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Akilandeswari P, Manoranjitham T, Kalaivani J, Nagarajan G. Air quality prediction for sustainable development using LSTM with weighted distance grey wolf optimizer. Soft comput 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-023-07997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Nagarajan G, Aruna A, Chang YM, Alkhamis YA, Mathew RT, Chang CF. Effects of Osmotic Stress on the mRNA Expression of prl, prlr, gr, gh, and ghr in the Pituitary and Osmoregulatory Organs of Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065318. [PMID: 36982391 PMCID: PMC10049143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In euryhaline teleost black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, the glucocorticoid receptor (gr), growth hormone receptor (ghr), prolactin (prl)-receptor (prlr), and sodium–potassium ATPase alpha subunit (α-nka) play essential physiological roles in the osmoregulatory organs, including the gill, kidney, and intestine, during osmotic stress. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of pituitary hormones and hormone receptors in the osmoregulatory organs during the transfer from freshwater (FW) to 4 ppt and seawater (SW) and vice versa in black porgy. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) was carried out to analyze the transcript levels during salinity and osmoregulatory stress. Increased salinity resulted in decreased transcripts of prl in the pituitary, α-nka and prlr in the gill, and α-nka and prlr in the kidney. Increased salinity caused the increased transcripts of gr in the gill and α-nka in the intestine. Decreased salinity resulted in increased pituitary prl, and increases in α-nka and prlr in the gill, and α-nka, prlr, and ghr in the kidney. Taken together, the present results highlight the involvement of prl, prlr, gh, and ghr in the osmoregulation and osmotic stress in the osmoregulatory organs (gill, intestine, and kidney). Pituitary prl, and gill and intestine prlr are consistently downregulated during the increased salinity stress and vice versa. It is suggested that prl plays a more significant role in osmoregulation than gh in the euryhaline black porgy. Furthermore, the present results highlighted that the gill gr transcript’s role was solely to balance the homeostasis in the black porgy during salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Basic Sciences, PYD, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +966-0135896810 (G.N.); +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5209) (C.-F.C.)
| | - Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Yousef Ahmed Alkhamis
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roshmon Thomas Mathew
- Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +966-0135896810 (G.N.); +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5209) (C.-F.C.)
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Minu RI, Nagarajan G, Mary AVA, Selvan MP, Saravanan TR. Empirical evidence of effects of stringency amid Covid-19 pandemic spread. Soft comput 2023; 27:569-577. [PMID: 35399652 PMCID: PMC8976218 DOI: 10.1007/s00500-022-06986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide an insight on effect of stringency in Covid-19 spread in India especially in Chennai, a city were more lockdown, and restrictions was imposed to control the infection. Even though the restriction was imposed in the country by the end of March 2020, the growth reduction was seen in the mid of June as the awareness was increased. The average Covid-19 case growth was got reduce from 3.43 to 2.62% by July mid. To analysis the impact of stringency, a detailed analysis was done on Chennai city which was imposed with more repeated lockdowns to flatten the curve. We tried to fit a regression line with three difference scenario of data. The results show a promising R-squared and p value, with a right skewed distribution normal probability plot. The impact of lockdown in people's lives in different sectors were also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. I. Minu
- SRM Institute of Science and Technlogy, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - G. Nagarajan
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technlogy, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - T. R. Saravanan
- SRM Institute of Science and Technlogy, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
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Abdelli N, Mekawi E, Ebrahim Abdel-Alim M, Salim NS, El-Nagar M, Al-Dalain SY, Adlan Abdalla R, Nagarajan G, Fadhal E, Ibrahim RIH, Afkar E, Morsy MK. QTRAP LC/MS/MS of Garlic Nanoparticles and Improving Sunflower Oil Stabilization during Accelerated Shelf Life Storage. Foods 2022; 11:foods11243962. [PMID: 36553704 PMCID: PMC9778114 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess and utilize the bioactive compounds of garlic nanoparticles (Ga-NPs) as a natural antioxidant in sunflower oil (SFO) stored at 65 ± 1 °C for 24 days. The garlic nanoparticles (Ga-NPs) from the Balady cultivar were prepared, characterized, and added to SFO at three concentrations: 200, 600, and 1000 ppm (w/v), and they were compared with 600 ppm garlic lyophilized powder extract (Ga-LPE), 200 ppm BHT, 200 ppm α-tocopherol, and SFO without Ga-NPs (control). The QTRAP LC/MS/MS profile of Ga-NPs revealed the presence of four organosulfur compounds. Ga-NPs exhibited the highest capacity for phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant compounds. In Ga-NP SFO samples, the values of peroxide, p-anisidine, totox, conjugated dienes, and conjugated trienes were significantly lower than the control. The antioxidant indices of SFO samples containing Ga-NPs were higher than the control. The Ga-NPs enhanced the sensory acceptability of SFO treatments up to day 24 of storage. The shelf life of SFO treated with Ga-NPs was substantially increased (presuming a Q10 amount). The results show that Ga-NPs are a powerful antioxidant that improves SFO stability and extends the shelf life (~384 days at 25 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Abdelli
- Department of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (M.K.M.)
| | - Enas Mekawi
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluobia P.O. Box 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ebrahim Abdel-Alim
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluobia P.O. Box 13736, Egypt
| | - Nesreen Saad Salim
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluobia P.O. Box 13736, Egypt
| | - Mahran El-Nagar
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluobia P.O. Box 13736, Egypt
| | - Sati Y. Al-Dalain
- Department of Medical Support, Al-Karak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt P.O. Box 19117, Jordan
| | - Ridab Adlan Abdalla
- Department of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Fadhal
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid I. H. Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Khartoum University, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum 11115, Sudan
| | - Eman Afkar
- Department of Basic Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, Bani-Suef University, Bani-Suef P.O. Box 52621, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K. Morsy
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluobia P.O. Box 13736, Egypt
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (M.K.M.)
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Minu RI, Nagarajan G. A Statistical Non-Parametric data analysis for COVID-19 incidence data. ISA Trans 2022; 130:675-683. [PMID: 35680452 PMCID: PMC9157379 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of COVID-19 on the Global scale is tremendously drastic. There are several types of research going on across the world simultaneously to understand and overcome this dire pandemic outbreak. This paper is purely a statistical study on a distinct set of datasets regarding COVID-19 in India. The motivation of this study is to provide an insight into the rapid growth of confirmed COVID-19 cases in India. METHODS The rapid growth of COVID-19 cases in India started in March 2020. The main objective of this paper is to provide a solid statistical model for the policymaker to handle this kind of pandemic situation in the near future with nonlinear data. In this paper, the data was got from 1st April to 29th November 2020. To come up with a solid statistical model, various nonlinear data such as confirmed COVID-19 cases, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, the total population (state-wise), the total area in km2 (state-wise), and the total rural and urban population count (state-wise) have been analyzed. In this paper, six different Generalized Additive Models (GAM) was identified after a thorough analysis of other researchers' (Xie and Zhu, 2020; Prata et al., 2020) findings. RESULTS In all perspectives, the results were identified and analyzed. The GAM model regarding total COVID-19 confirmed cases, total population, and the total rural population provides the best average fit of R2 value of 0.934. As the population value is quite high, the author has concise it using logarithm to provide the best p-value of 0.000542 and 0.001407 for a relation between the total number of COVID-19 cases regarding the total population and total rural population respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Minu
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India.
| | - G Nagarajan
- Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, India.
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Alkhamis YA, Mathew RT, Nagarajan G, Rahman SM, Rahman MM. pH induced stress enhances lipid accumulation in microalgae grown under mixotrophic and autotrophic condition. Front Energy Res 2022; 10. [DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2022.1033068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Production of biodiesel together with wastewater treatment and CO2 sequestration is a promising technology. The growing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase the amount of dissolved CO2 in natural watercourses, triggering the increase in concentrations of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions while dropping those of carbonate and hydroxyl ions. The active carbon cycling in coastal areas, which can result in periodic and daily fluctuations in pH and CO2 concentrations that may surpass those anticipated for the extensive marine ecosystems, is regarded as one of the consequences of climate change. Studies were conducted to examine the effects of various pH levels on algal growth and lipid production in order to better understand how the growth of algae may be influenced in such conditions. In the present study, the influence of three different pH levels (6, 8, and 10) was studied to evaluate microalgae’s carbohydrate utilisation and lipid accumulation during the operation’s starvation phase (SP). Microalgae, in the study, were cultivated in two modes, namely mixotrophic [growth phase (GP)] and autotrophic [pH-induced (SP)] conditions. Enhancement in biomass formation, and intracellular carbohydrate accumulation were recorded during the GP operation, while noticeable lipid productivities (Total/neutral, 26.93/10.3%) were observed during SP operation at pH 8. Pigment analysis showed variations in both the procedures where higher Chl a concentration was noticed in GP, and higher Chl b was detected during SP. Nile red fluorescent staining strongly supports the existence of intracellular lipid bodies (LB). GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) showed the existence of a substantial amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) compared with unsaturated fatty acids (USFA). Efficient wastewater treatment with nutrient assimilation was reported during the GP operation, demonstrating the phyco-remediation.
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Nagarajan G, Aruna A, Alkhamis YA, Mathew RT, Chang CF. Expression and Transcript Localization of star, sf-1, and dax-1 in the Early Brain of the Orange-Spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052614. [PMID: 35269757 PMCID: PMC8910455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the developmental expression and localization of sf-1 and dax-1 transcripts in the brain of the juvenile orange-spotted grouper in response to steroidogenic enzyme gene at various developmental ages in relation to gonadal sex differentiation. The sf-1 transcripts were significantly higher from 110-dah (day after hatching) and gradually increased up to 150-dah. The dax-1 mRNA, on the other hand, showed a decreased expression during this period, in contrast to sf-1 expression. At the same time, the early brain had increased levels of steroidogenic gene (star). sf-1 and star hybridization signals were found to be increased in the ventromedial hypothalamus at 110-dah; however, dax-1 mRNA signals decreased in the early brain toward 150-dah. Furthermore, the exogenous estradiol upregulated star and sf-1 transcripts in the early brain of the grouper. These findings suggest that sf-1 and dax-1 may have an antagonistic expression pattern in the early brain during gonadal sex differentiation. Increased expression of steroidogenic gene together with sf-1 during gonadal differentiation strongly suggests that sf-1 may play an important role in the juvenile grouper brain steroidogenesis and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Nagarajan
- Basic Sciences Department, PYD, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for the Ocean, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +966-0135896810 (G.N.); +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5209) (C.-F.C.)
| | - Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Yousef Ahmed Alkhamis
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Roshmon Thomas Mathew
- Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Hofuf-420, Al-Asha 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Ocean, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +966-0135896810 (G.N.); +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 5209) (C.-F.C.)
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Poornima R, Elangovan M, Nagarajan G. Network attack classification using LSTM with XGBoost feature selection. IFS 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-212731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolving new and modern technologies raise the risks in the network which will be affected by several attacks and thus give rise to developing efficient network attack detection and classification methods. Here in this article for predicting and classifying the network attacks, the LSTM neural network with XGBoost is suggested in which the NSL-KDD dataset was utilized to train the LSTM in the study. In the beginning, the unnecessary data and the noisy data will be eliminated using the dataset and the feature subset with the most compelling features will be selected using the feature selection. By utilizing the essential data, the proposed system will be trained and the training parameter values will be modified for maximizing the functionality of the proposed system. Then, the result of the proposed system will be evaluated with some of the existing machine learning and deep learning algorithms such as SVM, LR, RF, DNN, and CNN with the performance metrics like Accuracy, F1 score, Recall, and Precision. It was found that the proposed model outperforms better than the other algorithms as this model is trained with the most important features and due to this, the training time and overfitting of the learning model was reduced thereby increasing the model effectiveness
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Changal H, Purohit R, Nagarajan G, Sivalingam P. Characterisation of Salivary Gland Proteins and P-18 Gene of Camel Ticks from Bikaner. J CAMEL PRACT RES 2022. [DOI: 10.5958/2277-8934.2022.00051.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Aruna A, Wang TP, Cao JC, Lan DS, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. Differential Expression of Hypothalamic and Gill- crh System With Osmotic Stress in the Euryhaline Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Front Physiol 2021; 12:768122. [PMID: 34858213 PMCID: PMC8632050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.768122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The local gill production of corticotropin releasing hormone (crh) and crh-receptor (crhr) is hypothesized to play important roles during seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW) acclimation in euryhaline black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The mRNA expression of crh, crhr, and Na +/K + -ATPase (a-nka) was examined in SW and FW diencephalon (Dien) and in the gills at different exposure time by Q-PCR analysis. The in situ hybridization results indicate that crh mRNA hybridization signals were more abundant in FW fish in the gigantocellular (PMgc) and parvocellular (PMpc) part of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus versus SW fish. The crh and crhr-expressing cells were located in basal cells of gill filament. Furthermore, in vitro dexamethasone (DEX) treatment could increase the crh-system in the gill. Increased transcripts of the crh-system in the gill via in vitro and in vivo CRH treatments suggest that CRH may regulate the system in a local manner. The a-Nka cells were localized in the filament and secondary lamellae mitochondria rich cells (MRCs) of FW fish at 8 h and 1 day. a-Nka cells were seen in both filament and lamellae in the FW but much less in SW fish indicating that gills play key roles in black porgy osmoregulation. Gill crh and crhr play important roles in the response to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Ping Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Cing Cao
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Dan-Suei Lan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Basic Sciences, PYD, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Aruna A, Lin CJ, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. Neurohypophysial Hormones Associated with Osmotic Challenges in the Brain and Pituitary of the Euryhaline Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113086. [PMID: 34831308 PMCID: PMC8624723 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study showed differential expression of the arginine vasotocin (avt)/isotocin (it) in the brain and pituitary gland of the euryhaline black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) during osmotic stress. A decrease in serum osmolality and increased cortisol levels were observed after acute transfer from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW). The increased expressions of avt, avt receptor (avtr: v1a), and isotocin receptor (itr: itr1) transcripts on day 1 and it and itr transcripts on days 7 and 30 were found in the brains and pituitary glands of FW fish. Increased levels of avt mRNA in the diencephalon and avtr mRNA in the pituitary together with serum cortisol on day 1 of FW exposure indicated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. The expression levels of avtr and itr after FW transfer were increased in the pituitary on days 7 and 30. Furthermore, in situ hybridization demonstrated spatially differential expression of avt and itr transcripts in nucleus preopticus parvocellularis of pars gigantocellularis (PMgc), magnocellularis (PMmc), and parvocellularis (PMpc) of the preoptic area (POA). Positive signals for avt and it were highly abundant in PMpc after FW exposure. The data suggest involvement of neurohypophysial hormones in the brain (telencephalon and diencephalon) and pituitary for osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Ju Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91230, Taiwan;
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Department of Basic Sciences, PYD, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.)
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (C.-F.C.)
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Veeraiah S, Sudhakar R, Tripathy JP, Sankar D, Usharani A, Ramakrishnan S, Selvam J, Nagarajan G, Prabhakar DS, Swaminathan R. Tobacco use and quitting behaviour during COVID-19 lockdown. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:247-249. [PMID: 33688818 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J P Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - D Sankar
- Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | | | | | - J Selvam
- Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
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Chang NS, Wang WJ, Ho PC, Nagarajan G, Chen YA, Kuo HL. WWOX possesses
N
‐terminal cell surface‐exposed epitopes WWOX7‐21 and WWOX7‐11 for signaling cancer growth suppression and prevention
in vivo. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Nagarajan
- Department of CSE, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R.I. Minu
- Department of CSE, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nagarajan G, Pourouchottamane R, Reddy GBM, Yogisharadhya R, Sumana K, Rajapandi S, Murali G, Thirumaran SMK, Mallick PK, Rajendiran AS. Molecular characterization of Orf virus isolates from Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Vet World 2019; 12:1022-1027. [PMID: 31528027 PMCID: PMC6702573 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1022-1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was carried out to find out the causative agent of exanthematous skin lesions in sheep maintained by Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Orf virus (ORFV) B2L gene-specific primers was carried out by employing the total genomic DNA isolated from the scabs as the template. The ORFV isolates from Kodai hills were characterized by the use of bioinformatics tools. Results: The amino acid identity of ORFV isolate 1 from Kodai hills is having 98.14%, 96.29%, and 83.59% identity with reference strains of ORFV, Pseudocowpox virus, and bovine papular stomatitis virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV isolates from Kodai hills clustered with the other ORFV isolates from different geographical areas of India. Conclusion: The etiological agent of exanthematous skin lesion among sheep of Kodai hills is ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pourouchottamane
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - K Sumana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Rajapandi
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - G Murali
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S M K Thirumaran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mallick
- ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - A S Rajendiran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jayakishan B, Nagarajan G, Arun J. Co-thermal liquefaction of Prosopis juliflora biomass with paint sludge for liquid hydrocarbons production. Bioresour Technol 2019; 283:303-307. [PMID: 30921583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Prosopis juliflora biomass was co-liquefied with hydrocarbons rich paint waste for next generation fuel (bio-oil) production. Co-liquefaction (HTL) was performed at varying biomass to paint waste ratios (1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2) at different temperatures from 340 to 440 °C for a holding time of 60 min. Bentonite catalyst was added from 1 to 5% wt. to the HTL reactor. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were carried out for bio-oil and HTL aqueous phase. Maximum bio-oil yield was around 49.26% wt. at 420 °C, 2:1 blend and 4% wt. of bentonite catalyst. Energy and carbon recovery of bio-oil was around 70% and 96% respectively. Additionally, HTL aqueous phase was analysed and it showed presence of acids molecules in it. The gas from HTL process contained Carbon dioxide (46.25%), Carbon monoxide (6.38%), Methane (9.35%) and hydrogen (24.53%).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jayakishan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Nagarajan
- I. C. Engines Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Anna University, Guindy, 600025 Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - J Arun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110 Tamil Nadu, India
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Nagarajan G, Jurkevich A, Kang SW, Kuenzel WJ. Anatomical and functional implications of corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurones in a septal nucleus of the avian brain: an emphasis on glial-neuronal interaction via V1a receptors in vitro. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28614607 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that corticotrophin-releasing hormone immunoreactive (CRH-IR) neurones in a septal structure are associated with stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in birds. In the present study, we focused upon CRH-IR neurones located within the septal structure called the nucleus of the hippocampal commissure (NHpC). Immunocytochemical and gene expression analyses were used to identify the anatomical and functional characteristics of cells within the NHpC. A comparative morphometry analysis showed that CRH-IR neurones in the NHpC were significantly larger than CRH-IR parvocellular neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Furthermore, these large neurones in the NHpC usually have more than two processes, showing characteristics of multipolar neurones. Utilisation of an organotypic slice culture method enabled testing of how CRH-IR neurones could be regulated within the NHpC. Similar to the PVN, CRH mRNA levels in the NHpC were increased following forskolin treatment. However, dexamethasone decreased forskolin-induced CRH gene expression only in the PVN and not in the NHpC, indicating differential inhibitory mechanisms in the PVN and the NHpC of the avian brain. Moreover, immunocytochemical evidence also showed that CRH-IR neurones reside in the NHpC along with the vasotocinergic system, comprising arginine vasotocin (AVT) nerve terminals and immunoreactive vasotocin V1a receptors (V1aR) in glia. Hence, we hypothesised that AVT acts as a neuromodulator within the NHpC to modulate activity of CRH neurones via glial V1aR. Gene expression analysis of cultured slices revealed that AVT treatment increased CRH mRNA levels, whereas a combination of AVT and a V1aR antagonist treatment decreased CRH mRNA expression. Furthermore, an attempt to identify an intercellular mechanism in glial-neuronal communication in the NHpC revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor (TrkB) could be involved in the signalling mechanism. Immunocytochemical results further showed that both BDNF and TrkB receptors were found in glia of the NHpC. Interestingly, in cultured brain slices containing the NHpC, the use of a selective TrkB antagonist decreased the AVT-induced increase in CRH gene expression levels. The results from the present study collectively suggest that CRH neuronal activity is modulated by AVT via V1aR involving BDNF and TrkB glia in the NHpC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - A Jurkevich
- Molecular Cytology Research Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S W Kang
- The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - W J Kuenzel
- The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Nagarajan G. Bond and Molecular Polarizabilities, Mean Amplitudes of Vibration and Thermodynamic Functions of Thorium Oxide and Zirconium Oxide. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1967-23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shanmugasundaram G, Nagarajan G. Spectroscopic Studies of Vibrational Constants and Thermodynamic Functions of Difluorochloramine and Dichlorofluoroamine. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1969-24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shanmugasundaram G, Nagarajan G. Mean Amplitudes of Vibration, Coriolis Coupling Constants, Shrinkage Effect, and Thermodynamic Functions of Aluminium Trifluoride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1969-24039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mallick PK, Thirumaran SMK, Pourouchottamane R, Rajapandi S, Venkataramanan R, Nagarajan G, Murali G, Rajendiran AS. Genetic trend for growth and wool performance in a closed flock of Bharat Merino sheep at sub temperate region of Kodai hills, Tamil Nadu. Vet World 2016; 9:276-80. [PMID: 27057111 PMCID: PMC4823288 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.276-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study was conducted at Southern Regional Research Center, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (CSWRI), Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu to estimate genetic trends for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (3WT), 6 months weight (6WT), and greasy fleece weight (GFY) in a Bharat Merino (BM) flock, where selection was practiced for 6WT and GFY. Materials and Methods: The data for this study represents a total of 1652 BM lambs; progeny of 144 sires spread over 15 years starting from 2000 to 2014, obtained from the BM flock of ICAR-SRRC (CSWRI), Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. The genetic trends were calculated by regression of average predicted breeding values using software WOMBAT for the traits BWT, 3WT, 6WT and GFY versus the animal’s birth year. Results: The least square means were 3.28±0.02 kg, 19.08±0.23 kg, 25.00±0.35 kg and 2.13±0.07 kg for BWT, 3WT, 6WT and GFY, respectively. Genetic trends were positive and highly significant (p<0.01) for BWT, while the values for 3WT, 6WT and GFY though positive, were not significant. The estimates of genetic trends in BWT, 3WT, 6WT and GFY were 5 g, 0.8 g, 7 g and 0.3 g/year gain and the fit of the regression shows 55%, 22%, 42% and 12% coefficient of determination with the regressed value, respectively. In this study, estimated mean predicted breeding value (kg) in BWT and 3WT, 6WT and GFY were 0.067, 0.008, 0.036 and −0.003, respectively. Conclusion: Estimates of genetic trends indicated that there was a positive genetic improvement in all studied traits and selection would be effective for the improvement of body weight traits and GFY of BM sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Mallick
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S M K Thirumaran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Pourouchottamane
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Rajapandi
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Venkataramanan
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Nagarajan
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Murali
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A S Rajendiran
- Southern Regional Research Centre, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sumathi T, Asha D, Nagarajan G, Sreenivas A, Nivedha R. L-Theanine alleviates the neuropathological changes induced by PCB (Aroclor 1254) via inhibiting upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in rat brain. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 42:99-117. [PMID: 26826962 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at evaluating the protective role of L-theanine on aroclor 1254-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Intraperitoneal administration of Aroclor 1254 (2 mg/kg b.wt. for 30 days) caused oxidative stress in rat brain and also caused neurobehavioral changes. Oxidative stress was assessed by determining the levels of lipid peroxide (LPO), protein carbonyl content, and changes in activities of creatine kinase (CK), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and ATPases in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex of control and experimental rats. Histopathological results showed that PCB caused neuronal loss in all three regions. PCB upregulated the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of L-theanine (200 mg/kg b.wt.) increased the status of antioxidants, decreased the levels of LPO, nitric oxide (NO) and increased the activities of CK, AchE and ATPases. L-Theanine restored normal architecture of brain regions and downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, L-theanine shows a protective role against PCBs-induced oxidative damage in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India.
| | - Deivasigamani Asha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Arivazhagan Sreenivas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
| | - Rajendran Nivedha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113, India
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Tuteja F, Dahiya S, Nagarajan G, Narnaware S, Patil N. Filamentous fungi isolated from cases of camel skin lesions. J CAMEL PRACT RES 2016. [DOI: 10.5958/2277-8934.2016.00038.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nagarajan G, Minu R, Muthukumar B, Vedanarayanan V, Sundarsingh S. Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Medical Image Feature Extraction and Selection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.05.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Nagarajan G, Aruna A, Chang CF. Neuropeptide Arginine Vasotocin Positively Affects Neurosteroidogenesis in the Early Brain of Grouper, Epinephelus coioides. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:718-36. [PMID: 26147314 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) has versatile physiological functions in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, the functional association between AVT and neurosteroidogenesis in the early brain of teleosts remains elusive. We thus studied the developmental expression patterns of the avt gene and their V1 type receptor (avt-rv1 ) at various stages of development [90-150 days after hatching (dah)] in relation to neurosteroidogenesis and oestrogen signalling in the early brain of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). avt and avt-rv1 mRNAs displayed a significantly increase in expression at 110 dah in the telencephalon and diencephalon. Further, avt mRNAs were localised in three magnocellular neuronal populations of the preoptic area, such as parvocellular, magnocellular and gigantocellular preoptic neurones. Intriguingly, the avt transcripts in those neurones were more abundant in 110 dah compared to other ages. Subsequently, dual fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis showed that the avt and avt-rv1 genes were highly coexpressed with cyp11a1, hsd3b1, cyp17a1, erα, erβ and gpr30, which indicates their potential for functional association. Cyp19a1b-immunoreactive positive fibres were found in close proximity to avt-expressing neurones. Moreover, our results showed that exogenous Avt caused a significant increase in the cellular and gene levels of steroidogenic enzymes and oestrogen receptors (ers), whereas the administration of an Avt-rv1 antagonist caused a decrease in the expression of both steroidogenic enzymes and ers genes in the brain. Furthermore, exogenous oestradiol (E2 ) strongly up-regulated avt mRNAs in the grouper brain. Taken together, the present studies suggest that avt and steroidogenesis may positively work together to increase both E2 biosynthesis and early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - A Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - C-F Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Narnaware SD, Mehta SC, Singh PK, Singh R, Tuteja FC, Patil NV. Characterization of GM-CSF-inhibitory factor and Uracil DNA glycosylase encoding genes from camel pseudocowpoxvirus. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:291-6. [PMID: 25816930 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the PCR amplification of GM-CSF-inhibitory factor (GIF) and Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) encoding genes of pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) from the Indian Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) infected with contagious ecthyma using the primers based on the corresponding gene sequences of human PCPV and reindeer PCPV, respectively. The length of GIF gene of PCPV obtained from camel is 795 bp and due to the addition of one cytosine residue at position 374 and one adenine residue at position 516, the open reading frame (ORF) got altered, resulting in the production of truncated polypeptide. The ORF of UDG encoding gene of camel PCPV is 696 bp encoding a polypeptide of 26.0 kDa. Comparison of amino acid sequence homologies of GIF and UDG of camel PCPV revealed that the camel PCPV is closer to ORFV and PCPV (reference stains of both human and reindeer), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India.
| | - Shelesh Kumar Swami
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - S D Narnaware
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - S C Mehta
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - P K Singh
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - Raghvendar Singh
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - F C Tuteja
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
| | - N V Patil
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No.7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334 001, India
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Sivakumar G, Tuteja F, Narnaware S, Mehta S, Singh R, Patil N. Comparative sequence analysis of double stranded RNA binding protein encoding gene of parapoxviruses from Indian camels. J Adv Res 2015; 5:271-6. [PMID: 25685494 PMCID: PMC4294734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dsRNA binding protein (RBP) encoding gene of parapoxviruses (PPVs) from the Dromedary camels, inhabitating different geographical region of Rajasthan, India were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the primers of pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) from Finnish reindeer and cloned into pGEM-T for sequence analysis. Analysis of RBP encoding gene revealed that PPV DNA from Bikaner shared 98.3% and 76.6% sequence identity at the amino acid level, with Pali and Udaipur PPV DNA, respectively. Reference strains of Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and PCPV (reindeer PCPV and human PCPV) shared 52.8% and 86.9% amino acid identity with RBP gene of camel PPVs from Bikaner, respectively. But different strains of orf virus (ORFV) from different geographical areas of the world shared 69.5-71.7% amino acid identity with RBP gene of camel PPVs from Bikaner. These findings indicate that the camel PPVs described are closely related to bovine PPV (PCPV) in comparison to caprine and ovine PPV (ORFV).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Nagarajan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 151 2230183; fax: +91 151 2231213.
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Aruna A, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. The acute salinity changes activate the dual pathways of endocrine responses in the brain and pituitary of tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:154-64. [PMID: 25535862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To analyze and compare the stress and osmoregulatory hormones and receptors in pituitary during acute salinity changes, the expression patterns of corticotropin releasing hormone (crh) in hypothalamus, prolactin (prl) releasing peptide (pRrp) in telencephalon and diencephalon, glucocorticoid receptors 2 (gr2), and mineralocorticoid receptor (mr), crh-r, pro-opiomelanocorticotropin (pomc), pRrp, prl, dopamine 2 receptor (d2-r), growth hormone (gh), gh-receptor (gh-r) and insulin-like growth hormone (igf-1) transcripts in pituitary were characterized in euryhaline tilapia. The results indicate that the crh transcripts increased in the hypothalamus and rostral pars distalis of the pituitary after the transfer of fish to SW. Similarly, the pRrp transcripts were more abundant in SW acclimated tilapia forebrain and hypothalamus. The crh-r, gr2 and mr transcripts were more expressed in rostral pars distalis and pars intermedia of pituitary at SW than FW tilapia. The data indicate that the SW acclimation stimulates these transcripts in the specific regions of the brain and pituitary which may be related to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI)-axis. The results of dual in situ hybridization reveal that the transcripts of crh-r, gr2 and mr with pomc are highly co-localized in corticotrophs of pituitary. Furthermore, we demonstrate high expression of pRrp in the brain and low expression of pRrp and prl transcripts in the pituitary of SW fish. No crh-r and corticosteroid receptors were co-localized with prl transcripts in the pituitary. The gh-r and igf-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in SW acclimated tilapia pituitary whereas there was no difference in the gh mRNA levels. The data suggest that the locally produced pRrp and d2-r may control and regulate the expression of prl mRNA in pituitary. Therefore, the dual roles of pRrp are involved in the stress (via brain-pituitary) and osmoregulatory (via pituitary) pathways in tilapia exposed to acute salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; The Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
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Nagarajan G, Müller A. Beziehungen zwischen Phosphor-Halogen- und Phosphor-Sauerstoff-Bindungsgraden und der chemischen Verschiebung von 31P in Phosphorylhalogeniden OPF3, OPF2Cl, OPFCl2 und OPCl3. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1966-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Der Gang der chemischen Verschiebung von 31P in der Reihe OPF3, OPF2Cl, OPFCl2 und OPCl3 wird mit Hilfe der möglichen dπ—pπ-Bindungen zwischen Phosphor und den Liganden erklärt.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland und Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Göttingen
| | - A. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland und Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Göttingen
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31
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Abstract
Mit Hilfe der Methode von CYVIN unter Benutzung von Symmetrie-Koordinaten werden mittlerequadratische Amplituden-Werte (mean-square amplitude quantities) und mittlere Schwingungsamplituden von tetraedrischen Oxo- und Thioanionen für gebundene und nichtgebundene Atome für 298 und 500 °K berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit Bindungsverhältnissen und Kraftkonstanten diskutiert.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Müller
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Göttingen Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - G. Nagarajan
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Göttingen Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park
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32
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Abstract
Mean-square amplitude quantities and mean amplitudes of vibration for CS3
2⊖ and CSe3
2⊖ at 298 °K and 500 °K are computed. The method of Cyvin utilizing symmetry coordinates has been employed. A brief discussion of the results is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, und Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Göttingen
| | - A. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, und Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Göttingen
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33
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Magapu S, Pandian M, Parakkal, Chandran S, Neog, Nagarajan G. Cytokine milieu in the lymphatic fluid and serum of chronic pathology patients with bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. Cytotherapy 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Ganesh D, Nagarajan G, Ganesan S. Experimental investigation of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion of biodiesel fuel with external mixture formation in a CI engine. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:3039-3046. [PMID: 24383396 DOI: 10.1021/es403104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In parallel to the interest in renewable fuels, there has also been increased interest in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. HCCI engines are being actively developed because they have the potential to be highly efficient and to produce low emissions. Even though HCCI has been researched extensively, few challenges still exist. These include controlling the combustion at higher loads and the formation of a homogeneous mixture. To obtain better homogeneity, in the present investigation external mixture formation method was adopted, in which the fuel vaporiser was used to achieve excellent HCCI combustion in a single cylinder air-cooled direct injection diesel engine. In continuation of our previous works, in the current study a vaporised jatropha methyl ester (JME) was mixed with air to form a homogeneous mixture and inducted into the cylinder during the intake stroke to analyze the combustion, emission and performance characteristics. To control the early ignition of JME vapor-air mixture, cooled (30 °C) Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technique was adopted. The experimental result shows 81% reduction in NOx and 72% reduction in smoke emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ganesh
- Internal Combustion Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University , Sardar Patel Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 025, India
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35
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Tuteja F, Patil N, Dahiya S, Narnaware S, Nagarajan G. Dimorphic fungi isolated from camel dermal mycoses. J CAMEL PRACT RES 2014. [DOI: 10.5958/2277-8934.2014.00012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Narnaware S, Dahiya S, Nagarajan G, Tuteja F, Patil N. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in dromedary foetuses. J CAMEL PRACT RES 2014. [DOI: 10.5958/2277-8934.2014.00015.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Dar PA, Suryanaryana VS, Nagarajan G, Reddy GR, Dechamma HJ, Kondabattula G. DNA prime-protein boost strategy with replicase-based DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease in bovine calves. Vet Microbiol 2013; 163:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Sivakumar G, Narnaware S, Tuteja F, Patil N. Comparison of virokine from camel pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) with Interleukin 10 of the Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Cytokine 2013; 61:356-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Nagarajan G, Aruna A, Chang CF. Increase in estrogen signaling in the early brain of orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides: a mini-review. Fish Physiol Biochem 2013; 39:95-101. [PMID: 22692774 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite neurosteroidogenic enzymes are playing important roles in the regulation of brain development and function, the potential link between brain and gonad by the action of steroid hormones during gonadal sex differentiation is still not clear in teleosts. In this mini-review, we summarized our understanding on the early brain development related to the synthesis of neurosteroids and receptor signaling during gonadal sex differentiation in protogynous orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides (functional females for the first 6 years of life and start to sex change around the age of 7 years) and protandrous black porgy (functional males for the first 2 years of life but begin to change sex during the third year). We found a similar profile in the increased expression of brain aromatase gene (aromatatse B or cyp19a1b), aromatase activity, estradiol (E(2)), and estrogen signaling in the brain of both grouper and black porgy fish during gonadal sex differentiation. In contrast to mammals, teleost fish Cyp19a1b expressed in a unique cell type, a radial glial cell, which is acted as progenitors in the brain of developing and adult fish. In agreement with these pioneer studies, we demonstrated that the grouper cyp19a1b/Cyp19a1b was expressed in radial glial cells. Further, in vivo data in the grouper brain showed that exogenous E(2) upregulated Cyp19a1b immunoreactivity (ir) in radial glial cells. These data suggest the possible roles of Cyp19a1b and E(2) in early brain development which is presumably related to gonadal sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
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40
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Nagarajan G, Aruna A, Chang CF. Neurosteroidogenic enzymes and their regulation in the early brain of the protogynous grouper Epinephelus coioides during gonadal sex differentiation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:271-87. [PMID: 23168084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory role of neurosteroids in the early brain during gonadal sex differentiation is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and cellular localization of key steroidogenic enzymes in the early brain of the protogynous orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides and the temporal expressions has been correlated with gonadal sex differentiation. In this study, we showed that peak neurosteroidogenesis occurs in the early brain during gonadal sex differentiation. The temporal expressions of key enzymes, cyp11a1 (cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage), hsd3b1 (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and cyp17a1 (cytochrome P450c17) were studied at different developmental ages (from 90- to 150-dah: days after hatching) using quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR). q-PCR analysis indicated that the transcript expressions of cyp11a1, hsd3b1 and cyp17a1 were increased in the brain around the period of gonadal sex differentiation. Further, in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis showed that cyp11a1, hsd3b1 and cyp17a1 transcripts were widely expressed in several discrete brain regions, especially the intense expression in the forebrain, with an overall similar expression pattern. High density in the cyp19a1b/Cyp19a1b expression was detected in radial glial cells. Thus, the expression of grouper cyp19a1b/Cyp19a1b is restricted to radial glial cells, suggesting estrogens can modulate their activity. Next, by combining Cyp19a1b immunohistochemistry (IHC) with florescence ISH (FISH) of cyp11a1, hsd3b1 and cyp17a1, we showed that sub-cellular localization of cyp11a1, hsd3b1 and cyp17a1 transcripts, in partial, appeared to be in Cyp19a1b radial glial cell soma. Further, exogenous estradiol (E(2)) increased the expression of cyp17a1 and cyp19a1b/Cyp19a1b in the brain of grouper. Consequently, our results illustrated that the locally synthesized E(2) upregulated neurosteroidogenic enzymes in the early brain and suggest a role for these enzymes in the neurogenic process during gonadal sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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41
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Sakthivel G, Nagarajan G, Ilangkumaran M. Experimental investigations of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel (ethyl ester of fish oil) fuelled direct-injection diesel engine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1504/ijvp.2013.058278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Aruna A, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. Differential expression patterns and localization of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor transcripts in the osmoregulatory organs of tilapia during salinity stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 179:465-76. [PMID: 23085115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays an essential role during seawater (SW) acclimation. However, the regulation of GR isoforms 1 and 2 (GR1 and GR2) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) during SW acclimation is poorly understood. To address this, we localized and examined the GR1, GR2 and MR transcripts in the tilapia gill, kidney and intestine. Our results indicated that the GR1, GR2 and MR levels were increased in the kidney and intestine on day 1 in seawater (SW) fish, which is in agreement with the recognized osmoregulatory role of the corticosteroid receptors. The SW transfer increased the GR2 and MR transcripts in the gill on day 1 and 4, respectively. Surprisingly, no significant difference was obtained for the GR1 mRNA level. Analysis of the plasma parameters in freshwater (FW) and SW tilapia showed that the plasma cortisol levels were significantly increased at day 1 in the SW fish compared to the FW fish. This is the first study that focused on the spatial distribution of GR1, GR2 and MR in the osmoregulatory organs of freshwater (FW)- and SW-acclimated tilapia by in situ hybridization. Consistent with the Q-PCR results, the expression levels of the GR1, GR2 and MR transcripts were increased or decreased in the SW-acclimated tilapia's gill, kidney and intestine compared to the FW fish. We observed that GR1, GR2 and MR were localized in the branchial epithelial cells and chloride cells of the gill, proximal tubules of the kidney and columnar cells of the intestine. Together, these results indicate that the mobilization of corticosteroid receptors is dependent on the target tissue, salinity and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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43
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Dar PA, Ganesh K, Nagarajan G, Sarika S, Reddy GR, Suryanarayana VVS. Sindbis virus replicase-based DNA vaccine construct encoding FMDV-specific multivalent epitope gene: studies on its immune responses in guinea pigs. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:345-53. [PMID: 22702835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is still a perennial global menace affecting livestock health and production. It is imperative to figure out new ways to curb this disease. In this study, a sindbis virus replicase-based DNA vaccine, pSinCMV-Vac-MEG990, encoding a multivalent epitope gene (representing tandemly linked VP1 C-terminal halves of three foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes) was constructed. In vitro transfection studies in BHK-21 cells revealed that the construct was able to express FMDV-specific antigen but does not overproduce the antigen. Immunization of guinea pigs with the construct at dose rate of 10, 5, 2 and 1 μg per animal through intramuscular route showed significant neutralizing antibody induction at all doses against all serotype tested as compared to non-immunized controls. On viral challenge of guinea pigs 4 week post-immunization with 1000 GPID(50) of FMDV serotype A, it was observed that the immunization not only delayed the appearance and reduced the severity of FMD lesions significantly (P < 0.05) but also provided complete protection in several guinea pigs. In fact, two of six and one of six guinea pigs were completely protected in 10 and 5 μg immunized groups, respectively. These results suggest that the development of the replicase-based DNA vaccine may provide a promising approach as an alternative vaccine strategy for controlling FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Dar
- FMD Research Centre, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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44
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Aruna A, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. Involvement of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and corticosteroid receptors in the brain-pituitary-gill of tilapia during the course of seawater acclimation. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:818-30. [PMID: 22250893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA expression of genes for corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the hormone receptors CRH-receptor/CRH-R, glucocorticoid receptor 1/2 (GR1/2) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was studied in the brain, pituitary and gill of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambibus) during salinity and handling stress by real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results indicated that the transcripts of CRH and CRH-R were increased in the forebrain, midbrain and gill, whereas elevated hypothalamic CRH mRNA suppressed the CRH-R mRNA in the pituitary in seawater (SW) fish. The levels of plasma osmolality and cortisol were significantly increased in SW compared to freshwater fish. The up-regulation of GR1, GR2, MR and α-NKA (Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase) transcripts in SW fish provided evidence that cortisol responds to stress and involves ion-base regulation via the GR1, GR2 and MR receptors in the gill. These data suggest that GR1, GR2 and MR have a pivotal role in the brain and gill. GR1, GR2 and MR expression may be dependent on CRH and cortisol expression in the brain and gill. In addition, we performed in situ hybridisation analysis to localise and differentiate the CRH, CRH-R, GR1, GR2 and MR transcripts in the brain of FW- and SW-acute acclimated tilapia during salinity stress. In almost all transcripts, the hybridisation signal was significantly abundant in the SW-acute acclimated tilapia brain, especially in the dorsal ventral cephalon, dorsal nucleus preopticus pars magnocellularis and dorsal nucleus preopticus pars parvocellularis. Salinity stress induced differential and specific responses in the gill and brain compared to handling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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45
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46
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Nagarajan G, Tsai YJ, Chen CY, Chang CF. Developmental expression of genes involved in neural estrogen biosynthesis and signaling in the brain of the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides during gonadal sex differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:155-66. [PMID: 21513797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, the synthesis of neurosteroids and receptor activation during gonadal sex differentiation in teleosts are poorly understood. In the present study, the protogynous orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was selected as a model fish, and we hypothesized that de novo synthesis of neural estrogen may play a role in the female grouper brain during gonadal sex differentiation. We investigated the temporal expression of the genes StAR, cyp19a1b and pcna and the sex steroid nuclear receptors for estrogen (ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2), androgen (AR) and the plasma membrane-associated estrogen receptor (GPR30) in the brain during early developmental ages from 90 days after hatching (dah) to 180dah after gonadal sex differentiation. Our results revealed that mRNA for ERs and GPR30 but not AR was significantly increased at 110dah (a time close to gonadal sex differentiation) in the forebrain and midbrain and for cyp19a1b at 110dah in the forebrain. Brain aromatase activity and estradiol (E2) levels, but not testosterone (T), were increased in the forebrain at 110 and 120dah, respectively. Furthermore, exogenous E2 stimulated cyp19a1b transcripts in the forebrain and hypothalamus and immunoreactive (ir)Cyp19a1b (aromatase enzyme) in the forebrain. irCyp19a1b localized in the glial cells of the forebrain regions. Therefore, we identified a peak of functional aromatase activity and estrogen signaling in the early grouper brain during gonadal sex differentiation. Moreover, pcna transcripts (a marker for cell proliferation activity) were higher in the early brain at 110-150dah. Thus, a peak time of development in the brain is suggested to occur during gonadal sex differentiation in the grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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47
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Nagarajan G, Ravikumar P, Ashok Kumar C, Reddy GR, Dechamma HJ, Suryanarayana VVS. Self Replicating Gene Vaccine Carrying P1-2A Gene of FMDV Serotype O and its Effects on the Immune Responses of Cattle. Indian J Virol 2011; 22:50-8. [PMID: 23637502 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-011-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are considered as alternatives to live attenuated ones for those diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) where the production and application of live vaccines have been found unsuccessful. However, stability of DNA and the quantity of antigen expressed are the major limitation with naked DNA vaccines. To address these issues self replicating gene vaccine construct was made for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type 'O' and studied. The vector for vaccine construct, designated as pSinCMVVac carried CMV promoter and Poly(A) signal sequences at 5' and 3' end of Sindbis replicase gene respectively. Gene for structural protein precursor (P1-2A) of FMDV serotype 'O' was inserted into pSinCMVVac under subgenomic promoter. 5'UTR (untranslated region) of FMDV was introduced upstream of P1-2A to enhance the level of expression of cloned gene. Functionality of the vaccine construct was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. The self-replicating gene vaccine construct was tested in cattle in comparison with naked DNA vaccine carrying P1-2A and 3CD (pUP3CD). Humoral immune response by ELISA and SNT and cellular response by lymphoproliferation assay using MTT were studied. The default approach of using self replicating gene vaccine in high dose and multiple injection in cattle as followed in our studies might result in immunosuppression as this was observed in our subsequent experiments in guinea pigs. Hence based on dose response studies, vaccine strategy needs to be decided. However, the approach of using Sindbis polymerase gene and UTR in FMDV vaccine is the first report and shows future scope of developing such vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- National Research Center on Camel, Post Bag No 7, Jorbeer, Bikaner, 334001 Rajasthan India
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48
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Ghorui SK, Pathak KML, Singh RK, Patil NV. Cloning and sequence analysis of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ from Indian Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:420-6. [PMID: 21529863 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cDNAs of three cytokines, viz., IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-γ from Dromedary camels were amplified by PCR using Bactrian camel sequences and subsequently cloned for sequence analysis. Relationship based on amino acid sequences revealed that Dromedary camel IL-2 shared 99.5% and 99.3% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with Bactrian camel IL-2. In the case of IL-4, the identity of Dromedary camel was 99.7% and 99.2% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively with that of Bactrian camel. The Dromedary camel IFN-γ shared 100% identity both at nucleotide and amino acid levels with Bactrian camel IFN-γ. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences indicated the close relationship in these cytokine genes between the Dromedary camel and other camelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 7, Jorbeer, Bikaner 334 001, Rajasthan, India.
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49
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Subhashini N, Nagarajan G, Kavimani S. Anti-inflammatory and In vitro Antioxidant Property of Trigonella foenum graecum Seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2011.371.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Sivakumar G, Narnaware SD, Tuteja FC, Patil NV. Sequence analysis of topoisomerase gene of pseudocowpox virus isolates from camels (Camelus dromedarius). Virus Res 2011; 158:277-80. [PMID: 21501639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase gene of pseudocowposvirus from Indian dromedarian camel was amplified by PCR using the primers of PCPV from Finnish reindeer and cloned into pGEM-T for sequence analysis. Analysis of amino acid identity revealed that Indian PCPV of camel shared 95.9-96.8 with PCPV of reindeer, 96.2-96.5 with ORFV and 87.5 with BPSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nagarajan
- National Research Centre on Camel, Post Bag No. 7, Jorbeer, Bikaner 334 001, Rajasthan, India.
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