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Horwitz TB, Zorina-Lichtenwalter K, Gustavson DE, Grotzinger AD, Stallings MC. Partitioning the Genomic Components of Behavioral Disinhibition and Substance Use (Disorder) Using Genomic Structural Equation Modeling. medRxiv 2024:2024.02.20.24303036. [PMID: 38464249 PMCID: PMC10925358 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.20.24303036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Externalizing behaviors encompass manifestations of risk-taking, self-regulation, aggression, sensation-/reward-seeking, and impulsivity. Externalizing research often includes substance use (SU), substance use disorder (SUD), and other (non-SU/SUD) "behavioral disinhibition" (BD) traits. Genome-wide and twin research have pointed to overlapping genetic architecture within and across SUB, SUD, and BD. We created single-factor measurement models-each describing SUB, SUD, or BD traits--based on mutually exclusive sets of European ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics exploring externalizing variables. We then applied trivariate Cholesky decomposition to these factors in order to identify BD-specific genomic variation and assess the partitioning of BD's genetic covariance with each of the other facets. Even when the residuals for indicators relating to the same substance were correlated across the SUB and SUD factors, the two factors yielded a large zero-order correlation (rg=.803). BD correlated strongly with the SUD (rg=.774) and SUB factors (rg=.778). In our initial decompositions, 33% of total BD variance remained after removing variance associated with SUD and SUB. The majority of covariance between BD and SU and between BD and SUD was shared across all factors. When only nicotine/tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol were included for the SUB/SUD factors, their zero-order correlation increased to rg=.861; in corresponding decompositions, BD-specific variance decreased to 27%. In summary, BD, SU, and SUD were highly genetically correlated at the latent factor level, and a significant minority of genomic BD variation was not shared with SU and/or SUD. Further research can better elucidate the properties of BD-specific variation by exploring its genetic/molecular correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya B. Horwitz
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30 St, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
- Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Meunzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
| | - Katerina Zorina-Lichtenwalter
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30 St, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30 St, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
| | - Andrew D. Grotzinger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30 St, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
- Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Meunzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30 St, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
- Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Meunzinger D244, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, United States of America 80303
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Tang R, Elman JA, Dale AM, Dorros SM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Gustavson DE, Hagler DJ, Lyons MJ, Panizzon MS, Puckett OK, Reynolds CA, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Childhood Disadvantage Moderates Late Midlife Default Mode Network Cortical Microstructure and Visual Memory Association. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glad114. [PMID: 37096346 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood disadvantage is a prominent risk factor for cognitive and brain aging. Childhood disadvantage is associated with poorer episodic memory in late midlife and functional and structural brain abnormalities in the default mode network (DMN). Although age-related changes in DMN are associated with episodic memory declines in older adults, it remains unclear if childhood disadvantage has an enduring impact on this later-life brain-cognition relationship earlier in the aging process. Here, within the DMN, we examined whether its cortical microstructural integrity-an early marker of structural vulnerability that increases the risk for future cognitive decline and neurodegeneration-is associated with episodic memory in adults at ages 56-66, and whether childhood disadvantage moderates this association. METHODS Cortical mean diffusivity (MD) obtained from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure microstructural integrity in 350 community-dwelling men. We examined both visual and verbal episodic memory in relation to DMN MD and divided participants into disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged groups based on parental education and occupation. RESULTS Higher DMN MD was associated with poorer visual memory but not verbal memory (β = -0.11, p = .040 vs β = -0.04, p = .535). This association was moderated by childhood disadvantage and was significant only in the disadvantaged group (β = -0.26, p = .002 vs β = -0.00, p = .957). CONCLUSIONS Lower DMN cortical microstructural integrity may reflect visual memory vulnerability in cognitively normal adults earlier in the aging process. Individuals who experienced childhood disadvantage manifested greater vulnerability to cortical microstructure-related visual memory dysfunction than their nondisadvantaged counterparts who exhibited resilience in the face of low cortical microstructural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen M Dorros
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Freis SM, Alexander JD, Anderson JE, Corley RP, De La Vega AI, Gustavson DE, Vrieze SI, Friedman NP. Associations between executive functions assessed in different contexts in a genetically informative sample. J Exp Psychol Gen 2024; 153:70-85. [PMID: 37668562 PMCID: PMC10843656 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are cognitive functions that help direct goal-related behavior. EFs are usually measured via behavioral tasks assessed in highly controlled laboratory settings under the supervision of a research assistant. Online versions of EF tasks are an increasingly popular alternative to in-lab testing. However, researchers do not have the same control over the testing environment during online EF assessments. To assess the extent to which EFs assessed in-lab and online are related, we used data from the Colorado Online Twin Study (CoTwins; 887 individual twins aged 13.98-19.05) and constructed an Lab Common EF factor and an Online Common EF factor from four EF tasks assessed in-lab and online. The Lab Common and Online Common EF factors were genetically identical (rA = 1.00) but phenotypically separable (r = .77, 95% confidence interval [0.59, 0.94]) indicating that these EF factors have the same genetic underpinnings but may be differentially influenced by environmental factors. We examined phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between the EF factors and a general cognitive ability factor (g) assessed in the lab and found similar relationships between Lab Common EF and g and Online Common EF and g. Overall, these results suggest that Common EF factors assessed in different contexts are highly related to each other and similarly related to other cognitive outcomes. These findings indicate that online task-based EF assessments could be a viable strategy for increasing sample sizes in large-scale studies, particularly genetically informed studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Freis
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Scott I. Vrieze
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
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Bell TR, Elman JA, Beck A, Fennema-Notestine C, Gustavson DE, Hagler DJ, Jak AJ, Lyons MJ, Puckett OK, Toomey R, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Rostral-middle locus coeruleus integrity and subjective cognitive decline in early old age. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:763-774. [PMID: 36524301 PMCID: PMC10272292 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617722000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abnormal tau, a hallmark Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, may appear in the locus coeruleus (LC) decades before AD symptom onset. Reports of subjective cognitive decline are also often present prior to formal diagnosis. Yet, the relationship between LC structural integrity and subjective cognitive decline has remained unexplored. Here, we aimed to explore these potential associations. METHODS We examined 381 community-dwelling men (mean age = 67.58; SD = 2.62) in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging who underwent LC-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging and completed the Everyday Cognition scale to measure subjective cognitive decline along with their selected informants. Mixed models examined the associations between rostral-middle and caudal LC integrity and subjective cognitive decline after adjusting for depressive symptoms, physical morbidities, and family. Models also adjusted for current objective cognitive performance and objective cognitive decline to explore attenuation. RESULTS For participant ratings, lower rostral-middle LC contrast to noise ratio (LCCNR) was associated with significantly greater subjective decline in memory, executive function, and visuospatial abilities. For informant ratings, lower rostral-middle LCCNR was associated with significantly greater subjective decline in memory only. Associations remained after adjusting for current objective cognition and objective cognitive decline in respective domains. CONCLUSIONS Lower rostral-middle LC integrity is associated with greater subjective cognitive decline. Although not explained by objective cognitive performance, such a relationship may explain increased AD risk in people with subjective cognitive decline as the LC is an important neural substrate important for higher order cognitive processing, attention, and arousal and one of the first sites of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Asad Beck
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, 02215
| | - Olivia K. Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA, 02215
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
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Bell TR, Beck A, Gillespie NA, Reynolds CA, Elman JA, Williams ME, Gustavson DE, Lyons MJ, Neale MC, Kremen WS, Franz CE. A Traitlike Dimension of Subjective Memory Concern Over 30 Years Among Adult Male Twins. JAMA Psychiatry 2023:2804641. [PMID: 37163244 PMCID: PMC10173101 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance Subjective memory concern has long been considered a state-related indicator of impending cognitive decline or dementia. The possibility that subjective memory concern may itself be a heritable trait is largely ignored, yet such an association would substantially confound its use in clinical or research settings. Objective To assess the heritability and traitlike dimensions of subjective memory concern and its clinical correlates. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal twin cohort study was conducted from 1967 to 2019 among male adults with a mean (SD) age of 37.75 (2.52) years to follow-up at mean ages of 56.15 (2.72), 61.50 (2.43), and 67.35 (2.57) years (hereafter, 38, 56, 62, and 67 years, respectively) in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. The study included a national community-dwelling sample with health, education, and lifestyle characteristics comparable to a general sample of US men in this age cohort. Participants were monozygotic and dizygotic twins randomly recruited from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Data were analyzed from May 2021 to December 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Measures included subjective memory concern at 4 time points; objective memory, depressive symptoms, and anxiety at the last 3 time points; negative emotionality (trait neuroticism) at age 56 years; polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for neuroticism, depression, and Alzheimer disease; APOE genotype; and parental history of dementia. Primary outcomes were heritability and correlations between subjective memory concern and other measures. Results The sample included 1555 male adults examined at age 38 years, 520 at age 56 years (due to late introduction of subjective memory concern questions), 1199 at age 62 years, and 1192 at age 67 years. Phenotypically, subjective memory concerns were relatively stable over time. At age 56 years, subjective memory concern had larger correlations with depressive symptoms (r, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.42), anxiety (r, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.51), and neuroticism (r, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.41) than with objective memory (r, -0.24; 95% CI, -0.33 to -0.13). Phenotypic results were similar at ages 62 and 67 years. A best-fitting autoregressive twin model indicated that genetic influences on subjective memory concern accumulated and persisted over time (h2 = 0.26-0.34 from age 38-67 years). At age 56 years, genetic influences for subjective memory concern were moderately correlated with genetic influences for anxiety (r, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.51), negative emotionality (r, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.44-0.57), and depressive symptoms (r, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.29) as well as objective memory (r, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.14). Similar genetic correlations were seen at ages 62 and 67 years. The neuroticism PRS was associated with subjective memory concern at age 38 years (r, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03. to 0.18) and age 67 years (r, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.16). Subjective memory concern was not associated with any Alzheimer disease risk measures. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found stable genetic influences underlying subjective memory concern dating back to age 38 years. Subjective memory concern had larger correlations with affect-related measures than with memory-related measures. Improving the utility of subjective memory concern as an indicator of impending cognitive decline and dementia may depend on isolating its statelike component from its traitlike component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Bell
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Asad Beck
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | | | - Jeremy A Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - William S Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Carol E Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Gustavson DE, Nayak S, Coleman PL, Iversen JR, Lense MD, Gordon RL, Maes HH. Heritability of Childhood Music Engagement and Associations with Language and Executive Function: Insights from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Behav Genet 2023; 53:189-207. [PMID: 36757558 PMCID: PMC10159991 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Music engagement is a powerful, influential experience that often begins early in life. Music engagement is moderately heritable in adults (~ 41-69%), but fewer studies have examined genetic influences on childhood music engagement, including their association with language and executive functions. Here we explored genetic and environmental influences on music listening and instrument playing (including singing) in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Parents reported on their 9-10-year-old children's music experiences (N = 11,876 children; N = 1543 from twin pairs). Both music measures were explained primarily by shared environmental influences. Instrument exposure (but not frequency of instrument engagement) was associated with language skills (r = .27) and executive functions (r = .15-0.17), and these associations with instrument engagement were stronger than those for music listening, visual art, or soccer engagement. These findings highlight the role of shared environmental influences between early music experiences, language, and executive function, during a formative time in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th St, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Srishti Nayak
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - John R Iversen
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miriam D Lense
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Curb Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reyna L Gordon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Curb Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hermine H Maes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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7
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Brick LA, Benca-Bachman CE, Johnson EC, Gustavson DE, Carper M, Palmer RHC. Genetic associations among internalizing and externalizing traits with polysubstance use among young adults. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.04.23287779. [PMID: 37066212 PMCID: PMC10104191 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.04.23287779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Though most genetic studies of substance use focus on specific substances in isolation or generalized vulnerability across multiple substances, few studies to date focus on the concurrent use of two or more substances within a specified time frame (i.e., polysubstance use; PSU). We evaluated whether distinct genetic factors underlying internalizing and externalizing traits were associated with past 30-day PSU above variance shared across general psychopathology and substance use (SU). Using Genomic Structural Equation Modeling, we constructed theory-driven, multivariate genetic factors of 16 internalizing, externalizing, and SU traits using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics. Next, we fit a model with a higher order SU-related psychopathology factor as well as genetic variance specific to externalizing and internalizing (i.e., residual genetic variance not explained by SU or general psychopathology). GWAS-by-subtraction was used to obtain single nucleotide polymorphism effects on each of these factors. Polygenic scores (PGS) were then created in an independent target sample with data on PSU, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. To evaluate the effect of genetic variance due to internalizing and externalizing traits independent of variance related to SU, we regressed PSU on the PGSs, controlling for sex, age, and genetic principal components. PGSs for SU-related psychopathology and non-SU externalizing traits were associated with higher PSU factor scores, while the non-SU internalizing PGS was not significantly associated with PSU. In total, the three PGSs accounted for an additional 4% of the variance in PSU above and beyond a null model with only age, sex, and genetic principal components as predictors. These findings suggest that there may be unique genetic variance in externalizing traits contributing to liability for PSU that is independent of the genetic variance shared with SU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chelsie E Benca-Bachman
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew Carper
- Department of Clinical Psychology, William James College, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rohan HC Palmer
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Behavioral Genetics of Addiction Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Gustavson DE, Coleman PL, Wang Y, Nitin R, Petty LE, Bush CT, Mosing MA, Wesseldijk LW, Ullén F, Below JE, Cox NJ, Gordon RL. Exploring the genetics of rhythmic perception and musical engagement in the Vanderbilt Online Musicality Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:140-154. [PMID: 36718543 PMCID: PMC10038917 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic underpinnings of musical ability and engagement is a foundational step for exploring their wide-ranging associations with cognition, health, and neurodevelopment. Prior studies have focused on using twin and family designs, demonstrating moderate heritability of musical phenotypes. The current study used genome-wide complex trait analysis and polygenic score (PGS) approaches utilizing genotype data to examine genetic influences on two musicality traits (rhythmic perception and music engagement) in N = 1792 unrelated adults in the Vanderbilt Online Musicality Study. Meta-analyzed heritability estimates (including a replication sample of Swedish individuals) were 31% for rhythmic perception and 12% for self-reported music engagement. A PGS derived from a recent study on beat synchronization ability predicted both rhythmic perception (β = 0.11) and music engagement (β = 0.19) in our sample, suggesting that genetic influences underlying self-reported beat synchronization ability also influence individuals' rhythmic discrimination aptitude and the degree to which they engage in music. Cross-trait analyses revealed a modest contribution of PGSs from several nonmusical traits (from the cognitive, personality, and circadian chronotype domains) to individual differences in musicality (β = -0.06 to 0.07). This work sheds light on the complex relationship between the genetic architecture of musical rhythm processing, beat synchronization, music engagement, and other nonmusical traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peyton L Coleman
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Youjia Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachana Nitin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren E Petty
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Catherine T Bush
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Miriam A Mosing
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura W Wesseldijk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Ullén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reyna L Gordon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Nitin R, Gustavson DE, Aaron AS, Boorom OA, Bush CT, Wiens N, Vaughan C, Persici V, Blain SD, Soman U, Hambrick DZ, Camarata SM, McAuley JD, Gordon RL. Exploring individual differences in musical rhythm and grammar skills in school-aged children with typically developing language. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2201. [PMID: 36750727 PMCID: PMC9905575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown a connection between rhythmic processing and language skill. It has been proposed that domain-general rhythm abilities might help children to tap into the rhythm of speech (prosody), cueing them to prosodic markers of grammatical (syntactic) information during language acquisition, thus underlying the observed correlations between rhythm and language. Working memory processes common to task demands for musical rhythm discrimination and spoken language paradigms are another possible source of individual variance observed in musical rhythm and language abilities. To investigate the nature of the relationship between musical rhythm and expressive grammar skills, we adopted an individual differences approach in N = 132 elementary school-aged children ages 5-7, with typical language development, and investigated prosodic perception and working memory skills as possible mediators. Aligning with the literature, musical rhythm was correlated with expressive grammar performance (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). Moreover, musical rhythm predicted mastery of complex syntax items (r = 0.26, p = 0.003), suggesting a privileged role of hierarchical processing shared between musical rhythm processing and children's acquisition of complex syntactic structures. These relationships between rhythm and grammatical skills were not mediated by prosodic perception, working memory, or non-verbal IQ; instead, we uncovered a robust direct effect of musical rhythm perception on grammatical task performance. Future work should focus on possible biological endophenotypes and genetic influences underlying this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Nitin
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Allison S Aaron
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia A Boorom
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences and Disorders, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Catherine T Bush
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Natalie Wiens
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Ascension Via Christi St Teresa Hospital, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Chloe Vaughan
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Valentina Persici
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott D Blain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uma Soman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Communication Disorders and Deaf Education, Fontbonne University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Z Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stephen M Camarata
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Devin McAuley
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Reyna L Gordon
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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10
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Ladányi E, Novakovic M, Boorom OA, Aaron AS, Scartozzi AC, Gustavson DE, Nitin R, Bamikole PO, Vaughan C, Fromboluti EK, Schuele CM, Camarata SM, McAuley JD, Gordon RL. Using Motor Tempi to Understand Rhythm and Grammatical Skills in Developmental Language Disorder and Typical Language Development. Neurobiol Lang (Camb) 2023; 4:1-28. [PMID: 36875176 PMCID: PMC9979588 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) show relative weaknesses on rhythm tasks beyond their characteristic linguistic impairments. The current study compares preferred tempo and the width of an entrainment region for 5- to 7-year-old typically developing (TD) children and children with DLD and considers the associations with rhythm aptitude and expressive grammar skills in the two populations. Preferred tempo was measured with a spontaneous motor tempo task (tapping tempo at a comfortable speed), and the width (range) of an entrainment region was measured by the difference between the upper (slow) and lower (fast) limits of tapping a rhythm normalized by an individual's spontaneous motor tempo. Data from N = 16 children with DLD and N = 114 TD children showed that whereas entrainment-region width did not differ across the two groups, slowest motor tempo, the determinant of the upper (slow) limit of the entrainment region, was at a faster tempo in children with DLD vs. TD. In other words, the DLD group could not pace their slow tapping as slowly as the TD group. Entrainment-region width was positively associated with rhythm aptitude and receptive grammar even after taking into account potential confounding factors, whereas expressive grammar did not show an association with any of the tapping measures. Preferred tempo was not associated with any study variables after including covariates in the analyses. These results motivate future neuroscientific studies of low-frequency neural oscillatory mechanisms as the potential neural correlates of entrainment-region width and their associations with musical rhythm and spoken language processing in children with typical and atypical language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Ladányi
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Olivia A. Boorom
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences and Disorders, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Allison S. Aaron
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Alyssa C. Scartozzi
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Rachana Nitin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Peter O. Bamikole
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Chloe Vaughan
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - C. Melanie Schuele
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen M. Camarata
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - J. Devin McAuley
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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11
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Franz CE, Gustavson DE, Elman JA, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Baraff A, Tu XM, Wu TC, DeAnda J, Beck A, Kaufman JD, Whitsel N, Finch CE, Chen JC, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Associations Between Ambient Air Pollution and Cognitive Abilities from Midlife to Early Old Age: Modification by APOE Genotype. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:193-209. [PMID: 36970897 PMCID: PMC10827529 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measures of ambient air pollution are associated with accelerated age-related cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). OBJECTIVE We examined associations between air pollution, four cognitive factors, and the moderating role of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in the understudied period of midlife. METHODS Participants were ∼1,100 men in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Baseline cognitive assessments were from 2003 to 2007. Measures included past (1993-1999) and recent (3 years prior to baseline assessment) PM2.5 and NO2 exposure, in-person assessment of episodic memory, executive function, verbal fluency, and processing speed, and APOE genotype. Average baseline age was 56 years with a 12-year follow-up. Analyses adjusted for health and lifestyle covariates. RESULTS Performance in all cognitive domains declined from age 56 to 68. Higher PM2.5 exposures were associated with worse general verbal fluency. We found significant exposure-by-APOE genotype interactions for specific cognitive domains: PM2.5 with executive function and NO2 with episodic memory. Higher PM2.5 exposure was related to worse executive function in APOE ɛ4 carriers, but not in non-carriers. There were no associations with processing speed. CONCLUSION These results indicate negative effects of ambient air pollution exposure on fluency alongside intriguing differential modifications of cognitive performance by APOE genotype. APOE ɛ4 carriers appeared more sensitive to environmental differences. The process by which air pollution and its interaction with genetic risk for ADRD affects risk for later life cognitive decline or progression to dementia may begin in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Donald J. Hagler
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aaron Baraff
- Vietnam Era Twin Registry, VA Puget Sound Health Care, Seattle, WA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health & Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Tsung-Chin Wu
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health & Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Jaden DeAnda
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Asad Beck
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Caleb E. Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Nayak S, Coleman PL, Ladányi E, Nitin R, Gustavson DE, Fisher SE, Magne CL, Gordon RL. The Musical Abilities, Pleiotropy, Language, and Environment (MAPLE) Framework for Understanding Musicality-Language Links Across the Lifespan. Neurobiol Lang (Camb) 2022; 3:615-664. [PMID: 36742012 PMCID: PMC9893227 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Using individual differences approaches, a growing body of literature finds positive associations between musicality and language-related abilities, complementing prior findings of links between musical training and language skills. Despite these associations, musicality has been often overlooked in mainstream models of individual differences in language acquisition and development. To better understand the biological basis of these individual differences, we propose the Musical Abilities, Pleiotropy, Language, and Environment (MAPLE) framework. This novel integrative framework posits that musical and language-related abilities likely share some common genetic architecture (i.e., genetic pleiotropy) in addition to some degree of overlapping neural endophenotypes, and genetic influences on musically and linguistically enriched environments. Drawing upon recent advances in genomic methodologies for unraveling pleiotropy, we outline testable predictions for future research on language development and how its underlying neurobiological substrates may be supported by genetic pleiotropy with musicality. In support of the MAPLE framework, we review and discuss findings from over seventy behavioral and neural studies, highlighting that musicality is robustly associated with individual differences in a range of speech-language skills required for communication and development. These include speech perception-in-noise, prosodic perception, morphosyntactic skills, phonological skills, reading skills, and aspects of second/foreign language learning. Overall, the current work provides a clear agenda and framework for studying musicality-language links using individual differences approaches, with an emphasis on leveraging advances in the genomics of complex musicality and language traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, TN, USA
| | - Peyton L. Coleman
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Enikő Ladányi
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Linguistics, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rachana Nitin
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille L. Magne
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
- PhD Program in Literacy Studies, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Curb Center for Art, Enterprise, and Public Policy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, TN, USA
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13
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Gustavson DE, Archer DB, Elman JA, Fennema‐Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Panizzon MS, Shashikumar N, Hohman TJ, Jefferson AL, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Executive Functions and Episodic Memory are Associated with Extracellular White Matter Microstructure in Early Old Age. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.062268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Derek B Archer
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Niranjana Shashikumar
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA
| | | | | | - William S. Kremen
- University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA
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14
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Gustavson DE, Archer DB, Elman JA, Puckett OK, Fennema-Notestine C, Panizzon MS, Shashikumar N, Hohman TJ, Jefferson AL, Eyler LT, McEvoy LK, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Associations among executive function Abilities, free Water, and white matter microstructure in early old age. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 37:103279. [PMID: 36493704 PMCID: PMC9731853 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated white matter microstructure in relation to late-life cognitive impairments, with fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) measures thought to capture demyelination and axonal degradation. However, new post-processing methods allow isolation of free water (FW), which captures extracellular fluid contributions such as atrophy and neuroinflammation, from tissue components. FW also appears to be highly relevant to late-life cognitive impairment. Here, we evaluated whether executive functions are associated with FW, and FA and MD corrected for FW (FAFWcorr and MDFWcorr). METHOD We examined 489 non-demented men in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) at mean age 68. Two latent factors capturing 'common executive function' and 'working-memory specific' processes were estimated based on 6 tasks. Analyses focused on 11 cortical white matter tracts across three metrics: FW, FAFWcorr, and MDFWcorr. RESULTS Better 'common executive function' was associated with lower FW across 9 of the 11 tracts. There were no significant associations with intracellular metrics after false discovery rate correction. Effects also appeared driven by individuals with MCI (13.7% of the sample). Working memory-specific tasks showed some associations with FAFWcorr, including the triangularis portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. There was no evidence that cognitive reserve (i.e., general cognitive ability assessed in early adulthood) moderated these associations between executive function and FW or FA. DISCUSSION Executive function abilities in early old age are associated primarily with extracellular fluid (FW) as opposed to white matter (FAFWcorr or MDFWcorr). Moderation analyses suggested cognitive reserve does not play a strong role in these associations, at least in this sample of non-demented men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gustavson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Derek B Archer
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Niranjana Shashikumar
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angela L Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Ditmars HL, Logue MW, Toomey R, McKenzie RE, Franz CE, Panizzon MS, Reynolds CA, Cuthbert KN, Vandiver R, Gustavson DE, Eglit GML, Elman JA, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Hauger RL, Jak AJ, Neale MC, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Xian H, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ. Associations Between Depression and Cardiometabolic Health: A 27-Year Longitudinal Study - Corrigendum. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3018. [PMID: 36177891 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L Ditmars
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Biomedical Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth E McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Education and Social Policy, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kristy N Cuthbert
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Vandiver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Graham M L Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Ditmars HL, Logue MW, Toomey R, McKenzie RE, Franz CE, Panizzon MS, Reynolds CA, Cuthbert KN, Vandiver R, Gustavson DE, Eglit GML, Elman JA, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Hauger RL, Jak AJ, Neale MC, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Xian H, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ. Associations between depression and cardiometabolic health: A 27-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3007-3017. [PMID: 33431106 PMCID: PMC8547283 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000505x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clarifying the relationship between depression symptoms and cardiometabolic and related health could clarify risk factors and treatment targets. The objective of this study was to assess whether depression symptoms in midlife are associated with the subsequent onset of cardiometabolic health problems. METHODS The study sample comprised 787 male twin veterans with polygenic risk score data who participated in the Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse ('baseline') and the longitudinal Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging ('follow-up'). Depression symptoms were assessed at baseline [mean age 41.42 years (s.d. = 2.34)] using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version III, Revised. The onset of eight cardiometabolic conditions (atrial fibrillation, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, sleep apnea, and stroke) was assessed via self-reported doctor diagnosis at follow-up [mean age 67.59 years (s.d. = 2.41)]. RESULTS Total depression symptoms were longitudinally associated with incident diabetes (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.57), erectile dysfunction (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.10-1.59), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.53), and sleep apnea (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.13-1.74) over 27 years after controlling for age, alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index, C-reactive protein, and polygenic risk for specific health conditions. In sensitivity analyses that excluded somatic depression symptoms, only the association with sleep apnea remained significant (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.60). CONCLUSIONS A history of depression symptoms by early midlife is associated with an elevated risk for subsequent development of several self-reported health conditions. When isolated, non-somatic depression symptoms are associated with incident self-reported sleep apnea. Depression symptom history may be a predictor or marker of cardiometabolic risk over decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary L. Ditmars
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Mark W. Logue
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Biomedical Genetics Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Ruth E. McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
- School of Education and Social Policy, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Kristy N. Cuthbert
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Richard Vandiver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Graham M. L. Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - McKenna E. Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- San Diego State University/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Richard L. Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
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Abstract
The ability to control our thoughts and actions is broadly associated with health and success, so it is unsurprising that measuring self-control abilities is a common goal across many areas of psychology. Puzzlingly, however, different measures of control - questionnaire ratings and computerized cognitive tasks - show only weak relationships to each other. We review evidence that this discrepancy is not just a result of poor reliability or validity of ratings or tasks. Rather, ratings and tasks seem to assess different aspects of control, distinguishable along six main dimensions. To improve the psychological science surrounding self-control, it will be important for future work to investigate the relative importance of these dimensions to the dissociations between self-control measures, and for researchers to motivate and explain which aspects of control they are studying when one or both types of measures are deployed. Keywords: cognitive control, executive function, self-regulation, self-control, impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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18
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Sanderson-Cimino M, Elman JA, Tu XM, Gross AL, Panizzon MS, Gustavson DE, Bondi MW, Edmonds EC, Eppig JS, Franz CE, Jak AJ, Lyons MJ, Thomas KR, Williams ME, Kremen WS. Practice Effects in Mild Cognitive Impairment Increase Reversion Rates and Delay Detection of New Impairments. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:847315. [PMID: 35547623 PMCID: PMC9083463 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.847315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cognitive practice effects (PEs) can delay detection of progression from cognitively unimpaired to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). They also reduce diagnostic accuracy as suggested by biomarker positivity data. Even among those who decline, PEs can mask steeper declines by inflating cognitive scores. Within MCI samples, PEs may increase reversion rates and thus impede detection of further impairment. Within an MCI sample at baseline, we evaluated how PEs impact prevalence, reversion rates, and dementia progression after 1 year. Methods We examined 329 baseline Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative MCI participants (mean age = 73.1; SD = 7.4). We identified test-naïve participants who were demographically matched to returnees at their 1-year follow-up. Since the only major difference between groups was that one completed testing once and the other twice, comparison of scores in each group yielded PEs. PEs were subtracted from each test to yield PE-adjusted scores. Biomarkers included cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta. Cox proportional models predicted time until first dementia diagnosis using PE-unadjusted and PE-adjusted diagnoses. Results Accounting for PEs increased MCI prevalence at follow-up by 9.2% (272 vs. 249 MCI), and reduced reversion to normal by 28.8% (57 vs. 80 reverters). PEs also increased stability of single-domain MCI by 12.0% (164 vs. 147). Compared to PE-unadjusted diagnoses, use of PE-adjusted follow-up diagnoses led to a twofold increase in hazard ratios for incident dementia. We classified individuals as false reverters if they reverted to cognitively unimpaired status based on PE-unadjusted scores, but remained classified as MCI cases after accounting for PEs. When amyloid and tau positivity were examined together, 72.2% of these false reverters were positive for at least one biomarker. Interpretation Even when PEs are small, they can meaningfully change whether some individuals with MCI retain the diagnosis at a 1-year follow-up. Accounting for PEs resulted in increased MCI prevalence and altered stability/reversion rates. This improved diagnostic accuracy also increased the dementia-predicting ability of MCI diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Mark Sanderson-Cimino,
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alden L. Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, United States
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Emily C. Edmonds
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Joel S. Eppig
- Rehabilitation Institute of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kelsey R. Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - McKenna E. Williams
- University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William S. Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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19
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Whitsel N, Reynolds CA, Buchholz EJ, Pahlen S, Pearce RC, Hatton SN, Elman JA, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Puckett OK, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler DJ, Hauger RL, McEvoy LK, McKenzie R, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Sanderson-Cimino M, Toomey R, Tu XM, Williams MKE, Bell T, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Long-term associations of cigarette smoking in early mid-life with predicted brain aging from mid- to late life. Addiction 2022; 117:1049-1059. [PMID: 34605095 PMCID: PMC8904283 DOI: 10.1111/add.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smoking is associated with increased risk for brain aging/atrophy and dementia. Few studies have examined early associations with brain aging. This study aimed to measure whether adult men with a history of heavier smoking in early mid-life would have older than predicted brain age 16-28 years later. DESIGN Prospective cohort observational study, utilizing smoking pack years data from average age 40 (early mid-life) predicting predicted brain age difference scores (PBAD) at average ages 56, 62 (later mid-life) and 68 years (early old age). Early mid-life alcohol use was also evaluated. SETTING Population-based United States sample. PARTICIPANTS/CASES Participants were male twins of predominantly European ancestry who served in the United States military between 1965 and 1975. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) began at average age 56. Subsequent study waves included most baseline participants; attrition replacement subjects were added at later waves. MEASUREMENTS Self-reported smoking information was used to calculate pack years smoked at ages 40, 56, 62, and 68. MRIs were processed with the Brain-Age Regression Analysis and Computation Utility software (BARACUS) program to create PBAD scores (chronological age-predicted brain age) acquired at average ages 56 (n = 493; 2002-08), 62 (n = 408; 2009-14) and 68 (n = 499; 2016-19). FINDINGS In structural equation modeling, age 40 pack years predicted more advanced age 56 PBAD [β = -0.144, P = 0.012, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.257, -0.032]. Age 40 pack years did not additionally predict PBAD at later ages. Age 40 alcohol consumption, but not a smoking × alcohol interaction, predicted more advanced PBAD at age 56 (β = -0.166, P = 0.001, 95% CI = -0.261, -0.070) with additional influences at age 62 (β = -0.115, P = 0.005, 95% CI = -0.195, -0.036). Age 40 alcohol did not predict age 68 PBAD. Within-twin-pair analyses suggested some genetic mechanism partially underlying effects of alcohol, but not smoking, on PBAD. CONCLUSIONS Heavier smoking and alcohol consumption by age 40 appears to predict advanced brain aging by age 56 in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Erik J Buchholz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shandell Pahlen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rahul C Pearce
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mc Kenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
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Nayak S, Gustavson DE, Wang Y, Below JE, Gordon RL, Magne CL. Test of Prosody via Syllable Emphasis ("TOPsy"): Psychometric Validation of a Brief Scalable Test of Lexical Stress Perception. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:765945. [PMID: 35221896 PMCID: PMC8864136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.765945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosody perception is fundamental to spoken language communication as it supports comprehension, pragmatics, morphosyntactic parsing of speech streams, and phonological awareness. A particular aspect of prosody: perceptual sensitivity to speech rhythm patterns in words (i.e., lexical stress sensitivity), is also a robust predictor of reading skills, though it has received much less attention than phonological awareness in the literature. Given the importance of prosody and reading in educational outcomes, reliable and valid tools are needed to conduct large-scale health and genetic investigations of individual differences in prosody, as groundwork for investigating the biological underpinnings of the relationship between prosody and reading. Motivated by this need, we present the Test of Prosody via Syllable Emphasis ("TOPsy") and highlight its merits as a phenotyping tool to measure lexical stress sensitivity in as little as 10 min, in scalable internet-based cohorts. In this 28-item speech rhythm perception test [modeled after the stress identification test from Wade-Woolley (2016)], participants listen to multi-syllabic spoken words and are asked to identify lexical stress patterns. Psychometric analyses in a large internet-based sample shows excellent reliability, and predictive validity for self-reported difficulties with speech-language, reading, and musical beat synchronization. Further, items loaded onto two distinct factors corresponding to initially stressed vs. non-initially stressed words. These results are consistent with previous reports that speech rhythm perception abilities correlate with musical rhythm sensitivity and speech-language/reading skills, and are implicated in reading disorders (e.g., dyslexia). We conclude that TOPsy can serve as a useful tool for studying prosodic perception at large scales in a variety of different settings, and importantly can act as a validated brief phenotype for future investigations of the genetic architecture of prosodic perception, and its relationship to educational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Youjia Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cyrille L. Magne
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
- College of Education Literacy Studies Ph.D. Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
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21
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Sanderson‐Cimino M, Elman JA, Tu XM, Gross AL, Panizzon MS, Gustavson DE, Bondi MW, Edmonds EC, Eglit GM, Eppig JS, Franz CE, Jak AJ, Lyons MJ, Thomas KR, Williams ME, Kremen WS. Cognitive practice effects delay diagnosis of MCI: Implications for clinical trials. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2022; 8:e12228. [PMID: 35128027 PMCID: PMC8804942 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Practice effects (PEs) on cognitive tests obscure decline, thereby delaying detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Importantly, PEs may be present even when there are performance declines, if scores would have been even lower without prior test exposure. We assessed how accounting for PEs using a replacement-participants method impacts incident MCI diagnosis. METHODS Of 889 baseline cognitively normal (CN) Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants, 722 returned 1 year later (mean age = 74.9 ± 6.8 at baseline). The scores of test-naïve demographically matched "replacement" participants who took tests for the first time were compared to returnee scores at follow-up. PEs-calculated as the difference between returnee follow-up scores and replacement participants scores-were subtracted from follow-up scores of returnees. PE-adjusted cognitive scores were then used to determine if individuals were below the impairment threshold for MCI. Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta, phosphorylated tau, and total tau were used for criterion validation. In addition, based on screening and recruitment numbers from a clinical trial of amyloid-positive individuals, we estimated the effect of earlier detection of MCI by accounting for cognitive PEs on a hypothetical clinical trial in which the key outcome was progression to MCI. RESULTS In the ADNI sample, PE-adjusted scores increased MCI incidence by 19% (P < .001), increased proportion of amyloid-positive MCI cases (+12%), and reduced proportion of amyloid-positive CNs (-5%; P's < .04). Additional calculations showed that the earlier detection and increased MCI incidence would also substantially reduce necessary sample size and study duration for a clinical trial of progression to MCI. Cost savings were estimated at ≈$5.41 million. DISCUSSION Detecting MCI as early as possible is of obvious importance. Accounting for cognitive PEs with the replacement-participants method leads to earlier detection of MCI, improved diagnostic accuracy, and can lead to multi-million-dollar cost reductions for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sanderson‐Cimino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical PsychologySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Family Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alden L. Gross
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Psychology ServiceVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emily C. Edmonds
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Research ServiceVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Graham M.L. Eglit
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Carol E. Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kelsey R. Thomas
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Research ServiceVA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - McKenna E. Williams
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical PsychologySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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22
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Gustavson DE, Reynolds CA, Corley RP, Wadsworth SJ, Hewitt JK, Friedman NP. Genetic associations between executive functions and intelligence: A combined twin and adoption study. J Exp Psychol Gen 2022; 151:1745-1761. [PMID: 34990157 PMCID: PMC9256856 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Much debate has concerned the separability of executive function abilities and intelligence, with some evidence that the 2 constructs are genetically indistinguishable in children and adolescents but phenotypically and genetically distinct in older adolescents and adults. The current study leveraged data from twin and adoption studies to examine executive function's genetic structure in adulthood (M = 33.15 years, SD = 4.96) and its overlap with intelligence. 1,238 individuals (170 MZ twin pairs, 154 DZ twin pairs, 95 biological sibling pairs, 80 adoptive sibling pairs, and 240 unpaired individuals) completed 6 executive function tasks as well as the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-III as part of the Colorado Adoption/Twin study of Life span behavioral development and cognitive aging (CATSLife). Results replicated the unity/diversity model of executive function that distinguishes general executive function abilities (Common EF) from abilities specific to working memory updating (Updating-specific) and mental set shifting (Shifting-specific). In the final model, broad-sense heritability was high for Common EF (h² = .72), Updating-specific (h² = 1.0), and Shifting-specific (h² = .60) factors, as well as for full-scale intelligence (h² = .74). Intelligence was phenotypically and genetically correlated with Common EF (r = .49, broad-sense rg = .44) and Updating-specific (r = .60, rg = .69) abilities. This study represents the first executive function study to apply the adoption design. Leveraging the combined twin and adoptive design allowed us to estimate both additive and nonadditive genetic effects underlying these associations. These findings highlight the commonality and separability of executive function and intelligence. Common EF abilities are distinct from intelligence in adulthood, with intelligence also strongly associated with Updating-specific abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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23
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Niarchou M, Gustavson DE, Sathirapongsasuti JF, Anglada-Tort M, Eising E, Bell E, McArthur E, Straub P, McAuley JD, Capra JA, Ullén F, Creanza N, Mosing MA, Hinds DA, Davis LK, Jacoby N, Gordon RL. Genome-wide association study of musical beat synchronization demonstrates high polygenicity. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1292-1309. [PMID: 35710621 PMCID: PMC9489530 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Moving in synchrony to the beat is a fundamental component of musicality. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study to identify common genetic variants associated with beat synchronization in 606,825 individuals. Beat synchronization exhibited a highly polygenic architecture, with 69 loci reaching genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) and single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based heritability (on the liability scale) of 13%-16%. Heritability was enriched for genes expressed in brain tissues and for fetal and adult brain-specific gene regulatory elements, underscoring the role of central-nervous-system-expressed genes linked to the genetic basis of the trait. We performed validations of the self-report phenotype (through separate experiments) and of the genome-wide association study (polygenic scores for beat synchronization were associated with patients algorithmically classified as musicians in medical records of a separate biobank). Genetic correlations with breathing function, motor function, processing speed and chronotype suggest shared genetic architecture with beat synchronization and provide avenues for new phenotypic and genetic explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | | | - Manuel Anglada-Tort
- grid.461782.e0000 0004 1795 8610Computational Auditory Perception Group, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Else Eising
- grid.419550.c0000 0004 0501 3839Department of Language and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eamonn Bell
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Music, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.8250.f0000 0000 8700 0572Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Evonne McArthur
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Peter Straub
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | | | - J. Devin McAuley
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - John A. Capra
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Fredrik Ullén
- grid.465198.7Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden ,grid.461782.e0000 0004 1795 8610Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Creanza
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Miriam A. Mosing
- grid.465198.7Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden ,grid.461782.e0000 0004 1795 8610Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - David A. Hinds
- grid.420283.f0000 0004 0626 085823andMe, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA USA
| | - Lea K. Davis
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Nori Jacoby
- grid.461782.e0000 0004 1795 8610Computational Auditory Perception Group, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
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24
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Eglit GML, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Sanderson-Cimino M, Williams ME, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Hatton SN, Hagler DJ, Hauger RL, Jak AJ, Logue MW, McEvoy LK, McKenzie RE, Neale MC, Puckett O, Reynolds CA, Toomey R, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Paradoxical cognitive trajectories in men from earlier to later adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 109:229-238. [PMID: 34785406 PMCID: PMC8715388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because longitudinal studies of aging typically lack cognitive data from earlier ages, it is unclear how general cognitive ability (GCA) changes throughout the life course. In 1173 Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) participants, we assessed young adult GCA at average age 20 and current GCA at 3 VETSA assessments beginning at average age 56. The same GCA index was used throughout. Higher young adult GCA and better GCA maintenance were associated with stronger specific cognitive abilities from age 51 to 73. Given equivalent GCA at age 56, individuals who had higher age 20 GCA outperformed those whose GCA remained stable in terms of memory, executive function, and working memory abilities from age 51 to 73. Thus, paradoxically, despite poorer maintenance of GCA, high young adult GCA still conferred benefits. Advanced predicted brain age and the combination of elevated vascular burden and APOE-ε4 status were associated with poorer maintenance of GCA. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between peak and current GCA for greater understanding of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M L Eglit
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mathew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatry and Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth E McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; School of Education and Social Policy, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Olivia Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Mallard TT, Savage JE, Johnson EC, Huang Y, Edwards AC, Hottenga JJ, Grotzinger AD, Gustavson DE, Jennings MV, Anokhin A, Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Kramer JR, Lai D, Meyers JL, Pandey AK, Paige Harden K, Nivard MG, de Geus EJC, Boomsma DI, Agrawal A, Davis LK, Clarke TK, Palmer AA, Sanchez-Roige S. Item-Level Genome-Wide Association Study of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in Three Population-Based Cohorts. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:58-70. [PMID: 33985350 PMCID: PMC9272895 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a 10-item screen for alcohol use disorder (AUD), have elucidated novel loci for alcohol consumption and misuse. However, these studies also revealed that GWASs can be influenced by numerous biases (e.g., measurement error, selection bias), which may have led to inconsistent genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and AUD, as well as paradoxically negative genetic correlations between alcohol involvement and psychiatric disorders and/or medical conditions. The authors used genomic structural equation modeling to elucidate the genetics of alcohol consumption and problematic consequences of alcohol use as measured by AUDIT. METHODS To explore these unexpected differences in genetic correlations, the authors conducted the first item-level and the largest GWAS of AUDIT items (N=160,824) and applied a multivariate framework to mitigate previous biases. RESULTS The authors identified novel patterns of similarity (and dissimilarity) among the AUDIT items and found evidence of a correlated two-factor structure at the genetic level ("consumption" and "problems," rg=0.80). Moreover, by applying empirically derived weights to each of the AUDIT items, the authors constructed an aggregate measure of alcohol consumption that was strongly associated with alcohol dependence (rg=0.67), moderately associated with several other psychiatric disorders, and no longer positively associated with health and positive socioeconomic outcomes. Lastly, by conducting polygenic analyses in three independent cohorts that differed in their ascertainment and prevalence of AUD, the authors identified novel genetic associations between alcohol consumption, alcohol misuse, and health. CONCLUSIONS This work further emphasizes the value of AUDIT for both clinical and genetic studies of AUD and the importance of using multivariate methods to study genetic associations that are more closely related to AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis T Mallard
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712
| | - Jeanne E Savage
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1081HV
| | - Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Yuye Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexis C Edwards
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jouke J Hottenga
- Dept of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | | | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mariela V Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrey Anokhin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - John R Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 4622
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Ashwini K Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | | | - Michel G Nivard
- Dept of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Eco JC de Geus
- Dept of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Dept of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Lea K Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, EH8 9YL
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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26
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Gustavson DE, Reynolds CA, Hohman TJ, Jefferson AL, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Alzheimer’s disease polygenic scores predict changes in executive function across 12 years in late middle age. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.056045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Hohman
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
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27
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Gustavson DE, Friedman NP, Stallings MC, Reynolds CA, Coon H, Corley RP, Hewitt JK, Gordon RL. Musical instrument engagement in adolescence predicts verbal ability 4 years later: A twin and adoption study. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:1943-1957. [PMID: 34914455 PMCID: PMC8842509 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in music traits are heritable and correlated with the development of cognitive and communication skills, but little is known about whether diverse modes of music engagement (e.g., playing instruments vs. singing) reflect similar underlying genetic/environmental influences. Moreover, the biological etiology underlying the relationship between musicality and childhood language development is poorly understood. Here we explored genetic and environmental associations between music engagement and verbal ability in the Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development & cognitive aging (CATSLife). Adolescents (N = 1,684) completed measures of music engagement and intelligence at approximately age 12 and/or multiple tests of verbal ability at age 16. Structural equation models revealed that instrument engagement was highly heritable (a² = .78), with moderate heritability of singing (a² = .43) and dance engagement (a² = .66). Adolescent self-reported instrument engagement (but not singing or dance engagement) was genetically correlated with age 12 verbal intelligence and still was associated with age 16 verbal ability, even when controlling for age 12 full-scale intelligence, providing evidence for a longitudinal relationship between music engagement and language beyond shared general cognitive processes. Together, these novel findings suggest that shared genetic influences in part accounts for phenotypic associations between music engagement and language, but there may also be some (weak) direct benefits of music engagement on later language abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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28
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Gustavson DE, Coleman PL, Iversen JR, Maes HH, Gordon RL, Lense MD. Mental health and music engagement: review, framework, and guidelines for future studies. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:370. [PMID: 34226495 PMCID: PMC8257764 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Is engaging with music good for your mental health? This question has long been the topic of empirical clinical and nonclinical investigations, with studies indicating positive associations between music engagement and quality of life, reduced depression or anxiety symptoms, and less frequent substance use. However, many earlier investigations were limited by small populations and methodological limitations, and it has also been suggested that aspects of music engagement may even be associated with worse mental health outcomes. The purpose of this scoping review is first to summarize the existing state of music engagement and mental health studies, identifying their strengths and weaknesses. We focus on broad domains of mental health diagnoses including internalizing psychopathology (e.g., depression and anxiety symptoms and diagnoses), externalizing psychopathology (e.g., substance use), and thought disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). Second, we propose a theoretical model to inform future work that describes the importance of simultaneously considering music-mental health associations at the levels of (1) correlated genetic and/or environmental influences vs. (bi)directional associations, (2) interactions with genetic risk factors, (3) treatment efficacy, and (4) mediation through brain structure and function. Finally, we describe how recent advances in large-scale data collection, including genetic, neuroimaging, and electronic health record studies, allow for a more rigorous examination of these associations that can also elucidate their neurobiological substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Peyton L. Coleman
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - John R. Iversen
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA ,grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217The Curb Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Miriam D. Lense
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217The Curb Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
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29
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Sanderson-Cimino M, Panizzon MS, Elman JA, Tu X, Gustavson DE, Puckett O, Cross K, Notestine R, Hatton SN, Eyler LT, McEvoy LK, Hagler DJ, Neale MC, Gillespie NA, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Fennema-Notestine C, Kremen WS. Periventricular and deep abnormal white matter differ in associations with cognitive performance at midlife. Neuropsychology 2021; 35:252-264. [PMID: 33970659 PMCID: PMC8500190 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Abnormal white matter (AWM) on magnetic resonance imaging is associated with cognitive performance in older adults. We explored cognitive associations with AWM during late-midlife. Method: Participants were community-dwelling men (n = 242; M = 61.90 years; range = 56-66). Linear-mixed effects regression models examined associations of total, periventricular, and deep AWM with cognitive performance, controlling for multiple comparisons. Models considering specific cognitive domains controlled for current general cognitive ability (GCA). We hypothesized that total AWM would be associated with worse processing speed, executive function, and current GCA; deep AWM would correlate with GCA and periventricular AWM would relate to specific cognitive abilities. We also assessed the potential influence of cognitive reserve by examining a moderation effect of early life (mean age of 20) cognition. Results: Greater total and deep AWM were associated with poorer current GCA. Periventricular AWM was associated with worse executive function, working memory, and episodic memory. When periventricular and deep AWM were modeled simultaneously, both retained their respective significant associations with cognitive performance. Cognitive reserve did not moderate associations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that AWM contributes to poorer cognitive function in late-midlife. Examining only total AWM may obscure the potential differential impact of regional AWM. Separating total AWM into subtypes while controlling for current GCA revealed a dissociation in relationships with cognitive performance; deep AWM was associated with nonspecific cognitive ability whereas periventricular AWM was associated with specific frontal-related abilities and memory. Management of vascular or other risk factors that may increase the risk of AWM should begin during or before early late-midlife. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State/University of California
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | - Xin Tu
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Olivia Puckett
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | | | - Randy Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Computational and Applied Statistics Laboratory (CASL) at the San Diego Supercomputer Center
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Mental Illness Research, Education, And Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
| | - Linda K. McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Nathan A. Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego
| | - William S. Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry University of California
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
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30
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Elman JA, Puckett OK, Beck A, Fennema-Notestine C, Cross LK, Dale AM, Eglit GML, Eyler LT, Gillespie NA, Granholm EL, Gustavson DE, Hagler DJ, Hatton SN, Hauger R, Jak AJ, Logue MW, McEvoy LK, McKenzie RE, Neale MC, Panizzon MS, Reynolds CA, Sanderson-Cimino M, Toomey R, Tu XM, Whitsel N, Williams ME, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. MRI-assessed locus coeruleus integrity is heritable and associated with multiple cognitive domains, mild cognitive impairment, and daytime dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1017-1025. [PMID: 33580733 PMCID: PMC8248066 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The locus coeruleus (LC) undergoes extensive neurodegeneration in early Alzheimer's disease (AD). The LC is implicated in regulating the sleep–wake cycle, modulating cognitive function, and AD progression. Methods Participants were 481 men (ages 62 to 71.7) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. LC structural integrity was indexed by neuromelanin‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast‐to‐noise ratio (LCCNR). We examined LCCNR, cognition, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and daytime dysfunction. Results Heritability of LCCNR was .48. Participants with aMCI showed greater daytime dysfunction. Lower LCCNR was associated with poorer episodic memory, general verbal fluency, semantic fluency, and processing speed, as well as increased odds of aMCI and greater daytime dysfunction. Discussion Reduced LC integrity is associated with widespread differences across cognitive domains, daytime sleep‐related dysfunction, and risk for aMCI. These findings in late‐middle‐aged adults highlight the potential of MRI‐based measures of LC integrity in early identification of AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Olivia K Puckett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Asad Beck
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Latonya K Cross
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Graham M L Eglit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric L Granholm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD: Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and the Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ruth E McKenzie
- School of Education and Public Policy, Merrimack College, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State/University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - McKenna E Williams
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State/University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
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31
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Gustavson DE, Panizzon MS, Kremen WS, Reynolds CA, Pahlen S, Nygaard M, Wod M, Catts VS, Lee T, Gatz M, Franz CE. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Semantic Verbal Fluency Across Midlife and Later Life. Behav Genet 2021; 51:99-109. [PMID: 33547998 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the relevance of semantic fluency measures to risk for dementia and psychiatric disorders, little is known about their genetic and environmental architecture in mid-to-late life. Participants represent 21,684 middle-aged and older adult twins (M = 60.84 years, SD = 11.21; Range 40-89) from six studies from three countries participating in the Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) consortium. All completed the same measure of semantic fluency (naming animals in 60 seconds). Results revealed small-to-moderate phenotypic associations with age and education, with education more strongly and positively associated with fluency performance in females than males. Heritability and environmental influences did not vary by age. Environmental variance was smaller with higher levels of education, but this effect was observed only in males. This is the largest study to examine the genetic and environmental architecture of semantic fluency, and the first to demonstrate that environmental influences vary based on levels of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1420B Medical Center East, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Shandell Pahlen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- Department of Public Health, The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mette Wod
- Department of Public Health, The Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Vibeke S Catts
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Teresa Lee
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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32
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Gustavson DE, Jak AJ, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Franz CE, Gifford KA, Reynolds CA, Toomey R, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. How Well Does Subjective Cognitive Decline Correspond to Objectively Measured Cognitive Decline? Assessment of 10-12 Year Change. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:291-304. [PMID: 34308902 PMCID: PMC8482061 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although not strongly correlated with current objective cognitive ability, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Most studies focus on SCD in relation to future decline rather than objective prior decline that it purportedly measures. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether self-report of cognitive decline-as a continuous measure-corresponds to objectively-assessed episodic memory and executive function decline across the same period. METHODS 1,170 men completed the Everyday Cognition Questionnaire (ECog) at mean age 68 assessing subjective changes in cognitive ability relative to 10 years prior. A subset had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but MCI was diagnosed without regard to subjective decline. Participants completed up to 3 objective assessments of memory and executive function (M = 56, 62, and 68 years). Informant-reported ECogs were completed for 1,045 individuals. Analyses controlled for depression and anxiety symptoms assessed at mean age 68. RESULTS Participant-reported ECog scores were modestly associated with objective decline for memory (β= -0.23, 95%CI [-0.37, -0.10]) and executive function (β= -0.19, 95%CI [-0.33, -0.05]) over the same time period. However, these associations were nonsignificant after excluding MCI cases. Results were similar for informant ratings. Participant-rated ECog scores were more strongly associated with concurrent depression and anxiety symptoms, (β= 0.44, 95%CI [0.36, 0.53]). CONCLUSION Continuous SCD scores are correlated with prior objective cognitive changes in non-demented individuals, though this association appears driven by individuals with current MCI. However, participants' current depression and anxiety ratings tend to be strongly associated with their SCD ratings. Thus, what primarily drives SCD ratings remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Psychology Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare system, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katherine A. Gifford
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer’s Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
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33
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Slayday RE, Gustavson DE, Elman JA, Beck A, McEvoy LK, Tu XM, Fang B, Hauger RL, Lyons MJ, McKenzie RE, Sanderson-Cimino ME, Xian H, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Interaction between Alcohol Consumption and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Genotype with Cognition in Middle-Aged Men. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:56-68. [PMID: 32662384 PMCID: PMC7856052 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617720000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with poorer cognitive function in older adults. Although understudied in middle-aged adults, the relationship between alcohol and cognition may also be influenced by genetics such as the apolipoprotein (ApoE) ε4 allele, a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. We examined the relationship between alcohol consumption, ApoE genotype, and cognition in middle-aged adults and hypothesized that light and/or moderate drinkers (≤2 drinks per day) would show better cognitive performance than heavy drinkers or non-drinkers. Additionally, we hypothesized that the association between alcohol use and cognitive function would differ by ApoE genotype (ε4+ vs. ε4-). METHOD Participants were 1266 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA; M age = 56; range 51-60) who completed a neuropsychological battery assessing seven cognitive abilities: general cognitive ability (GCA), episodic memory, processing speed, executive function, abstract reasoning, verbal fluency, and visuospatial ability. Alcohol consumption was categorized into five groups: never, former, light, moderate, and heavy. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, there was no significant main effect of alcohol consumption on cognitive functions. However, there was a significant interaction between alcohol consumption and ApoE ε4 status for GCA and episodic memory, such that the relationship of alcohol consumption and cognition was stronger in ε4 carriers. The ε4+ heavy drinking subgroup had the poorest GCA and episodic memory. CONCLUSIONS Presence of the ε4 allele may increase vulnerability to the deleterious effects of heavy alcohol consumption. Beneficial effects of light or moderate alcohol consumption were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki E. Slayday
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San
Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Asad Beck
- University of Washington, Graduate Program in Neuroscience,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linda K. McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Richard L. Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San
Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston
University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruth E. McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston
University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E. Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San
Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Biostatistics, St Louis University, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San
Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of
California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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34
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Eglit GM, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Sanderson‐Cimino ME, Williams ME, Dale AM, Eyler LT, Fennema‐Notestine C, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Hatton SN, Hauger RL, Jak AJ, Logue MW, McEvoy LK, McKenzie R, Neale MC, Puckett OK, Reynolds CA, Toomey R, Tu XM, Whitsell N, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Paradoxical cognitive reserve: Cognitive trajectories from earlier to later adulthood. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.047686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham M.L. Eglit
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System San Diego CA USA
| | | | | | | | - McKenna E. Williams
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology San Diego CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy J. Jak
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin M. Tu
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Hong Xian
- St. Louis University St. Louis MO USA
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35
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Elman JA, Puckett OK, Beck A, Panizzon MS, Sanderson‐Cimino ME, Gustavson DE, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. MRI‐assessed locus coeruleus integrity is heritable and associated with cognition, Alzheimer’s risk, and sleep‐wake disturbance. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.044862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asad Beck
- University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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36
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Gustavson DE, Panizzon MS, Kremen WS, Reynolds CA, Nygaard M, Wod M, Catts VS, Lee T, Gatz M, Franz CE. Genetic and environmental influences on semantic verbal fluency across midlife and later life. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.037410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mette Wod
- University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Vibeke S. Catts
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing UNSW Sydney Randwick Australia
| | - Teresa Lee
- Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney Australia
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37
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Sanderson-Cimino M, Elman JA, Tu XM, Gross AL, Panizzon MS, Gustavson DE, Bondi MW, Edmonds EC, Eglit GM, Eppig JS, Franz CE, Jak AJ, Lyons MJ, Thomas KR, Williams ME, Kremen WS. Cognitive Practice Effects Delay Diagnosis; Implications for Clinical Trials. medRxiv 2020:2020.11.03.20224808. [PMID: 33173908 PMCID: PMC7654904 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.03.20224808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Practice effects on cognitive tests obscure decline, thereby delaying detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This reduces opportunities for slowing Alzheimer's disease progression and can hinder clinical trials. Using a novel method, we assessed the ability of practice-effect-adjusted diagnoses to detect MCI earlier, and tested the validity of these diagnoses based on AD biomarkers. METHODS Of 889 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants who were cognitively normal (CN) at baseline, 722 returned at 1-year-follow-up (mean age=74.9±6.8). Practice effects were calculated by comparing returnee scores at follow-up to demographically-matched individuals who had only taken the tests once, with an additional adjustment for attrition effects. Practice effects for each test were subtracted from follow-up scores. The lower scores put additional individuals below the impairment threshold for MCI. CSF amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau, and total tau were measured at baseline and used for criterion validation. RESULTS Practice-effect-adjusted scores increased MCI incidence by 26% (p<.001). Adjustment increased proportions of amyloid-positive MCI cases (+20%) and reduced proportions of amyloid-positive CNs (-6%) (ps<.007). With the increased MCI base rate, adjustment for practice effects would reduce the sample size needed for detecting significant drug treatment effects by an average of 21%, which we demonstrate would result in multi-million-dollar savings in a clinical trial. INTERPRETATION Adjusting for practice effects on cognitive testing leads to earlier detection of MCI. When MCI is an outcome, this reduces recruitment needed for clinical trials, study duration, staff and participant burden, and can dramatically lower costs. Importantly, biomarker evidence also indicates improved diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xin M. Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alden L. Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emily C. Edmonds
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Graham M.L. Eglit
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Carol E. Franz
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - McKenna E. Williams
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Walters CE, Nitin R, Margulis K, Boorom O, Gustavson DE, Bush CT, Davis LK, Below JE, Cox NJ, Camarata SM, Gordon RL. Automated Phenotyping Tool for Identifying Developmental Language Disorder Cases in Health Systems Data (APT-DLD): A New Research Algorithm for Deployment in Large-Scale Electronic Health Record Systems. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2020; 63:3019-3035. [PMID: 32791019 PMCID: PMC7890229 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Data mining algorithms using electronic health records (EHRs) are useful in large-scale population-wide studies to classify etiology and comorbidities (Casey et al., 2016). Here, we apply this approach to developmental language disorder (DLD), a prevalent communication disorder whose risk factors and epidemiology remain largely undiscovered. Method We first created a reliable system for manually identifying DLD in EHRs based on speech-language pathologist (SLP) diagnostic expertise. We then developed and validated an automated algorithmic procedure, called, Automated Phenotyping Tool for identifying DLD cases in health systems data (APT-DLD), that classifies a DLD status for patients within EHRs on the basis of ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) codes. APT-DLD was validated in a discovery sample (N = 973) using expert SLP manual phenotype coding as a gold-standard comparison and then applied and further validated in a replication sample of N = 13,652 EHRs. Results In the discovery sample, the APT-DLD algorithm correctly classified 98% (concordance) of DLD cases in concordance with manually coded records in the training set, indicating that APT-DLD successfully mimics a comprehensive chart review. The output of APT-DLD was also validated in relation to independently conducted SLP clinician coding in a subset of records, with a positive predictive value of 95% of cases correctly classified as DLD. We also applied APT-DLD to the replication sample, where it achieved a positive predictive value of 90% in relation to SLP clinician classification of DLD. Conclusions APT-DLD is a reliable, valid, and scalable tool for identifying DLD cohorts in EHRs. This new method has promising public health implications for future large-scale epidemiological investigations of DLD and may inform EHR data mining algorithms for other communication disorders. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12753578.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Walters
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Neuroscience Program, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachana Nitin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Katherine Margulis
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Olivia Boorom
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Catherine T. Bush
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer E. Below
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen M. Camarata
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Reyna L. Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Gustavson DE, Friedman NP, Fontanillas P, Elson SL, Palmer AA, Sanchez-Roige S. The Latent Genetic Structure of Impulsivity and Its Relation to Internalizing Psychopathology. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1025-1035. [PMID: 32716714 PMCID: PMC7427138 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620938160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor analyses suggest that impulsivity traits that capture tendencies to act prematurely or take risks tap partially distinct constructs. We applied genomic structure equation modeling to evaluate the genetic factor structure of two well-established impulsivity questionnaires, using published statistics from genome-wide association studies of up to 22,861 participants. We also tested the hypotheses that delay discounting would be genetically separable from other impulsivity factors and that emotionally triggered facets of impulsivity (urgency) would be those most strongly genetically correlated with an internalizing latent factor. A five-factor model best fitted the impulsivity data. Delay discounting was genetically distinct from these five factors. As expected, the two urgency subscales were most strongly related to an internalizing-psychopathology latent factor. These findings provide empirical genetic evidence that impulsivity can be broken down into distinct categories of differential relevance for internalizing psychopathology. They also demonstrate how measured genetic markers can be used to inform theories of psychology and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | | | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego
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Franz CE, Hatton SN, Hauger RL, Kredlow MA, Dale AM, Eyler L, McEvoy LK, Fennema-Notestine C, Hagler D, Jacobson KC, McKenzie RE, Panizzon MS, Gustavson DE, Xian H, Toomey R, Beck A, Stevens S, Tu X, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Posttraumatic stress symptom persistence across 24 years: association with brain structures. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 14:1208-1220. [PMID: 30830577 PMCID: PMC6722032 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is known to persist, eliciting early medical co-morbidity, and accelerated aging. Although PTSD diagnosis has been found to be associated with smaller volume in multiple brain regions, posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and their associations with brain morphometry are rarely assessed over long periods of time. We predicted that persistent PTS symptoms across ~24 years would be inversely associated with hippocampal, amygdala, anterior cingulate volumes, and hippocampal occupancy (HOC = hippocampal volume/[hippocampal volume + inferior lateral ventricle volume]) in late middle age. Exploratory analyses examined prefrontal regions. We assessed PTS symptoms in 247 men at average ages 38 (time 1) and 62 (time 2). All were trauma-exposed prior to time 1. Brain volumes were assessed at time 2 using 3 T structural magnetic resonance imaging. Symptoms were correlated over time (r = 0.46 p < .0001). Higher PTS symptoms averaged over time and symptoms at time 1 were both associated with lower hippocampal, amygdala, rostral middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes, and a lower HOC ratio at time 2. Increased PTS symptomatology from time 1 to time 2 was associated with smaller hippocampal volume. Results for hippocampal, rostral MFG and medial OFC remained significant after omitting individuals above the threshold for PTSD diagnosis. Even at sub-diagnostic threshold levels, PTS symptoms were present decades after trauma exposure in parallel with highly correlated structural deficits in brain regions regulating stress responsivity and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - M Alexandra Kredlow
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Donald Hagler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristen C Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ruth E McKenzie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, 60134, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Asad Beck
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Samantha Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry MC 0738, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Gustavson DE, Franz CE, Panizzon MS, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in middle age: genetic and environmental architecture and stability of symptoms over 15 to 20 years. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1530-1538. [PMID: 31258104 PMCID: PMC6938573 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology factors explain much of the covariance among psychiatric conditions, especially at the level of genetic risk. However, few studies have examined internalizing and externalizing factors in middle-aged samples, especially their ability to predict later symptoms across midlife. The goals of the current study were (i) to quantify the genetic and environmental influences on internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in individuals in their early 40s, and (ii) examine the extent to which these genetic and environmental influences predict self-reported measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms 15-20 years later. METHOD 1484 male twins completed diagnostic interviews of psychopathology at mean age 41 and self-reported measures of anxiety, depression, substance use, and related variables at up to two time-points in late middle age (mean ages 56 and 62). RESULTS Structural equation modeling of the diagnostic interviews confirmed that internalizing and externalizing factors accounted for most of the genetic variance in individual disorders, with substantial genetic (ra = 0.70) and environmental (re = 0.77) correlations between the factors. Internalizing psychopathology at age 41 was correlated with latent factors capturing anxiety, depression, and/or post-traumatic stress symptoms at ages 56 (r = 0.51) and 62 (r = 0.43). Externalizing psychopathology at age 41 was correlated r = 0.67 with a latent factor capturing aggression, tobacco use, and alcohol use at age 56. Stability of both factors was driven by genetic influences. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the considerable stability of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology symptoms across middle age, especially their genetic influences. Diagnostic interviews effectively predict self-reported symptoms and behaviors 15-20 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genetics of Aging, University of California, La Jolla, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, USA
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Gustavson DE, Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Franz CE, Zuber J, Sanderson-Cimino M, Reynolds CA, Jacobson KC, Xian H, Jak AJ, Toomey R, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Association of baseline semantic fluency and progression to mild cognitive impairment in middle-aged men. Neurology 2020; 95:e973-e983. [PMID: 32606222 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that individual differences in episodic memory and verbal fluency in cognitively normal middle-aged adults will predict progression to amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) after 6 years. METHOD The cohort analyzed included 842 male twins who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean 56 years) and completed measures of episodic memory and verbal fluency at baseline and again 6 years later (mean 62 years). RESULTS Poor episodic memory predicted progression to both amnestic MCI (odds ratio [OR], 4.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.44-10.60) and nonamnestic MCI (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.32-3.44). Poor semantic verbal fluency also independently predicted progression to amnestic MCI (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.12-3.52). In the full sample, a semantic-specific fluency latent variable at wave 1 (which controls for letter fluency) predicted change in episodic memory at wave 2 (β = 0.13), but not vice versa (β = 0.04). Associations between episodic memory and verbal fluency factors were primarily explained by genetic, rather than environmental, correlations. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals who were cognitively normal at wave 1, episodic memory moderately to strongly predicted progression to MCI at average age 62, emphasizing the fact that there is still meaningful variability even among cognitively normal individuals. Episodic memory, which is typically a primary focus for Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, declined earlier and more quickly than fluency. However, semantic fluency at average age 56 predicted 6-year change in memory as well as progression to amnestic MCI even after accounting for baseline memory performance. These findings emphasize the utility of memory and fluency measures in early identification of AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Gustavson
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Carol E Franz
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Jordan Zuber
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Kristen C Jacobson
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Hong Xian
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Amy J Jak
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
| | - William S Kremen
- From the Department of Psychiatry (A.J.J.), Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (D.E.G., J.A.E., M.S.P., C.E.F., J.Z., M.S.-C., W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Department of Medicine (D.E.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Psychology (M.S.-C.), San Diego State University; Department of Psychology (C.A.R.), University of California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (K.C.J.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (H.X.), St. Louis University; Clinical Epidemiology Center (H.X.), Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, MO; Psychology Service (A.J.J.) and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (A.J.J., W.S.K.), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, CA; and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (R.T., M.J.L.), Boston University, MA
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Stevens SM, Gustavson DE, Fang B, Tu X, Logue M, Lyons MJ, Reynolds CA, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Predicting Health-Related Quality of Life in Trauma-Exposed Male Veterans in Late Midlife: A 20 Year Longitudinal Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17124554. [PMID: 32599875 PMCID: PMC7345107 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-exposed adults with high levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) report poorer health-related quality of life (HRQOL), but less is known about the persistence of this relationship over time. Participants from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging reported on PTSS, health, and sociodemographic characteristics at average age 38; 775 participants reported having been exposed to trauma. Later, at average ages 56 and 62, mental and physical HRQOL were assessed with the Short-Form 36. Premorbid risk for anxiety/neuroticism was evaluated with a polygenic risk score derived from a large genome-wide association study meta-analysis. In multivariate mixed models, having higher levels of PTSS, poorer self-rated health, lower income, and less education at age 38 were associated with worse physical and mental HRQOL two decades later. Chronic health problems at age 38 predicted midlife physical but not mental HRQOL. Although genetic risk for neuroticism was correlated with HRQOL and PTSS, it was no longer significant in multivariate models. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) predicts morbidity and mortality independently of objective health measures; early interventions may help to mitigate the ongoing impact of trauma on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.M.S.); (D.E.G.); (B.F.); (W.S.K.)
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.M.S.); (D.E.G.); (B.F.); (W.S.K.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.M.S.); (D.E.G.); (B.F.); (W.S.K.)
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Mark Logue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (M.L.); (M.J.L.)
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (M.L.); (M.J.L.)
| | - Chandra A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.M.S.); (D.E.G.); (B.F.); (W.S.K.)
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (S.M.S.); (D.E.G.); (B.F.); (W.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-822-1793
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Xian H, Boutwell B, Reynolds CA, Lew D, Logue M, Gustavson DE, Kavish N, Panizzon MS, Tu X, Toomey R, Puckett OK, Elman JA, Jacobson KC, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Genetic Underpinnings of Increased BMI and Its Association With Late Midlife Cognitive Abilities. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2020; 6:2333721420925267. [PMID: 32537479 PMCID: PMC7268925 DOI: 10.1177/2333721420925267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: First, we test for differences in various cognitive
abilities across trajectories of body mass index (BMI) over the later life
course. Second, we examine whether genetic risk factors for unhealthy
BMIs—assessed via polygenic risk scores (PRS)—predict cognitive abilities in
late-life. Methods: The study used a longitudinal sample of Vietnam
veteran males to explore the associations between BMI trajectories, measured
across four time points, and later cognitive abilities. The sample of 977
individuals was drawn from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Cognitive
abilities evaluated included executive function, abstract reasoning, episodic
memory, processing speed, verbal fluency, and visual spatial ability. Multilevel
linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between BMI
trajectories and cognitive abilities. Then, BMI PRS was added to the models to
evaluate polygenic associations with cognitive abilities. Results:
There were no significant differences in cognitive ability between any of the
BMI trajectory groups. There was a significant inverse relationship between
BMI-PRS and several cognitive ability measures. Discussion: While
no associations emerged for BMI trajectories and cognitive abilities at the
phenotypic levels, BMI PRS measures did correlate with key cognitive domains.
Our results suggest possible polygenic linkages cutting across key components of
the central and peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Logue
- VA Boston Healthcare System, MA, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xin Tu
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William S Kremen
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Friedman NP, Hatoum AS, Gustavson DE, Corley RP, Hewitt JK, Young SE. Executive Functions and Impulsivity are Genetically Distinct and Independently Predict Psychopathology: Results from Two Adult Twin Studies. Clin Psychol Sci 2020; 8:519-538. [PMID: 33758683 DOI: 10.1177/2167702619898814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory executive function (EF) constructs, such as response inhibition, are often conceptually linked with self-report measures of impulsivity, yet their empirical correlations are low. We examined, in two twin studies (Ns=749 and 761 individuals with EF data), the phenotypic and genetic overlap of three EF latent variables (a Common EF factor predicting response inhibition, working memory updating, and mental set shifting tasks, and Updating- and Shifting-specific factors) with five impulsivity dimensions (negative and positive urgency, lack of premeditation and perseverance, and sensation seeking). In both samples, impulsivity dimensions only modestly correlated phenotypically (rs= -.20-.11) and genetically (rAs= -.44-.04) with Common EF. In both samples, Common EF and multiple impulsivity dimensions, particularly negative urgency, independently predicted Externalizing psychopathology, and multiple impulsivity dimensions, but not Common EF, predicted Internalizing psychopathology. These results suggest that EFs and self-reported impulsivity tap different aspects of control that are both relevant for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University St. Louis Medical School
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Susan E Young
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver
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Gustavson DE, Elman JA, Sanderson‐Cimino M, Franz CE, Panizzon MS, Jak AJ, Reynolds CA, Neale MC, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Extensive memory testing improves prediction of progression to MCI in late middle age. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2020; 12:e12004. [PMID: 32284960 PMCID: PMC7148418 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Predicting risk for Alzheimer's disease when most people are likely still biomarker negative would aid earlier identification. We hypothesized that combining multiple memory tests and scores in middle-aged adults would provide useful, and non-invasive, prediction of 6-year progression to MCI. METHODS We examined 849 men who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age ± SD = 55.69 ± 2.45). RESULTS California Verbal Learning Test learning trials was the best individual predictor of amnestic MCI (OR = 4.75). A latent factor incorporating seven measures across three memory tests provided much stronger prediction (OR = 9.88). This compared favorably with biomarker-based prediction in a study of much older adults. DISCUSSION Neuropsychological tests are sensitive and early indicators of MCI risk at an age when few individuals are likely to have yet become biomarker positive. The single best measures may appear time- and cost-effective, but 30 additional minutes of testing and use of multiple scores within tests provide substantially improved prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Gustavson
- Division of Genetic MedicineDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Mark Sanderson‐Cimino
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Amy J. Jak
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaCalifornia
| | | | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of PsychiatryCenter for Behavior Genetics of AgingUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemLa JollaCalifornia
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Gustavson DE, Panizzon MS, Franz CE, Reynolds CA, Corley RP, Hewitt JK, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Friedman NP. Integrating verbal fluency with executive functions: Evidence from twin studies in adolescence and middle age. J Exp Psychol Gen 2019; 148:2104-2119. [PMID: 30896200 PMCID: PMC6754807 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of verbal fluency to executive functions (EFs) remains somewhat unclear. Verbal fluency is sometimes considered an EF ability, but is not often included in the same models as other well-studied EFs (inhibition, shifting, and working memory updating). We examined the associations between verbal fluency and EFs at 2 ages with the unity/diversity model, which includes common and domain-specific EF factors. Participants were 813 adolescent twins from the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Sample (mean age 17 years) and 1,290 middle-aged twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (mean age 56 years) who completed multiple measures of EFs, verbal fluency, vocabulary, and nonverbal cognitive ability. Results revealed that, in both samples, a General Fluency factor (i.e., comprising both phonemic and semantic fluency measures) was associated with the Common EF factor, but also with variance unique to working memory updating, working memory span, and set-shifting. In adolescents, semantic fluency also had unique associations with shifting beyond its shared variance with phonemic fluency and Common EF. After accounting for EFs and other cognitive abilities, there were unique genetic and environmental influences on the General Fluency and Semantic-Specific latent factors. These results suggest that verbal fluency ability may best be viewed as an amalgamation of general EF variance (i.e., Common EF ability), variance shared with other EFs (e.g., Updating-Specific ability), and multiple sources of unique genetic/environmental variance (i.e., General Fluency and Semantic-Specific abilities). These associations between verbal fluency and EFs generalize to populations that differ in age by approximately 40 years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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48
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Elman JA, Panizzon MS, Logue MW, Gillespie NA, Neale MC, Reynolds CA, Gustavson DE, Rana BK, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Franz CE, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Genetic risk for coronary heart disease alters the influence of Alzheimer's genetic risk on mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:237.e5-237.e12. [PMID: 31272697 PMCID: PMC6899214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding genetic influences on Alzheimer's disease (AD) may improve early identification. AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRSs) are associated with increased odds of AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Additional sources of genetic risk may also contribute to disease outcomes. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a risk factor for AD, interacts with AD pathology, and is also heritable. We showed that incidence-based and prevalence-based CAD-PRSs moderate the association between the AD-PRS and MCI, but in opposing directions. Higher incidence-based CAD-PRSs interacted with the AD-PRS to further increase MCI risk. Conversely, the AD-PRS was predictive of MCI when prevalence-based CAD-PRSs were low. The latter finding is likely due to prevalent CAD cases being biased toward longer postevent survival times, perhaps selecting for protective loci that offset AD risk. These results demonstrate (1) the importance of examining multiple PRSs and their interactions; (2) how genetic risk for one disease can modify the impact of genetic risk for another; and (3) the importance of considering ascertainment procedures of GWAS used for genetic risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD: Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and the Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston MA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kremen WS, Panizzon MS, Elman JA, Granholm EL, Andreassen OA, Dale AM, Gillespie NA, Gustavson DE, Logue MW, Lyons MJ, Neale MC, Reynolds CA, Whitsel N, Franz CE. Pupillary dilation responses as a midlife indicator of risk for Alzheimer's disease: association with Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:114-121. [PMID: 31585363 PMCID: PMC6931134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) tau accumulation begins early. Targeting LC (dys)function might improve early identification for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Pupillary responses during cognitive tasks are driven by the LC and index cognitive effort. Despite equivalent task performance, adults with mild cognitive impairment have greater pupil dilation/effort during digit span than cognitively normal (CN) individuals. We hypothesized that AD polygenic risk scores (AD-PRSs) would be associated with pupillary responses in middle-aged CN adults. Pupillary responses during digit span tasks were heritable (h2 = 0.30-0.36) in 1119 men aged 56-66 years. In a CN subset-all with comparable span capacities (n = 539)-higher AD-PRSs were associated with greater pupil dilation/effort in a high (9-digit) cognitive load condition (Cohen's d = 0.36 for upper vs. lower quartile of AD-PRS distribution). Results held up after controlling for APOE genotype. Results support pupillary response-and by inference, LC dysfunction-as a genetically mediated biomarker of early mild cognitive impairment/AD risk. In combination with other biomarkers, task-evoked pupillary responses may provide additional information for early screening of genetically at-risk individuals even before cognitive declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy A Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric L Granholm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Daniel E Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- National Center for PTSD: Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Whitsel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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50
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Sanderson-Cimino M, Panizzon MS, Elman JA, Gustavson DE, Franz CE, Reynolds CA, Toomey R, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS. Genetic and environmental architecture of processing speed across midlife. Neuropsychology 2019; 33:862-871. [PMID: 31192653 PMCID: PMC6710143 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Processing Speed (PS) is an important domain in cognitive aging that is characterized by multiple related but nonidentical abilities. Few studies have directly investigated the relationships among PS measures, and none have used genetically informed methods. In this study, we examined the relationship between measures of PS at up to two time points during middle age. METHOD We examined data from 1,262 middle-aged men when the sample was at a mean age of 56 and a mean age 62 years. Participants completed 6 measures of PS from three different cognitive tests. We used a genetically informative, confirmatory factor analytic approach to evaluate the phenotypic and genetic relationships cross-sectionally at both single time points and across time. RESULTS A higher-order common PS factor accounted for the covariance among three test-specific factors, and each test-specific factor accounted for the covariance between two observed measures. The general PS factor was explained primarily by genetic influences at both time points (a²age56 = .75, a²age62 = .64), and all test-specific factors were heritable (a² range: .45 to .65). Factor loadings from the test-specific factors to the general PS factor varied from λ = .46 to .82. The model was stable over time, although there were differing rates of phenotypic change among latent factors (.20 SD to .44 SD). Cross-time genetic correlations were near unity for all latent factors. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PS is highly heritable when considered at a latent variable level, and that there are different rates of change in tests of PS within this sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State/University of California, San Diego
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | - Jeremy A. Elman
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | - Daniel E. Gustavson
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Boston University
| | | | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System
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