First report of Tunisian patients with CDKL5-related encephalopathy

OBJECTIVE

Mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 gene (CDKL5) are associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EOEE) is the most recognized phenotype. Here we describe phenotypic features in 8 Tunisian patients with CDKL5-related encephalopathy.

METHODS

We included all cases with clinical features consistent with CDKL5-related encephalopathy: infantile epileptic spasm, acquired microcephaly, movement disorders and visual impairment. We collected data about seizure types, electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging and metabolic analysis. The diagnosis of CDKL5 mutation was made thanks to Sanger sequencing with an ABI PRISM 3100-Avant automated DNA sequencer using a Big Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Reaction Kit v1.1. and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) since the development of a gene panel responsible for DEE within the framework of "Strengthening the Sfax University Expertise for diagnosis and management of epileptic encephalopathies".

RESULTS

We collected 4 boys and 4 girls aged meanly 6-years-old with confirmed mutation on CDKL5 gene. Overall, we identified 5 de novo CDKL5 mutations including three Frameshift mutations; one missense mutation and a splicing variant. The mean age at first seizure onset was 4 months. The first seizure type was infantile epileptic spasm (4/8) followed by tonic (2/8) and myoclonic seizures (2/8). Out of 8 cases, 4 exhibited two stages epileptic course while epilepsy in 3 other patients progressed on three stages. Regarding development, most cases (6/8) had psychomotor retardation from the start whilst the two others showed psychomotor regression with the onset of seizures. Additional clinical features included visual impairment (7/8), tone abnormalities (7/8), stereotypies (7/8) and acquired microcephaly (6/8).

SIGNIFICANCE

Our present report delineates an unusual phenotype of CDKL5-related encephalopathy with male gender predominance and delayed onset epilepsy. It interestingly described new phenotypic features and uncommon benign developmental profiles in boys, different patterns of CDKL5-epilepsy, neuroimaging findings and CDKL5 mutational spectru.

Challenges to associate early onset epilepsy with COVID-19 autoimmune encephalitis: A case report

BACKGROUND

Diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related neurological events in the pediatric population is challenging. Overlapping clinical picture of children with altered neurological state and inborn errors of metabolism, in addition to the frequency of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases, pose the main challenges for diagnosis. Diagnostic approaches to the onset post-COVID 19 subacute encephalopathy are still troublesome as seronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is reported.

CASE SUMMARY

A 27-mo-old boy was admitted for stormy refractory seizure of polymorphic semiology and altered mental status followed by various neuropsychiatric features that were suggestive of AIE. Brain magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. Neither the immunological assessment, including viral serologies, antinuclear antibodies, autoimmune antibodies (NMDA, AMPA, CASPR2, LG11, GABARB, Hu, Yo, Ri, CV2, PNMA2, SOX1, Titin, amphiphysin, Recoverin), nor the metabolic assessment for lactate and pyruvate showed significant anomaly. Both positive history of COVID-19 infection and the findings of characteristic repetitive extreme delta brush played a key role in the diagnosis of COVID-19-related AIE. A remarkable improvement in the state of the child was noted after two pulse doses of intravenous Veino-globulin and high dose of intravenous Corticosteroid.

CONCLUSION

Diagnostic biomarkers for AIE might aid effective treatment.

Acute Demyelinating Syndromes: A report of child neurology department of Sfax University Hospital

INTRODUCTION

The yearly incidence of Acute Demyelinating Syndromes (ADS) in a multiethnic cohort of children published by Langer-Gould and al in 2011 was estimated at about 1.66 per 100,000. Nevertheless, the real incidence for these disorders is still underestimated as the iterative revision for diagnosis criteria have failed to classify a significant number of children with ADS.

PURPOSE

This work was aimed to describe clinical and paraclinical characteristics of ADS in a pediatric population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Demographic, clinical and paraclinical data of 42 children (24 females; 18 male; SR = 1.33), were collected from the medical records of patients admitted to the child neurology department of Sfax University Hospital between 2008 and 2021 for clinical events with presumed inflammatory origin. Next, patients were categorized as per M. N. Nouri and al. up dated classification for ADS. Finally, characteristics of different ADS categories were compared.

RESULTS

The mean age onset was 6 years (± 3.5 years). For a mean follow-up period of 28 months, 69% of patients had a monophasic course. ADS in our pediatric population were Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (36%), Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) (24%), Multiple sclerosis (MS) (19%), Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) (7%), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies-associated diseases (MOGAD) (2%) and Recurrent demyelinating disease not otherwise specified (RD-NOS) (10%). At presentation, patients showed different clinical picture according to ADS-subtype with more patients with epileptic seizure in ADEM-group (53.3%), optic neuritis in CIS-group (70%), motor deficit in MS-group (62.5%), area postrema syndrome in NMOSD-group (33.3%) and vesico-sphincter dysfunction in RD-NOS-group (75%). Among patients presenting with visual impairment (21.4%), Visual evoked potential (VEP) guided the diagnosis of NMOSD in 22.2% by objectifying axonal optic nerve damage. Different ADS subtypes were identified according to MRI results in 100% of ADEM-patients and 75% of MS-patients and on antibody testing in three patients. The ADS-subtype was recognized based on antibody testing in three patients. Two patients from CIS-group: the first with isolated optic neuritis (ON) was positive for antiaquaporin 4 antibodies (anti-AQP4) and the other with clinically polyfocal ADS was positive for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) type anti-RNP. The remaining patients who presented with ADEM-phenotype was positive for anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG).

SIGNIFICANCE

Recognizing distinctive features of each ADS category may improve diagnosis accuracy as well as the indication of suitable treatment.

Brain Tuberculomas as BCGitis Complication Presenting with Epileptic Spasms: A Case Report

Central nervous system (CNS) BCGitis is a rare but a very severe complication of the Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine. It could be a diagnostic challenge that may lead to a delay in treatment. A 5-month-old boy presented with infantile spasms, had posted natal BCG vaccination and developed brain tuberculomas as brain BCGitis. Laboratory findings were normal. He received 14 months of antitubercular regimen with good tolerance and both clinical and radiological improvement. The main difficulty in brain BCGitis is to make a diagnosis that requires histological or bacteriological examination. A good evolution without sequel could be seen if it is treated early.

Clinical and genetic aspect of 30 tunisian families with febrile seizures

BACKGROUND

FS are the most benign occasional seizures in childhood. Little is known about the long term follow up.  Aim: To describe a long term follow-up of FS in Tunisian families.

METHODS

Field study was conducted for 30 patients with FS. We analyzed clinical phenotype of FS and associated afebrile seizures with genetic study.

RESULTS

We collected 107 individuals with febrile and / or afebrile seizures. Afebrile seizures were found in 28.3% of patients. The "FS" phenotype was found in 18 families (60%), "GEFS +" in 7 (23.33%), and idiopathic generalized epilepsy in 5 (16.66%). Sequencing analyses of SCN1A, SCN1B and GABRG2 genes revealed a novel SCN1B gene mutation in one family with FS and a known SCN1A mutation in GEFS+ family.

CONCLUSION

If FS are apparently isolated and infrequent, they occur most often in a family setting. The genetic studies remain difficult mainly because of the lack of phenotype-genotype correlation.

What is the interest of the electroencephalogram in the syndromic diagnosis?

INTRODUCTION

The identification of the epileptic syndrome is a challenge particularly in childhood epilepsies. In fact, the diagnosis may need several years to be fulfilled.

OBSERVATION

Our patient presented at the age of 3 years 6 months atypical absence. His electroencephalogram (EEG) showed generalized spikes and waves andpolyspikes and waves. At age 6, he has developed other types of seizures: slow fall of the head, shoulders jerks,slow fall to the side and loss of consciousness. All these phenomena were organized in a fortuitous and variable association from one period to another over 2 years. Meanwhile, the child developed cognitive impairment. EEG showed fast rhythms in sleep and waking. It was only at the age of 8years, whenthe child developedtonic seizures,that we made the diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

CONCLUSION

In the absence of Specific Markers, syndromic diagnosis in epilepsy remains Electro- clinical.