1
|
Cabre HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. The effects of L-Citrulline and Glutathione on Endurance performance in young adult trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2206386. [PMID: 37125500 PMCID: PMC10134954 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2206386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrulline may amplify the effects of L-arginine and nitric oxide concentration, which may augment vasodilation and blood flow, thereby enhancing aerobic exercise performance. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was to investigate effects of L-citrulline + Glutathione on aerobic exercise performance and blood flow in well-trained men. METHODS Twenty-five males (Mean ± SD; Age: 22.2 ± 2.4 yrs; Height: 177.0 ± 4.8 cm; Weight: 75.3 ± 6.9 kg) were randomly assigned to the L-citrulline + Glutathione (Setria Performance Blend: SPB; L-citrulline [2 g] + glutathione [200 mg], 6 capsules) or placebo (PL; 3.1 g cellulose, 6 capsules) group. Participants performed a maximal oxygen consumption treadmill test to determine peak velocity (PV) and returned after eight days of ingesting either PL or SPB. Three timed treadmill runs to exhaustion (TTE) were performed at 90%, 100%, and 110% PV. Brachial artery blood flow and vessel diameter were assessed using ultrasound at 1-hr prior to exercise (1hrPrEX), after each exercise bout, immediately post-exercise (immediate PEX), and 30 minutes post exercise (30minPEX) at visits 2 and 4. Blood analytes were assessed via venous blood draws at visit 1, visit 3, and 1hrPEX, immediate PEX, and 30minPEX at visits 2 and 4. After a 14-day washout, participants repeated the same procedures, ingesting the opposite treatment. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed for TTE, vessel diameter, blood flow, and blood analytes. RESULTS Blood flow was significantly augmented 30minPEX (p = 0.04) with SPB in comparison with PL. L-citrulline and L-arginine plasma concentrations were significantly elevated immediately PEX (p = 0.001) and 30-minPEX (p = 0.001) following SPB in comparison to PL. CONCLUSION Acute ingestion of SPB after eight days may enhance blood flow, L-citrulline, and L-arginine plasma concentrations after high-intensity exercise, which may enhance performance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct04090138], identifier [NCT04090138].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Cabre
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Greenwalt CE, Angeles E, Vukovich MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Bach CW, Sims ST, Zeleny T, Holmes KE, Presby DM, Schiltz KJ, Dupuit M, Renteria LI, Ormsbee MJ. Pre-sleep feeding, sleep quality, and markers of recovery in division I NCAA female soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2236055. [PMID: 37470428 PMCID: PMC10360998 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2236055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-sleep nutrition habits in elite female athletes have yet to be evaluated. A retrospective analysis was performed with 14 NCAA Division I female soccer players who wore a WHOOP, Inc. band - a wearable device that quantifies recovery by measuring sleep, activity, and heart rate metrics through actigraphy and photoplethysmography, respectively - 24 h a day for an entire competitive season to measure sleep and recovery. Pre-sleep food consumption data were collected via surveys every 3 days. Average pre-sleep nutritional intake (mean ± sd: kcals 330 ± 284; cho 46.2 ± 40.5 g; pro 7.6 ± 7.3 g; fat 12 ± 10.5 g) was recorded. Macronutrients and kcals were grouped into high and low categories based upon the 50th percentile of the mean to compare the impact of a high versus low pre-sleep intake on sleep and recovery variables. Sleep duration (p = 0.10, 0.69, 0.16, 0.17) and sleep disturbances (p = 0.42, 0.65, 0.81, 0.81) were not affected by high versus low kcal, PRO, fat, CHO intake, respectively. Recovery (p = 0.81, 0.06, 0.81, 0.92), RHR (p = 0.84, 0.64, 0.26, 0.66), or HRV (p = 0.84, 0.70, 0.76, 0.93) were also not affected by high versus low kcal, PRO, fat, or CHO consumption, respectively. Consuming a small meal before bed may have no impact on sleep or recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey E Greenwalt
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology Department, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Elisa Angeles
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology Department, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- College of Education and Human Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chris W Bach
- Department of Athletics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Tucker Zeleny
- Department of Athletics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - David M Presby
- WHOOP, Inc, Department of Data Science and Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katie J Schiltz
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology Department, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Marine Dupuit
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology Department, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Clermont Auvergne University, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Liliana I Renteria
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology Department, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology Department, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rentería LI, Greenwalt CE, Johnson S, Kviatkovsky SA, Dupuit M, Angeles E, Narayanan S, Zeleny T, Ormsbee MJ. Early Detection of COVID-19 in Female Athletes Using Wearable Technology. Sports Health 2023:19417381231183709. [PMID: 37401442 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231183709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory rate (RR), and resting heart rate (RHR) are common variables measured by wrist-worn activity trackers to monitor health, fitness, and recovery in athletes. Variations in RR are observed in lower-respiratory infections, and preliminary data suggest changes in HRV and RR are linked to early detection of COVID-19 infection in nonathletes. HYPOTHESIS Wearable technology measuring HRV, RR, RHR, and recovery will be successful for early detection of COVID-19 in NCAA Division I female athletes. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Female athletes wore WHOOP, Inc. bands through the 2020 to 2021 competitive season. Of the athletes who tested positive for COVID (n = 33), 14 had enough data to be assessed (N = 14; 20.0 ± 1.3 years; 69.8 ± 7.2 kg; 172.0 ± 8.3 cm). Roughly 2 weeks of noninfected days were used to set baseline levels of HRV, RR, recovery, and RHR to compare with -3, -2, and -1 days before a positive COVID-19 result. RESULTS Increases in RR (P = 0.02) were detected on day -3. RHR (P < 0.01) and RR increased (P < 0.01), while HRV decreased (P < 0.05) on day -1, compared with baseline. Differences were noted in all variables on the day of the positive COVID-19 result: decreased HRV (P < 0.05) and recovery scores (P < 0.01), and increased RHR (P < 0.01) and RR (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In female athletes, wearable technology was successful in predicting COVID-19 infection through changes in RR 3 days before a positive test, and also HRV and RHR the day before a positive test. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Wearable technology may be used, as part of a multifaceted approach, for the early detection of COVID-19 in elite athletes through monitoring of HRV, RR, and RHR for overall team health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana I Rentería
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Casey E Greenwalt
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Shiloah A Kviatkovsky
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, and Center for Aging and Longevity, Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Marine Dupuit
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, and Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisa Angeles
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sachin Narayanan
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | | | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, and School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Renteria LI, Willingham BD, Biagioni EM, Poland MJ, Greenwalt CE, Ormsbee MJ. Preloaded Betaine Supplementation On Thermoregulation, Fluid Balance, And Cycling Performance In Heat: A Pilot Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000878060.39143.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Johnson SE, Angeles EA, Greenwalt CE, Kviatkovsky SA, Renteria LI, Zeleny TR, Ormsbee MJ. Using Wearable Technology For Early Detection Of Covid-19 In Division I Collegiate Female Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000882612.36042.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Kviatkovsky SA, Sims ST, Greenwalt CE, Zeleny T, Vukovich MD, Smith-Ryan AE, Bach CW, Presby D, Holmes K, Ormsbee MJ. Characteristics Of Menstrual Cycle And Hormonal Contraceptive Use In Collegiate Female Athletes In The United States. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000875144.02023.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Cabre HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Exploring the "Athlete's Paradox": Division I Cross-Country Runners Demonstrate Similar Muscle Characteristics to Recreationally Trained Young Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3213-3217. [PMID: 34474434 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cabre, HE, Greenwalt, CE, Gould, LM, Hirsch, KR, Blue, MNM, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Exploring the "Athlete's Paradox": Division I cross-country runners demonstrate similar muscle characteristics to recreationally trained young adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Endurance training can influence body composition and muscle characteristics. Endurance athletes have demonstrated elevated intramuscular fat (IMF), yet individuals with greater body fat also demonstrate elevated IMF. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in muscle characteristics (echo intensity [EI] and muscle cross-sectional area [mCSA]) and body composition between Division I collegiate athletes and college-age adults matched for percent fat (%fat). Thirty cross-country athletes (XC) and 30 normal-weight (NW) recreationally active college students (male athletes: n = 30; female athletes: n = 30; mean ± SD: age: 19.2 ± 1.1 years; body mass: 61.7 ± 8.7 kg; %fat: 18.0 ± 5.2%) underwent a panoramic ultrasound scan of the vastus lateralis to evaluate EI and mCSA. A full-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan was used to assess fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and %fat. Independent t-tests were used to evaluate mCSA, EI, and body composition. Significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. There were no significant differences between the XC and NW cohorts in mCSA (mean difference [MD; XC - NW], -1.30 ± -0.40 cm3; p = 0.340) or EI (MD: 3.97 ± 2.66 a.u.; p = 0.478). Body composition was not different between the groups: FM (MD: -0.14 ± -0.54 kg; p = 0.848), LM (-3.07 ± 1.25 kg; p = 0.268), or bone mineral content (-0.21 ± 0.03 kg; p = 0.120). There were also no significant differences for any outcome variables when stratified by male athletes (p = 0.097-0.468) or female athletes (p = 0.055-0.700). These results suggest that XC athletes may have similar muscle characteristics to NW individuals when matched for %fat. Understanding and tracking muscle characteristics in XC athletes may be important for performance, injury prevention, and the transition to retirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Institute of Sport Science Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Human Biomechanics and Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith-Ryan AE, Brewer G, Gould LM, Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Greenwalt CE, Harrison C, Cabre HE, Ryan ED. Acute feeding has minimal effect on the validity of body composition and metabolic measures: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a multi-compartment model. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-13. [PMID: 34392839 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of acute feeding on body composition and metabolic measures is essential to the translational component and practical application of measurement and clinical use. To investigate the influence of acute feeding on the validity of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a four-compartment model (4C) and indirect calorimetry metabolic outcomes, thirty-nine healthy young adults (n 19 females; age: 21·8 (sd 3·1) years, weight; 71·5 (sd 10·0) kg) participated in a randomised cross-over study. Subjects were provided one of four randomised meals on separate occasions (high carbohydrate, high protein, ad libitum or fasted baseline) prior to body composition and metabolic assessments. Regardless of macronutrient content, acute feeding increased DXA percent body fat (%fat) for the total sample and females (average constant error (CE):-0·30 %; total error (TE): 2·34 %), although not significant (P = 0·062); the error in males was minimal (CE: 0·11 %; TE: 0·86 %). DXA fat mass (CE: 0·26 kg; TE: 0·75 kg) and lean mass (LM) (CE: 0·83 kg; TE: 1·23 kg) were not altered beyond measurement error for the total sample. 4C %fat was significantly impacted from all acute feedings (avg CE: 0·46 %; TE: 3·7 %). 4C fat mass (CE: 0·71 kg; TE: 3·38 kg) and fat-free mass (CE: 0·55 kg; TE: 3·05 kg) exceeded measurement error for the total sample. RMR was increased for each feeding condition (TE: 1666·9 kJ/d; 398 kcal/d). Standard pre-testing fasting guidelines may be important when evaluating DXA and 4C %fat, whereas additional DXA variables (fat mass and LM) may not be significantly impacted by an acute meal. Measuring body composition via DXA under less stringent pre-testing guidelines may be valid and increase feasibility of testing in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabrielle Brewer
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Casey E Greenwalt
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Courtney Harrison
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hirsch KR, Brewer GJ, Gould LM, Greenwalt CE, Nelson AG, Cabre HE, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Effect Of Pre-Workout Essential Amino Acid Supplementation On High-Intensity Interval Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000762408.21505.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Saylor (Cabre) HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Gordon AN, Hoyle AT, Smith-Ryan AE. Relationship Between Maximal Fat Oxidation And Ventilatory Threshold In Endurance Trained Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000762188.71907.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
11
|
Hirsch KR, Greenwalt CE, Saylor HE, Gould LM, Harrison CH, Brewer GJ, Blue MNM, Ferrando AA, Huffman KM, Mayer‐Davis EJ, Ryan ED, Smith‐Ryan AE. High-intensity interval training and essential amino acid supplementation: Effects on muscle characteristics and whole-body protein turnover. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14655. [PMID: 33369879 PMCID: PMC7769174 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the independent and combined effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and essential amino acids (EAA) on lean mass, muscle characteristics of the quadriceps, and 24-hr whole-body protein turnover (WBPT) in overweight and obese adults. An exploratory aim was to evaluate potential modulatory effects of sex. Sixty-six adults (50% female; Age: 36.7 ± 6.0 yrs; %BF: 36.0 ± 7.8%) were assigned to 8 wks of: (a) HIIT, 2 days/wk; (b) EAA supplementation, 3.6 g twice daily; (c) HIIT + EAA; or (d) control. At baseline, 4 wks, and 8 wks, total body, thigh LM and muscle characteristics were measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and B-mode ultrasound, respectively. In a subsample, changes in WBPT was measured using [N15 ]alanine. Differences between groups were assessed using linear mixed models adjusted for baseline values, followed by 95% confidence intervals on adjusted mean change scores (Δ). HIIT and HIIT + EAA improved thigh LM (Δ: +0.17 ± 0.05 kg [0.08, 0.27]; +0.22 ± 0.05 kg [0.12,0.31]) and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (Δ: +2.73 ± 0.52 cm2 [1.69,3.77]; +2.64 ± 0.53 cm2 [1.58,3.70]), volume (Δ: +54.50 ± 11.69 cm3 [31.07, 77.92]; +62.39 ± 12.05 cm3 [38.26, 86.52]), and quality (Δ: -5.46 ± 2.68a.u. [-10.84, -0.09]; -7.97 ± 2.76a.u.[-13.49, -2.45]). Protein synthesis, breakdown, and flux were greater with HIIT + EAA and EAA compared to HIIT (p < .05). Sex differences were minimal. Compared to women, men tended to respond more to HIIT, with or without EAA. For women, responses were greater with HIIT + EAA than HIIT. In overweight and obese adults, 8 weeks of HIIT, with or without EAA, improved thigh LM size and quality; EAA may enhance muscular adaptation via increases in protein turnover, supporting greater improvements in muscular size and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Hirsch
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Hannah E. Saylor
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Courtney H. Harrison
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Gabrielle J. Brewer
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Malia N. M. Blue
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- Department of GeriatricsDonald W. Reynolds Institute on AgingCenter for Translational Research in Aging & LongevityUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockARUSA
| | - Kim M. Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
| | - Elizabeth J. Mayer‐Davis
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Neuromuscular Assessment LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Abbie E. Smith‐Ryan
- Applied Physiology LaboratoryDepartment of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science CurriculumDepartment of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of NutritionGillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|