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Calendo G, Kusic D, Madzo J, Gharani N, Scheinfeldt L. ursaPGx: a new R package to annotate pharmacogenetic star alleles using phased whole-genome sequencing data. Front Bioinform 2024; 4:1351620. [PMID: 38533129 PMCID: PMC10963438 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2024.1351620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-read sequencing technologies offer new opportunities to generate high-confidence phased whole-genome sequencing data for robust pharmacogenetic annotation. Here, we describe a new user-friendly R package, ursaPGx, designed to accept multi-sample phased whole-genome sequencing data VCF input files and output star allele annotations for pharmacogenes annotated in PharmVar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Calendo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Dara Kusic
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Neda Gharani
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
- Gharani Consulting Limited, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
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Gharani N, Calendo G, Kusic D, Madzo J, Scheinfeldt L. Star allele search: a pharmacogenetic annotation database and user-friendly search tool of publicly available 1000 Genomes Project biospecimens. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:116. [PMID: 38279110 PMCID: PMC10811916 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a new public pharmacogenetic (PGx) annotation database of a large (n = 3,202) and diverse biospecimen collection of 1000 Genomes Project cell lines and DNAs. The database is searchable with a user friendly, web-based tool ( www.coriell.org/StarAllele/Search ). This resource leverages existing whole genome sequencing data and PharmVar annotations to characterize *alleles for each biospecimen in the collection. This new tool is designed to facilitate in vitro functional characterization of *allele haplotypes and diplotypes as well as support clinical PGx assay development, validation, and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gharani
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Ave, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Gharani Consulting Limited, 272 Regents Park Road, London, N3 3HN, UK
| | - G Calendo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Ave, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - D Kusic
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Ave, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - J Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Ave, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broadway, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - L Scheinfeldt
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 403 Haddon Ave, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broadway, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
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Wang Y, He S, Calendo G, Bui T, Tian Y, Lee CY, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Abraham C, Mo W, Chen M, Sanders-Braggs R, Madzo J, Issa JP, Hexner EO, Wiest DL, Reshef R, Xue HH, Zhang Y. Tissue-infiltrating alloreactive T cells require Id3 to deflect PD-1-mediated immune suppression during GVHD. Blood 2024; 143:166-177. [PMID: 37871574 PMCID: PMC10797551 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Persisting alloreactive donor T cells in target tissues are a determinant of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the transcriptional regulators that control the persistence and function of tissue-infiltrating T cells remain elusive. We demonstrate here that Id3, a DNA-binding inhibitor, is critical for sustaining T-cell responses in GVHD target tissues in mice, including the liver and intestine. Id3 loss results in aberrantly expressed PD-1 in polyfunctional T helper 1 (Th1) cells, decreased tissue-infiltrating PD-1+ polyfunctional Th1 cell numbers, impaired maintenance of liver TCF-1+ progenitor-like T cells, and inhibition of GVHD. PD-1 blockade restores the capacity of Id3-ablated donor T cells to mediate GVHD. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Id3 loss leads to significantly decreased CD28- and PI3K/AKT-signaling activity in tissue-infiltrating polyfunctional Th1 cells, an indicator of active PD-1/PD-L1 effects. Id3 is also required for protecting CD8+ T cells from the PD-1 pathway-mediated suppression during GVHD. Genome-wide RNA-sequencing analysis reveals that Id3 represses transcription factors (e.g., Nfatc2, Fos, Jun, Ets1, and Prdm1) that are critical for PD-1 transcription, exuberant effector differentiation, and interferon responses and dysfunction of activated T cells. Id3 achieves these effects by restraining the chromatin accessibility for these transcription factors. Id3 ablation in donor T cells preserved their graft vs tumor effects in mice undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ID3 in human CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells retained their antitumor activity in NOD/SCID/IL2Rg-/- mice early after administration. These findings identify that ID3 is an important target to reduce GVHD, and the gene-editing program of ID3 may have broad implications in T-cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Shan He
- Fels Institute and Department of Cancer Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Tien Bui
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Che Young Lee
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Ciril Abraham
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
- Fels Institute and Department of Cancer Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wenbin Mo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Mimi Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | | | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ
| | | | - Elizabeth O. Hexner
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David L. Wiest
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ran Reshef
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
- Fels Institute and Department of Cancer Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
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Sun A, Park P, Cole L, Vaidya H, Maegawa S, Keith K, Calendo G, Madzo J, Jelinek J, Jobin C, Issa JPJ. Non-pathogenic microbiota accelerate age-related CpG Island methylation in colonic mucosa. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2160568. [PMID: 36572998 PMCID: PMC9980687 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2160568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic process altered in cancer and ageing. Age-related methylation drift can be used to estimate lifespan and can be influenced by extrinsic factors such as diet. Here, we report that non-pathogenic microbiota accelerate age-related methylation drift in the colon when compared with germ-free mice. DNA methylation analyses showed that microbiota and IL10KO were associated with changes in 5% and 4.1% of CpG sites, while mice with both factors had 18% alterations. Microbiota, IL10KO, and their combination altered 0.4%, 0.4%, and 4% of CpG island methylation, respectively. These are comparable to what is seen in colon cancer. Ageing changes were accelerated in the IL10KO mice with microbiota, and the affected genes were more likely to be altered in colon cancer. Thus, the microbiota affect DNA methylation of the colon in patterns reminiscent of what is observed in ageing and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Sun
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pyounghwa Park
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Lauren Cole
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Himani Vaidya
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Research Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Kelsey Keith
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Gennaro Calendo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre J. Issa
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
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Vaidya H, Jeong HS, Keith K, Maegawa S, Calendo G, Madzo J, Jelinek J, Issa JPJ. Author Correction: DNA methylation entropy as a measure of stem cell replication and aging. Genome Biol 2023; 24:104. [PMID: 37122020 PMCID: PMC10150501 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Himani Vaidya
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 08013, USA
| | - Hye Seon Jeong
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 08013, USA
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kelsey Keith
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 08013, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gennaro Calendo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 08013, USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 08013, USA
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Vaidya H, Jeong HS, Keith K, Maegawa S, Calendo G, Madzo J, Jelinek J, Issa JPJ. DNA methylation entropy as a measure of stem cell replication and aging. Genome Biol 2023; 24:27. [PMID: 36797759 PMCID: PMC9933260 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic marks are encoded by DNA methylation and accumulate errors as organisms age. This drift correlates with lifespan, but the biology of how this occurs is still unexplained. We analyze DNA methylation with age in mouse intestinal stem cells and compare them to nonstem cells. RESULTS Age-related changes in DNA methylation are identical in stem and nonstem cells, affect most prominently CpG islands and correlate weakly with gene expression. Age-related DNA methylation entropy, measured by the Jensen-Shannon Distribution, affects up to 25% of the detectable CpG sites and is a better measure of aging than individual CpG methylation. We analyze this entropy as a function of age in seven other tissues (heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, lung, liver, spleen, and blood) and it correlates strikingly with tissue-specific stem cell division rates. Thus, DNA methylation drift and increased entropy with age are primarily caused by and are sensors for, stem cell replication in adult tissues. CONCLUSIONS These data have implications for the mechanisms of tissue-specific functional declines with aging and for the development of DNA-methylation-based biological clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Vaidya
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA
| | - Hye Seon Jeong
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA ,grid.411665.10000 0004 0647 2279Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kelsey Keith
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- grid.240145.60000 0001 2291 4776Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gennaro Calendo
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA
| | - Jean-Pierre J. Issa
- grid.282012.b0000 0004 0627 5048Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ 08013 USA
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Lee D, Calendo G, Kopec K, Henry R, Coutts S, McCarthy D, Murphy HM. The Impact of Pipe Material on the Diversity of Microbial Communities in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:779016. [PMID: 34992587 PMCID: PMC8724538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.779016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As many cities around the world face the prospect of replacing aging drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), water utilities must make careful decisions on new pipe material (e.g., cement-lined or PVC) for these systems. These decisions are informed by cost, physical integrity, and impact on microbiological and physicochemical water quality. Indeed, pipe material can impact the development of biofilm in DWDS that can harbor pathogens and impact drinking water quality. Annular reactors (ARs) with cast iron and cement coupons fed with chloraminated water from a municipal DWDS were used to investigate the impact of pipe material on biofilm development and composition over 16 months. The ARs were plumbed as closely as possible to the water main in the basement of an academic building to simulate distribution system conditions. Biofilm communities on coupons were characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing. In the cast iron reactors, β-proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and α-proteobacteria were similarly relatively abundant (24.1, 22.5, and 22.4%, respectively) while in the cement reactors, α-proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were more relatively abundant (36.3 and 35.2%, respectively) compared to β-proteobacteria (12.8%). Mean alpha diversity (estimated with Shannon H and Faith's Phylogenetic Difference indices) was greater in cast iron reactors (Shannon: 5.00 ± 0.41; Faith's PD: 15.40 ± 2.88) than in cement reactors (Shannon: 4.16 ± 0.78; Faith's PD: 13.00 ± 2.01). PCoA of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities indicated that communities in cast iron ARs, cement ARs, bulk distribution system water, and distribution system pipe biofilm were distinct. The mean relative abundance of Mycobacterium spp. was greater in the cement reactors (34.8 ± 18.6%) than in the cast iron reactors (21.7 ± 11.9%). In contrast, the mean relative abundance of Legionella spp. trended higher in biofilm from cast iron reactors (0.5 ± 0.7%) than biofilm in cement reactors (0.01 ± 0.01%). These results suggest that pipe material is associated with differences in the diversity, bacterial composition, and opportunistic pathogen prevalence in biofilm of DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Lee
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Laboratory (WHAM Lab), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gennaro Calendo
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Laboratory (WHAM Lab), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kristin Kopec
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Laboratory (WHAM Lab), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rebekah Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott Coutts
- Micromon, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather M. Murphy
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Laboratory (WHAM Lab), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Laboratory (WHAM Lab), Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Wolfson MR, Enkhbaatar P, Fukuda S, Nelson CL, Williams RO, Surasarang SH, Sahakijpijarn S, Calendo G, Komissarov AA, Florova G, Sarva K, Idell SI, Shaffer TH. Perfluorochemical-facilitated plasminogen activator delivery to the airways: A novel treatment for inhalational smoke-induced acute lung injury. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:258-274. [PMID: 32508014 PMCID: PMC7240845 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective clinical management of airway clot and fibrinous cast formation of severe inhalational smoke-induced acute lung injury (ISALI) is lacking. Aerosolized delivery of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is confounded by airway bleeding; single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) moderated this adverse effect and supported transient improvement in gas exchange and lung mechanics. However, neither aerosolized plasminogen activator (PA) yielded durable improvements in physiologic responses or reduction in cast burden. Here, we hypothesized that perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids would facilitate PA distribution and sustain improvements in physiologic outcomes in ISALI. METHODS Spontaneously breathing adult sheep (n = 36) received anesthesia and analgesia and were instrumented, exposed to cotton smoke inhalation, and supported by mechanical ventilation for 48 h. Groups (n = 6/group) were studied without supplemental treatment, or, starting 4 h post injury, they received intratracheal low volume (8 mL) PFC liquid alone or a dose range of tPA/PFC or scuPA/PFC suspensions (4 or 8 mg in 8 mL PFC) every 8 h. Outcomes were evaluated by sequential measurements of cardiopulmonary parameters, lung histomorphology, and biochemical analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RESULTS Dose-response and PA-type comparisons of outcomes demonstrated sustained superiority with low-volume PFC suspensions of scuPA over tPA or PFC alone, favoring the highest dose of scuPA/PFC suspension over lower doses, without airway bleeding. CONCLUSIONS We propose that this improved profile over previously reported aerosolized delivery is likely related to improved dose distribution. Sustained salutary responses to scuPA/PFC suspension delivery in this translational model are encouraging and support the possibility that the observed outcomes could be of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla R. Wolfson
- Department of Thoracic Medicine & Surgery, Physiology & Pediatrics, and Temple Lung CenterLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Perenlei Enkhbaatar
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Christina L. Nelson
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | | | | | | | - Gennaro Calendo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine & Surgery, Physiology & Pediatrics, and Temple Lung CenterLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrey A. Komissarov
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung InstituteThe University of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTexasUSA
| | - Galina Florova
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung InstituteThe University of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTexasUSA
| | - Krishna Sarva
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung InstituteThe University of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTexasUSA
| | - Steven I. Idell
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung InstituteThe University of Texas Health Science Center at TylerTylerTexasUSA
| | - Thomas H. Shaffer
- Department of Thoracic Medicine & Surgery, Physiology & Pediatrics, and Temple Lung CenterLewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Biomedical ResearchSchool of Medicine Temple and Thomas Jefferson Schools of Medicine Alfred I. duPont Hospital for ChildrenWilmingtonDelawareUSA
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