1
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Bartolacci JG, Behun MN, Warunek JP, Li T, Sahu A, Dwyer GK, Lucas A, Rong J, Ambrosio F, Turnquist HR, Badylak SF. Matrix-bound nanovesicle-associated IL-33 supports functional recovery after skeletal muscle injury by initiating a pro-regenerative macrophage phenotypic transition. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:7. [PMID: 38280914 PMCID: PMC10821913 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Injuries to skeletal muscle are among the most common injuries in civilian and military populations, accounting for nearly 60% of extremity injuries. The standard of care for severe extremity injury has been focused upon limb salvage procedures and the utilization of tissue grafts or orthotics in conjunction with rehabilitation to avoid amputation. Nonetheless, many patients have persistent strength and functional deficits that permanently impact their quality of life. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that partial restoration of functional skeletal muscle tissue following injury can be achieved by the implantation of a biologic scaffold composed of extracellular matrix (ECM). These favorable outcomes are mediated, at least in part, through local immunomodulation. The mechanisms underlying this immunomodulatory effect, however, are poorly understood. The present study investigates a potential mechanistic driver of the immunomodulatory effects; specifically, the effect of selected ECM components upon inflammation resolution and repair. Results show that the host response to skeletal muscle injury is profoundly altered and functional recovery decreased in il33-/- mice compared to age- and sex-matched wildtype counterparts by 14 days post-injury. Results also show that IL-33, contained within matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV), supports skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating local macrophage activation toward a pro-remodeling phenotype via canonical and non-canonical pathways to improve functional recovery from injury compared to untreated il33-/- counterparts. Taken together, these data suggest that MBV and their associated IL-33 cargo represent a novel homeostatic signaling mechanism that contributes to skeletal muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bartolacci
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M N Behun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J P Warunek
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Li
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Sahu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G K Dwyer
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Lucas
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Rong
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - F Ambrosio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - H R Turnquist
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - S F Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA.
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2
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Baron KJ, Turnquist HR. Clinical Manufacturing of Regulatory T Cell Products For Adoptive Cell Therapy and Strategies to Improve Therapeutic Efficacy. Organogenesis 2023; 19:2164159. [PMID: 36681905 PMCID: PMC9870008 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2022.2164159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on successes in preclinical animal transplant models, adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a promising modality to induce allograft tolerance or reduce the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection. Extensive work has been done in optimizing the best approach to manufacture Treg cell products for testing in transplant recipients. Collectively, clinical evaluations have demonstrated that large numbers of Tregs can be expanded ex vivo and infused safely. However, these trials have failed to induce robust drug-free tolerance and/or significantly reduce the level of immunosuppression needed to prevent solid organ transplant (SOTx) rejection. Improving Treg therapy effectiveness may require increasing Treg persistence or orchestrating Treg migration to secondary lymphatic tissues or places of inflammation. In this review, we describe current clinical Treg manufacturing methods used for clinical trials. We also highlight current strategies being implemented to improve delivered Treg ACT persistence and migration in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra J. Baron
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hēth R. Turnquist
- Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,CONTACT Hēth R. Turnquist Departments of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute 200 Lothrop Street, BST W1542, PittsburghPA 15213, USA
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3
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Turnquist HR. Vitamin B-reath easier: vitamin B6 derivatives reduce IL-33 to limit lung inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1527-1529. [PMID: 37587227 PMCID: PMC10687051 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hēth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Yin Z, Zhou Y, Turnquist HR, Liu Q. Neuro-epithelial-ILC2 crosstalk in barrier tissues. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:901-916. [PMID: 36253275 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to the maintenance of mammalian barrier tissue homeostasis. We review how ILC2s integrate epithelial signals and neurogenic components to preserve the tissue microenvironment and modulate inflammation. The epithelium that overlies barrier tissues, including the skin, lungs, and gut, generates epithelial cytokines that elicit ILC2 activation. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory, and enteric fibers release neural signals to modulate ILC2 functions. We also highlight recent findings suggesting neuro-epithelial-ILC2 crosstalk and its implications in immunity, inflammation and resolution, tissue repair, and restoring homeostasis. We further discuss the pathogenic effects of disturbed ILC2-centered neuro-epithelial-immune cell interactions and putative areas for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Yawen Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Health and Precision Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China.
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5
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Dwyer GK, Mathews LR, Villegas JA, Lucas A, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Blazar BR, Girard JP, Poholek AC, Luther SA, Shlomchik W, Turnquist HR. IL-33 acts as a costimulatory signal to generate alloreactive Th1 cells in graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:150927. [PMID: 35503257 PMCID: PMC9197517 DOI: 10.1172/jci150927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) integrate signals emanating from local pathology and program appropriate T cell responses. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHCT), recipient conditioning releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that generate proinflammatory APCs that secrete IL-12, which is a driver of donor Th1 responses, causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Nevertheless, other mechanisms exist to initiate alloreactive T cell responses, as recipients with disrupted DAMP signaling or lacking IL-12 develop GVHD. We established that tissue damage signals are perceived directly by donor CD4+ T cells and promoted T cell expansion and differentiation. Specifically, the fibroblastic reticular cell–derived DAMP IL-33 is increased by recipient conditioning and is critical for the initial activation, proliferation, and differentiation of alloreactive Th1 cells. IL-33 stimulation of CD4+ T cells was not required for lymphopenia-induced expansion, however. IL-33 promoted IL-12–independent expression of Tbet and generation of Th1 cells that infiltrated GVHD target tissues. Mechanistically, IL-33 augmented CD4+ T cell TCR-associated signaling pathways in response to alloantigen. This enhanced T cell expansion and Th1 polarization, but inhibited the expression of regulatory molecules such as IL-10 and Foxp3. These data establish an unappreciated role for IL-33 as a costimulatory signal for donor Th1 generation after alloHCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K Dwyer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Lisa R Mathews
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Jose A Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lucas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Universite de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Warren Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States of America
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6
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Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of the IL-1 superfamily cytokine and damage-associated molecular pattern IL-33 continues to evolve with our understanding of homeostasis and immunity. The early findings that IL-33 is a potent driver of type 2 immune responses promoting parasite expulsion, but also inflammatory diseases like allergy and asthma, have been further supported. Yet, as the importance of a type 2 response in tissue repair and homeostasis has emerged, so has the fundamental importance of IL-33 to these processes. In this review, we outline an evolving understanding of IL-33 immunobiology, paying particular attention to how IL-33 directs a network of ST2+ regulatory T cells, reparative and regulatory macrophages, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells that are fundamental to tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K. Dwyer
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louise M. D'Cruz
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hēth R. Turnquist
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Byersdorfer CA, Turnquist HR. Editorial: Beyond Histocompatibility - Understanding the Non-MHC Determinants Shaping Transplantation Outcome and Tolerance Induction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:759706. [PMID: 34557204 PMCID: PMC8452924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.759706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Byersdorfer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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8
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Dwyer GK, Turnquist HR. Untangling Local Pro-Inflammatory, Reparative, and Regulatory Damage-Associated Molecular-Patterns (DAMPs) Pathways to Improve Transplant Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611910. [PMID: 33708206 PMCID: PMC7940545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental inflammatory responses after solid organ transplantation are initiated when immune cells sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released or exposed during transplant-associated processes, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), surgical trauma, and recipient conditioning. These inflammatory responses initiate and propagate anti-alloantigen (AlloAg) responses and targeting DAMPs and PAMPs, or the signaling cascades they activate, reduce alloimmunity, and contribute to improved outcomes after allogeneic solid organ transplantation in experimental studies. However, DAMPs have also been implicated in initiating essential anti-inflammatory and reparative functions of specific immune cells, particularly Treg and macrophages. Interestingly, DAMP signaling is also involved in local and systemic homeostasis. Herein, we describe the emerging literature defining how poor outcomes after transplantation may result, not from just an over-abundance of DAMP-driven inflammation, but instead an inadequate presence of a subset of DAMPs or related molecules needed to repair tissue successfully or re-establish tissue homeostasis. Adverse outcomes may also arise when these homeostatic or reparative signals become dysregulated or hijacked by alloreactive immune cells in transplant niches. A complete understanding of the critical pathways controlling tissue repair and homeostasis, and how alloimmune responses or transplant-related processes disrupt these will lead to new immunotherapeutics that can prevent or reverse the tissue pathology leading to lost grafts due to chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen K Dwyer
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Li T, Zhang Z, Bartolacci JG, Dwyer GK, Liu Q, Mathews LR, Velayutham M, Roessing AS, Lee YC, Dai H, Shiva S, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Dziki JL, Mullet SJ, Wendell SG, Wilkinson JD, Webber SA, Wood-Trageser M, Watkins SC, Demetris AJ, Hussey GS, Badylak SF, Turnquist HR. Graft IL-33 regulates infiltrating macrophages to protect against chronic rejection. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5397-5412. [PMID: 32644975 PMCID: PMC7524467 DOI: 10.1172/jci133008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarmins, sequestered self-molecules containing damage-associated molecular patterns, are released during tissue injury to drive innate immune cell proinflammatory responses. Whether endogenous negative regulators controlling early immune responses are also released at the site of injury is poorly understood. Herein, we establish that the stromal cell-derived alarmin interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a local factor that directly restricts the proinflammatory capacity of graft-infiltrating macrophages early after transplantation. By assessing heart transplant recipient samples and using a mouse heart transplant model, we establish that IL-33 is upregulated in allografts to limit chronic rejection. Mouse cardiac transplants lacking IL-33 displayed dramatically accelerated vascular occlusion and subsequent fibrosis, which was not due to altered systemic immune responses. Instead, a lack of graft IL-33 caused local augmentation of proinflammatory iNOS+ macrophages that accelerated graft loss. IL-33 facilitated a metabolic program in macrophages associated with reparative and regulatory functions, and local delivery of IL-33 prevented the chronic rejection of IL-33-deficient cardiac transplants. Therefore, IL-33 represents what we believe is a novel regulatory alarmin in transplantation that limits chronic rejection by restraining the local activation of proinflammatory macrophages. The local delivery of IL-33 in extracellular matrix-based materials may be a promising biologic for chronic rejection prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfang Li
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Kidney Transplantation and
| | - Zhongqiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Joe G. Bartolacci
- Department of Surgery and
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Gaelen K. Dwyer
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisa R. Mathews
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute and
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna S. Roessing
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoojin C. Lee
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Kidney Transplantation and
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute and
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna L. Dziki
- Department of Surgery and
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Steven J. Mullet
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core and
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy G. Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core and
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James D. Wilkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steven A. Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michelle Wood-Trageser
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
- Department of Pathology and
| | - George S. Hussey
- Department of Surgery and
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- Department of Surgery and
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hēth R. Turnquist
- Department of Surgery and
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Liu Q, Dwyer GK, Zhao Y, Li H, Mathews LR, Chakka AB, Chandran UR, Demetris JA, Alcorn JF, Robinson KM, Ortiz LA, Pitt BR, Thomson AW, Fan MH, Billiar TR, Turnquist HR. IL-33-mediated IL-13 secretion by ST2+ Tregs controls inflammation after lung injury. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123919. [PMID: 30779711 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an often fatal disease that develops after acute lung injury and trauma. How released tissue damage signals, or alarmins, orchestrate early inflammatory events is poorly understood. Herein we reveal that IL-33, an alarmin sequestered in the lung epithelium, is required to limit inflammation after injury due to an unappreciated capacity to mediate Foxp3+ Treg control of local cytokines and myeloid populations. Specifically, Il33-/- mice are more susceptible to lung damage-associated morbidity and mortality that is typified by augmented levels of the proinflammatory cytokines and Ly6Chi monocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Local delivery of IL-33 at the time of injury is protective but requires the presence of Treg cells. IL-33 stimulates both mouse and human Tregs to secrete IL-13. Using Foxp3Cre × Il4/Il13fl/fl mice, we show that Treg expression of IL-13 is required to prevent mortality after acute lung injury by controlling local levels of G-CSF, IL-6, and MCP-1 and inhibiting accumulation of Ly6Chi monocytes. Our study identifies a regulatory mechanism involving IL-33 and Treg secretion of IL-13 in response to tissue damage that is instrumental in limiting local inflammatory responses and may shape the myeloid compartment after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaelen K Dwyer
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Jake A Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Luis A Ortiz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Heath, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Hussey GS, Dziki JL, Lee YC, Bartolacci JG, Behun M, Turnquist HR, Badylak SF. Matrix bound nanovesicle-associated IL-33 activates a pro-remodeling macrophage phenotype via a non-canonical, ST2-independent pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:26-35. [PMID: 31656879 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative healing response of injured skeletal muscle is dependent upon an appropriately timed switch from a local type-I to a type-II immune response. Biologic scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix (ECM) have been shown to facilitate a macrophage phenotype transition that leads to downstream site-appropriate functional tissue deposition and myogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which ECM directs the switching of immune cell phenotype are only partially understood. Herein, we provide the first evidence that matrix bound nanovesicles (MBV) embedded within ECM-scaffolds are a rich and stable source of interleukin-33 (IL-33), an alarmin/cytokine with emerging reparative properties. We show that IL-33 encapsulated within MBV bypass the classical IL33/ST2 receptor signaling pathway to direct macrophage differentiation into the reparative, pro-remodeling M2 phenotype, which in turn facilitates myogenesis of skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Our results suggest the potential of IL-33+ MBV as a clinical therapy to augment the restorative efficacy of existing ECM-based and non-ECM based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Hussey
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jenna L Dziki
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yoojin C Lee
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Joseph G Bartolacci
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Marissa Behun
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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12
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Matta BM, Reichenbach DK, Blazar BR, Turnquist HR. Alarmins and Their Receptors as Modulators and Indicators of Alloimmune Responses. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:320-327. [PMID: 27232285 PMCID: PMC5124552 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell damage and death releases alarmins, self-derived immunomodulatory molecules that recruit and activate the immune system. Unfortunately, numerous processes critical to the transplantation of allogeneic materials result in the destruction of donor and recipient cells and may trigger alarmin release. Alarmins, often described as damage-associated molecular patterns, together with exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are potent orchestrators of immune responses; however, the precise role that alarmins play in alloimmune responses remains relatively undefined. We examined evolving concepts regarding how alarmins affect solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes and the mechanisms by which self molecules are released. We describe how, once released, alarmins may act alone or in conjunction with nonself materials to contribute to cytokine networks controlling alloimmune responses and their intensity. It is becoming recognized that this class of molecules has pleotropic functions, and certain alarmins can promote both inflammatory and regulatory responses in transplant models. Emerging evidence indicates that alarmins and their receptors may be promising transplantation biomarkers. Developing the therapeutic ability to support alarmin regulatory mechanisms and the predictive value of alarmin pathway biomarkers for early intervention may provide opportunities to benefit graft recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Matta
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dawn K. Reichenbach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hēth R. Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Corresponding author: Hēth R. Turnquist, PhD,
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13
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Abstract
Thymic-derived, regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a subset of CD4(+) T cells that are required for normal immune homeostasis and suppression of unwanted responses against self-antigens (Ags) that prevent autoimmunity. Their role as immune regulators and potent ability to suppress T cell responses has been the focus of intense investigations aimed at utilizing these cells therapeutically, particularly in the settings of autoimmunity and transplantation. Many methods for expanding Treg have been described; however, efforts to generate large numbers of Treg for use in vivo often compromise their suppressor function or rely on the induction of Treg rather than their expansion. Our recent studies have focused on the barrier tissue-derived cytokine IL-33, a recently described IL-1 family member. IL-33 has emerged as a multifunctional protein, with reported roles in driving potent Type 1 and Type 2 immunity, as well as facilitating profound Treg expansion in vitro and in vivo. IL-33-expanded Treg express the IL-33 receptor (R) ST2, and express classical markers associated with Treg phenotype and suppressor function. They suppress both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation and effector functions in vitro, and Treg expressing ST2 have been identified as important regulators of detrimental immune responses in vivo. In the present chapter, we detail methods for expanding significant numbers of Treg using IL-33 both in vitro and in vivo that may potentially be used to promote/maintain organ transplant tolerance or suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Matta
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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14
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Raïch-Regué D, Rosborough BR, Watson AR, McGeachy MJ, Turnquist HR, Thomson AW. mTORC2 Deficiency in Myeloid Dendritic Cells Enhances Their Allogeneic Th1 and Th17 Stimulatory Ability after TLR4 Ligation In Vitro and In Vivo. J Immunol 2015; 194:4767-76. [PMID: 25840913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key integrative kinase that functions in two independent complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2. In contrast to the well-defined role of mTORC1 in dendritic cells (DC), little is known about the function of mTORC2. In this study, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time an enhanced ability of mTORC2-deficient myeloid DC to stimulate and polarize allogeneic T cells. We show that activated bone marrow-derived DC from conditional Rictor(-/-) mice exhibit lower coinhibitory B7-H1 molecule expression independently of the stimulus and enhanced IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12p70, and IL-23 production following TLR4 ligation. Accordingly, TLR4-activated Rictor(-/-) DC display augmented allogeneic T cell stimulatory ability, expanding IFN-γ(+) and IL-17(+), but not IL-10(+) or CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in vitro. A similar DC profile was obtained by stimulating Dectin-1 (C-type lectin family member) on Rictor(-/-) DC. Using novel CD11c-specific Rictor(-/-) mice, we confirm the alloreactive Th1 and Th17 cell-polarizing ability of endogenous mTORC2-deficient DC after TLR4 ligation in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines produced by Rictor(-/-) DC after LPS stimulation are key in promoting Th1/Th17 responses. These data establish that mTORC2 activity restrains conventional DC proinflammatory capacity and their ability to polarize T cells following TLR and non-TLR stimulation. Our findings provide new insight into the role of mTORC2 in regulating DC function and may have implications for emerging therapeutic strategies that target mTOR in cancer, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dàlia Raïch-Regué
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Brian R Rosborough
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Alicia R Watson
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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15
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Lott JM, Sumpter TL, Turnquist HR. New dog and new tricks: evolving roles for IL-33 in type 2 immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1037-48. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ri1214-595r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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16
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Ochando JC, Turnquist HR. Innate immune cell collaborations instigate transplant tolerance. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2441-3. [PMID: 25311574 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Ochando
- Department of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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17
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Matta BM, Lott JM, Mathews LR, Liu Q, Rosborough BR, Blazar BR, Turnquist HR. IL-33 is an unconventional Alarmin that stimulates IL-2 secretion by dendritic cells to selectively expand IL-33R/ST2+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2014; 193:4010-20. [PMID: 25217167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 is a recently characterized IL-1 family member that is proposed to function as an alarmin, or endogenous signal of cellular damage, as well as act as a pleiotropic cytokine. The ability of IL-33 to potentiate both Th1 and Th2 immunity supports its role in pathogen clearance and disease immunopathology. Yet, IL-33 restrains experimental colitis and transplant rejection by expanding regulatory T cells (Treg) via an undefined mechanism. We sought to determine the influence of IL-33 on hematopoietic cells that drives Treg expansion and underlies the therapeutic benefit of IL-33 administration. In this study, we identify a feedback loop in which conventional mouse CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DC) stimulated by IL-33 secrete IL-2 to selectively expand IL-33R(ST2(+))- suppressive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg. Interestingly, this occurs in the absence of classical DC maturation, and DC-derived (innate) IL-2 increases ST2 expression on both DC and interacting Treg. ST2(+) Treg represent an activated subset of Foxp3(+) cells, demonstrated to be ICOS(high)CD44(high) compared with their ST2(-) counterparts. Furthermore, although studies have shown that IL-33-exposed DC promote Th2 responses, we reveal that ST2(+) DC are required for IL-33-mediated in vitro and in vivo Treg expansion. Thus, we have uncovered a relationship between IL-33 and innate IL-2 that promotes the selective expansion of ST2(+) Treg over non-Treg. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway driven by IL-33 in immune cells that may be harnessed for therapeutic benefit or for robust expansion of Treg in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Matta
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jeremy M Lott
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lisa R Mathews
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Brian R Rosborough
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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18
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Turner MS, Isse K, Fischer DK, Turnquist HR, Morel PA. Low TCR signal strength induces combined expansion of Th2 and regulatory T cell populations that protect mice from the development of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1428-36. [PMID: 24737163 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Weak stimulation of CD4(+) T cells induces expansion of CD4(+) forkhead box P3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and can also promote T helper (Th) 2 responses, which have demonstrable beneficial effects on autoimmune diabetes. This study explored the feasibility of combined Treg/Th2 expansion for immunotherapy of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. METHODS We compared Treg and Th responses to dendritic cells (DC) presenting scaled antigen doses to islet-specific NOD CD4(+) T cells. Flow cytometric and Luminex analyses were performed to determine the phenotype and cytokine profile of expanded T cells. The ability of expanded T cells to prevent type 1 diabetes was tested in an adoptive transfer model. RESULTS In vitro studies revealed a hierarchical, selective expansion of Treg and T effector (Teff) populations at different antigen doses. Thus, a single low dose produced a mixture of Tregs Th2 and type 1 regulatory (Tr1) cells, which prevented diabetes in NOD-SCID mice and increased the ratio of Treg/Teff cells infiltrating the pancreatic islets. Subcutaneous injection of DC, previously shown to prevent diabetes in NOD mice, induced expansion of the same mixture of Tregs Tr1 and Th2 cells. Low-dose expansion of Treg required MHC-T cell receptor interaction and was partly dependent on T cell derived TGF-β and IL-2. Autocrine IFN-γ was required for the promotion of diabetogenic Th1 cells at high antigen doses. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Weak stimulation of CD4(+) T cells with DC and low-dose antigen expands a combination of antigen-specific Tregs Th2 and Tr1 cells that prevent autoimmunity, without the need to target or purify specific Treg populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Turner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, BST W1151, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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19
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Rosborough BR, Hackstein H, Turnquist HR. A window into immunosuppressant immunoregulation: recipient conversion to rapamycin increases potentially tolerogenic immune cells. Kidney Int 2014; 85:743-5. [PMID: 24682122 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) have a complex immunoregulatory profile in both animal models and transplant patients. Studies suggest that mTORi act as tolerance-supporting and regulatory T cell (Treg)-promoting immunosuppressants. Yet proinflammatory influences on myeloid dendritic cells have been established. Insight is needed into the impact of mTORi on immune cells. Stallone et al. describe a clinical study identifying a potential immunoregulatory pathway involving plasmacytoid dendritic cells and Tregs in renal transplant patients on mTORi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Rosborough
- 1] Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [3] Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Holger Hackstein
- 1] Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany [2] University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hēth R Turnquist
- 1] Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [3] Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Rosborough BR, Mathews LR, Matta BM, Liu Q, Raïch-Regué D, Thomson AW, Turnquist HR. Cutting edge: Flt3 ligand mediates STAT3-independent expansion but STAT3-dependent activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Immunol 2014; 192:3470-3. [PMID: 24639346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Flt3-Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) pathway is critically involved in the differentiation and homeostasis of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells (DC); however, its role in the expansion and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) has not been determined. In this article, we describe the ability of Flt3L to expand and activate murine MDSC capable of suppressing allograft rejection upon adoptive transfer. Although Flt3L expands and augments the stimulatory capacity of myeloid DC, MDSC expanded by Flt3L have increased suppressive activity. Although STAT3 is considered the central transcription factor for MDSC expansion, inhibition and genetic ablation of STAT3 did not block, but rather augmented, Flt3L-mediated MDSC expansion. MDSC suppressive function, preserved when STAT3 inhibition was removed, was reduced by genetic STAT3 deletion. Both STAT3 inhibition and deletion reduced Flt3L-mediated DC expansion, signifying that STAT3 had reciprocal effects on suppressive MDSC and immunostimulatory DC expansion. Together, these findings enhance our understanding of the immunomodulatory properties of Flt3L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Rosborough
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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21
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Thomson AW, Turnquist HR. Regulators with potential: substantiating myeloid-derived suppressor cells in human organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:3061-2. [PMID: 24102710 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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22
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Liu Q, Turnquist HR. Implications for Interleukin-33 in solid organ transplantation. Cytokine 2013; 62:183-94. [PMID: 23541899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family that has been attributed T helper (Th) type 2 immunity-promoting capacity. However, new studies indicate that IL-33 is a multifunctional protein that acts as transcriptional/signaling repressor, functions as an alarmin alerting the immune system to necrosis, as well as serves as a cytokine that targets cells expressing ST2, the IL-33 receptor. Interestingly, IL-33 is also emerging as a pleiotropic cytokine. Depending on the innate or adaptive immune cells targeted by IL-33, it can not only promote type 2, but also IFN-γ dominated type 1 immunity. In addition, IL-33 expands regulatory T cells. In this review, we assimilate the current knowledge of IL-33 immunobiology and discuss how IL-33 may mediate such diverse roles in the immune response to pathogens and development of immune-mediated pathologies. The function of IL-33 in shaping alloimmune responses to transplanted organs is poorly explored, but a particularly beneficial role of IL-33 in experimental heart transplant models is summarized. Finally, given the implication of IL-33 in pathologies of the lung and intestine, we discuss how IL-33 may contribute to the comparatively poor outcomes following transplantation of these two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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23
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Fischer RT, Turnquist HR, Wang Z, Beer-Stolz D, Thomson AW. Rapamycin-conditioned, alloantigen-pulsed myeloid dendritic cells present donor MHC class I/peptide via the semi-direct pathway and inhibit survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Transpl Immunol 2011; 25:20-6. [PMID: 21596137 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are "professional" bone marrow-derived antigen (Ag)-presenting cells of interest both as therapeutic targets and potential cellular vaccines due to their ability to regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Harnessing the inherent tolerogenicity of DC is a promising and incompletely explored approach to the prevention of allograft rejection. Previously, we and others have reported the ability of pharmacologically-modified DC, that resist maturation, to inhibit CD4(+) T cell responses and prolong allograft survival. Here we evaluated the ability of murine myeloid DC conditioned with the immunosuppressive pro-drug rapamycin (RAPA) to acquire and directly present alloAg to syngeneic CD8(+) T cells. RAPA-conditioned DC (RAPA-DC) pulsed with allogeneic splenocyte lysate acquired and expressed donor MHC class I and enhanced the apoptotic death of directly-reactive donor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Moreover, following their adoptive transfer, they reduced the survival of these T cells in vivo. The ability of RAPA-DC to inhibit the survival of alloAg-specific CD8(+) T cells provides a potential mechanism by which host-derived DC may act as negative regulators of T cell alloreactivity and support donor-specific unresponsiveness. Adoptive cell therapy with alloAg-pulsed RAPA-DC may offer an effective approach to suppression of alloimmunity, with reduced dependence on systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Fischer
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA.
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24
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Abstract
IL-33 is a novel multi-functional IL-1 family member that, in contrast to other family members, is associated with Th2 responses. IL-33 signals via a heterodimer composed of its receptor, IL-1 receptor-like-1 (IL-1RL1), more commonly known as ST2L, and the IL-1R accessory protein. ST2L is expressed by endothelial cells, mast cells, basophils, Th2 cells, and DC. IL-33 has been associated with several immune-mediated disorders, including asthma, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In contrast, there is evidence that IL-33 can inhibit atherosclerosis development. A report in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology reveals a novel function of IL-33: the ability to promote myeloid DC generation in murine BM cell cultures, by triggering GM-CSF production by other BM cells, likely basophils. DC generated in the presence of IL-33 are maturation resistant, with only minimal T-cell stimulatory ability, associated with comparatively high levels of programmed death receptor ligand expression. This commentary discusses several questions raised by these findings, and provides a basis for further evaluation of IL-33 and ST2L in regulation of APC generation and function in both innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hēth R Turnquist
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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25
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Ashour AE, Turnquist HR, Burns N, Wang X, Lin X, Tremayne J, Hollingsworth MA, Blonder JM, Rosenthal GJ, Talmadge JE, Solheim JC. Flt3 ligand delivered in a pluronic formulation prolongs the survival of mice with orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 22:235-8. [PMID: 17600470 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease, characterized by asymptomatic development and extremely poor prognosis. Given the resistance of pancreatic cancer to standard chemo- and radiotherapy, we have focused on the development of immunotherapies for this disease. The number of dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T-cells in the blood and secondary lymphoid organs is regulated by a group of hematopoietic growth factors, which includes fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L). We have demonstrated previously that the bioavailability and in vivo half-life of Flt3L are increased by Flt3L formulation in the pluronic ProGelzx. In this study, we first examined the effectiveness of Flt3L delivered in ProGelz against subcutaneous (s.c.) pancreatic adenocarcinomas in mice. We found that an intramuscular (i.m.) injection of Flt3L in ProGelz significantly increased the survival of mice bearing s.c. pancreatic tumors, compared to the administration of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) in ProGelz. We then tested Flt3L in ProGelz in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model, and demonstrated that it significantly enhanced the survival of tumor-bearing mice, compared to PBS in ProGelz. Overall, these observations suggest that Flt3L formulated in ProGelz may have potential clinical utility as a treatment for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader E Ashour
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
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26
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Abstract
Herein, we succinctly review mechanisms underlying self-tolerance and the roles of dendritic leukocytes (DCs) in T-cell tolerance to self and foreign antigens. We also consider the properties of naturally arising and other populations of regulatory T cells (Treg), together with growing evidence that interplay between DCs and Treg cells can sustain antigen-specific tolerance. B-cell tolerance and the role of hematopoietic cell chimerism in the induction and maintenance of tolerance are also discussed, as is the impact of cosignaling pathway manipulation on tolerance induction. This overview also surveys prospects for technological advances in the monitoring and prediction of tolerance and the application of genomic and proteomic analysis. In addition, we consider potential novel therapeutic targets for promotion of tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Raimondi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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27
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Reber AJ, Turnquist HR, Thomas HJ, Lutz CT, Solheim JC. Expression of invariant chain can cause an allele-dependent increase in the surface expression of MHC class I molecules. Immunogenetics 2002; 54:74-81. [PMID: 12037599 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-002-0446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2001] [Revised: 01/30/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Invariant chain (Ii) has been shown to play a significant part in the assembly of MHC class II molecules. Ii also binds to MHC class I, although it is not known when this first occurs or whether it can affect class I assembly. Our examination of lysates of L(d)-transfected T2 cells showed that Ii bound intracellularly to folded, but not to open, forms of MHC class I. Furthermore, addition of peptides to the lysates dissociated Ii from the Ii-folded MHC class I complex. Thus, unlike other known chaperones, Ii associates only with folded, peptide-free class I molecules. To determine whether Ii can affect MHC class I transport and surface expression, we used both wild-type Ii and a mutant Ii that lacked the endosomal targeting sequence. Neither Ii nor Ii(Delta 20) increased the rate of MHC class I migration; however, Ii and (to a greater extent) Ii(Delta 20) increased cell surface expression of MHC class I. In HeLa cells, this effect was allele-specific, affecting HLA-A28 more than -B75. Ii also increased the surface expression of K(b) more than D(b) on Panc02 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Neither form of Ii was detectable at the cell surface with MHC class I, indicating that Ii had exercised its effect on class I intracellularly. In total, these data suggest that Ii can bind peptide-free folded class I/beta(2)m heterodimers, but not open MHC class I heavy chains, in the endoplasmic reticulum, and that Ii can facilitate the surface expression of the MHC class I molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Reber
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
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Turnquist HR, Vargas SE, McIlhaney MM, Li S, Wang P, Solheim JC. Calreticulin binds to the alpha1 domain of MHC class I independently of tapasin. Tissue Antigens 2002; 59:18-24. [PMID: 11972874 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.590104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior to binding to antigenic peptide, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heavy chain associates with an assembly complex of proteins that includes calreticulin, tapasin, and the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Our data show that calreticulin can bind weakly to Ld without tapasin's assistance, and that deglycosylation of the alpha1 domain results in a primary loss of binding to calreticulin rather than tapasin. We have also shown that high amounts of wild-type tapasin are still unable to associate with MHC class I in the absence of the MHC class I/calreticulin interaction, confirming the central role of calreticulin in the formation of the MHC class I assembly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Turnquist
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA
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Turnquist HR, Vargas SE, Solheim JC. Loss of a glycine in the alpha2 domain affects MHC peptide binding but not chaperone binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:825-31. [PMID: 11735120 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the binding of peptide in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chain associates with an assembly complex that includes the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). The proximity of a part of the MHC class I alpha2 domain alpha-helix to areas previously shown to influence assembly complex binding suggests that this region might also be involved in chaperone association. Position 151, found in this part of the alpha2 domain alpha-helix, has a side chain that points up, away from direct contact with peptide, and is occupied by a glycine in all murine MHC class I heavy chains. We found that substitution of this glycine in H-2L(d) with a histidine substantially increased the proportion of peptide-free forms, although TAP binding was not abrogated. Thus, interaction of the heavy chain with peptides, but not with the assembly complex, is influenced by this glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Turnquist
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6805, USA
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Turnquist HR, Vargas SE, Reber AJ, McIlhaney MM, Li S, Wang P, Sanderson SD, Gubler B, van Endert P, Solheim JC. A region of tapasin that affects L(d) binding and assembly. J Immunol 2001; 167:4443-9. [PMID: 11591770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tapasin has been shown to stabilize TAP and to link TAP to the MHC class I H chain. Evidence also has been presented that tapasin influences the loading of peptides onto MHC class I. To explore the relationship between the ability of tapasin to bind to TAP and the MHC class I H chain and the ability of tapasin to facilitate class I assembly, we have created novel tapasin mutants and expressed them in 721.220-L(d) cells. One mutant has a deletion of nine amino acid residues (tapasin Delta334-342), and the other has amino acid substitutions at positions 334 and 335. In this report we describe the ability of these mutants to interact with L(d) and their effects on L(d) surface expression. We found that tapasin Delta334-342 was unable to bind to the L(d) H chain, and yet it facilitated L(d) assembly and expression. Tapasin Delta334-342 was able to bind and stabilize TAP, suggesting that TAP stabilization may be important to the assembly of L(d). Tapasin mutant H334F/H335Y, unlike tapasin Delta334-342, bound to L(d). Expression of tapasin H334F/H335Y in 721.220-L(d) reduced the proportion of cell surface open forms of L(d) and retarded the migration of L(d) from the endoplasmic reticulum. In total, our results indicate that the 334-342 region of tapasin influences L(d) assembly and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Turnquist
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Turnquist
- Eppley Cancer Institute, Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
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Abstract
To explore the nature of amino acid substitutions that influence association with TAP, we compared a site-directed mutant of HLA-B*0702 (Y116D) to unmutated HLA-B7 in regard to TAP interaction. We found that the mutant had stronger association with TAP, and, in addition, with tapasin and calreticulin. These data confirm the importance of position 116 for TAP association, and indicate that (1) an aspartic acid at the 116 position can facilitate the interaction, and (2) association with tapasin and calreticulin is affected along with TAP. Furthermore, we tested three natural subtypes of HLA-B15, and found that a B15 subtype with a tyrosine at position 116 (B*1510) was strongly associated not only with TAP, but also with tapasin and calreticulin. In contrast, two B15 subtypes with a serine at position 116 (B*1518 and B*1501) exhibited very little or no association with any of these proteins. Thus, very closely related HLA-B subtypes can differ in regard to interaction with the entire assembly complex. Interestingly, when their surface expression was tested by flow cytometry, the HLA-B15 subtypes with little to no detectable intracellular assembly complex association had a slightly, yet consistently, higher level of the open heavy chain form than did the B15 subtype with intracellular assembly complex association. These data suggest that the relatively low strength or short length of interaction between endoplasmic reticulum proteins and natural HLA class I molecules can decrease their surface stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Turnquist
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805, USA
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Yu YY, Turnquist HR, Myers NB, Balendiran GK, Hansen TH, Solheim JC. An extensive region of an MHC class I alpha 2 domain loop influences interaction with the assembly complex. J Immunol 1999; 163:4427-33. [PMID: 10510384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of antigenic peptides to CTLs at the cell surface first requires assembly of MHC class I with peptide and beta 2-microglobulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. This process involves an assembly complex of several proteins, including TAP, tapasin, and calreticulin, all of which associate specifically with the beta 2-microglobulin-assembled, open form of the class I heavy chain. To better comprehend at a molecular level the regulation of class I assembly, we have assessed the influence of multiple individual amino acid substitutions in the MHC class I alpha 2 domain on interaction with TAP, tapasin, and calreticulin. In this report, we present evidence indicating that many residues surrounding position 134 in H-2Ld influence interaction with assembly complex components. Most mutations decreased association, but one (LdK131D) strongly increased it. The Ld mutants, with the exception of LdK131D, exhibited characteristics suggesting suboptimal intracellular peptide loading, similar to the phenotype of Ld expressed in a tapasin-deficient cell line. Notably, K131D was less peptide inducible than wild-type Ld, which is consistent with its unusually strong association with the endoplasmic reticulum assembly complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Yu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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