit/implicit wanting and explicit liking after 4 months and 1 year. For intuitive eating, the unconditional permission to eat decreased after 4 months, and the body-food choice congruence increased after 1 year. Changes in unconditional permission to eat and in body-food choice congruence were positively and negatively associated with both Δweight and with Δfat mass, respectively. Changes in explicit wanting for fat and taste bias were associated with Δweight. CONCLUSIONS Food reward decreased after a moderate WL intervention. Participants successfully maintained their reduced weight, and most of the changes in eating behavior remained significant at the end of the follow-up period. Lifestyle interventions aiming at WL should also consider intuitive eating and food reward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Eliana V Carraça
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES): Lusophone University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rúben Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Marlene N Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES): Lusophone University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Programa Nacional para a Promoção da Atividade Física, Direcção-Geral da Saúde, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES): Lusophone University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paulo Martins
- Laboratory of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A, Braun W, Wong MC, Shepherd JA, Heymsfield SB. What Is a 2021 Reference Body? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071526. [PMID: 35406138 PMCID: PMC9003358 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical 1975 Reference Man is a ‘model’ that had been used as a basis for the calculation of radiation doses, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sizes for organ transplantation and ergonomic optimizations in the industry, e.g., to plan dimensions of seats and other formats. The 1975 Reference Man was not an average individual of a population; it was based on the multiple characteristics of body compositions that at that time were available, i.e., mainly from autopsy data. Faced with recent technological advances, new mathematical models and socio-demographic changes within populations characterized by an increase in elderly and overweight subjects a timely ‘state-of-the-art’ 2021 Reference Body are needed. To perform this, in vivo human body composition data bases in Kiel, Baton Rouge, San Francisco and Honolulu were analyzed and detailed 2021 Reference Bodies, and they were built for both sexes and two age groups (≤40 yrs and >40 yrs) at BMIs of 20, 25, 30 and 40 kg/m2. We have taken an integrative approach to address ‘structure−structure’ and ‘structure−function’ relationships at the whole-body level using in depth body composition analyses as assessed by gold standard methods, i.e., whole body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the 4-compartment (4C-) model (based on deuterium dilution, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body densitometry). In addition, data obtained by a three-dimensional optical scanner were used to assess body shape. The future applications of the 2021 Reference Body relate to mathematical modeling to address complex metabolic processes and pharmacokinetics using a multi-level/multi-scale approach defining health within the contexts of neurohumoral and metabolic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J. Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.-W.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-43188-05671; Fax: +49-43188-05679
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.-W.); (W.B.)
| | - Wiebke Braun
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.B.-W.); (W.B.)
| | - Michael C. Wong
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Shepherd Res. Lab, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA; (M.C.W.); (J.A.S.)
- Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - John A. Shepherd
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Shepherd Res. Lab, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA; (M.C.W.); (J.A.S.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heymsfield SB, Smith B, Chung EA, Watts KL, Gonzalez MC, Yang S, Heo M, Thomas DM, Turner D, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ. Phenotypic differences between people varying in muscularity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1100-1112. [PMID: 35170220 PMCID: PMC8978029 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass is the primary metabolic compartment related to a vast number of clinical indices and predictions. The extent to which skeletal muscle (SM), a major body mass component, varies between people of the same sex, weight, height, and age is largely unknown. The current study aimed to explore the magnitude of muscularity variation present in adults and to examine if variation in muscularity associates with other body composition and metabolic measures. METHODS Muscularity was defined as the difference (residual) between a person's actual and model-predicted SM mass after controlling for their weight, height, and age. SM prediction models were developed using data from a convenience sample of 492 healthy non-Hispanic (NH) White adults (ages 18-80 years) who had total body SM and SM surrogate, appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), measured with magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively; residual SM (SMR ) and ALST were expressed in kilograms and kilograms per square meter. ALST mass was also evaluated in a population sample of 8623 NH-White adults in the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Associations between muscularity and variation in the residual mass of other major organs and tissues and resting energy expenditure were evaluated in the convenience sample. RESULTS The SM, on average, constituted the largest fraction of body weight in men and women up to respective BMIs of 35 and 25 kg/m2 . SM in the convenience sample varied widely with a median of 31.2 kg and an SMR inter-quartile range/min/max of 3.35 kg/-10.1 kg/9.0 kg in men and 21.1 kg and 2.59 kg/-7.2 kg/7.5 kg in women; per cent of body weight as SM at 25th and 75th percentiles for men were 33.1% and 39.6%; corresponding values in women were 24.2% and 30.8%; results were similar for SMR indices and for ALST measures in the convenience and population samples. Greater muscularity in the convenience sample was accompanied by a smaller waist circumference (men/women: P < 0.001/=0.085) and visceral adipose tissue (P = 0.014/0.599), larger liver (P = 0.065/<0.001), kidneys (P = 0.051/<0.009), and bone mineral (P < 0.001/<0.001), and larger magnitude resting energy expenditure (P < 0.001/<0.001) than predicted for the same sex, age, weight, and height. CONCLUSIONS Muscle mass is the largest body compartment in most adults without obesity and is widely variable in mass across people of similar body size and age; and high muscularity is accompanied by distinct body composition and metabolic characteristics. This previously unrecognized heterogeneity in muscularity in the general population has important clinical and research implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Chung
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy West Point, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Krista L Watts
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy West Point, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez
- Post-Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Shengping Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Moonseong Heo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Diana M Thomas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy West Point, West Point, NY, USA
| | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht's-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht's-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary recommendations for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:S151-S184. [PMID: 35359013 DOI: 10.1055/a-1624-5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Focus Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Department of Ecotrophology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany.,Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Casanova N, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ, Beaulieu K, Blundell J, Finlayson G, Hopkins M. The Between-Subject Variance in Fasting Hunger in Healthy Men is Better Explained When Fat-free Mass is Assessed at the Tissue-Organ Level. Appetite 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
27
|
Gätjens I, Fedde S, Schmidt SCE, Hasler M, Plachta-Danielzik S, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Relationship between Birth Weight, Early Growth Rate, and Body Composition in 5- to 7-Year-Old Children. Obes Facts 2022; 15:519-527. [PMID: 35292608 PMCID: PMC9421709 DOI: 10.1159/000522509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programing of body composition during intrauterine growth may contribute to the higher risk for cardio-metabolic disease in individuals born small or large for gestational age (SGA, LGA). Compensations of intrauterine growth by catch-up or catch-down postnatal growth may lead to adverse consequences like a thin-fat phenotype. METHODS The impact of (i) birth weight as well as (ii) the interaction between birth weight and catch-up or catch-down growth during the first 2 years of life on fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) in 3,204 5-7-year-old children were investigated using Hattori's body composition chart. Body composition results were compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) birth weight with the same body mass index (BMI). RESULTS In total, 299 children at age 5-7 years were categorized as SGA, 2,583 as AGA, and 322 as LGA. When compared to AGA-children, BMI at 5-7 years of age was higher in LGA-children (15.5 vs. 16.2 kg/m2; p < 0.001) but not different in SGA-children. Compared to AGA with the same BMI, LGA was associated with higher FMI and a lower FFMI in 5-7-year-old girls. This phenotype was also seen for both sexes with catch-down growth during the first 2 years of life whereas catch-up growth prevented the higher FMI and lower FFMI per BMI. By contrast, SGA was associated with a higher FFMI and lower FMI in 5-7-year-old boys compared to AGA boys with the same BMI. This phenotype was also seen with catch-down growth in both genders whereas catch-up growth in girls led to more gain in FMI per BMI. CONCLUSION LGA with a compensatory catch-down postnatal growth may be a risk factor for the development of disproportionate gain in fat over lean mass whereas SGA with a catch-down postnatal growth seems to favor the subsequent accretion of lean over fat mass. A higher propensity of lean mass accretion during postnatal growth in boys compared to girls explains sex differences in these phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gätjens
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Svenja Fedde
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Agricultural and Food Economics Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Plachta-Danielzik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Kompetenznetz Darmerkrankungen e.V., Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred James Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- *Anja Bosy-Westphal,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fedde S, Rimbach G, Schwarz K, Bosy-Westphal A. [What is ultra-processed food and how is it related to diet-related diseases?]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021; 147:46-52. [PMID: 34963174 DOI: 10.1055/a-1683-3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-processed food is part of a modern lifestyle and accounts for about 46 % of daily energy intake in Germany. Cross-sectional and cohort studies indicate associations between consumption of ultra-processed food and a range of non-communicable diseases (obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and depression). As underlying mechanisms, a high energy density, altered food matrix, an unbalanced nutritional composition, high glycemic index, adverse additives, processing- and packaging contaminants are discussed. In order to understand the role of these potential mechanisms and to provide a scientifically based and risk-associated definition of ultra-processed food it is important to conduct appropriate intervention studies and to improve dietary assessment of processed food in prospective cohort studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Fedde
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Abteilung Humanernährung, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Abteilung Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Abteilung Lebensmitteltechnologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Abteilung Humanernährung, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gätjens I, Schmidt SCE, Plachta-Danielzik S, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ. Body Composition Characteristics of a Load-Capacity Model: Age-Dependent and Sex-Specific Percentiles in 5- to 17-Year-Old Children. Obes Facts 2021; 14:593-603. [PMID: 34818246 PMCID: PMC8738913 DOI: 10.1159/000518638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Body composition assessment is superior to the use of body mass index (BMI) to characterize the nutritional status in pediatric populations. For data interpretation, suitable reference data are needed; hence, we aimed to generate age-dependent and sex-specific body composition reference data in a larger population of children and adolescents in Germany. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on a representative group of 15,392 5- to 17-year-old children and adolescents. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis using a population-specific algorithm validated against air displacement plethysmography. Age- and sex-specific percentiles for BMI, fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and a "load-capacity model" (characterized by the ratios of fat mass [FM]/ fatt-free mass [FFM] and FM/FFM2) were modeled using the LMS method. RESULTS BMI, FMI, FFMI, FM/FFM, and FM/FFM2 curves showed similar shapes between boys and girls with steady increases in BMI, FMI, and FFMI, while FM/FFM2-centiles decreased during early childhood and adolescence. Sex differences were observed in FMI and FM/FFM percentiles with increases in FMI up to age 9 years followed by a steady decrease in FM/FFM during and after puberty with a fast-growing FFMI up to age 17 in boys. The prevalence of low FFM relative to FM reached more than 60% in overweight children and adolescents. CONCLUSION These pediatric body composition reference data enable physicians and public health scientists to monitor body composition during growth and development and to interpret individual data. The data point out to an early risk of sarcopenia in overweight children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gätjens
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany,
| | - Manfred James Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Müller MJ, Heymsfield SB, Bosy-Westphal A. Are metabolic adaptations to weight changes an artefact? Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1386-1395. [PMID: 34134143 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is currently defined as the fat-free mass (FFM)-independent change in resting energy expenditure (REE) in response to caloric restriction (CR) or overfeeding (OF). So far, the impact of changes in the anatomical and molecular composition of FFM on AT has not been addressed. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of changes in FFM composition on AT. METHODS FFM was assessed in 32 healthy young men during controlled 21-d CR and 14 d of subsequent OF. Anatomical (i.e., the organ/tissue level) and molecular (i.e., water, mineral, and protein content and thus body density) composition of FFM were characterized. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS With CR, body weight and REE decreased by 4.2 ± 0.9 kg and 173 ± 107 kcal/d, respectively, with corresponding increases of 3.5 ± 1.2 kg and 194 ± 110 kcal/d during OF (P < 0.001 for all changes). Changes in FFM explained 56.7% and 66.7% of weight loss and weight gain, respectively. Weight changes were associated with changes in various anatomical (i.e., masses of skeletal muscle, liver, kidneys, and brain) and molecular components (total body water, protein, and bone minerals) of FFM. After adjustments for changes in FFM only, AT was 116 ± 127 (P < 0.001) and 27 ± 115 kcal/d (NS) with CR and OF, respectively. Adjustments for FFM and its anatomical and molecular composition reduced AT in response to CR to 83 ± 116 and 122 ± 123 kcal/d (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) whereas during OF, AT became significant at 87 ± 146 kcal/d (anatomical; P < 0.05) and 86 ± 118 kcal/d (molecular; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adjusting changes in REE with under- and overfeeding for the corresponding changes in the anatomical and molecular composition of FFM decreased AT after CR and increased AT after OF, but overall adjusted AT was likely not large enough in magnitude to be able to prevent weight loss or resist weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Empfehlungen zur Ernährung von Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1543-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL- Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München, Freising
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- Abt. Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
- Deutsche Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), München
| | | | - Peter Kronsbein
- Fachbereich Oecotrophologie, Hochschule Niederrhein, Campus Mönchengladbach
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Klinik für Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Niels-Stensen-Kliniken, Franziskus-Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Abt. Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn
| | | | - Katharina S. Weber
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin
- Vivantes Humboldt Klinikum, Berlin
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rubin D, Bosy-Westphal A, Kabisch S, Kronsbein P, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber K, Skurk T. Empfehlungen zur Ernährung von Personen mit Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1515-8766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin
- Vivantes Humboldt Klinikum, Berlin
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), München
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München, Freising
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Fachbereich Oecotrophologie, Hochschule Niederrhein, Campus Mönchengladbach
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn
| | | | - Katharina Weber
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, München
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München, Freising
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bosy-Westphal A, Hägele FA, Müller MJ. Impact of Energy Turnover on the Regulation of Energy and Macronutrient Balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1114-1119. [PMID: 34002543 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Energy turnover, defined as the average daily total metabolic rate, can be normalized for basal metabolic rate in order to compare physical activity level between individuals, whereas normalization of energy turnover for energy intake (energy flux) allows investigation of its impact on regulation of energy partitioning independent of energy balance. Appetite sensations better correspond to energy requirements at a high compared with a low energy turnover. Adaptation of energy intake to habitual energy turnover may, however, contribute to the risk of weight gain associated with accelerated growth, pregnancy, detraining in athletes, or after weight loss in people with obesity. The dose-response relationship between energy turnover and energy intake as well as the metabolic effects of energy turnover varies with the habitual level of physical activity and the etiology of energy turnover (e.g., cold-induced thermogenesis, growth, or lactation; aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise). Whether a high energy turnover due to physical activity or exercise may compensate for adverse effects of overfeeding or an unhealthy diet needs to be further investigated using the concept of energy flux. In summary, the beneficial effects of a high energy turnover on regulation of energy and macronutrient balance facilitate the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Seidel U, Haegele FA, Baumhof E, Jans K, Seidler Y, Kremer D, Bakker SJL, Birringer M, Lüersen K, Bosy-Westphal A, Rimbach G. Boron Contents of German Mineral and Medicinal Waters and Their Bioavailability in Drosophila melanogaster and Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100345. [PMID: 34061440 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Boron is a trace element that naturally occurs in soil, making mineral and medicinal water important contributors to overall intake. Thus, in a systematic screening, the mean boron concentrations of 381 German mineral and medicinal waters are determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Boron concentrations in mineral and medicinal waters are analyzed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Highest boron values find in waters from the southwest of Germany. The boron content of the waters is positively correlated with the concentration of most other analyzed bulk elements, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium. Mineral waters with either low (7.9 µg L-1 ), medium (113.9 µg L-1 ), or high (2193.3 µg L-1 ) boron content are chosen for boron exposure experiments in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and humans. In flies, boron-rich mineral water significantly increases boron accumulation, with the accumulation predominantly occurring in the exoskeleton. In humans, serum boron and 24-h urinary boron excretion significantly increase only in response to the intake of boron-rich mineral water. CONCLUSION Overall, the current data demonstrate that mineral and medicinal waters vary substantially in the content of boron and that boron-rich mineral water can be used to elevate the boron status, both in flies and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Seidel
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Haegele
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elena Baumhof
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Jans
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yvonne Seidler
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daan Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Herpich C, Haß U, Kochlik B, Franz K, Laeger T, Klaus S, Bosy-Westphal A, Norman K. Postprandial dynamics and response of fibroblast growth factor 21 in older adults. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:3765-3771. [PMID: 34130022 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a pivotal role in glucose and lipid metabolism and has been proposed as a longevity hormone. However, elevated plasma FGF21 concentrations are paradoxically associated with mortality in higher age and little is known about the postprandial regulation of FGF21 in older adults. In this parallel group study, we investigated postprandial FGF21 dynamics and response in older (65-85 years) compared to younger (18-35 years) adults following test meals with varying macronutrient composition. METHODS Participants (n = 60 older; n = 60 younger) were randomized to one of four test meals: dextrose, high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP). Blood was drawn before and 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 min after meal ingestion. Postprandial dynamics were evaluated using repeated measures ANCOVA. FGF21 response was assessed by incremental area under the curve. RESULTS Fasting FGF21 concentrations were significantly higher in older adults. FGF21 dynamics were affected by test meal (p < 0.001) and age (p = 0.013), when adjusted for BMI and fasting FGF21. Postprandial FGF21 concentrations steadily declined over 240 min in both age groups after HF and HP, but not after dextrose or HC ingestion. At 240 min, FGF21 concentrations were significantly higher in older than in younger adults following dextrose (133 pg/mL, 95%CI: 103, 172 versus 91.2 pg/mL, 95%CI: 70.4, 118; p = 0.044), HC (109 pg/mL, 95%CI: 85.1, 141 versus 70.3 pg/mL, 95%CI: 55.2, 89.6; p = 0.014) and HP ingestion (45.4 pg/mL, 95%CI: 34.4, 59.9 versus 27.9 pg/mL 95%CI: 20.9, 37.1; p = 0.018). FGF21 dynamics and response to HF were similar for both age groups. CONCLUSIONS The age-specific differences in postprandial FGF21 dynamics and response in healthy adults, potentially explain higher FGF21 concentrations in older age. Furthermore, there appears to be a significant impact of acute and recent protein intake on FGF21 secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Herpich
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ulrike Haß
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bastian Kochlik
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Franz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Geriatrics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Laeger
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Nutrition Potsdam, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany; German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristina Norman
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Geriatrics, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Today, more than 50 % of adults in Germany are overweight, 20 million people are obese and 10 to 30 % suffer from non-communicable diseases (NCD). Unhealthy dietary patterns contribute to NCD, thus, NCD are at least partly avoidable. During the last decades nutrition research has changed from nutrients to foods identifying healthy food patterns characterizing healthy diets, e. g., Mediterranean diet, DASH diet and/or the New Nordic Diet. Scientifically, these diets have been shown to be effective strategies of primary and secondary prevention of NCD. Based on this evidence prevention of NCD is now urgently needed at the population level. However, effective public health strategies of prevention and health promotion go beyond daily medical practice and require re-thinking of our food system within a greater context of our environment and climate. To become sustainable, strategies and measures of behavior prevention addressing individuals have to be extended to measures against the obesogenic environment and its systemic drivers within our food system. Thus, social and political changes are needed for a better future health of the nation. Physicians may take the leadership to be prepared to add to a whole of society approach of prevention and health promotion.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ. Diagnosis of obesity based on body composition-associated health risks-Time for a change in paradigm. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13190. [PMID: 33480098 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traditional diagnosis and understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity are based on excessive fat storage due to a chronically positive energy balance characterized by body mass index (BMI). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of lean and adipose tissue compartments by body composition analysis reveals that characterization of obesity as "overfat" does not facilitate a comprehensive understanding of obesity-associated health risk. Instead of being related to fat mass, body composition characteristics underlying BMI-associated prognosis may depend (i) on accelerated growth by a gain in lean mass or fat-free mass (FFM) in children with early BMI rebound or adolescents with early puberty; (ii) on a low muscle mass in aging, associated chronic disease, or severe illness; and (iii) on impaired adipose tissue expandability with respect to cardiometabolic risk. It is therefore time to call the adipocentric paradigm of obesity into question and to avoid the use of BMI and body fat percentage. By contrast, obesity should be seen in face of a limited FFM/muscle mass together with a limited capacity of fat storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Heymsfield SB, Smith B, Dahle J, Kennedy S, Fearnbach N, Thomas DM, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ. Resting Energy Expenditure: From Cellular to Whole-Body Level, a Mechanistic Historical Perspective. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:500-511. [PMID: 33624441 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The basis of heat generated by the human body has been a source of speculation and research for more than 2,000 years. Basal heat production, now usually referred to as resting energy expenditure (REE), is currently recognized as deriving from biochemical reactions at subcellular and cellular levels that are expressed in the energy expended by the body's 78 organs and tissues. These organs and tissues, and the 11 systems to which they belong, influence body size and shape. Connecting these subcellular-/cellular-level reactions to organs and tissues, and then on to body size and shape, provides a comprehensive understanding of individual differences in REE, a contemporary topic of interest in obesity research and clinical practice. This review critically examines these linkages, their association with widely used statistical and physiological REE prediction formulas, and often-unappreciated aspects of measuring basal heat production in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jared Dahle
- Integrated Physiology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha Kennedy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nicole Fearnbach
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Diana M Thomas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, United States Military Academy West Point, New York, USA
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rohmann N, Schlicht K, Geisler C, Hollstein T, Knappe C, Krause L, Hagen S, Beckmann A, Seoudy AK, Wietzke-Braun P, Hartmann K, Schulte D, Türk K, Beckmann J, von Schönfels W, Hägele FA, Bosy-Westphal A, Franke A, Schreiber S, Laudes M. Circulating sDPP-4 is Increased in Obesity and Insulin Resistance but Is Not Related to Systemic Metabolic Inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e592-e601. [PMID: 33084870 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP)-4 is a key regulator of the incretin system. It exists in a membrane-bound form and a soluble form (sDPP-4). Initial human studies suggested sDPP-4 to be an adipokine involved in metabolic inflammation. However, recent mechanistic data in genetically modified mice has questioned these findings. OBJECTIVES We examined circulating sDPP-4 in a cohort of n = 451 humans with different metabolic phenotypes and during 3 different weight loss interventions (n = 101) to further clarify its role in human physiology and metabolic diseases. DESIGN sDPP-4 serum concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and related to several phenotyping data including gut microbiome analysis. RESULTS sDPP-4 increased with age and body weight and was positively associated with insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia but was reduced in manifest type 2 diabetes. In addition, we found reduced serum concentrations of sDPP-4 in subjects with arterial hypertension. In contrast to earlier reports, we did not identify an association with systemic markers of inflammation. Impaired kidney and liver functions significantly altered sDPP-4 concentrations while no relation to biomarkers for heart failure was observed. Having found increased levels of sDPP-4 in obesity, we studied surgical (gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy) and nonsurgical interventions, revealing a significant association of sDPP-4 with improvement of liver function tests but not with changes in body weight. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that sDPP-4 is related to hepatic abnormalities in obesity rather than primarily functioning as an adipokine and that sDPP-4 is implicated both in glucose and in lipid metabolism, but not fundamentally in systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rohmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristina Schlicht
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Hollstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Knappe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura Krause
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hagen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexia Beckmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Seoudy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Perdita Wietzke-Braun
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Hartmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dominik Schulte
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Türk
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Beckmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Pediatric Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Witigo von Schönfels
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Pediatric Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institut of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institut of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine 1, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Englert I, Bosy-Westphal A, Bischoff SC, Kohlenberg-Müller K. Impact of Protein Intake during Weight Loss on Preservation of Fat-Free Mass, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Physical Function in Overweight Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obes Facts 2021; 14:259-270. [PMID: 33975325 PMCID: PMC8255642 DOI: 10.1159/000514427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Weight loss in old age increases the risk of sarcopenia caused by the age-related reduction of fat-free mass (FFM). Due to the strong correlation between FFM and resting energy expenditure (REE), the maintenance of this must also be considered. Besides, the physical function (PF) must be maintained. OBJECTIVE The impact of protein intake on changes in FFM, REE, and PF during weight loss in overweight postmenopausal women was investigated. METHODS Fifty-four postmenopausal women (BMI 30.9 ± 3.4; age 59 ± 7 years) were randomized into 2 groups receiving energy-restricted diets with either 0.8 g (normal protein; NP) or 1.5 g protein/kg body weight (high protein; HP) for 12 weeks, followed by a 6-month follow-up phase with an ad libitum food intake. FFM, REE, and PF (strength, endurance, and balance) were measured at baseline, after weight loss, and after follow-up. RESULTS Forty-six women completed the weight loss intervention and 29 were followed up. The weight loss was -4.6 ± 3.6 kg (HP) and -5.2 ± 3.4 kg (NP; both p < 0.001) and the weight regain during follow-up was 1.3 ± 2.8 kg (HP; p = 0.03) and 0.4 ± 2.5 kg (NP; p = 0.39), with no differences between groups. Similar decreases in FFM (-0.9 ± 1.1 [HP] vs. -1.0 ± 1.3 kg [NP]) and REE (-862 ± 569 [HP] vs. -1,000 ± 561 kJ [NP]; both p < 0.001) were observed in both groups. During follow-up, no changes in FFM were detected in either group, whereas in the NP group the REE increased again (+138 ± 296; p = 0.02). The main determinants of FFM loss were the energy deficit and the speed of weight loss. In the NP group, the Short Physical Performance Battery score improved with weight loss (+0.6 ± 0.8; p < 0.001) and handgrip strength decreased (-1.7 ± 3.4 kg; p < 0.001), whereas no changes were observed in the HP group. CONCLUSIONS An HP weight-loss diet without exercise had no impact on preservation of FFM and REE but may help to maintain muscle strength in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Englert
- Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
- *Isabell Englert,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rubin D, Bosy-Westphal A, Kabisch S, Kronsbein P, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Skurk T. Nutritional Recommendations for People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:S27-S43. [PMID: 33374025 DOI: 10.1055/a-1284-6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany.,Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Campus Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gätjens I, Hasler M, di Giuseppe R, Bosy-Westphal A, Plachta-Danielzik S. Family and Lifestyle Factors Mediate the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Fat Mass in Children and Adolescents. Obes Facts 2020; 13:596-607. [PMID: 33321513 PMCID: PMC7802469 DOI: 10.1159/000511927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated with childhood overweight. The underlying mechanism and the role of family and lifestyle factors as potential mediators of this relationship remain, however, unclear. Cross-sectional data of 4,772 girls and boys aged 5-16 years from the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study were considered in mediation analyses. Fat mass (FM) was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and converted into a percent FM SD score (FM%-SDS). SES was defined by the parental educational level, classified as low, middle, or high. Characteristics of family and lifestyle factors were obtained via validated questionnaires and considered as mediators. In 3 different age groups, the product-of-coefficients method was used to examine age-specific mediator effects on the relationship between SES and FM%-SDS (c = total effects) and their ratio to total effects, adjusted for age, sex, puberty, and nationality. The prevalence of overweight was 6.9%. In all age groups, SES was inversely associated with FM%-SDS as follows: 5-7 years, c1 = -0.11 (95% CI -0.19 to -0.03); 9-11 years, c2 = -0.21 (95% CI -0.27 to -0.14); and 13-16 years, c3 = -0.23 (95% CI -0.28 to -0.17). The relationship between SES and FM%-SDS was fully (5-7 and 9-11 years) and partly (13-16 years) mediated by similar and age-specific mediators, including parental BMI, parental smoking habits, media consumption, physical activity, and shared meals. Overall, these variables resulted in a total mediating effect of 77.8% (5-7 years), 82.4% (9-11 years), and 70.6% (13-16 years). Consistent for both sexes, the relationship between SES and FM%-SDS was therefore mediated by parental weight status, risk-related behavior within families, and children's and adolescents' lifestyle factors. Strategies for obesity prevention, which are predominantly targeted at socially disadvantaged groups, should therefore address the family environment and lifestyle factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gätjens
- Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistic, Agricultural and Food Economics Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Plachta-Danielzik
- Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany,
- Kompetenznetz Darmerkrankungen e.V., Kiel, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rubin D, Bosy-Westphal A, Kabisch S, Kronsbein P, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber K, Skurk T. Empfehlungen zur Ernährung von Personen mit Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1245-5623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin
- Vivantes Humboldt Klinikum, Berlin
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Fachbereich Oecotrophologie, Hochschule Niederrhein, Campus Mönchengladbach
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn
| | | | - Katharina Weber
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL – Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, München
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jensen B, Braun W, Both M, Gallagher D, Clark P, González DL, Klückmann K, Bosy-Westphal A. Configuration of bioelectrical impedance measurements affects results for phase angle. Med Eng Phys 2020; 84:10-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
45
|
Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5803243. [PMID: 32161962 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Walowski CO, Braun W, Maisch MJ, Jensen B, Peine S, Norman K, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Reference Values for Skeletal Muscle Mass - Current Concepts and Methodological Considerations. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030755. [PMID: 32178373 PMCID: PMC7146130 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of a low skeletal muscle mass (SM) is important for diagnosis of ageing and disease-associated sarcopenia and is hindered by heterogeneous methods and terminologies that lead to differences in diagnostic criteria among studies and even among consensus definitions. The aim of this review was to analyze and summarize previously published cut-offs for SM applied in clinical and research settings and to facilitate comparison of results between studies. Multiple published reference values for discrepant parameters of SM were identified from 64 studies and the underlying methodological assumptions and limitations are compared including different concepts for normalization of SM for body size and fat mass (FM). Single computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging images and appendicular lean soft tissue by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are taken as a valid substitute of total SM because they show a high correlation with results from whole body imaging in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. However, the random error of these methods limits the applicability of these substitutes in the assessment of individual cases and together with the systematic error limits the accurate detection of changes in SM. Adverse effects of obesity on muscle quality and function may lead to an underestimation of sarcopenia in obesity and may justify normalization of SM for FM. In conclusion, results for SM can only be compared with reference values using the same method, BIA- or DXA-device and an appropriate reference population. Limitations of proxies for total SM as well as normalization of SM for FM are important content-related issues that need to be considered in longitudinal studies, populations with obesity or older subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina O. Walowski
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.O.W.); (W.B.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Wiebke Braun
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.O.W.); (W.B.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michael J. Maisch
- seca gmbh & co. kg., Hammer Steindamm 3-25, 22089 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.M.); (B.J.)
| | - Björn Jensen
- seca gmbh & co. kg., Hammer Steindamm 3-25, 22089 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.M.); (B.J.)
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kristina Norman
- Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Berlin, Germany;
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred J. Müller
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.O.W.); (W.B.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.O.W.); (W.B.); (M.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)431-880-5674
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Methodological limitations of body composition methods limit the validity of changes in body composition that are used to interpret metabolic outcome parameters of weight loss and weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS Direct assessment of energy balance is necessary for the assessment of early weight changes (i.e., within the 1st week of weight change), whereas body composition analysis with a high accuracy and a low minimal detectable change is recommended to assess ongoing changes. The sequence of underfeeding and overfeeding impacts the method inherent assumptions, and the considerable day-to-day and inter-individual variance in body composition changes is a challenge to the precision of methods. Weight loss-associated changes in body composition do not resemble their changes with subsequent hypercaloric re-feeding. Individual body components are related to specific metabolic functions where the structure-function relationships change with changes in energy balance. Analysis of structure-function relationships in response to weight changes needs to address (a) the validity, precision, and different outcome parameters of body composition methods and (b) the variance of results taking into account study protocols and the dynamics of weight changes. As for future studies, repeated measurements of body weight, body composition, and metabolic functions are needed before, during, and after weight changes focusing on the intra- and interindividual variances of weight change rather than on mean data only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred James Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17-19, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hägele FA, Büsing F, Nas A, Hasler M, Müller MJ, Blundell JE, Bosy-Westphal A. Appetite Control Is Improved by Acute Increases in Energy Turnover at Different Levels of Energy Balance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4481-4491. [PMID: 31305927 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight control is hypothesized to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high [high energy turnover (ET)]. OBJECTIVE The impact of three levels of ET on short-term appetite control is therefore investigated at fixed levels of energy balance. DESIGN In a randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults (25.1 ± 3.9 y of age; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) spent three daylong protocols for four times in a metabolic chamber. Four conditions of energy balance (ad libitum energy intake, zero energy balance, -25% caloric restriction, and +25% overfeeding) were each performed at three levels of ET (PAL 1.3 low, 1.6 medium, and 1.8 high ET; by walking on a treadmill). Levels of appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin (total area under the curve) were measured during 14 hours. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed by visual analog scales. RESULTS Compared with high ET, low ET led to decreased GLP-1 (at all energy balance conditions: P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin concentrations (caloric restriction and overfeeding: P < 0.001), which was consistent with higher feelings of hunger (zero energy balance: P < 0.001) and desire to eat (all energy balance conditions: P < 0.05) and a positive energy balance during ad libitum intake (+17.5%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Appetite is regulated more effectively at a high level of ET, whereas overeating and consequently weight gain are likely to occur at low levels of ET. In contrast to the prevailing concept of body weight control, the positive impact of physical activity is independent from burning up more calories and is explained by improved appetite sensations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Büsing
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessa Nas
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hasler
- Applied Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John E Blundell
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Applied Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hwaung P, Bosy-Westphal A, Muller MJ, Geisler C, Heo M, Thomas DM, Kennedy S, Heymsfield SB. Obesity Tissue: Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Content in Adult Humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1472-1481. [PMID: 31322323 PMCID: PMC6707863 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic positive energy balance leads to obesity, and the "excess" weight is usually described as consisting solely of adipose tissue (AT) or its two components, fat and fat-free mass (nonfat cell mass, extracellular fluid). This study aimed to clarify the nature of "obesity" tissue. METHODS A total of 333 adults had AT, skin, skeletal muscle, bone, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and residual mass measured or derived using magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. First, associations between these components and AT were examined by developing multiple regression models. Next, obesity-tissue composition was developed by deriving mean component mass differences between participant groups with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2 ) and those with obesity (BMI > 29.9 kg/m2 ); respective resting energy expenditures and metabolizable energy and protein contents were calculated. RESULTS AT significantly predicted organ-tissue mass in 17 of 18 multiple regression models. In addition to AT and skeletal muscle, the following associations were found: skin, liver, and bone were main contributors to obesity-tissue composition; liver, kidneys, and heart to resting energy expenditure; and skin, liver, and bone to metabolizable energy and protein contents. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was present in all three models. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is characterized not only by excess AT but by increases in the masses of other "companion" organs and tissues and their related metabolic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoenix Hwaung
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut fur Humanernahrung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J. Muller
- Institut fur Humanernahrung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Institut fur Humanernahrung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Moonseong Heo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina
| | | | - Samantha Kennedy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gätjens I, Hasler M, Richter J, Bosy-Westphal A, Müller M, Plachta-Danielzik S. OR53: Neighborhood Environment Mediates the Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Fat Mass in Children and Adolescents. Clin Nutr 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(19)32525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|