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Moore SR, Cabre HE, Smith-Ryan AE. Body composition, physical activity, and menopause symptoms: how do they relate? Menopause 2024; 31:336-341. [PMID: 38442308 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study characterized the impact of physical activity (light, moderate, and vigorous [VIG] active minutes per day) and body composition (percent body fat [%BF] and fat-free mass index) on total menopausal symptoms (TMSs) in 72 premenopausal, perimenopausal (PERI), or postmenopausal women. METHODS Activity minutes were collected from wearable fitness trackers. Body composition was evaluated using a whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan. TMSs were quantified using The North American Menopause Society Questionnaire. RESULTS Significant associations were observed between TMSs and %BF ( r = 0.464, P < 0.001) and VIG ( r = -0.245, P = 0.038). %BF and VIG were significant predictors for TMSs across groups ( R2 = 0.146 and R2 = 0.092, respectively), but only %BF maintained for PERI ( R2 = 0.421, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS %BF predicted nearly half of the variance in PERI TMSs, whereas VIG predicted 9% of the sample variance, demonstrating an important influence of body fat accumulation and intense physical activity in the menopause transition. High-intensity exercise interventions to alleviate body composition changes may also reduce menopausal-related symptoms for PERI women.
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Cabre HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. The effects of L-Citrulline and Glutathione on Endurance performance in young adult trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2206386. [PMID: 37125500 PMCID: PMC10134954 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2206386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrulline may amplify the effects of L-arginine and nitric oxide concentration, which may augment vasodilation and blood flow, thereby enhancing aerobic exercise performance. The purpose of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was to investigate effects of L-citrulline + Glutathione on aerobic exercise performance and blood flow in well-trained men. METHODS Twenty-five males (Mean ± SD; Age: 22.2 ± 2.4 yrs; Height: 177.0 ± 4.8 cm; Weight: 75.3 ± 6.9 kg) were randomly assigned to the L-citrulline + Glutathione (Setria Performance Blend: SPB; L-citrulline [2 g] + glutathione [200 mg], 6 capsules) or placebo (PL; 3.1 g cellulose, 6 capsules) group. Participants performed a maximal oxygen consumption treadmill test to determine peak velocity (PV) and returned after eight days of ingesting either PL or SPB. Three timed treadmill runs to exhaustion (TTE) were performed at 90%, 100%, and 110% PV. Brachial artery blood flow and vessel diameter were assessed using ultrasound at 1-hr prior to exercise (1hrPrEX), after each exercise bout, immediately post-exercise (immediate PEX), and 30 minutes post exercise (30minPEX) at visits 2 and 4. Blood analytes were assessed via venous blood draws at visit 1, visit 3, and 1hrPEX, immediate PEX, and 30minPEX at visits 2 and 4. After a 14-day washout, participants repeated the same procedures, ingesting the opposite treatment. Separate repeated measures ANOVAs were performed for TTE, vessel diameter, blood flow, and blood analytes. RESULTS Blood flow was significantly augmented 30minPEX (p = 0.04) with SPB in comparison with PL. L-citrulline and L-arginine plasma concentrations were significantly elevated immediately PEX (p = 0.001) and 30-minPEX (p = 0.001) following SPB in comparison to PL. CONCLUSION Acute ingestion of SPB after eight days may enhance blood flow, L-citrulline, and L-arginine plasma concentrations after high-intensity exercise, which may enhance performance. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct04090138], identifier [NCT04090138].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Cabre
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Casey E. Greenwalt
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, Chapel Hill, NC
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Kviatkovsky SA, Hickner RC, Cabre HE, Small SD, Ormsbee MJ. Collagen peptides supplementation improves function, pain, and physical and mental outcomes in active adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2243252. [PMID: 37551682 PMCID: PMC10411303 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2243252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pain affects 19% of adults in the United States, with increasing prevalence in active and aging populations. Pain can limit physical activity and activities of daily living (ADLs), resulting in declined mental and social health. Nutritional interventions for pain currently target inflammation or joint health, but few influence both. Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body and constituent of the extra cellular matrix, is such a nutraceutical. While there have been reports of reductions in pain with short-term collagen peptide (CP) supplementation, there are no long-term studies specifically in healthy middle-aged active adults. PURPOSE To determine the effects of daily CP consumption over 3, 6, and 9 months on survey measures of pain, function, and physical and mental health using The Knee Injury & Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) and Veterans Rand 12 (VR-12) in middle-aged active adults. METHODS This study was a double-blind randomized control trial with three treatment groups (Placebo, 10 g/d CP, and 20 g/d CP). RESULTS Improvements in ADLs (p = .031, ηp2 = .096) and pain (p = .037, ηp2 = .164) were observed with 10 g/d CP over 6 months, although pain only improved in high frequency exercisers (>180 min/week). Additionally, VR-12 mental component scores (MCS) improved with 10 g/d of CP over 3-9 months (p = .017, ηp2 = .309), while physical component scores (PCS) improved with 20 g/d of CP over 3-9 months, but only in females (p = .013, ηp2= .582). CONCLUSION These findings suggest 10 to 20 g/d of CP supplementation over 6 to 9 months may improve ADLs, pain, MCS, and PCS in middle-aged active adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky
- Florida State University, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Aging and Longevity, Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Florida State University, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hannah E. Cabre
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie D. Small
- University of Toronto, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, Durban, South Africa
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Gordon AN, Moore SR, Patterson ND, Hostetter ME, Cabre HE, Hirsch KR, Hackney AC, Smith-Ryan AE. The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Loading on Exercise Recovery in Active Women throughout the Menstrual Cycle. Nutrients 2023; 15:3567. [PMID: 37630756 PMCID: PMC10459976 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine supplementation improves anaerobic performance and recovery; however, to date, these outcomes have not been well explored in females. This study evaluated the effect of creatine monohydrate loading on exercise recovery, measured by heart rate variability (HRV) and repeated sprint performance, in women across the menstrual cycle. In this randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, 39 women (mean ± standard deviation: age: 24.6 ± 5.9 years, height: 172.5 ± 42.3 cm, weight: 65.1 ± 8.1 kg, BF: 27.4 ± 5.8%) were randomized to a creatine monohydrate (n = 19; 20 g per day in 4 × 5 g doses) or non-caloric PL group (n = 20). HRV was measured at rest and after participants completed a repeated sprint cycling test (10 × 6 s maximal sprints). Measurements were conducted before and after supplementation in the follicular/low hormone and luteal/high hormone phases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation did not influence HRV values, as no significant differences were seen in HRV values at rest or postexercise. For repeated sprint outcomes, there was a significant phase × supplement interaction (p = 0.048) for fatigue index, with the greatest improvement seen in high hormone in the creatine monohydrate group (-5.8 ± 19.0%) compared to changes in the PL group (0.1 ± 8.1%). Sprint performance and recovery were reduced by the high hormone for both groups. Though not statistically significant, the data suggests that creatine monohydrate could help counteract performance decrements caused by the high hormone. This data can help inform creatine monohydrate loading strategies for females, demonstrating potential benefits in the high hormone phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Gordon
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Sam R. Moore
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Noah D. Patterson
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Maggie E. Hostetter
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Hannah E. Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.N.G.); (S.R.M.); (N.D.P.); (M.E.H.); (H.E.C.); (A.C.H.)
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Smith-Ryan AE, Hirsch KR, Cabre HE, Gould LM, Gordon AN, Ferrando AA. Menopause Transition: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation on Muscle Size and Quality. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1258-1264. [PMID: 36878186 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The menopause transition yields significant physiological alterations. The purpose was to characterize lean soft tissue (LST), muscle size (muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA)), muscle quality (echo intensity (EI)), and strength across the menopause transition. A secondary aim was to evaluate whole-body protein turnover in a subsample of women. METHODS Seventy-two healthy women were enrolled in this cross-sectional study based on menopause stage (PRE: n = 24; PERI: n = 24; POST: n = 24). Whole-body LST was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and muscle characteristics (mCSA and EI) were measured via B-mode ultrasound of the vastus lateralis. Maximal voluntary contractions (N·m) of the knee extensors were evaluated. Physical activity (in minutes per day) was accounted for using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A subsample of women ( n = 27) ingested 2.0 g of 15 N-alanine to determine whole-body net protein balance (NB; in grams per kilogram of body mass per day). RESULTS Significant differences were evident in LST ( P = 0.022), leg LST ( P = 0.05), and EI ( P = 0.018) between menopause stages. Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons revealed greater LST in PRE versus PERI (mean difference (MD) ± SE, 3.8 ± 1.5 kg; P = 0.048) and POST (3.9 ± 1.5 lb; P = 0.049). Similarly, EI was significantly higher in PERI PRE (MD, 18.3 ± 7.1 a.u.; P = 0.036). There was no significant difference in mCSA ( P = 0.082) or in maximal voluntary contraction ( P = 0.167). NB was significantly different across groups ( P = 0.026); NB was greater in PRE compared with PERI (MD, 0.39 ± 0.17 g·kg -1 ; P = 0.090), and from PRE to POST (MD, 0.46 ± 0.17 g·kg -1 ; P = 0.042). Physical activity was not significantly different across groups but demonstrated a linear increase from PRE to POST. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that LST, muscle quality, and protein balance may be negatively influenced by the menopause transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amanda N Gordon
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Hirsch KR, Cabre HE, Gould LM, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Effects of Essential Amino Acids on High-Intensity Interval Training Performance, Fatigue Outcomes, and Workload Progression. J Am Nutr Assoc 2023; 42:411-417. [PMID: 35512775 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) fatigue, perceived exertion, and training progression in overweight and obese adults. A secondary aim was to explore potential sex-differences on these outcomes. METHODS Thirty-seven untrained adults (51% female; 36.2 ± 5.9 yrs; 35.5 ± 6.7% body fat) completed eight weeks of HIIT, 2d/wk on a cycle ergometer, either with EAA supplementation (HIIT + EAA; 3.6 g of EAA twice daily, 30 minutes pre and post HIIT) or without supplementation (HIIT). Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout each session as indices of within training fatigue. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was recorded for the final interval of each session. Workload progression was determined by change in watts. Differences between groups (with and without EAA) were evaluated at 1wk, 4wks, and 8wks by repeated measure ANOVAs (α = 0.05). RESULTS There were no differences in TTE (p = 0.983) or workload progression (p = 0.655) with EAA supplementation at any time point. HR and RPE within HIIT sessions were not significantly different with EAA supplementation at any time point (p > 0.05). Results were similar when evaluating males and females separately, but in females, RPE was significantly lower with EAA supplementation at 4wks (Δ: 1.1-2.2; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION EAA supplementation did not extend TTE during exercise or enhance workload progression across eight weeks of HIIT in untrained, overweight and obese adults. However, EAA consumed 30 minutes before exercise may reduce perceived exertion during the first four weeks of training in women, which may have implications for overall exercise enjoyment and long-term adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Cabre HE, Moore SR. The role of female sex hormones and oral combined contraceptives in metabolic adaptations. J Physiol 2023; 601:1173-1174. [PMID: 36814104 DOI: 10.1113/jp284316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sam R Moore
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Moore SR, Gordon AN, Cabre HE, Hackney AC, Smith-Ryan AE. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Changes in Fluid Distribution across Menstrual Phases with Creatine Supplementation. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020429. [PMID: 36678300 PMCID: PMC9865497 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of creatine (Cr) loading on body mass (BM) and fluid markers of total body water (TBW), extra-cellular fluid (ECF), and intra-cellular fluid (ICF) across the menstrual cycle (MC). Thirty moderately active females, either naturally-menstruating (NM) or using hormonal contraceptives (HC), were randomized to Cr (Cr; 4 × 5 g/day of creatine monohydrate for 5 days; n = 15) or a non-caloric placebo (PL; n = 15) using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, with a menstrual phase crossover. BM, TBW, ECF, and ICF were measured at pre- and post-supplementation in randomized order of follicular phase (FP; NM: MC days 0−8, HC: inactive pill days) or luteal phase (LP; NM: ≤15 days from next projected cycle start date, HC: active pill days) using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Acute hydration status and salivary estrogen were used as covariates. Change in BM was not different between groups across MC ([PL-Cr] Δ 0.40 ± 0.50 kg; p = 0.427) or between MC phase across groups ([FP-LP] Δ 0.31 ± 0.48 kg; p = 0.528). TBW (p = 0.802), ECF (p = 0.373), and ICF (p = 0.795) were not different between supplement groups at pre-supplementation/FP time points. There were no significant differences between the NM and HC subjects at any time point, for any outcome (p > 0.05). Following LP supplementation, significant changes were observed in TBW (Cr: Δ 0.83 ± 0.38 L, PL: Δ −0.62 ± 0.38 L; p = 0.021), ECF (Cr: Δ 0.46 ± 0.15 L, PL: Δ −0.19 ± 0.15 L; p = 0.013), and ICF (Cr: Δ 0.74 ± 0.23 L, PL: Δ −0.02 ± 0.23 L; p = 0.041). These data demonstrate an increase in all fluid compartments in the LP following Cr loading, without observed alterations in body weight for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R. Moore
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda N. Gordon
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hannah E. Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-962-2574
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Cabre HE, Gordon AN, Patterson ND, Smith-Ryan AE. Evaluation of pre-workout and recovery formulations on body composition and performance after a 6-week high-intensity training program. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1016310. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1016310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionActivities such as high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be more time-efficient modes to stimulate rapid changes in performance and body composition. There is little research evaluating the combined effects of HIRT and HIIT on body composition and strength, particularly when paired with nutritional supplementation.PurposeTo evaluate the chronic effects of pre- and post-workout supplementation on body composition and strength, and to understand sex-specific responses.Materials and methods64 untrained males (n = 23) and females (n = 41) (mean ± standard deviation; age: 33.2 ± 10.0 years; %fat: 31.6 ± 7.4%) were randomized to either (1) pre-post supplementation [SUP (n = 25); pre = multi-ingredient caffeine/HMB/vit D; post = whey protein/carbohydrates/glucosamine/vitamins], (2) placebo [PL (n = 24); non-caloric], or (3) control [CON (n = 15)]. All participants completed one repetition max (1RM) strength testing for leg press and bench press at baseline and week 6. Estimates of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants in the SUP or PL group completed a 6-week supervised exercise intervention consisting of a full-body HIRT workout (3 × 6–8 reps) followed by a HIIT treadmill run (6 × 1 min run: 1 min rest) twice per week. Outcomes were evaluated by separate repeated measure ANOVAs (2 × 3).ResultsThere were no differences in FM between groups or sex (p = 0.133–0.851). LM increased from baseline to post-testing for all groups [Mean difference [MD(Post-Pre) ± Standard Error (SE) = 0.78 ± 0.12 kg; p < 0.001]. While not significant (p = 0.081), SUP gained more LM compared to PL [MD(SUP-PL) ± SE = 3.5 ± 3.3 kg] and CON [MD(SUP-CON) ± SE = 5.2 ± 3.8 kg]. LM increased over time for both males (0.84 ± 0.24 kg; p = 0.003) and females (0.73 ± 0.14 kg; p < 0.001). The SUP group resulted in a significant increase in 1RM leg press compared to the CON group (89.9 ± 30.8 kg; p = 0.015), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.409). The SUP group had greater increases in 1RM bench press compared to the CON group (9.8 ± 1.8 kg; p < 0.001), with no significant differences compared to PL (p = 0.99). Both sexes increased upper- (5.5 ± 0.7 kg; p < 0.001) and lower-body strength (69.8 ± 4.5 kg p < 0.001) with training.ConclusionNutrient supplementation timing appears to augment body composition changes and strength compared to control. Pre-/post-nutrient timing may support greater increases in LM and lower- and upper-body strength in both men and women.Clinical trial registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04230824?cond=NCT04230824&draw=2&rank=1], identifier [NCT04230824].
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Cabre HE, Moore SR, Smith-Ryan AE, Hackney AC. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): scientific, clinical, andpractical implications for the female athlete. Dtsch Z Sportmed 2022; 73:225-234. [DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2022.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Problem: If athletes develop low energy availability (LEA), it can lead to a Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome which has severe health consequences if not treated. Methodology: A narrative review of the most recent and pertinent literature on the topic, with special emphasis on women. Results: In assessing the current literature, we have synthesized: i) the scientific implications of LEA and RED-S, ii) the clinical manifestations of the conditions currently available for detection, as well as iii) the practical implications for healthcare and support for female athletes and teams in planning intervention or prevention strategies (maintaining EA >45 kcal/kg FFM/day). Discussion: The ‘Female Athlete Triad” emerged in the 1990s as researchers understood more of the etiological adaptation of female athlete health to sports training. In the last 10 years, the scientific community has recognized that the ‘Triad’ approach was too narrow in focus, and the broader concept of RED-S emerged. Both the Triad and RED-S are consequences of a frequently prevalent LEA in athletes (<30 kcal/kg FFM/day). Developing LEA and RED-S compromises training adaptation, performance capacity, and health in athletes. For these reasons, it is critical that an athlete’s support team recognize the behaviors that may indicate RED-S evolution. In this way, we can assist female athletes in reaching their full potential in sports while protecting their health. Key Words: Energy Availability, Stress, Performance, Hormones, Menstrual Health
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Cabre HE, Gould LM, Gordon AN, Dewig HK, Moore SR, Ryan ED, Smith‐Ryan AE. DIFFERENCES IN STRENGTH, LEG LEAN MASS, AND LIFESTYLE FACTORS BETWEEN PRE‐ AND PERI‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:460-464. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Lacey M. Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Amanda N. Gordon
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Hayden K. Dewig
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Sam R. Moore
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Eric D. Ryan
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Abbie E. Smith‐Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health ScienceUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public HealthUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
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Gordon AN, Blue MN, Cabre HE, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Body composition of NCAA Division I football players pre and post COVID-19 stay-at-home advisory. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022; 62:1662-1667. [PMID: 35415995 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic forced collegiate athletes to train at home, without access to facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 stay-at-home order on body composition of Division I football players, with a secondary aim to evaluate these changes between players with 'higher' (>25 kg/m2) and 'lower' (<25 kg/m2) fat-free mass index (kg/m2). METHODS Body composition of 29 NCAA Division I football players (Age=21.0±10 yr, Ht=186.7±5.6 cm, body mass=110.5±22.8 kg) were measured Spring season (February) and prior to pre-season (June). Whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were used to determine regional (arms, legs, trunk) and total body fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Fat-free mass index (FFMI) was calculated as [LM+Bone Mineral Content (BMC)]/Height2); participants were stratified by FFMI higher (n=16) and lower (n=13). RESULTS Total LM (Mean Difference ± Standard Error: 0.80 ± 1.65 kg, p=0.016) increased from pre- to post-COVID stay-at-home. No significant changes in total FM were seen. Players with lower FFMI showed a significant decrease in trunk FM (-0.55± 0.19 kg, p=0.016). Players with higher FFMI showed a significant increase in total LM (0.96±0.42 kg, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest no detrimental effect on body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Gordon
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malia N Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA - .,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gould LM, Gordon AN, Cabre HE, Hoyle AT, Ryan ED, Hackney AC, Smith-Ryan AE. Metabolic effects of menopause: a cross-sectional characterization of body composition and exercise metabolism. Menopause 2022; 29:377-389. [PMID: 35231009 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate body composition, fat distribution, and metabolism at rest and during exercise in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women. METHODS This cross-sectional study in 72 women ages 35 to 60 years evaluated body composition via a fourcompartment model, fat distribution using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived android to gynoid ratio, metabolic measures via indirect calorimetry, and lifestyle factors using surveys. One-way analyses of variance and one-way analyses of covariance covaried for age and hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone) were used to compare groups. RESULTS Body fat percent was significantly lower in premenopausal than perimenopausal women (mean difference ± standard error: - 10.29 ± 2.73%, P = 0.026) despite similarities in fat mass and fat-free mass between groups (P≥0.217). Android to gynoid ratio was significantly lower in premenopausal than perimenopausal women (MD ± SE: -0.16 ± 0.05 a.u., P = 0.031). Resting energy expenditure was similar between groups (P = 0.999). Fat oxidation during moderate intensity cycle ergometer exercise was significantly greater in premenopausal than postmenopausal women (MD ± SE: 0.09 ± 0.03 g/min, P = 0.045). The change in respiratory exchange ratio between rest and moderate intensity exercise was significantly lower in premenopausal women than peri- (MD ± SE: -0.05 ± 0.03 a.u., P = 0.035) and postmenopausal women (MD ± SE: -0.06 ± 0.03 a.u., P = 0.040). Premenopausal women reported significantly fewer menopause symptoms than peri- (MD ± SE: -6.58 ± 1.52 symptoms, P = 0.002) and postmenopausal participants (MD ± SE: -4.63 ± 1.52 symptoms, P = 0.044), while similarities between groups were observed for lifestyle factors including diet and physical activity (P>0.999). CONCLUSIONS Perimenopause may be the most opportune window for lifestyle intervention, as this group experienced the onset of unfavorable body composition and metabolic characteristics. VIDEO SUMMARY http://links.lww.com/MENO/A932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amanda N Gordon
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. Funding/support: This research study was supported by a grant from the Center for Women's Health Research
| | - Andrew T Hoyle
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. Funding/support: This research study was supported by a grant from the Center for Women's Health Research
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. Funding/support: This research study was supported by a grant from the Center for Women's Health Research
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. Funding/support: This research study was supported by a grant from the Center for Women's Health Research
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Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Brewer GJ, Cabre HE, Gould LM, Tinsley GM, Ng BK, Ryan ED, Padua D, Smith-Ryan AE. The validation of contemporary body composition methods in various races and ethnicities. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1-11. [PMID: 35109945 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Few investigations have evaluated the validity of current body composition technology among racially and ethnically diverse populations. This study assessed the validity of common body composition methods in a multi-ethnic sample stratified by race and ethnicity. One hundred and ten individuals (55 % female, age: 26·5 (sd 6·9) years) identifying as Asian, African American/Black, Caucasian/White, Hispanic, Multi-racial and Native American were enrolled. Seven body composition models (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), two bioelectrical impedance devices (BIS, IB) and three multi-compartment models) were evaluated against a four-compartment criterion model by assessing total error (TE) and standard error of the estimate. For the total sample, measures of % fat and fat-free mass (FFM) from multi-compartment models were all excellent to ideal (% fat: TE = 0·94-2·37 %; FFM: TE = 0·72-1·78 kg) compared with the criterion. % fat measures were very good to excellent for DXA, ADP and IB (TE = 2·52-2·89 %) and fairly good for BIS (TE = 4·12 %). For FFM, single device estimates were good (BIS; TE = 3·12 kg) to ideal (DXA, ADP, IB; TE = 1·21-2·15 kg). Results did not vary meaningfully between each race and ethnicity, except BIS was not valid for African American/Black, Caucasian/White and Multi-racial participants for % fat (TE = 4·3-4·9 %). The multi-compartment models evaluated can be utilised in a multi-ethnic sample and in each individual race and ethnicity to obtain highly valid results for % fat and FFM. Estimates from DXA, ADP and IB were also valid. The BIS may demonstrate greater TE for all racial and ethnic cohorts and results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia N M Blue
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Hannah E Cabre
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Bennett K Ng
- Emerging Growth and Incubation Group, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Darin Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Gould LM, Cabre HE, Brewer GJ, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Impact of Follicular Menstrual Phase on Body Composition Measures and Resting Metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2396-2404. [PMID: 34280938 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the effects of early follicular (EF) and midfollicular (MF) menstrual phases on body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and respiratory quotient (RQ) assessment accuracy to identify an optimal testing period. METHODS Body composition was obtained from a four-compartment (4C) criterion model (fat mass (FM), fat-free mass, body fat percent, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA; FM, lean mass (LM), trunk FM, and trunk LM) in 19 eumenorrheic females (mean ± SD: age, 21.3 ± 3.1 yr, body mass index, 23.6 ± 1.8 kg·m-2). RMR (kcal·d-1) and RQ (a.u.) were measured via indirect calorimetry for 25 min. Body composition, RMR, and RQ were measured during the EF and MF phases. Dependent-samples t-tests were used to compare outcomes between EF and MF. RESULTS 4C outcomes were similar between phases (P > 0.05). During EF, the following 4C components were significantly greater (P < 0.05): body volume (mean difference (MD) ± SD, 0.70 ± 1.05 L), extracellular fluid (MD ± SD, 0.27 ± 0.51 L), and body mass (MD ± SD, 0.56 ± 0.80 kg). DXA-measured LM, body fat percent, trunk LM, and trunk FM were similar (P > 0.05); however, DXA FM was significantly greater during EF (MD ± SD, 0.29 ± 0.40 kg; P = 0.005), yet within measurement error of the device. Although RMR was not significantly different between phases (MD ± SD, 6.0 ± 190.93 kcal·d-1; P > 0.05), RQ was significantly higher during EF (mean ± SD, 0.03 ± 0.06 a.u.; P = 0.029) compared with MF. CONCLUSIONS Body composition from 4C and DXA do not seem to be affected beyond measurement error as a result of compartmental changes from the menstrual cycle. During MF, women oxidized more fat as demonstrated by a lower RQ. Researchers should aim to be more inclusive and schedule testing for females within 11-12 d from the onset of menstruation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Human Biomechanics & Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC
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Cabre HE, Greenwalt CE, Gould LM, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Exploring the "Athlete's Paradox": Division I Cross-Country Runners Demonstrate Similar Muscle Characteristics to Recreationally Trained Young Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3213-3217. [PMID: 34474434 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cabre, HE, Greenwalt, CE, Gould, LM, Hirsch, KR, Blue, MNM, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Exploring the "Athlete's Paradox": Division I cross-country runners demonstrate similar muscle characteristics to recreationally trained young adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Endurance training can influence body composition and muscle characteristics. Endurance athletes have demonstrated elevated intramuscular fat (IMF), yet individuals with greater body fat also demonstrate elevated IMF. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in muscle characteristics (echo intensity [EI] and muscle cross-sectional area [mCSA]) and body composition between Division I collegiate athletes and college-age adults matched for percent fat (%fat). Thirty cross-country athletes (XC) and 30 normal-weight (NW) recreationally active college students (male athletes: n = 30; female athletes: n = 30; mean ± SD: age: 19.2 ± 1.1 years; body mass: 61.7 ± 8.7 kg; %fat: 18.0 ± 5.2%) underwent a panoramic ultrasound scan of the vastus lateralis to evaluate EI and mCSA. A full-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan was used to assess fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and %fat. Independent t-tests were used to evaluate mCSA, EI, and body composition. Significance level was set at ≤ 0.05. There were no significant differences between the XC and NW cohorts in mCSA (mean difference [MD; XC - NW], -1.30 ± -0.40 cm3; p = 0.340) or EI (MD: 3.97 ± 2.66 a.u.; p = 0.478). Body composition was not different between the groups: FM (MD: -0.14 ± -0.54 kg; p = 0.848), LM (-3.07 ± 1.25 kg; p = 0.268), or bone mineral content (-0.21 ± 0.03 kg; p = 0.120). There were also no significant differences for any outcome variables when stratified by male athletes (p = 0.097-0.468) or female athletes (p = 0.055-0.700). These results suggest that XC athletes may have similar muscle characteristics to NW individuals when matched for %fat. Understanding and tracking muscle characteristics in XC athletes may be important for performance, injury prevention, and the transition to retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Institute of Sport Science Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Human Biomechanics and Applied Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina
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Smith-Ryan AE, Brewer G, Gould LM, Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Greenwalt CE, Harrison C, Cabre HE, Ryan ED. Acute feeding has minimal effect on the validity of body composition and metabolic measures: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and a multi-compartment model. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-13. [PMID: 34392839 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of acute feeding on body composition and metabolic measures is essential to the translational component and practical application of measurement and clinical use. To investigate the influence of acute feeding on the validity of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a four-compartment model (4C) and indirect calorimetry metabolic outcomes, thirty-nine healthy young adults (n 19 females; age: 21·8 (sd 3·1) years, weight; 71·5 (sd 10·0) kg) participated in a randomised cross-over study. Subjects were provided one of four randomised meals on separate occasions (high carbohydrate, high protein, ad libitum or fasted baseline) prior to body composition and metabolic assessments. Regardless of macronutrient content, acute feeding increased DXA percent body fat (%fat) for the total sample and females (average constant error (CE):-0·30 %; total error (TE): 2·34 %), although not significant (P = 0·062); the error in males was minimal (CE: 0·11 %; TE: 0·86 %). DXA fat mass (CE: 0·26 kg; TE: 0·75 kg) and lean mass (LM) (CE: 0·83 kg; TE: 1·23 kg) were not altered beyond measurement error for the total sample. 4C %fat was significantly impacted from all acute feedings (avg CE: 0·46 %; TE: 3·7 %). 4C fat mass (CE: 0·71 kg; TE: 3·38 kg) and fat-free mass (CE: 0·55 kg; TE: 3·05 kg) exceeded measurement error for the total sample. RMR was increased for each feeding condition (TE: 1666·9 kJ/d; 398 kcal/d). Standard pre-testing fasting guidelines may be important when evaluating DXA and 4C %fat, whereas additional DXA variables (fat mass and LM) may not be significantly impacted by an acute meal. Measuring body composition via DXA under less stringent pre-testing guidelines may be valid and increase feasibility of testing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabrielle Brewer
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Casey E Greenwalt
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Courtney Harrison
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Hoyle AT, Gould LM, Cabre HE, Gordon AN, Smith-Ryan AE. Effect Of Acute Feeding On Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Calculated Phase Angle In Healthy Subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000762640.02872.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gordon AN, Blue MN, Cabre HE, Gould LM, Hirsch KR, Hoyle AT, Smith-Ryan A. Body Composition Of NCAA Division I Football Players Pre And Post COVID-19 Quarantine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000759540.86112.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hirsch KR, Brewer GJ, Gould LM, Greenwalt CE, Nelson AG, Cabre HE, Blue MNM, Smith-Ryan AE. Effect Of Pre-Workout Essential Amino Acid Supplementation On High-Intensity Interval Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000762408.21505.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gould LM, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM, Cabre HE, Brewer GJ, Smith-Ryan AE. Effects of adiposity and body composition on adjusted resting energy expenditure in women. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23610. [PMID: 33961322 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fat-free mass (FFM) accounts for ~80% of the variance in resting energy expenditure (REE), and this relationship is complicated by adiposity. The objective was to compare adjusted REE and contributions of skeletal lean mass and fat mass (FM) to adjusted REE in women with varying adiposity levels using a novel approach. METHODS Women were divided into tertiles by body fat percent (%fat): Tertile 1 (T1): %fat = 18.5%-28.4%; Tertile 2 (T2): %fat = 28.5%-33.8%; Tertile 3 (T3): %fat = 34.0%-61.0%. Outcome measures were measured and adjusted REE, body composition (skeletal lean mass, FM, %fat) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and percent contribution of skeletal lean mass and FM to adjusted REE. RESULTS The main effect for tertiles (T1 vs. T2 vs. T3) was significant (p = .001); REE was significantly higher in T3 versus both T1 by 281 kcal/day (p = .001) and T2 by 215 kcal/day (p = .001). Expenditure from skeletal lean mass in T1 was significantly higher than T3 by 3.2% (p = .001). T3 had a significantly higher FM contribution than T1 by 5.1% (p = .001) and T2 by 3.9% (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Women with elevated %fat experienced lower skeletal lean mass contribution and higher FM contribution to adjusted REE. FM may explain more of the variance in REE between women of different levels of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Alaska, USA
| | - Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Alaska, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Human Biomechanics and Applied Physiology Laboratory, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA.,Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Cabre HE, Blue MNM, Hirsch KR, Brewer GJ, Gould LM, Nelson AG, Smith-Ryan AE. Validity of a 3-dimensional body scanner: comparison against a 4-compartment model and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:644-650. [PMID: 33320733 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) body scanner technology for body composition assessment is expanding. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a 3D body scanner. One hundred and ninety-four participants (43% male; age: 23.52 ± 5.47 years; body mass index: 23.98 ± 3.24 kg·m-2) were measured using 3D scanner and a 4-compartment (4C) model utilizing dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography, and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy. Dependent t tests, validity statistics including total error (TE), standard error of the estimate, constant error, and Bland-Altman analyses were utilized. Compared with 4C, 3D scanner fat mass (FM) [mean difference (MD; 3D-4C): 2.66 kg ± 3.32 kg] and percent body fat (%BF) (MD: 4.13% ± 5.36%) were significantly (p < 0.001) over-predicted; fat free mass (FFM) was significantly underpredicted (MD: -3.15 kg ± 4.75 kg; p < 0.001). 3D demonstrated poor validity indicated by TE (%BF: 5.61%; FM: 4.50 kg; FFM: 5.69 kg). In contrast, there were no significant differences between 3D and DXA measures; 3D scanner demonstrated acceptable measurement for %BF (TE: 4.25%), FM (TE: 2.92 kg), and lean mass (TE: 3.86 kg). Compared with the 4C criterion, high TE values indicated 3D estimates were not valid. In contrast, 3D estimates produced acceptable measurement agreement when compared with DXA; an average overestimation of %BF by 5.31% (vs. 4C) and 4.20% (vs. DXA) may be expected. Novelty: 3D body composition estimates are not valid compared with the 4-C criterion model. 3D estimates appeared to be more valid in females, compared with males. When compared with DXA, 3D estimates were acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cabre
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alyson G Nelson
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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