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Dyson J, Skinner J, Crick J, Crooks MG. Designing an intervention to help the quitters quit: A qualitative, intervention co-design study. PEC Innov 2023; 2:100141. [PMID: 37214522 PMCID: PMC10194124 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective E-cigarettes are increasingly being provided by publicly funded stop smoking services. Our objectives were to understand the challenges and establish the means by which services could best support the use and subsequent discontinuation of e-cigarettes for this purpose. Methods Semi-structured interviews and co-design workshops with service users and providers of a stop smoking service. Results Thematic analysis was conducted. Interviews identified: 1. a reluctance to use e-cigarettes for cessation, 2. struggle to quit e-cigarettes (dependency, fear of relapse, compensatory "puffing") and 3. service development needs (consistency of approach). Co-design workshops suggested: 1. facilitation of e-cigarette use through understanding previous failed attempts, 2. offering a longer, two-staged approach to tobacco then e-cigarette cessation, careful timing of behavioural strategies and 3. enhanced communication between providers. Conclusions Our study suggests additional modifications to smoking cessation support measures when e-cigarettes are used for smoking cessation to address the challenges posed by public health guidance: "smokers should switch to vaping and vapers should stop smoking completely". Innovation Our study is the first to consider experiences of service users and providers about the challenges of using e-cigarettes for cessation; our co-design group of providers informed nine strategies needed to support this approach in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Dyson
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Skinner
- Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Crick
- Hull Clinical Commissioning Group/Hull City Council, Hull, UK
| | - Michael G. Crooks
- Respiratory Research Group, Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research, Hull York Medical School, Hull, UK
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Smith DR, Markowitz ME, Crick J, Rosen JF, Flegal AR. The effects of succimer on the absorption of lead in adults determined by using the stable isotope 204Pb. Environ Res 1994; 67:39-53. [PMID: 7925193 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1994.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The chelating agent succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) is orally effective at inducing a urinary lead diuresis and a decrease in blood lead levels in lead poisoned children and adults. However, there are concerns that succimer may increase the absorption of lead from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during treatment, particularly in cases of continuing lead exposure, which would compromise its effectiveness in reducing whole body lead stores. This preliminary study investigated the effects of succimer on the absorption of lead in adults using a stable lead isotopic tracer (204Pb). Twelve male subjects were divided into control (no succimer), 10, and 30 mg succimer/kg body wt treatment groups of 4 individuals each. All subjects ingested a single tracer dose (200 micrograms) of 204Pb, followed by a single oral dose of placebo (control) or succimer. Whole blood was collected at intervals of 0, 2, 4, and approximately 26 hr following ingestion of the 204Pb tracer, and composite urine and feces samples were collected over the duration of the study (approximately 26 hr). Mean intestinal excretion of 204Pb was reduced in the succimer-treated groups compared to the control (placebo), whereas urinary diuresis of 204Pb was higher in the succimer groups. The amount of lead 204Pb tracer accounted for at the end of the study was lower in the succimer-treated groups. These results suggest that GI lead absorption was enhanced by succimer and that succimer mediated the redistribution of lead from the circulation to other tissues. However, none of the differences between treatment groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05, t test) because of the relatively large within-group variability. This study demonstrates the utility of microgram doses of a stable lead isotopic tracer to assess the efficacy of clinical chelating agents in humans. Future studies are necessary to further clarify the effects of succimer on the absorption and retention of lead in adults and children. Although, based upon these preliminary data, it appears advisable that patients be maintained in a lead-safe environment while being treated with succimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Smith
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0843
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Crick J, Flegal AR. Contaminant lead in blood-collection tubes for trace-element studies. Clin Chem 1992; 38:600-1. [PMID: 1568338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Taha TH, Durrant S, Crick J, Bowcock S, Bradshaw A, Oakley CM. Hemostatic studies in patients with infective endocarditis: a report on nine consecutive cases with evidence of coagulopathy. Heart Vessels 1991; 6:102-6. [PMID: 2071545 DOI: 10.1007/bf02058756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Local and generalized changes in coagulation may be important in the genesis of vegetations and embolism in infective endocarditis. To characterize such alterations, serial hematological investigations were performed on nine consecutive patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Platelet survival was measured by Indium111 labeling. Acute and convalescent samples were analyzed for fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, antithrombin III (AT III), fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs), and platelet aggregation. The results suggest that in the active stage of the disease: (1) hypercoagulability may be caused by a rise in acute phase reactants, (2) an acceleration of coagulation and fibrinolysis may supervene, and (3) in some cases there is a reduction in platelet aggregation, possibly as a result of continued circulation of previously activated "exhausted" platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Taha
- Department of Medicine (Clinical Cardiology and Haematology Units), Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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O'Connor NT, Stein H, Gatter KC, Wainscoat JS, Crick J, Al Saati T, Falini B, Delsol G, Mason DY. Genotypic analysis of large cell lymphomas which express the Ki-1 antigen. Histopathology 1987; 11:733-40. [PMID: 3040565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1987.tb02687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody Ki-1 reacts with Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease and with the tumour cells in a minority of large cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. This study describes the results of immunophenotypic and DNA analysis in 30 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, all of which expressed the Ki-1 antigen. The genotypic analysis has been undertaken using both immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene probes. Sixteen cases were shown by this method to be of monoclonal T-cell origin, six of B-cell origin, while in eight cases there was no evidence of either T- or B-cell lineage. This confirms previous immunohistological data indicating that non-Hodgkin's lymphomas which express the Ki-1 antigen may be of either T-cell or B-cell origin.
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Abstract
The gene encoding the beta-chain of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) has been analyzed for evidence of rearrangement in skin, blood, and lymph node specimens from 23 cases of known or suspected cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Two cutaneous large cell lymphomas, 4 cases of Sézary syndrome, and 5 cases of advanced (tumor) stages of mycosis fungoides showed clonal rearrangement of the TCR beta-chain gene in all samples, including lymph nodes in which histologic examination revealed only dermatopathic lymphadenitis. These results indicate that DNA analysis provides a valuable means for improving the diagnosis of extracutaneous disease in advanced stages of CTCL. In contrast, the gene was in a germline configuration in all samples from 12 patients with plaque stages of mycosis fungoides or suspected early CTCL, suggesting that in these 2 conditions the T-cell proliferation is either polyclonal or contains very few monoclonal (i.e., neoplastic) cells.
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O'Connor NT, Gatter KC, Wainscoat JS, Crick J, Jones DB, Delsol G, Ralfkiaer E, De Wolf-Peeters C, Angus B, Mason DY. Practical value of genotypic analysis for diagnosing lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Pathol 1987; 40:147-50. [PMID: 3493265 PMCID: PMC1140857 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.40.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The value of DNA hybridisation (using immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene probes) was assessed during the diagnosis of problematical lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens. In 14 of 18 specimens (78%), which contained a malignant lymphoproliferation of uncertain aetiology, this technique permitted the demonstration of a monoclonal proliferation of B cells (nine cases) or T cells (five cases). In five further lymph node biopsy specimens, in which the differential diagnosis lay between a reactive or malignant process, a clonal proliferation was shown in three cases. DNA analysis is, therefore, of practical value in resolving many of the diagnostic problems that arise in the assessment of lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens.
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Abstract
Physiological pacing was instituted in 17 patients (11 men and 6 women), mean age 67 years (range 33-77 years), using a variety of multiprogramable generators attached to a permanent single-pass dual chamber electrode. Eleven patients were paced in VAT mode (Cordis 208A or Siemens-Elema 625 generator), two patients in DVI mode (Intermedics Cyberlith IV generator) and four patients in DDD mode (Siemens-Elema 664/P33 or Telectronics Autima unit). Mean intracardiac P wave amplitude was 2.0 mV +/- 0.78/SD, range 0.7-3.6 mV. and mean atrial and ventricular pacing thresholds were 1.0 V and 0.5 V, respectively. Fourteen patients had completely successful A-V pacing during a follow-up period of 4-13 months (mean 7 +/- 2.7 months). Two failures were associated with malposition of the atrial crown and occurred exclusively with the Cordis 208A generator. In both patients generator replacement using a more sensitive unit (Siemens-Elema 625) resulted in successful VAT pacing for most of the time. Complete failure of A-V pacing occurred in only one patient who died from coronary artery disease after four months of follow-up. Thus, all of the remaining 16 patients achieved long-term (6 months) satisfactory physiological pacing using this new lead. We conclude that the "Crown of Thorns" electrode is a successful single-pass unipolar lead and can be used with all types of dual chamber generator for all modes of pacing.
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Abstract
Rabies virus was found on mouse diaphragms and on cultured chick myotubes in a distribution coinciding with that of the acetylcholine receptor. Treatment of the myotubes with alpha-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine before the addition of the virus reduced the number of myotubes that became infected with rabies virus. These findings together suggest that acetylcholine receptors may serve as receptors for rabies virus. The binding of virus to acetylcholine receptors, which are present in high density at the neuromuscular junction, would provide a mechanism whereby the virus could be locally concentrated at sites in proximity to peripheral nerves facilitating subsequent uptake and transfer to the central nervous system.
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Reichmann ME, Bishop DH, Brown F, Crick J, Holland JJ, Kang CY, Lazzarini R, Moyer S, Perrault J, Prevec L, Pringle CR, Wagner RR, Youngner JS, Huang AS. Proposal for a uniform nomenclature for defective interfering viruses of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Virol 1980; 34:792-4. [PMID: 6247514 PMCID: PMC288769 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.3.792-794.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus have been named according to their parental derivation and to their genomic length and physical properties. This suggested uniform nomenclature can be adapted for other virus systems.
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Brown F, Bishop DH, Crick J, Francki RI, Holland JJ, Hull R, Johnson K, Martelli G, Murphy FA, Obijeski JF, Peters D, Pringle CR, Reichmann ME, Schneider LG, Shope RE, Simpson DI, Summers DF, Wagner RR. Rhabdoviridae. Report of the Rhabdovirus Study Group, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 1979; 12:1-7. [PMID: 500329 DOI: 10.1159/000149062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae comprises approximately 75 viruses infecting vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. The main characteristics of the member viruses are: (i) the viruses infecting vertebrates and invertebrates are bullet-shaped and the viruses infecting plants are usually bacilliform; (ii) the viruses have particle lengths varying from 130 to 380 nm and widths varying from 60 to 95 nm; (iii) the viruses possess unit-membrane envelopes from which protrude spikes 5 to 10 nm long; (iv) the viruses have precisely coiled helical nuecleocapsids with a diameter of approx. 50 nm; (v) most of the viruses which have been studied contain 5 proteins; the prototype, vesicular stomatitis virus, contains proteins designated L (large), G (glycoprotein), N (nucleoprotein), NS (nonstructural) and M (matrix); N or NS is phosphorylated in most members which have been studied; (vi) the viruses contain single-stranded RNA which is transcribed into several messenger RNA species with sizes corresponding to the structural proteins; (vii) the nucleocapsid contains the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and is infectious; and (viii) many of the viruses produce morphologically distinct defective-interfering (T) particles.
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Abstract
Inactivated defective interfering and complete particles of vesicular stomatitis virus given intracerebrally to adult mice protect them against challenge with homologous virus whether this is given at the same time or several days later. Two separate protective processes appear to be involved. The first, which comes into operation immediately after inoculation, is also effective against heterologous strains of vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies (another rhabdovirus), and a neurotropic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The second, later effect, which is strain specific, appears to be correlated with the appearance of circulating neutralizing antibody. Our results suggest that the protective effect that Holland and his colleagues described using defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus may also be accounted for by an immunological mechanism rather than one involving interference.
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Crick J, Brown F. Rabies vaccines for animals and man. Vet Rec 1976; 99:162-7. [PMID: 969208 DOI: 10.1136/vr.99.9.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The structure of rabies virus and the importance of its glycoprotein in immunization are discussed. The improvement in vaccines for use in man, culminating in the production of the human diploid vaccine is described. Nevertheless problems remain, particularly with regard to post-exposure therapy. Possible disadvantages in the use of subunit vaccines are mentioned and attention is drawn to the discovery of the rabies-related viruses.
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Abstract
Suspension cultures of BHK-21 cells maintained at 32 to 33 C were infected with the Flury LEP strain of rabies virus. By using a cell concentration of 2.0 x 10(6) to 2.5 x 10(6) cells per ml infected at a multiplicity of 0.05, high titers of extracellular virus were reached in 96 to 120 h, and potent inactivated vaccines were prepared from culture fluids harvested between 96 to 168 h. The addition of 1% bovine serum to the maintenance medium resulted in an increase in virus yields and vaccine potency. Estimation of the number of infected cells by immunofluorescent procedures proved a rapid and reliable guide to the virus content of suspension cultures.
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Abstract
Rabies vaccines and their use in man and other animals are described. Safe and reliable vaccines are available for veterinary use, but many of the problems associated with the vaccination of humans remain unsolved.
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Crick J, Brown F. An inactivated baby hamster kidney cell rabies vaccine for use in dogs and cattle. Res Vet Sci 1971; 12:156-61. [PMID: 5572536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Crick J, Cartwright B, Brown F. A study of the interference phenomenon in vesicular stomatitis virus replication. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1969; 27:221-35. [PMID: 4313021 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brown F, Martin SJ, Cartwright B, Crick J. The ribonucleic acids of the infective and interfering components of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Gen Virol 1967; 1:479-86. [PMID: 4295377 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-1-4-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Abstract
Treatment of suspensions of vesicular stomatitis virus with Tween-ether results in a rapid and considerable loss of infectivity (ca. 4 logs in 2 min), but the residual infectivity is comparatively stable to further treatment with ether. The infectivity remaining after the short exposure to Tween-ether is not due to virus for the following reasons. (i) It is much less infective for tissue cultures than for mice, whereas the intact virion is equally infective for both hosts. (ii) The residual infectivity is much less stable than virus infectivity in both sucrose and tartrate gradients. (iii) Virus immune serum does not neutralize its activity. (iv) The infectivity is associated with material which sediments further in sucrose gradients and has a greater buoyant density in tartrate gradients than the virion. Experiments with (32)P-labeled virion showed that the infective substructure contains ribonucleic acid with the same sedimentation characteristics as that extracted from the virion. Electron microscopy shows that the infective component has the same overall bullet-like structure as the virion but lacks the outer envelope and fringe structure.
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Crick J, Lebedev AI, Stewart DL, Brown F. The assay, extraction and storage of infective ribonucleic acid from foot and mouth disease virus. J Gen Microbiol 1966; 43:59-70. [PMID: 4288963 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-43-1-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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