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Mongirdienė A, Liuizė A, Kašauskas A. Novel Knowledge about Molecular Mechanisms of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Type II and Treatment Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098217. [PMID: 37175923 PMCID: PMC10179321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT II), as stated in the literature, occurs in about 3% of all patients and in 0.1-5% of surgical patients. Thrombosis develops in 20-64% of patients with HIT. The mortality rate in HIT II has not decreased using non-heparin treatment with anticoagulants such as argatroban and lepirudin. An improved understanding of the pathophysiology of HIT may help identify targeted therapies to prevent thrombosis without subjecting patients to the risk of intense anticoagulation. The review will summarize the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of HIT II, potential new therapeutic targets related to it, and new treatments being developed. HIT II pathogenesis involves multi-step immune-mediated pathways dependent on the ratio of PF4/heparin and platelet, monocyte, neutrophil, and endothelium activation. For years, only platelets were known to take part in HIT II development. A few years ago, specific receptors and signal-induced pathways in monocytes, neutrophils and endothelium were revealed. It had been shown that the cells that had become active realised different newly formed compounds (platelet-released TF, TNFα, NAP2, CXCL-7, ENA-78, platelet-derived microparticles; monocytes-TF-MPs; neutrophils-NETs), leading to additional cell activation and consequently thrombin generation, resulting in thrombosis. Knowledge about FcγIIa receptors on platelets, monocytes, neutrophils and FcγIIIa on endothelium, chemokine (CXCR-2), and PSGL-1 receptors on neutrophils could allow for the development of a new non-anticoagulant treatment for HIT II. IgG degradation, Syk kinase and NETosis inhibition are in the field of developing new treatment possibilities too. Accordingly, IdeS and DNases-related pathways should be investigated for better understanding of HIT pathogenesis and the possibilities of being the HIT II treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Mongirdienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Liuizė
- Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu Str. 4, LT-50103 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Artūras Kašauskas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Skaudickas D, Vaitiekaitis G, Liobikas J, Gružienė A, Abras M, Gersone G, Vitkus A, Kerzienė S, Undžytė G, Veikutis V, Kašauskas A, Baginskas A, Noreika A. Analysis of Morphological and Morphometric Changes in a Parenchymal Tissue after the Radiofrequency Ablation Procedure. Medicina (B Aires) 2023; 59:medicina59040702. [PMID: 37109660 PMCID: PMC10145827 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer is on the rise in the European Union, and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of the minimally invasive treatment options used for its treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the effects of RFA on prostate tissues. Materials and Methods: A standard prostate RFA procedure was performed on 13 non-purebred dogs in three sessions: no cooling (NC), cooling with a 0.1% NaCl solution (C.01), and cooling using a 0.9% NaCl solution (C.09). Microtome-cut 2–3 µm sections of prostate samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and further examined. Results: A histopathologic evaluation identified four zones of exposure: direct, application, necrosis, and transitional, as the damage on tissues decreased going further from the ablation site. The areas and perimeters of these zones were calculated, and geometric shapes of ablative lesions were evaluated using the quotient formula. Areas and perimeters of prostate tissue lesions in the NC and C.09 sessions were of similar size, whereas those found in C.01 were statistically significantly smaller. Lesions observed in session C.01 were of the most regular geometric shape, while the most irregular ones were found in session C.09. The shapes of lesions closest to the ablation electrode were the most irregular, becoming more regular the further away from the electrode they were. Conclusions: Prostate RFA leads to tissue damage with distinct morphological zones. Notably, the prostate lesions were the smallest and the most regular in shape after RFA procedures using the 0.1% NaCl cooling solution. It can be argued that smaller ablation sites may result in smaller scars, thus allowing for faster tissue healing if the blood flow and innervation at the ablation site are not compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darijus Skaudickas
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Julius Liobikas
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aldona Gružienė
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marcel Abras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, MD2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Gita Gersone
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aleksandras Vitkus
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Kerzienė
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta Undžytė
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vincentas Veikutis
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Artūras Kašauskas
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Armuntas Baginskas
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algis Noreika
- Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kašauskas A, Mongirdienė A. The effect of Polyscias filicifolia bailey biomass tincture on the protein synthesis process in the heterogeneous system from the isolated pig heart. Medicina (Kaunas) 2013; 49:278-283. [PMID: 24248008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE An insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart influences the process of protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Polyscias filicifolia Bailey biomass tincture on the protein synthesis process in a heterogeneous translation system from the isolated pig heart. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of anoxia was evaluated after 20- and 90-minute anoxia. With the aim to determine the effect of Polyscias, the pig hearts were perfused with a buffer containing the Polyscias filicifolia Bailey biomass tincture. To determine the rate and the level of translation, the incorporation of [(14)C]-leucine into translational products in a cell-free system was measured. RESULTS The protein synthesis level decreased by 23%-42% when the translation system containing cytosol from the anoxic heart was used. When the translation system containing a ribosomal fraction after 20-minutes anoxia was used, the protein synthesis level was the same as in the control. In the case of 90-minute anoxia, it decreased by 16%. The protein synthesis rate and the level in the translation system containing cytosol from the heart after 20-minute anoxic perfusion with the buffer containing Polyscias was the same as in the control. CONCLUSIONS A decrease in the protein synthesis rate and the level after 20-minute anoxia was determined by changes in cytosol. On the other hand, 90-minute anoxia caused changes in cytosol and the ribosomal fraction. The Polyscias filicifolia Bailey biomass tincture restored the protein synthesis process acting on the components of the translation system in cytosol and the ribosomal fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artūras Kašauskas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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