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Vougeleka V, Risoli S, Saitanis C, Agathokleous E, Ntatsi G, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Pisuttu C. Exogenous application of melatonin protects bean and tobacco plants against ozone damage by improving antioxidant enzyme activities, enhancing photosynthetic performance, and preventing membrane damage. Environ Pollut 2024; 343:123180. [PMID: 38142812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is harmful to plants and ecosystems. Several chemicals have been evaluated to protect plants against O3 deleterious effects. However, they are not adequately efficient and/or the environmental safety of their application is questioned. Hence, new chemicals that provide sufficient protection while being safer for environmental application are needed. This study investigates the response of two O3-sensitive plant species (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pinto and Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bel-W3) leaf-sprayed with deionized water (W, control), ethylenediurea (EDU, 1 mM) or melatonin at lower (1 mM) or higher (3 mM) concentrations (Mel_L and Mel_H, respectively), and then exposed to a square wave of 200 ppb O3, lasting 1 day (5 h day-1) for bean and 2 days (8 h day-1) for tobacco. In both species, the photosynthetic activity of O3-exposed plants was about halved. O3-induced membrane damage was also confirmed by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) byproducts compared to control (W). In EDU- and Mel-treated bean plants, the photosynthetic performance was not influenced by O3, leading to reduction of the incidence and severity of O3 visible injury. In bean plants, Mel_L mitigated the detrimental effect of O3 by boosting antioxidant enzyme activities or osmoprotectants (e.g. abscisic acid, proline, and glutathione transferase). In Mel_L-sprayed tobacco plants, O3 negatively influenced the photosynthetic activity. Conversely, Mel_H ameliorated the O3-induced oxidative stress by preserving the photosynthetic performance, preventing membrane damage, and reducing the visible injuries extent. Although EDU performed better, melatonin protected plants against O3 phytotoxicity, suggesting its potential application as a bio-safer and eco-friendlier phytoprotectant against O3. It is worth noting that the content of melatonin in EDU-treated plants remained unchanged, indicating that the protectant mode of action of EDU is not Mel-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Vougeleka
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Samuele Risoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy; University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Costas Saitanis
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
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Pisuttu C, Sarrocco S, Cotrozzi L, Baroncelli R, Lorenzini G. Genome Resources of Verticillium dahliae VdGL16: The Causal Agent of Vascular Wilt on the Invasive Species Ailanthus altissima. Plant Dis 2023; 107:1207-1209. [PMID: 36581620 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1028-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium species are known as plant pathogens responsible for wilt diseases in a large variety of dicotyledon plants and crops in many parts of the world. Here we present the draft genome sequence of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (strain VdGL16) isolated in Italy from the invasive alien species Ailanthus altissima (Mill.; commonly known as tree-of-heaven) showing Verticillium wilt symptoms. The comparison between the newly sequenced genome with those publicly available revealed candidate genes putatively involved in pathogenicity. The genome represents a new useful source for future research on Verticillium genetics and biology as well as research on novel approaches in the control of A. altissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DiSAAA-a), University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DiSAAA-a), University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DiSAAA-a), University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DiSAAA-a), University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ma L, Chen C, Cotrozzi L, Bu C, Luo J, Yao G, Chen G, Zhang W, Nali C, Lorenzini G. The Effects of Elevated Tropospheric Ozone on Carbon Fixation and Stable Isotopic Signatures of Durum Wheat Cultivars with Different Biomass and Yield Stability. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11223185. [PMID: 36432912 PMCID: PMC9695353 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) enrichment caused by human activities can reduce important crop yields with huge economic loss and affect the global carbon cycle and climate change in the coming decades. In this study, two Italian cultivars of durum wheat (Claudio and Mongibello) were exposed to O3 (80 ppb, 5 h day-1 for 70 consecutive days), with the aim to investigate the changes in yield and biomass, ecophysiological traits, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values in plants, and to compare the stable isotope responses under environmental stressors. Both cultivars showed a relative O3 tolerance in terms of photosynthetic performance, but in cultivar Mongibello, O3 was detrimental to the grain yield and plant biomass. The δ13C values in the leaves of plants identified that the impact of O3 on CO2 fixation by RuBisCO was dominant. The δ15N value showed significant differences between treatments in both cultivars at seven days from the beginning of the exposure, which could be considered an early indicator of ozone pollution. Under increasingly frequent extreme climates globally, the relationships among stable isotope data, ecophysiological traits, and agronomic parameters could help breed future cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chengcheng Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiahong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guodong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Pisuttu C, Lo Piccolo E, Paoli L, Cotrozzi L, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Lorenzini G. Physiochemical responses of Ailanthus altissima under the challenge of Verticillium dahliae: elucidating the decline of one of the world’s worst invasive alien plant species. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNatural infections of Verticillium spp. (Fungi, Ascomycota) on Ailanthus altissima have suggested to consider the biological control as a promising strategy to counteract this invasive plant, which is otherwise difficult to control by traditional mechanical and chemical treatments. Verticillium wilt is able to lead plants to death, throughout a pathogenic mechanism including vessel occlusions and production of degrading enzymes and phytotoxins. In this study, a 10 weeks open air pot experiment was set to investigate the ecophysiological and biochemical responses of Ailanthus trees artificially inoculated in the trunk with the V. dahliae strain VdGL16, previously isolated in Central Italy from the same host. Inoculated plants showed visible injuries starting from 2 weeks post inoculation (wpi), that progressively developed until a final severe defoliation. The fungal infection rapidly compromised the plant water status, and photosynthesis was impaired due to both stomatal and mesophyll limitations from 4 wpi, with subsequent detrimental effects also on PSII activity. Moreover, the disease altered the translocations of nutrients, as confirmed by cation and carbohydrate contents, probably due to a consumption of simple sugars and starch reserves without replacement of new photosynthesized. An accumulation of osmolytes (abscisic acid and proline) and phenylalanine (a precursor of phenylpropanoids) was also reported at 8 wpi, this being a response mechanism that needs to be further elucidated. However, the activation delay of such defence strategy inevitably did not avoid the premature defoliation of plants and the decline of physiochemical parameters, confirming the key role of Verticillium in Ailanthus decay.
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Hoshika Y, Cotrozzi L, Marchica A, Carrari E, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Paoletti E, Pellegrini E. Season-long exposure of bilberry plants to realistic and future ozone pollution improves the nutraceutical quality of fruits. Sci Total Environ 2022; 822:153577. [PMID: 35114241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant capable of limiting plant yield and growth, and altering the quality of edible plant products. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term O3 exposure at realistic and future concentrations (applied during fruit development) not only on morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant/leaf traits of Vaccinium myrtillus but also on its fruit yield and quality. Three-year-old saplings were grown from May to July under three levels of O3 concentration [1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the ambient air concentrations, denoted as AA, 1.5_AA and 2.0_AA], using a new-generation O3 Free Air Controlled Exposure system. Ozone induced oxidative pressure and membrane denaturation as confirmed by the accumulation of anion superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (•O2-: +39 and + 29%; H2O2: +55 and + 59% in 1.5_AA and 2.0_AA, respectively, compared with AA), and malondialdehyde by-product (1.4- and 2.5-fold higher than AA, in 1.5_AA and 2.0_AA, respectively). The observed oxidative burst likely affected several cellular structures interested by photosynthetic processes (e.g., decrease of the maximum rate of carboxylation: -30%). This constraint likely induced a decline in plant vitality and a different partitioning of biomass allocation between above and below organs. An accelerated maturation of bilberries due to O3 was reported, suggesting that plants grown under harsher environmental conditions suffered from metabolic changes associated with early ripening. Increasing O3 concentrations might be responsible for an alteration of the ratio between oxidation and reduction processes mechanisms that was followed by a loss of integrity of membranes, so limiting the availability of energy/resources, triggering enzymatic oxidation of phenols to red/purple pigments, and promoting fruit maturation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research showing that long-term O3 exposure during bilberry fruit development influenced not only several plant/leaf traits, but also fruit nutraceutical quality at the time of harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Marchica
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Marchica A, Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E. Antioxidants and Phytohormones Act in Coordination to Regulate Sage Response to Long Term Ozone Exposure. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11070904. [PMID: 35406884 PMCID: PMC9002621 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants and phytohormones are hallmarks of abiotic stress responses in plants. Although it is known that they can offer cell protection or accelerate programmed cell death (PCD) depending on the level of stress, the involvement of these metabolites in stress acclimation is still not fully elucidated. Here, we showed the role of antioxidants and phytohormones in Salvia officinalis tolerance to long-term ozone (O3) exposure (120 ppb for 36 days, 5 h day-1). Salicylic acid (SA) content was increased under O3 throughout the whole experiment (+150%, as average compared with control), being required to maintain the cellular redox state and potentiate defense responses. This accumulation was induced before the production of ethylene (ET), suggesting that ET was controlled by SA during O3 exposure to modulate the magnitude of chlorosis formation and the cell redox balance (by regulating ascorbate and glutathione levels). The synthesis and/or regeneration of these antioxidants did not protect membranes from lipid peroxidation, as demonstrated by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (+23% as average). However, these processes of lipid oxidation did not include the synthesis of the membrane breakdown products, as confirmed by the unchanged values of jasmonic acid, thus indicating that this compound was not involved in the regulation of PCD strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marchica
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2210563
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 50, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Del Re M, Omarini C, Diodati L, Palleschi M, Meattini I, Crucitta S, Lorenzini G, Isca C, Fontana A, Livi L, Piacentini F, Fogli S, De Giorgi U, Danesi R. Reply to comments on: Drug-drug interactions between palbociclib and proton pump inhibitors may significantly affect clinical outcome of metastatic breast cancer patients. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100381. [PMID: 35131649 PMCID: PMC8897157 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - C Omarini
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - L Diodati
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Palleschi
- Unit of Medical Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) 'Dino Amadori', Meldola, Italy
| | - I Meattini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'M. Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Radiation Oncology Unit - Oncology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - S Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - G Lorenzini
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Isca
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - A Fontana
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Livi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'M. Serio', University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Radiation Oncology Unit - Oncology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - F Piacentini
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - S Fogli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - U De Giorgi
- Unit of Medical Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) 'Dino Amadori', Meldola, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pisuttu C, Pampana S, Pellegrini E. Transient Waterlogging Events Impair Shoot and Root Physiology and Reduce Grain Yield of Durum Wheat Cultivars. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112357. [PMID: 34834720 PMCID: PMC8625979 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn) is a staple crop of the Mediterranean countries, where more frequent waterlogging events are predicted due to climate change. However, few investigations have been conducted on the physiological and agronomic responses of this crop to waterlogging. The present study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of two waterlogging durations (i.e., 14 and 35 days) on two durum wheat cultivars (i.e., Svevo and Emilio Lepido). An integrated analysis of an array of physiological, biochemical, biometric, and yield parameters was performed at the end of the waterlogging events, during recovery, and at physiological maturity. Results established that effects on durum wheat varied depending on waterlogging duration. This stress imposed at tillering impaired photosynthetic activity of leaves and determined oxidative injury of the roots. The physiological damages could not be fully recovered, subsequently slowing down tiller formation and crop growth, and depressing the final grain yield. Furthermore, differences in waterlogging tolerance between cultivars were discovered. Our results demonstrate that in durum wheat, the energy maintenance, the cytosolic ion homeostasis, and the ROS control and detoxification can be useful physiological and biochemical parameters to consider for the waterlogging tolerance of genotypes, with regard to sustaining biomass production and grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Silvia Pampana
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-8941
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (C.P.); (E.P.)
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Cotrozzi L, Conti B, Lorenzini G, Pellegrini E, Nali C. In the tripartite combination ozone-poplar-Chrysomela populi, the pollutant alters the plant-insect interaction via primary metabolites of foliage. Environ Res 2021; 201:111581. [PMID: 34174255 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3)-induced metabolic changes in leaves are relevant and may have several ecological significances. Here, variations in foliar chemistry of two poplar clones (Populus deltoides × maximowiczii, Eridano, and P. × euramericana, I-214) under a chronic O3 treatment (80 ppb, 5 h d-1 for 10 consecutive days) were investigated. The aim was to elucidate if leaf age and/or O3-sensitivity (considering Eridano and I-214 as O3-sensitive and O3-resistant, respectively) can affect suitability of poplar foliage for Chrysomela populi L. (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae), in terms of palatability. Comparing controls, only low amino acid (AA) contents were reported in Eridano [about 3- and 4-fold in mature and young leaves (ML and YL, respectively)], and all the investigated primary metabolites [i.e. water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), proteins (Prot) and AA] were higher in YL than in ML of I-214 (+23, +54 and + 20%, respectively). Ozone increased WSC only in YL of Eridano (+24%, i.e. highest values among samples; O3 effects are always reported comparing O3-treated plants with the related controls). A concomitant decrease of Prot was observed in both ML and YL of Eridano, while only in YL of I-214 (-41, -45 and -51%, respectively). In addition, O3 decreased AA in YL of Eridano and in ML of I-214 (-40 and -14%, respectively). Comparing plants maintained under charcoal-filtered air, total ascorbate (Asc) was lower in Eridano in both ML and YL (around -22%), and abscisic acid (ABA) was similar between clones; furthermore, higher levels of Asc were reported in YL than in ML of Eridano (+19%). Ozone increased Asc and ABA (about 2- and 3-fold, respectively) in both ML and YL of Eridano, as well as ABA in YL of I-214 (about 2-fold). Comparing leaves maintained under charcoal-filtered air, the choice feeding test showed that the 2nd instar larvae preferred YL, and the quantity of YL consumed was 9 and 4-fold higher than ML in Eridano and I-214, respectively. Comparing leaves exposed to O3-treatment, a significant feeding preference for YL disks was also observed, regardless of the clone. The no-choice feeding test showed that larval growth was slightly higher on untreated YL than on untreated ML (+19 and + 10% in Eridano and I-214, respectively). The body mass of larvae fed with O3-treated YL was also significantly higher than that of larvae fed with untreated YL (3- and 2-fold in Eridano and I-214). This study highlights that realistic O3 concentrations can significantly impact the host/insect interactions, a phenomenon dependent on leaf age and O3-sensitivity of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Conti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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Pellegrini E, Cotrozzi L, Neri L, Baraldi R, Carrari E, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Paoletti E, Hoshika Y. Stress markers and physiochemical responses of the Mediterranean shrub Phillyrea angustifolia under current and future drought and ozone scenarios. Environ Res 2021; 201:111615. [PMID: 34216612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean plants are particularly threatened by the exacerbation of prolonged periods of summer drought and increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3). The aims of the present study were to (i) test if selected markers (i.e., reactive oxygen species, ROS; malondialdehyde, MDA; photosynthetic pigments) are able to discriminate the oxidative pressure due to single and combined stress conditions, and (ii) elucidate the physiochemical adjustments adopted by Phillyrea angustifolia (evergreen woody species representative of the maquis, also known as narrow-leaved mock privet) to perceive and counter to drought and/or O3. Plants were grown from May to October under the combination of two levels of water irrigation [i.e., well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS)] and three levels of O3 [i.e., 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the ambient air concentrations, i.e. AA (current O3 scenario), 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA (future O3 scenarios), respectively], using a new-generation O3 Free Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) system. Overall, this species appeared relatively sensitive to drought (e.g., net CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance significantly decreased, as well as total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents), and tolerant to O3 (e.g., as confirmed by the absence of visible foliar injury, the unchanged values of total carotenoids, and the detrimental effects on stomatal conductance, total chlorophylls and terpene emission only under elevated O3 concentrations). The combination of both stressors led to harsher oxidative stress. Only when evaluated together (i.e., combining the information provided by the analysis of each stress marker), ROS, MDA and photosynthetic pigments, were suitable stress markers to discriminate the differential oxidative stress induced by drought and increasing O3 concentrations applied singly or in combination: (i) all these stress markers were affected under drought per se; (ii) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA increased under O3per se, following the gradient of O3 concentrations (H2O2: about 2- and 4-fold higher; MDA: +22 and + 91%; in 1.5 × AA_WW and 2.0 × AA_WW, respectively); (iii) joining together the ROS it was possible to report harsher effects under 2.0 × AA_WS and 1.5 × AA_WS (both anion superoxide and H2O2 increased) than under 2.0 × AA_WW (only H2O2 increased); and (iv) MDA showed harsher effects under 2.0 × AA_WS than under 1.5 × AA_WS (increased by 49 and 18%, respectively). Plants activated physiological and biochemical adjustments in order to partially avoid (e.g., stomatal closure) and tolerate (e.g., increased terpene emission) the effects of drought when combined with increasing O3 concentrations, suggesting that the water use strategy (isohydric) and the sclerophyllous habit can further increase the plant tolerance to environmental constraints in the Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luisa Neri
- Institute of BioEconomy, IBE-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Baraldi
- Institute of BioEconomy, IBE-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Del Re M, Omarini C, Diodati L, Palleschi M, Meattini I, Crucitta S, Isca C, Fogli S, Bleve S, Lorenzini G, Fontana A, Livi L, Piacentini F, De Giorgi U, Danesi R. 239P Drug-drug interactions between palbociclib and proton pump inhibitors may significantly affect clinical outcome of metastatic breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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12
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Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Saponaro V, Hoshika Y, Arab L, Rennenberg H, Paoletti E. Hyperspectral Reflectance of Light-Adapted Leaves Can Predict Both Dark- and Light-Adapted Chl Fluorescence Parameters, and the Effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure on Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176441. [PMID: 32899403 PMCID: PMC7504383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput and large-scale measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) are of great interest to investigate the photosynthetic performance of plants in the field. Here, we tested the capability to rapidly, precisely, and simultaneously estimate the number of pulse-amplitude-modulation ChlF parameters commonly calculated from both dark- and light-adapted leaves (an operation which usually takes tens of minutes) from the reflectance of hyperspectral data collected on light-adapted leaves of date palm seedlings chronically exposed in a FACE facility to three ozone (O3) concentrations (ambient air, AA; target 1.5 × AA O3, named as moderate O3, MO; target 2 × AA O3, named as elevated O3, EO) for 75 consecutive days. Leaf spectral measurements were paired with reference measurements of ChlF, and predictive spectral models were constructed using partial least squares regression. Most of the ChlF parameters were well predicted by spectroscopic models (average model goodness-of-fit for validation, R2: 0.53–0.82). Furthermore, comparing the full-range spectral profiles (i.e., 400–2400 nm), it was possible to distinguish with high accuracy (81% of success) plants exposed to the different O3 concentrations, especially those exposed to EO from those exposed to MO and AA. This was possible even in the absence of visible foliar injury and using a moderately O3-susceptible species like the date palm. The latter view is confirmed by the few variations of the ChlF parameters, that occurred only under EO. The results of the current study could be applied in several scientific fields, such as precision agriculture and plant phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2210562
| | - Vincenzo Saponaro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.C.); (G.L.); (C.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (Y.H.); (E.P.)
| | - Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.A.); (H.R.)
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.A.); (H.R.)
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (Y.H.); (E.P.)
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14
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Sbrana A, Paolieri F, Sammarco E, Bloise F, Zucchelli G, Massa V, Lorenzini G, Borelli B, Boccaccino A, Catanese S, Pecora I, Galli L, Fontana A, Falcone A, Antonuzzo A. Clinical benefit from late lines of therapy offered to patients treated in a tertiary referral centre. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz265.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Marchica A, Loré S, Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Remorini D. Early Detection of Sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) Responses to Ozone Using Reflectance Spectroscopy. Plants (Basel) 2019; 8:E346. [PMID: 31547452 PMCID: PMC6784234 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in techniques to rapidly and non-destructively detect the impact of tropospheric ozone (O3) on crops are required. This study demonstrates the capability of full-range (350-2500 nm) reflectance spectroscopy to characterize responses of asymptomatic sage leaves under an acute O3 exposure (200 ppb for 5 h). Using partial least squares regression, spectral models were developed for the estimation of several traits related to photosynthesis, the oxidative pressure induced by O3, and the antioxidant mechanisms adopted by plants to cope with the pollutant. Physiological traits were well predicted by spectroscopic models (average model goodness-of-fit for validation (R2): 0.65-0.90), whereas lower prediction performances were found for biochemical traits (R2: 0.42-0.71). Furthermore, even in the absence of visible symptoms, comparing the full-range spectral profiles, it was possible to distinguish with accuracy plants exposed to charcoal-filtered air from those exposed to O3. An O3 effect on sage spectra was detectable from 1 to 5 h from the beginning of the exposure, but ozonated plants quickly recovered after the fumigation. This O3-tolerance was confirmed by trends of vegetation indices and leaf traits derived from spectra, further highlighting the capability of reflectance spectroscopy to early detect the responses of crops to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marchica
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Loré
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Marchica A, Lorenzini G, Papini R, Bernardi R, Nali C, Pellegrini E. Signalling molecules responsive to ozone-induced oxidative stress in Salvia officinalis. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:568-576. [PMID: 30550919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is the most important gaseous pollutant and induces a mass of negative impacts on vegetation at functional and genic levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species and signalling molecules in sage plants exposed to O3 (200 ppb, 5 h). Ozone exposure induced only a transient oxidative burst, as confirmed by the rapid peak of anion superoxide during the first hours of exposure (+16% compared to controls). The spontaneous reaction of O3 with membrane fatty acids stimulates peroxidative processes, as demonstrated by the rise of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration starting after 1 h of exposure (+25%). The formation of lipid-based signalling molecules (e.g. jasmonic acid) may be regarded as a sort of O3-perception. The concomitant accumulation of salicylic acid suggests that sage responds early to O3 by inducing cellular antioxidants mechanisms in order to minimize O3-oxidative burst. The transient increase of abscisic acid (+25% at the end of the treatment) twinned with the maximal ethylene emission (about two-fold higher than controls) could be interpreted as a first attempt by plants to regulate the signalling responses induced by O3. In order to investigate the involvement of transcription factors in managing oxidative protection, BLASTX analysis against the Salvia miltiorrhiza sequence genome was carried out using Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY sequences as queries. Six gene sequences were identified for sage WRKYs and their relative gene expression analyses were characterized. WRKY4, WRKY5, WRKY11 and WRKY46 were up-regulated by O3 at 2 and 5 h of exposure and they showed similarity with AtWRKY48, AtWRKY22 and AtWRKY53 in A. thaliana. These results suggest that WRKYs could play a pivotal role in the signalling mechanisms during the responses of plants to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marchica
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Romina Papini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Podda A, Pisuttu C, Hoshika Y, Pellegrini E, Carrari E, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Cotrozzi L, Zhang L, Baraldi R, Neri L, Paoletti E. Can nutrient fertilization mitigate the effects of ozone exposure on an ozone-sensitive poplar clone? Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:340-350. [PMID: 30550899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We tested the independent and interactive effects of nitrogen (N; 0 and 80 kg ha-1), phosphorus (P; 0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), and ozone (O3) application/exposure [ambient concentration (AA), 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA] for five consecutive months on biochemical traits of the O3-sensitive Oxford poplar clone. Plants exposed to O3 showed visible injury and an alteration of membrane integrity, as confirmed by the malondialdehyde by-product accumulation (+3 and +17% under 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA conditions, in comparison to AA). This was probably due to O3-induced oxidative damage, as documented by the production of superoxide anion radical (O2-, +27 and +63%, respectively). Ozone per se, independently from the concentrations, induced multiple signals (e.g., alteration of cellular redox state, increase of abscisic acid/indole-3-acetic acid ratio and reduction of proline content) that might be part of premature leaf senescence processes. By contrast, nutrient fertilization (both N and P) reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation (as confirmed by the decreased O2- and hydrogen peroxide content), resulting in enhanced membrane stability. This was probably due to the simultaneous involvement of antioxidant compounds (e.g., carotenoids, ascorbate and glutathione) and osmoprotectants (e.g., proline) that regulate the detoxification processes of coping with oxidative stress by reducing the O3 sensitivity of Oxford clone. These mitigation effects were effective only under AA and 1.5 × AA conditions. Nitrogen and P supply activated a free radical scavenging system that was not able to delay leaf senescence and mitigate the adverse effects of a general peroxidation due to the highest O3 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Podda
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisuttu
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Center for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Elisa Carrari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Center for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Center for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lu Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rita Baraldi
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Luisa Neri
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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Landi M, Cotrozzi L, Pellegrini E, Remorini D, Tonelli M, Trivellini A, Nali C, Guidi L, Massai R, Vernieri P, Lorenzini G. When "thirsty" means "less able to activate the signalling wave trigged by a pulse of ozone": A case of study in two Mediterranean deciduous oak species with different drought sensitivity. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:379-390. [PMID: 30550902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge about the possibility that plants facing abiotic stressors, such as drought, have an altered perception of a pulse of O3 and incur in alterations of their signalling network. This poses some concerns as to whether defensive strategy to cope episodic O3 peaks in healthy plants may fail under stress. In this study, a set of saplings of two Mediterranean deciduous species, Quercus cerris and Q. pubescens, was subjected to water withholding (20% of daily evapotranspiration for 15 days) while another set was kept well-watered. Saplings were then subjected to a pulse of O3 (200 nl l-1 for 5 h) or maintained in filtered air. Q. pubescens had a more severe decline of photosynthesis and leaf PDΨw (about -65% and 5-fold lower than in well-watered ones) and events of cell death were observed under drought when compared to Q. cerris, which is supportive for a higher sensitivity to drought exhibited by this species. When O3 was applied after drought, patterns of signalling compounds were altered in both species. Only in Q. pubescens, the typical O3-induced accumulation of apoplastic reactive oxygen species, which is the first necessary step for the activation of signalling cascade, was completely lost. In Q. cerris the most frequent changes encompassed the weakening of peaks of key signalling molecules (ethylene and salicylic acid), whereas in Q. pubescens both delayed (salicylic and jasmonic acid) or weakened (ethylene and salicylic acid) peaks were observed. This is translated to a higher ability of Q. cerris to maintain a prompt activation of defensive reaction to counteract oxidative damage due to the pollutant. Our results reveal the complexity of the signalling network in plants facing multiple stresses and highlight the need to further investigate possible alteration of defensive mechanism of tree species to predict their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Tonelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Calzone A, Podda A, Lorenzini G, Maserti BE, Carrari E, Deleanu E, Hoshika Y, Haworth M, Nali C, Badea O, Pellegrini E, Fares S, Paoletti E. Cross-talk between physiological and biochemical adjustments by Punica granatum cv. Dente di cavallo mitigates the effects of salinity and ozone stress. Sci Total Environ 2019; 656:589-597. [PMID: 30529963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a broad range of environmental stresses, such as salinity and ozone (O3), and survive due to their ability to adjust their metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical adjustments adopted by pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Dente di cavallo) under realistic field conditions. One-year-old saplings were exposed to O3 [two levels denoted as ambient (AO) and elevated (EO) O3 concentrations] and salinity [S (salt, 50 mM NaCl)] for three consecutive months. No salt (NS) plants received distilled water. Despite the accumulation of Na+ and Cl- in the aboveground biomass, no evidence of visible injury due to salt (e.g. tip yellow-brown lesions) was found. The maintenance of leaf water status (i.e. unchanged values of electrolytic leakage and relative water content), the significant increase of abscisic acid, proline and starch content (+98, +65 and +59% compared to AO_NS) and stomatal closure (-24%) are suggested to act as adaptive mechanisms against salt stress in AO_S plants. By contrast, EO_NS plants were unable to protect cells against the negative impact of O3, as confirmed by the reduction of the CO2 assimilation rate (-21%), accumulation of reactive oxygen species (+10 and +225% of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide) and malondialdehyde by-product (about 2-fold higher than AO_NS). Plants tried to preserve themselves from further oxidative damage by adopting some biochemical adjustments [i.e. increase in proline content (+41%) and induction of catalase activity (8-fold higher than in AO_NS)]. The interaction of the two stressors induced responses considerably different to those observed when each stressor was applied independently. An analysis of the antioxidant pool revealed that the biochemical adjustments adopted by P. granatum under EO_S conditions (e.g. reduction of total ascorbate; increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase) were not sufficient to ameliorate the O3-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Calzone
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alessandra Podda
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Bianca Elena Maserti
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Elena Deleanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea", B-dul Eroilor 128, Voluntari, Ilfov 077190, Romania
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Ovidiu Badea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea", B-dul Eroilor 128, Voluntari, Ilfov 077190, Romania; Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor 29, Brasov 500036, Romania
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Silvano Fares
- Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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Pellegrini E, Hoshika Y, Dusart N, Cotrozzi L, Gérard J, Nali C, Vaultier MN, Jolivet Y, Lorenzini G, Paoletti E. Antioxidative responses of three oak species under ozone and water stress conditions. Sci Total Environ 2019; 647:390-399. [PMID: 30086491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently exposed to adverse environmental conditions such as drought and ozone (O3). Under these conditions, plants can survive due to their ability to adjust their metabolism. The aim of the present study was to compare the detoxification mechanisms of three oak species showing different O3 sensitivity and water use strategy. Two-year-old seedlings of Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur were grown under the combination of three levels of O3 (1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 times the ambient O3 concentration) and three levels of water availability (on average 100, 80 and 42% of field capacity i.e. well-watered, moderate drought and severe drought, respectively) in an O3 Free Air Controlled Exposure facility. Ozone and drought induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and this phenomenon was species-specific. Sometimes, ROS accumulation was not associated with membrane injury suggesting that several antioxidative defence mechanisms inhibited or alleviated the oxidative damage. Both O3 and drought increased total carotenoids that were able to prevent the peroxidation action by free radicals in Q. ilex, as confirmed by unchanged malondialdehyde by-product values. The concomitant decrease of total flavonoids may be related to the consumption of these compounds by the cell to inhibit the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Unchanged total phenols confirmed that Q. ilex has a superior ability to counteract oxidative conditions. Similar responses were found in Q. pubescens, although the negative impact of both factors was less efficiently faced than in the sympatric Q. ilex. In Q. robur, high O3 concentrations and severe drought induced a partial rearrangement of the phenylpropanoid pathways. These antioxidative mechanisms were not able to protect the cell structure (as confirmed by ROS accumulation) suggesting that Q. robur showed a lower degree of tolerance than the other two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Nicolas Dusart
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Joëlle Gérard
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
| | | | - Yves Jolivet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
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Natali L, Vangelisti A, Guidi L, Remorini D, Cotrozzi L, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Pellegrini E, Trivellini A, Vernieri P, Landi M, Cavallini A, Giordani T. How Quercus ilex L. saplings face combined salt and ozone stress: a transcriptome analysis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:872. [PMID: 30514212 PMCID: PMC6278050 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to other urban trees, holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.) provide a physiological, ecological and social service in the urban environment, since they remove atmospheric pollution. However, the urban environment has several abiotic factors that negatively influence plant life, which are further exacerbated due to climate change, especially in the Mediterranean area. Among these abiotic factors, increased uptake of Na + and Cl - usually occurs in trees in the urban ecosystem; moreover, an excess of the tropospheric ozone concentration in Mediterranean cities further affects plant growth and survival. Here, we produced and annotated a de novo leaf transcriptome of Q. ilex as well as transcripts over- or under-expressed after a single episode of O3 (80 nl l-1, 5 h), a salt treatment (150 mM for 15 days) or a combination of these treatments, mimicking a situation that plants commonly face, especially in urban environments. RESULTS Salinity dramatically changed the profile of expressed transcripts, while the short O3 pulse had less effect on the transcript profile. However, the short O3 pulse had a very strong effect in inducing over- or under-expression of some genes in plants coping with soil salinity. Many differentially regulated genes were related to stress sensing and signalling, cell wall remodelling, ROS sensing and scavenging, photosynthesis and to sugar and lipid metabolism. Most differentially expressed transcripts revealed here are in accordance with a previous report on Q. ilex at the physiological and biochemical levels, even though the expression profiles were overall more striking than those found at the biochemical and physiological levels. CONCLUSIONS We produced for the first time a reference transcriptome for Q. ilex, and performed gene expression analysis for this species when subjected to salt, ozone and a combination of the two. The comparison of gene expression between the combined salt + ozone treatment and salt or ozone alone showed that even though many differentially expressed genes overlap all treatments, combined stress triggered a unique response in terms of gene expression modification. The obtained results represent a useful tool for studies aiming to investigate the effects of environmental stresses in urban-adapted tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Lo Piccolo E, Landi M, Pellegrini E, Agati G, Giordano C, Giordani T, Lorenzini G, Malorgio F, Massai R, Nali C, Rallo G, Remorini D, Vernieri P, Guidi L. Multiple Consequences Induced by Epidermally-Located Anthocyanins in Young, Mature and Senescent Leaves of Prunus. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:917. [PMID: 30013588 PMCID: PMC6036500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanic morphs are generally less efficient in terms of carbon gain, but, in turn, are more photoprotected than anthocyanin-less ones. To date, mature leaves of different morphs or leaves at different developmental stages within the same species have generally been compared, whereas there is a lack of knowledge regarding different stages of development of red vs. green leaves. Leaves (1-, 7-, and 13-week-old) of red- (RLP) and green-leafed (GLP) Prunus in terms of photosynthetic rate, carbon metabolism and photoprotective mechanisms were compared to test whether anthocyanin-equipped leaves perform better than anthocyanin-less leaves and whether photoprotection is the primary role of epidermally-located anthocyanins, using for the first time a recently-developed parameter of chlorophyll fluorescence (qPd). GLP leaves had a higher photosynthetic rate in 1- and 7-week-old leaves, but RLP leaves performed better at an early stage of senescence and had a longer leaf lifespan. Anthocyanins contributed to leaf photoprotection throughout the leaf development, but were tightly coordinated with carotenoids. Besides photoprotecting, we propose that epidermal anthocyanins may be principally synthetized to maintain an efficient carbon-sink strength in young and senescent leaves, thus extending the RLP leaf lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermes Lo Piccolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Agati
- “Nello Carrara” Institute of Applied Physics, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fernando Malorgio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rallo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Pellegrini E, Campanella A, Cotrozzi L, Tonelli M, Nali C, Lorenzini G. What about the detoxification mechanisms underlying ozone sensitivity in Liriodendron tulipifera? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8148-8160. [PMID: 28357799 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liriodendron tulipifera (known as the tulip tree) is a woody species that has been previously classified as sensitive to ozone (O3) in terms of visible leaf injuries and photosynthetic primary reactions. The objective of this work is to give a thorough description of the detoxification mechanisms that are at the basis of O3 sensitivity. Biochemical and molecular markers were used to characterize the response of 1-year-old saplings exposed to O3 (120 ppb, 5 h day-1, for 45 consecutive days) under controlled conditions. O3 effects resulted in a less efficient metabolism of Halliwell-Asada cycle as confirmed by the diminished capacity to convert the oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione in the reduced ones (AsA and GSH, respectively). The reduced activity of AsA and GSH regenerating enzymes indicates that de novo AsA biosynthesis occurred. This compound could be a cofactor of several plant-specific enzymes that are involved in the early part of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, as confirmed by the significant rise of PAL activity (+75%). The induction of the defence-related secondary metabolites (in particular, rutin and caffeic acid were about threefold higher) and the concomitant increase in transcript levels of PAL and CHS genes (+120 and 30%, respectively) suggest that L. tulipifera utilized this route in order to partially counteract the O3-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Campanella
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Tonelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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De Biasi MG, Marabottini R, Paolacci AR, Ciaffi M, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Badiani M. On the interactions among zinc availability and responses to ozone stress in durum wheat seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8181-8189. [PMID: 28994034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn] were exposed to zinc nutrition and to ozone (O3) in a factorial combination: adequate (+Zn treatment) or no Zn (-Zn) in the nutrient solution, followed by exposure to either ozone-free air (filtered air, FA) or to 150 nL L-1 ozone (O3) for 4 h. Although omitting Zn from the nutrient solution failed to impose a genuine Zn deficiency, -Zn*FA durum wheat seedlings showed a typical deficiency behaviour, i.e. Zn mobilisation from root to shoot. Such inter-organ Zn redistribution, however, did not occur in -Zn*O3 plants. Exposure to each stress singly decreased the activity and the protein amount of foliar plasma membrane H+-ATPase, but not stress combination, which even increased the H+-ATPase expression with respect to control. In the -Zn*O3 plants, moreover, the foliar activities of the plasma membrane-bound NAD(P)H-dependent superoxide synthase and of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, and the transcripts abundance of the luminal binding protein and of the protein disulphide isomerase, were also stimulated. It is proposed that, even in the absence of actual Zn starvation, the perception of deficiency conditions could trigger changes in redox homoeostasis at the plasma membrane level, helpful in compensating an O3-dependent oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita G De Biasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosita Marabottini
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione dei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S.C. De Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Paolacci
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione dei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S.C. De Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mario Ciaffi
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione dei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Via S.C. De Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Badiani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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Cotrozzi L, Campanella A, Pellegrini E, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Paoletti E. Phenylpropanoids are key players in the antioxidant defense to ozone of European ash, Fraxinus excelsior. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8137-8147. [PMID: 27995504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and biochemical responses to ozone (O3) (150 ppb, 8 h day-1, 35 consecutive days) of two Italian provenances (Piedmont and Tuscany) of Fraxinus excelsior L. were evaluated, with special attention to the role of phenylpropanoids. Our results indicate (i) the high O3 sensitivity especially of Piedmont provenance (in terms of visible injury, water status, and photosynthetic apparatus); (ii) although the intra-specific sensitivity to O3 between provenances differs (mainly due to different stomatal behaviors since only Tuscany plants partially avoided the uptake of the pollutant gas), both provenances showed detoxification and defense mechanisms; (iii) the crucial participation of phenylpropanoids, with a key role played by flavonoids (especially quercitrin): among this class of metabolites, isoquercitrin is the principal player in the lower O3 sensitivity of Tuscany plants, together with lignins; (iv) although coumarins (typical compounds of Fraxinus) were severely depressed by O3, isofraxidin was triggered suggesting a key role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, as well as trans-chalcone. Furthermore, the different behavior of verbascoside and oleuropein among provenances lead us to speculate on their influence in the tentatively repair or acclimation shown by Piedmont plants at the end of the exposure. Finally, the intra-specific O3 sensitivity may be also due to de novo peaks triggered by O3 not yet associated to some chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Campanella
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Vannini A, Paoli L, Ceccarelli S, Sorbo S, Basile A, Carginale V, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Pica M, Loppi S. Physiological and ultrastructural effects of acute ozone fumigation in the lichen Xanthoria parietina: the role of parietin and hydration state. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8104-8112. [PMID: 28702906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and ultrastructural effects induced by acute exposure to ozone (O3) were investigated in the lichen Xanthoria parietina. Our working hypothesis was that parietin content and hydration of the thalli may play a role in the modulation of the effects of O3 exposure. Four batches of X. parietina samples, dry and wet, with (P+) and without (P-) parietin, were fumigated for 1 h with 3 ppm O3. The effects of O3 were assessed immediately after the fumigation and after one week of recovery under controlled conditions. O3 fumigation caused physiological and ultrastructural impairment both to the photobiont and the mycobiont, irrespective if samples were fumigated wet or dry, and P+ or P-. However, one week after fumigation, a recovery was observed in P+ samples for the photobiont and in dry samples for the mycobiont. We suggest that the hydration state may play a major role in determining the severity of the damage, while the presence of parietin may promote the recovery. Our results provide physiological and ultrastructural basis to explain the ecological insensitivity of lichens to high environmental levels of ozone occurring during dry Mediterranean summers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Paoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Ceccarelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Basile
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Lorenzini G, Nali C. Editorial-ozone and plant life: the Italian state-of-the-art. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8069-8073. [PMID: 29470749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Cotrozzi L, Remorini D, Pellegrini E, Guidi L, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Massai R, Landi M. Living in a Mediterranean city in 2050: broadleaf or evergreen 'citizens'? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8161-8173. [PMID: 28616738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The predicted effects of global change (GC) will be exacerbated in the more densely populated cities of the future, especially in the Mediterranean basin where some environmental cues, such as drought and tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution, already mine seriously plant survival. Physiological and biochemical responses of a Mediterranean, evergreen, isohydric plant species (Quercus ilex) were compared to those of a sympatric, deciduous, anisohydric species (Q. pubescens) under severe drought (20% of the effective daily evapotranspiration) and/or chronic O3 exposure (80 ppb for 5 h day-1 for 28 consecutive days) to test which one was more successful in those highly limiting conditions. Results show that (i) the lower reduction of total leaf biomass of Q. ilex as compared to Q. pubescens when subjected to drought and drought × O3 (on average -59 vs -70%, respectively); (ii) the steeper decline of photosynthesis found in Q. pubescens under drought (-87 vs -81%) and drought × O3 (-69 vs -59%, respectively); (iii) the increments of malondialdehyde (MDA) by-products found only in drought-stressed Q. pubescens; (iv) the impact of O3, found only in Q. pubescens leaves and MDA, can be considered the best probes of the superiority of Q. ilex to counteract the effect of mild-severe drought and O3 stress. Also, an antagonistic effect was found when drought and O3 were applied simultaneously, as usually happens during typical Mediterranean summers. Our dataset suggests that on future, the urban greening should be wisely pondered on the ability of trees to cope the most impacting factors of GC, and in particular their simultaneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Cotrozzi L, Pellegrini E, Guidi L, Landi M, Lorenzini G, Massai R, Remorini D, Tonelli M, Trivellini A, Vernieri P, Nali C. Losing the Warning Signal: Drought Compromises the Cross-Talk of Signaling Molecules in Quercus ilex Exposed to Ozone. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1020. [PMID: 28674543 PMCID: PMC5475409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between drought and acute ozone (O3) stress in terms of signaling molecules and cell death would improve the predictions of plant responses to climate change. The aim was to investigate whether drought stress influences the responses of plants to acute episodes of O3 exposure. In this study, the behavior of 84 Mediterranean evergreen Quercus ilex plants was evaluated in terms of cross-talk responses among signaling molecules. Half of the sample was subjected to drought (20% of the effective daily evapotranspiration, for 15 days) and was later exposed to an acute O3 exposure (200 nL L-1 for 5 h). First, our results indicate that in well-water conditions, O3 induced a signaling pathway specific to O3-sensitive behavior. Second, different trends and consequently different roles of phytohormones and signaling molecules (ethylene, ET; abscisic acid, ABA; salycilic acid, SA and jasmonic acid, JA) were observed in relation to water stress and O3. A spatial and functional correlation between these signaling molecules was observed in modulating O3-induced responses in well-watered plants. In contrast, in drought-stressed plants, these compounds were not involved either in O3-induced signaling mechanisms or in leaf senescence (a response observed in water-stressed plants before the O3-exposure). Third, these differences were ascribable to the fact that in drought conditions, most defense processes induced by O3 were compromised and/or altered. Our results highlight how Q. ilex plants suffering from water deprivation respond differently to an acute O3 episode compared to well-watered plants, and suggest new effect to be considered in plant responses to environmental changes. This poses the serious question as to whether or not multiple high-magnitude O3 events (as predicted) can change these cross-talk responses, thus opening it up possible further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Tonelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’AnnaPisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vernieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of PisaPisa, Italy
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Guidi L, Remorini D, Cotrozzi L, Giordani T, Lorenzini G, Massai R, Nali C, Natali L, Pellegrini E, Trivellini A, Vangelisti A, Vernieri P, Landi M. The harsh life of an urban tree: the effect of a single pulse of ozone in salt-stressed Quercus ilex saplings. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:246-260. [PMID: 27784826 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) and salinity are usually tested as combined factors on plant performance. However, the response to a single episode of O3 in plants already stressed by an excess of NaCl as occurs in the natural environment has never been investigated, but is important given that it is commonly experienced in Mediterranean areas. Three-year-old Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) saplings were exposed to salinity (150 mM NaCl, 15 days), and the effect on photosynthesis, hydric relations and ion partitioning was evaluated (Experiment I). In Experiment II, salt-treated saplings were exposed to 80 nl l-1 of O3 for 5 h, which is a realistic dose in a Mediterranean environment. Gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant systems were characterized to test whether the salt-induced stomatal closure limited O3 uptake and stress or whether the pollutant represents an additional stressor for plants. Salt-dependent stomatal closure depressed the photosynthetic process (-71.6% of light-saturated rate of photosynthesis (A380)) and strongly enhanced the dissipation of energy via the xanthophyll cycle. However, salt-treated plants had higher values of net assimilation rate/stomatal conductance (A/gs) than the controls, which was attributable to a greater mesophyll conductance gm/gs and carboxylation efficiency (higher gm/maximal rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax)), thus suggesting no damage to chloroplasts. O3 did not exacerbate the effect of salinity on photosynthesis, however a general enhancement of the Halliwell-Asada cycle was necessary to counteract the O3-triggered oxidative stress. Despite the 79.4% gs reduction in salt-stressed plants, which strongly limited the O3 uptake, a single peak in the air pollutant led to an additional burden for the antioxidant system when plants had been previously subjected to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Basahi JM, Ismail IM, Haiba NS, Hassan IA, Lorenzini G. Assessing ambient ozone injury in olive (Olea europaea L.) plants by using the antioxidant ethylenediurea (EDU) in Saudi Arabia. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:371. [PMID: 27230423 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antiozonant chemical, ethylenediurea (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N'-phenylurea, abbreviated as EDU), was applied as stem injections or soil drenches to 5-year-old containerized plants of olive (Olea europaea L. cultivar Kalamata) in growth chambers in order to assess its ameliorative effects against realistic ozone (O3) stress. Visible injury symptoms were reduced greatly in individuals treated with EDU, with injection applications having greater protection than soil drenches. EDU application caused increases in the measured ecophysiological parameters compared to untreated individuals. In particular, the stem injection protected plants against photosynthetic impairment (unchanged net photosynthetic rates and intercellular CO2 concentration, in comparison to plants grown in filtered air). EDU application increased the protection of PSII from ambient O3 oxidative stress, although it did not retain the proportion of redox state of QA, pigment composition of photosynthetic apparatus and size of light-harvesting complex of PSII. However, the stem injection of plants with EDU induced lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values in comparison to ambient air (-2 %), indicating a better photoprotection of PSII in comparison to soil drench application. EDU application caused increases in the morphological and biometric parameters compared to individuals exposed to ambient air. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study highlighting the protection of Kalamata olive trees due to EDU in terms of growth, yield, visible injury, and photosynthetic performance. Furthermore, this study proved that EDU could be a low-cost and a low-technology efficient tool for assessing O3 effects on plant performances in the field in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Basahi
- Air Pollution Laboratory (APL), Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - I M Ismail
- Air Pollution Laboratory (APL), Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - N S Haiba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - I A Hassan
- Air Pollution Laboratory (APL), Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, El Shatby, Alexandria, 21256, Egypt
| | - G Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Cotrozzi L, Remorini D, Pellegrini E, Landi M, Massai R, Nali C, Guidi L, Lorenzini G. Variations in physiological and biochemical traits of oak seedlings grown under drought and ozone stress. Physiol Plant 2016; 157:69-84. [PMID: 26541269 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the huge biodiversity characterizing the Mediterranean environment, environmental constraints, such as high sunlight and high temperatures alongside with dry periods, make plant survival hard. In addition, high irradiance leads to increasing ozone (O3 ) concentrations in ambient air. In this era of global warming, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that allow native species to tolerate these environmental constraints and how such mechanisms interact. Three Mediterranean oak species (Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens and Quercus cerris) with different features (drought tolerant, evergreen or deciduous species) were selected to assess their biometrical, physiological and biochemical responses under drought and/or O3 stress (80-100 nl l(-1) of O3 for 5 h day(-1) for 77 consecutive days). Leaf visible injury appeared only under drought stress (alone or combined with O3 ) in all three species. Drought × O3 induced strong reductions in leaf dry weight in Q. pubescens and Q. cerris (-70 and -75%, respectively). Alterations in physiological (i.e. decrease in maximum carboxylation rate) and biochemical parameters (i.e. increase in proline content and build-up of malondialdehyde by-products) occurred in all the three species, although drought represented the major determinant. Quercus ilex and Q. pubescens, which co-occur in dry environments, were more tolerant to drought and drought × O3 . Quercus ilex was the species in which oxidative stress occurred only when drought was applied with O3 . High plasticity at a biochemical level (i.e. proline content) and evergreen habitus are likely on the basis of the higher tolerance of Q. ilex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossano Massai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Pellegrini E, Falcone L, Loppi S, Lorenzini G, Nali C. Impact of mechanical mowing and chemical treatment on phytosociological, pedochemical and biological parameters in roadside soils and vegetation. Ecotoxicology 2016; 25:279-90. [PMID: 26573685 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical and non-chemical strategies have been applied to control weeds in agricultural and industrial areas. Knowledge regarding the effects of these methods on roadside vegetation is still poor. A 2-year field experiment was performed along a road located near Livorno (Tuscany, central Italy). Eight plots/strips were identified, of which four were subjected to periodical mechanical mowing and the remaining four were treated with a chemical herbicide based on glyphosate (the producer's recommended rates were used for the selective control of broad-leaved weeds). Our results clearly showed that roadside soil and vegetation are a significant reservoir of anthropogenic activities which have a strong negative effect on several phytosociological, pedochemical and biological parameters. Compared with conventional mechanical mowing, chemical treatment induced (i) a significant increase in organic matter in the upper plot layers (+18%), and (ii) a marked reduction in weed height throughout the entire period of the experiment. Irrespectively of the kind of treatment, no significance differences were detected in terms of (i) biological quality of soil (the abundance and diversity of arthropod communities did not change), and (ii) plant elemental content (bulk concentrations of analysed trace elements had a good fit within ranges of occurrence in the "reference plant"). The glyphosate partially controlled broad-leaved weeds and this moderate efficacy is dependent upon the season/time of application. In conclusion, the rational and sustainable use of chemical herbicides may be a useful tool for the management of roadside vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lino Falcone
- Monsanto Agricoltura Italia, Via Giovanni Spadolini 5, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- Research Centre on Agro-Environment "Enrico Avanzi", University of Pisa, Via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Research Centre on Agro-Environment "Enrico Avanzi", University of Pisa, Via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Abd El-Wahed MH, Medici M, Lorenzini G. Sprinkler irrigation uniformity: Impact on the crop yield and water use efficiency. J Engin Thermophys 2016; 25:117-125. [DOI: 10.1134/s1810232816010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Pellegrini E, Francini A, Lorenzini G, Nali C. Ecophysiological and antioxidant traits of Salvia officinalis under ozone stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:13083-93. [PMID: 25925147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ecophysiological and antioxidant traits were evaluated in sage (Salvia officinalis) plants exposed to 120 ppb of ozone for 90 consecutive days (5 h day(-1)). At the end of fumigation, plants showed slight leaf yellowing that could be considered the first visual symptom of leaf senescence. Ozone-stressed leaves showed (1) reduced photosynthetic activity (-70 % at the end of exposure), (2) chlorophyll loss (-59 and -56 % of chlorophyll a and b concentrations, starting from 30 days from the beginning of exposure), and (3) cellular water deficit (-12 % of the relative water content at the end of the fumigation). These phenomena are indicative of oxidative stress in the chloroplasts (as confirmed by the strong degradation of β-carotene) despite the photoprotection conferred by xanthophyll cycle [as demonstrated by the significant rise of de-epoxidation index, reaching the maximum value at the end of the treatment (+69 %)], antioxidant compounds [as confirmed by the increase of phenols (in particular caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid)], and water-soluble carbohydrates (especially monosaccharides). By means of combined ecophysiological and biochemical approaches, this study demonstrates that S. officinalis is able to activate an adaptive survival mechanism allowing the plant to complete its life cycle even under oxidative stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Pellegrini E, Campanella A, Paolocci M, Trivellini A, Gennai C, Muganu M, Nali C, Lorenzini G. Functional Leaf Traits and Diurnal Dynamics of Photosynthetic Parameters Predict the Behavior of Grapevine Varieties Towards Ozone. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135056. [PMID: 26270333 PMCID: PMC4536205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study on functional leaf treats and the diurnal dynamics of photosynthetic processes was conducted on 2-year-old potted plants of two grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties (Aleatico, ALE, and Trebbiano giallo, TRE), exposed under controlled conditions to realistic concentrations of the pollutant gas ozone (80 ppb for 5 h day-1, 8:00–13:00 h, + 40 ppb for 5 h day-1, 13:00–18:00 h). At constitutive levels, the morphological functional traits of TRE improved leaf resistance to gas exchange, suggesting that TRE is characterized by a potential high degree of tolerance to ozone. At the end of the treatment, both varieties showed typical visible injuries on fully expanded leaves and a marked alteration in the diurnal pattern of photosynthetic activity. This was mainly due to a decreased stomatal conductance (-27 and -29% in ALE and TRE, in terms of daily values in comparison to controls) and to a reduced mesophyllic functioning (+33 and +16% of the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration). Although the genotypic variability of grape regulates the response to oxidative stress, similar detoxification processes were activated, such as an increased content of total carotenoids (+64 and +30%, in ALE and TRE), enhanced efficiency of thermal energy dissipation within photosystem II (+32 and +20%) closely correlated with the increased de-epoxidation index (+26 and +22%) and variations in content of some osmolytes. In summary, we can conclude that: the daily photosynthetic performance of grapevine leaves was affected by a realistic exposure to ozone. In addition, the gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements revealed a different quali-quantitative response in the two varieties. The genotypic variability of V. vinifera and the functional leaf traits would seem to regulate the acclimatory response to oxidative stress and the degree of tolerance to ozone. Similar photoprotective mechanisms were activated in the two varieties, though to a different extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Campanella
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Paolocci
- Department of Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clizia Gennai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Muganu
- Department of Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Virdis A, Duranti E, Lorenzini G, Taddei S. 6D.02. J Hypertens 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000467573.64325.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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D'Angiolillo F, Tonelli M, Pellegrini E, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Pistelli L, Pistelli L. Can Ozone Alter the Terpenoid Composition and Membrane Integrity of in vitro Melissa officinalis Shoots? Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone affects volatile organic compounds that protect plants from biotic and abiotic stress. In vitro Melissa officinalis shoots were exposed to ozone (200 ppb, 3 h) in controlled environmental conditions: leaf pigments, membrane integrity and headspace composition were assayed during fumigation and after the recovery period (3 h from the beginning of the exposure, FBE). At the end of the exposure, no injury was observed in untreated and treated shoots, although an evident increase in lipid peroxidation was reported (+38.5 and +37.2% of TBARS levels in comparison with controls, respectively after 1 and 3 h FBE). The levels of total carotenoids significantly rose as a normal response mechanism to oxidative stress. SPME-GS-MS analysis showed that, as a consequence of the fumigation, the trends in non-terpenoid compounds increased after 1 and 3 h FBE. This suggests that the concentration and the duration of the treatment were enough to cause a breakdown of cells (as evidenced by increased TBARS levels) and involves an association between volatile products of the lipoxygenase pathway (LOX products) and membrane degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Angiolillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Tonelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa – Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa – Italy
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Abd El-Wahed MH, Medici M, Lorenzini G. Harvesting water in a center pivot irrigation system: Evaluation of distribution uniformity with varying operating parameters. J Engin Thermophys 2015; 24:143-151. [DOI: 10.1134/s1810232815020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Pellegrini E, Bertuzzi S, Candotto Carniel F, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Tretiach M. Ozone tolerance in lichens: a possible explanation from biochemical to physiological level using Flavoparmelia caperata as test organism. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:1514-1523. [PMID: 25105236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are among the best biomonitors of airborne pollutants, but surprisingly they reveal high tolerance to ozone (O3). It was recently suggested that this might be due to the high levels of natural defences against oxidative stress, related to their poikilohydric life strategy. The objective of this work is to give a thorough description of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that are at the basis of the O3-tolerance of lichens. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) emission, histochemical ROS localization in the lichen thallus, and biochemical markers [enzymes and antioxidants involved in the ascorbate/glutathione (AsA/GSH) cycle; hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2(-))] were used to characterize the response of the epiphytic lichen Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale exposed to O3 (250 ppb, 5 hd(-1), 2 weeks) at different watering regimes and air relative humidity (RH) in a fumigation chamber. After two-week exposure ChlaF was affected by the watering regime but not by O3. The watering regime influenced also the superoxide dismutase activity and the production of ROS. By contrast O3 strongly influenced the AsA/GSH biochemical pathway, decreasing the reduced ascorbate (AsA) content and increasing the enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) independently from the watering regime and the relative humidity applied. This study highlights that F. caperata can face the O3-induced oxidative stress thanks to high levels of constitutive enzymatic and non-enzymatic defences against ROS formed naturally during the dehydration-rehydration cycles to which lichens are frequently exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Candotto Carniel
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Picciotti M, DiVece L, Viviano M, Giorgio A, Lorenzini G. Meningitis and Riga-Fede disease: an unusual condition. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2014; 15:245-246. [PMID: 25101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riga-Fede disease (RFD) is a benign inflammatory disorder characterised by the appearance of a traumatic ulceration of the oral mucosa. Early detection of RFD and its adequate management are very important. CASE REPORT The authors present a an unusual case of RFD with concomitant Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. A 36-day-old female infant was referred to the emergency room of the Hospital of the University of Siena for a 4-day history of high fever. Clinical evaluation revealed the presence of lingual ulceration caused by natal tooth. Few hours later, clinical manifestations were overshadowed by neurological symptoms. The cerebrospinal fluid examination showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The wound healing after extraction of the tooth and the antibiotic therapy have been important for the resolution of this case. A conservative approach is preferable for natal teeth, but in this case the extraction was suggested since a more radical treatment was more likely to avoid major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Picciotti
- Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Italy, Department of Oral Pathology, Siena
| | - L DiVece
- Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Italy, Department of Orthodontics, Siena
| | - M Viviano
- Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Italy, Department of Oral Pathology, Siena
| | - A Giorgio
- Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Italy, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena
| | - G Lorenzini
- Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Italy, Department of Oral Pathology, Siena
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Döring AS, Pellegrini E, Della Batola M, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Petersen M. How do background ozone concentrations affect the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid in Melissa officinalis? J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:35-41. [PMID: 24484956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis; Lamiaceae) plants were exposed to background ozone (O3) dosages (80ppb for 5h), because high background levels of O3 are considered to be as harmful as episodic O3 peaks. Immediately at the end of fumigation the plants appeared visually symptomless, but necrotic lesions were observed later. The biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (RA) comprises eight enzymes, among them phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS). The transcript levels of these genes have been investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. There was a quick up-regulation of all genes at 3h of O3 exposure, but at 24h from beginning of exposure (FBE) only RAS and PAL were up-regulated. The specific activity of RAS was closely correlated with a decrease of RA concentration in lemon balm leaves. The specific activity of PAL increased at 12h FBE to 163% in comparison to control levels. This work provides insight into the effect of O3 stress on the formation of the main phenolic ingredient of the pharmaceutically important plant M. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Döring
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Della Batola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Döring AS, Pellegrini E, Campanella A, Trivellini A, Gennai C, Petersen M, Nali C, Lorenzini G. How sensitive is Melissa officinalis to realistic ozone concentrations? Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 74:156-64. [PMID: 24321873 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, L.; Lamiaceae) was exposed to realistic ozone (O3) dosages (80 ppb for 5 h), because high background levels of O3 are considered to be as harmful as episodic O3 regimes. Temporal alterations of different ecophysiological, biochemical and structural parameters were investigated in order to test if this species can be considered as an O3-bioindicator regarding changes in background concentrations. At the end of ozone exposure, the plants did not exhibit any visible foliar symptoms, as only at microscopic level a small number of dead cells were found. Photosynthetic processes, however, were significantly affected. During and after the treatment, ozone induced a reduction in CO2 fixation capacity (up to 52% after 12 h from the beginning of the treatment) due to mesophyllic limitations. Intercellular CO2 concentration significantly increased in comparison to controls (+90% at the end of the post-fumigation period). Furthermore impairment of carboxylation efficiency (-71% at the end of the post-fumigation period compared to controls in filtered air) and membrane damage in terms of integrity (as demonstrated by a significant rise in solute leakage) were observed. A regulatory adjustment of photosynthetic processes was highlighted during the post-fumigation period by the higher values of qNP and (1-q(P)) and therefore suggests a tendency to reduce the light energy used in photochemistry at the expense of the capacity to dissipate the excess as excitation energy. In addition, the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the de-epoxidation index increased, showing a rearrangement of the pigment composition of the photosynthetic apparatus and a marked activation of photoprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sarah Döring
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Campanella
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Clizia Gennai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 17A, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Pellegrini E, Trivellini A, Campanella A, Francini A, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Vernieri P. Signaling molecules and cell death in Melissa officinalis plants exposed to ozone. Plant Cell Rep 2013; 32:1965-1980. [PMID: 24081611 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study focuses on the interaction between reactive oxygen species and hormones that regulate the programmed cell death in plants of Melissa officinalis exposed to ozone. Interaction between hormone and redox signaling pathways has been investigated in ozone-stressed (200 ppb, 5 h) lemon balm to verify if the response resembles the biotic defense reactions. In comparison to controls, plants exhibited foliar injury and the cell death was induced by (1) biphasic production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical; (2) hormonal regulation of ozone-induced lesion formation with a significant production of ethylene, salicylic, jasmonic and abscisic acid; (3) ozone degradation to reactive oxygen species and their detoxification by some enzymatic (such as superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems (such as ascorbic acid, glutathione and carotenoids), that worked in cooperation without providing a defense against free radicals (such as confirmed by the modification of the antioxidant properties of leaf tissue). This integrated view showed that reactive oxygen species interact with hormonal signaling pathway regulating cell death and the sensitivity of lemon balm to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Picciotti M, Viviano M, Di Vece L, Addamo A, Lorenzini G. Oral ulcers and chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Stomatol (Roma) 2013; 4:36. [PMID: 24353807 PMCID: PMC3860208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Picciotti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Department Oral Pathology and ER, University of Siena, Italy
| | - M Viviano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Department Oral Pathology and ER, University of Siena, Italy
| | - L Di Vece
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Department Oral Pathology and ER, University of Siena, Italy
| | - A Addamo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Department Oral Pathology and ER, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G Lorenzini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Department Oral Pathology and ER, University of Siena, Italy
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Viviano M, Lorenzini G, Addamo A, Brindisi L, Picciotti M, Di Vece L, Viviano F, Donati D. Neoformazione sviluppatasi dopo estrazione dentale. Dental Cadmos 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(13)70059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Picciotti M, Divece L, Parrini S, Pettini M, Lorenzini G. Replantation of tooth involved in dentigerous cyst: a case report. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2012; 13:349-351. [PMID: 23270299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Dentigerous cyst (DC) is a disembriogenetic lesion. The cyst wall encloses the crown of an impacted tooth. Several therapeutic approaches have been mentioned in the literature for management of this lesion. Case Report This article describes the management of an adolescent with a mandibular DC surgically treated with extraction of the tooth, enucleation of the cyst and replantation of the permanent tooth involved. Final outcome shows complete healing of the bone socket with eruption of a vital tooth. No orthodontic traction was required. No recurrence was detected at the radiographic follow-up at 12 months, thus confirming the success of this therapeutic approach. After a 7-year follow-up period the tooth responded positively to the vitality test. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In selected cases surgical enucleation of the lesion without loss of involved tooth, might be considered as a viable treatment to obtain healing of the lesion, spontaneous eruption of the tooth and physiological restoration of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Picciotti
- Tuscan School of Dental Medicine, University of Florence and Siena, Department of Odontostomatological and Ophthalmological Sciences, Italy
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Viviano F, Donati D, Brindisi L, Lorenzini G, Viviano M. Fumo e alcol: conoscenza dei rischi oncologici del cavo orale nella popolazione giovanile senese. Dental Cadmos 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cadmos.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Viviano M, Donati D, Viviano F, Brindisi L, Panarese A, Lorenzini G. Manifestazione neoplastiche esofagee secondarie in gengiva aderente. Un caso clinico. Dental Cadmos 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cadmos.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nali C, Francini A, Lorenzini G. White clover clones as a cost-effective indicator of phytotoxic ozone: 10 years of experience from central Italy. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:1421-1426. [PMID: 18952332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Data collected at one site in central Italy using the NC-S/NC-R clover (Trifolium repens) biotype system during 1997-2007 were analysed in order to assess: (a) its performance under Mediterranean conditions; (b) variations of ozone damage linked with meteorological conditions; (c) if critical level approach is a good predictor of ozone risk on vegetation. NC-S dry biomasses were systematically lower than those of NC-R, the mean ratio being 0.7. Relevant relationship between ozone visible injury and cumulated values of AOT40 were also reported. Temperature and number of rainy days were the most important factors associated with ozone presence and, as a consequence, with leaf injury index. Photosynthetic gas exchange properties indicate that NC-S has higher values of stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nali
- Dipartimento Coltivazione e Difesa delle Specie Legnose Giovanni Scaramuzzi, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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