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Moglad E, Elekhnawy E, Negm WA, Eliwa D, Sami Younis S, Mohamed Elmansory B, Mahgoub S, Ahmed EA, Momtaz Al-Fakhrany O. Antibacterial and anti-Toxoplasma activities of Aspergillus niger endophytic fungus isolated from Ficus retusa: in vitro and in vivo approach. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2023; 51:297-308. [PMID: 37224186 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2215531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Emergent records propose that Aspergillus niger endophytic fungus is a vital source for various bioactive molecules possessing many biological properties. The current study was designed to inspect the antibacterial and anti-Toxoplasma potentials of Ficus retusa-derived endophytic fungi. After isolation and identification (using 18S rRNA gene sequencing) of A. niger endophytic fungus, LC/MS was utilized for identification and authentication of the chemical profile of the A. niger endophyte extract. Then, the fungal extract was assessed for its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Additionally, its efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii was elucidated in vivo. The fungal extract displayed antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 64-512 µg/mL. It also possessed a membrane potential dissipating effect using flow cytometry. Moreover, it formed distorted cells with rough surfaces and deformed shapes using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regarding its antibiofilm activity, it resulted in a dysregulation of the genes encoding biofilm formation (fimH, mrkA and mrkD) using qRT-PCR in nine K. pneumoniae isolates. The in vivo anti-Toxoplasma potential was demonstrated by decreasing the mortality rate of mice and reducing the tachyzoites' count in the peritoneal fluids and liver impression smears of mice. In addition, the deformities of the parasite decreased, as revealed by SEM and the inflammation in tissues diminished. Thus, A. niger endophytic fungi could be a valuable source of antibacterial and anti-Toxoplasma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Salwa Sami Younis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Sebaey Mahgoub
- Department of Basic Research, Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Basic Research, Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Saleh A, Abdelkader DH, El-Masry TA, Eliwa D, Alotaibi B, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E. Antiviral and antibacterial potential of electrosprayed PVA/PLGA nanoparticles loaded with chlorogenic acid for the management of coronavirus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2023; 51:255-267. [PMID: 37154794 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2207606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The current paper aims to treat this respiratory disorder. Therefore, we elucidated the phytochemical profile of Euphorbia milii flowers and isolated chlorogenic acid (CGA) for the first time. The electrospraying technique was utilized to prepare CGA nanoparticles in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/PLGA polymeric matrix. Complete in vitro characterizations were performed to determine particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, loading efficiency (LE), scanning electron microscopy and in vitro release study. The optimum formula (F2) with a particle size (454.36 ± 36.74 nm), a surface charge (-4.56 ± 0.84 mV), % of LE (80.23 ± 5.74), an initial burst (29.46 ± 4.79) and % cumulative release (97.42 ± 4.72) were chosen for further activities. In the murine lung infection model, PVA/PLGA NPs loaded with CGA (F2) demonstrated in vivo antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using a plaque assay, the in vitro antiviral activity was investigated. The F2 exhibited antiviral activity against coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), NRCEHKU270). The IC50 of F2 against HCoV-229E and MERS-CoV was 170 ± 1.1 and 223 ± 0.88 µg/mL, respectively. The values of IC50 of F2 were significantly lower (p < .05) than that of free CGA. Therefore, the encapsulation of CGA into electrospray PVA/PLGA NPs would be a promising tool as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia H Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Badriyah Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Saleh A, Negm WA, El-Masry TA, Eliwa D, Alotaibi B, Alosaimi ME, Alotaibi KN, Magdeldin S, Mahgoub S, Elekhnawy E. Anti-inflammatory potential of Penicillium brefeldianum endophytic fungus supported with phytochemical profiling. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:83. [PMID: 37106372 PMCID: PMC10141907 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Various factors contribute to the development of the acute inflammation process, like the pro-inflammatory cytokines, certain enzymes as well as oxidative stress mediators. The anti-inflammatory potential of the endophytic fungus Penicillium brefeldianum was explored in carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. After isolation of the fungus from Acalypha hispida leaves, it was identified by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Then, its phytochemical profile was elucidated using LC-ESI-MS/MS technique. There was a remarkable decrease in the edema weight in the endophytic fungi-treated group (200 mg/kg). Also, this group had few inflammatory cells and thickened epidermis with underlying moderate collagenosis when stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Besides, immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies of cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha showed a decrease in the positive immune cells in the endophytic fungi treated group (200 mg/kg) in relation to the positive control. Interestingly, the levels of the inflammatory as well as oxidative stress markers, including prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde, which are hallmarks of the inflammatory process, considerably diminished (p < 0.05) in this group. qRT-PCR was utilised to elucidate the impact of the endophytic fungi treatment on the expression of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) genes, which decreased in comparison with the positive control group. Consequently, we can deduce that P. brefeldianum endophytic fungus has a promising anti-inflammatory potential and should be extensively studied on a broader range in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 84428 Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Badriyah Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 84428 Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal E. Alosaimi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 84428 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Department of Basic Research, Children’s Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, 11441 Egypt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | - Sebaey Mahgoub
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Research Program, Department of Basic Research, Children’s Cancer Hospital 57357, Cairo, 11441 Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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Eliwa D, Kabbash A, El-Aasr M, Tawfik HO, Batiha GES, Mahmoud MH, De Waard M, Eldehna WM, Ibrahim ARS. Papaverinol- N-Oxide: A Microbial Biotransformation Product of Papaverine with Potential Antidiabetic and Antiobesity Activity Unveiled with In Silico Screening. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041583. [PMID: 36838572 PMCID: PMC9963078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioconversion of biosynthetic heterocyclic compounds has been utilized to produce new semisynthetic pharmaceuticals and study the metabolites of bioactive drugs used systemically. In this investigation, the biotransformation of natural heterocyclic alkaloid papaverine via filamentous fungi was explored. Molecular docking simulations, using protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase (PL) as target enzymes, were performed to investigate the antidiabetic potential of papaverine and its metabolites in silico. The metabolites were isolated from biotransformation of papaverine with Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 2310, Rhodotorula rubra NRRL y1592, Penicillium chrysogeneum ATCC 10002 and Cunninghamella blackesleeana NRRL 1369 via reduction, demethylation, N-oxidation, oxidation and hydroxylation reactions. Seven metabolites were isolated: namely, 3,4-dihydropapaverine (metabolite 1), papaveroline (metabolite 2), 7-demethyl papaverine (metabolite 3), 6,4'-didemethyl papaverine (metabolite 4), papaverine-3-ol (metabolite 5), papaverinol (metabolite 6) and papaverinol N-oxide (metabolite 7). The structural elucidation of the metabolites was investigated with 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopy (EI and ESI). The molecular docking studies showed that metabolite 7 exhibited better binding interactions with the target enzymes PTP1B, α-glucosidase and PL than did papaverine. Furthermore, papaverinol-N-oxide (7) also displayed inhibition of α-glucosidase and lipase enzymes comparable to that of their ligands (acarbose and orlistat, respectively), as unveiled with an in silico ADMET profile, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for enhanced inhibition of PTP1B, α-glucosidase and PL via some papaverine fungal transformation products and, therefore, potentially better antidiabetic and antiobesity effects than those of papaverine and other known therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (D.E.); (M.E.-A.); (A.-R.S.I.)
| | - Amal Kabbash
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mona El-Aasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (D.E.); (M.E.-A.); (A.-R.S.I.)
| | - Haytham O. Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michel De Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 Rue Des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egrève, France
- L’institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France
- LabEx Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahim S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Correspondence: (D.E.); (M.E.-A.); (A.-R.S.I.)
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Eliwa D, Ibrahim ARS, Kabbash A, El-Aasr M, Tomczyk M, Bin Jardan YA, Batiha GES, Ragab AE. Biotransformation of Modified Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids: Boldine and Berberine and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Metabolites on Telomerase and Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1195. [PMID: 36297307 PMCID: PMC9611891 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural nitrogen heterocycles biotransformation has been extensively used to prepare synthetic drugs and explore the fate of therapeutic agents inside the body. Herein, the ability of filamentous fungi to biotransform boldine and berberine was investigated. Docking simulation studies of boldine, berberine and their metabolites on the target enzymes: telomerase (TERT) and human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) were also performed to investigate the anticancer and antidiabetic potentials of compounds in silico. The biotransformation of boldine and berberine with Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 2310, Rhodotorula rubra NRRL y1592, Penicillium chrysogeneum ATCC 10002, Cunninghamella blackesleeana MR198 and Cunninghamella blackesleeana NRRL 1369 via demethylation, N- oxidation, glucosidation, oxidation and hydroxylation reactions produced seven metabolites, namely: 1,10-didesmethyl-boldine (1), laurolitsine (2), 1,10-didesmethyl-norboldine (3), boldine-9-O-β-D-glucoside (4), tridesmethyl berberine (5), demethylene berberine (6), and lambertine (7). Primarily, the structures of the metabolites were established by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses and mass spectrometry. In silico molecular docking simulation of the metabolites of boldine and berberine to the proteins TERT and PTP-1B, respectively, revealed good binding MolDock scores comparable to boldine and berberine and favorable interactions with the catalytic sites of the proteins. In conclusion, this study presented promising biologically prepared nitrogen scaffolds (isoquinolines) of boldine and berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Kabbash
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mona El-Aasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Amany E. Ragab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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El-Aasr M, Eliwa D, Albadry M, Ibrahim ARS, Kabbash A, Meepagala KM, Khan IA, Khan SI, Ross SA. Microbial transformation of some simple isoquinoline and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and in vitro studies of their metabolites. Phytochemistry 2021; 189:112828. [PMID: 34174637 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple isoquinoline alkaloids (heliamine, dehydroheliamine), a phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid noscapine, and an aporphine alkaloid boldine are biosynthetically derived from an amino acid tyrosine. These substrates and a simple synthetic isoquinoline alkaloid (2-acetyl-7-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) contain an isoquinoline nucleus. The biotransformation of these substrates via reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation, and N-oxidation reactions with different microorganism produced nine metabolites, namely: N-(2-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-yl) acetamide (Metabolite 1), heliamine N-oxide (Metabolite 2), 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (Metabolite 3), 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy isoquinolin-1-one (Metabolite 4), heliamine (Metabolite 5), dehydroheliamine N-oxide (Metabolite 6), cotarnine (Metabolite 7), 5-hydroxy cotarnine (Metabolite 8), and boldine N-oxide (Metabolite 9). Primarily, the metabolites are structurally elucidated by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). Furthermore, the substrates and their isolated metabolites are evaluated in vitro for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and anticancer activities. The in vitro studies reveal that some of the isolated compounds are potential as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El-Aasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Duaa Eliwa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt; National Center of Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed Albadry
- National Center of Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Abdel-Rahim S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Amal Kabbash
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center of Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center of Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center of Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
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Eliwa D, Albadry MA, Ibrahim ARS, Kabbash A, Meepagala K, Khan IA, El-Aasr M, Ross SA. Biotransformation of papaverine and in silico docking studies of the metabolites on human phosphodiesterase 10a. Phytochemistry 2021; 183:112598. [PMID: 33360527 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of papaverine, the opium benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, with Aspergillus niger NRRL 322, Beauveria bassiana NRRL 22864, Cunninghamella echinulate ATCC 18968 and Cunninghamella echinulate ATCC 1382 has resulted in O-demethylation, O-methylglucosylation and N-oxidation products. Two new metabolites (4″-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) 4'-demethyl papaverine and (4″-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) 6-demethyl papaverine, (Metabolites 5 and 6) together with 4'-O-demethylated papaverine (Metabolite 1), 3'-O-demethylated papaverine (Metabolite 2), 6-O-demethylated papaverine (Metabolite 3) and papaverine N-oxide (Metabolite 4) were isolated. The structure elucidation of the metabolites was based primarily on 1D, 2D-NMR analyses and HRMS. These metabolism results were consistent with the previous plant cell transformation studies on papaverine and isopapaverine and the microbial metabolism of papaveraldine. In silico docking studies of the metabolites using crystals of human phosphodiesterase 10a (hPDE10a) revealed that compounds 4, 1, 6, 3, and 5 possess better docking scores and binding poses with favorable interactions than the native ligand papaverine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Eliwa
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Albadry
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Abdel-Rahim S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Amal Kabbash
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Kumudini Meepagala
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Mona El-Aasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
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