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Lieberman‐Cribbin W, Li Z, Lewin M, Ruiz P, Jarrett JM, Cole SA, Kupsco A, O'Leary M, Pichler G, Shimbo D, Devereux RB, Umans JG, Navas‐Acien A, Nigra AE. The Contribution of Declines in Blood Lead Levels to Reductions in Blood Pressure Levels: Longitudinal Evidence in the Strong Heart Family Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031256. [PMID: 38205795 PMCID: PMC10926826 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lead exposure is associated with both subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether declines in blood lead were associated with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adult American Indian participants from the SHFS (Strong Heart Family Study). METHODS AND RESULTS Lead in whole blood was measured in 285 SHFS participants in 1997 to 1999 and 2006 to 2009. Blood pressure and measures of cardiac geometry and function were obtained in 2001 to 2003 and 2006 to 2009. We used generalized estimating equations to evaluate the association of declines in blood lead with changes in blood pressure; cardiac function and geometry measures were considered secondary. Mean blood lead was 2.04 μg/dL at baseline. After ≈10 years, mean decline in blood lead was 0.67 μg/dL. In fully adjusted models, the mean difference in systolic blood pressure comparing the highest to lowest tertile of decline (>0.91 versus <0.27 μg/dL) in blood lead was -7.08 mm Hg (95% CI, -13.16 to -1.00). A significant nonlinear association between declines in blood lead and declines in systolic blood pressure was detected, with significant linear associations where blood lead decline was 0.1 μg/dL or higher. Declines in blood lead were nonsignificantly associated with declines in diastolic blood pressure and significantly associated with declines in interventricular septum thickness. CONCLUSIONS Declines in blood lead levels in American Indian adults, even when small (0.1-1.0 μg/dL), were associated with reductions in systolic blood pressure. These findings suggest the need to further study the cardiovascular impacts of reducing lead exposures and the importance of lead exposure prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Lieberman‐Cribbin
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Zheng Li
- Office of Capacity Development and Applied Prevention Science, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael Lewin
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Office of Innovation and Analytics, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division for Laboratory SciencesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Population Health ProgramTexas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Allison Kupsco
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Marcia O'Leary
- Missouri Breaks Research Industries Research, Inc.Eagle ButteSDUSA
| | - Gernot Pichler
- Department of CardiologyKarl Landsteiner Institute for Cardiovascular and Critical Care Research, Clinic FloridsdorfViennaAustria
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Division of CardiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Jason G. Umans
- MedStar Health Research InstituteHyattsvilleMDUSA
- Georgetown‐Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational ScienceWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Ana Navas‐Acien
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Anne E. Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkNYUSA
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Ashley DL, Zhu W, Bhandari D, Wang L, Feng J, Wang Y, Meng L, Xia B, Jarrett JM, Chang CM, Kimmel HL, Blount BC. Influence of Half-life and Smoking/Nonsmoking Ratio on Biomarker Consistency between Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:80-87. [PMID: 37823832 PMCID: PMC10843274 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure are tools for understanding the impact of tobacco use on health outcomes if confounders like demographics, use behavior, biological half-life, and other sources of exposure are accounted for in the analysis. METHODS We performed multiple regression analysis of longitudinal measures of urinary biomarkers of alkaloids, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and metals to examine the sample-to-sample consistency in Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study including demographic characteristics and use behavior variables of persons who smoked exclusively. Regression coefficients, within- and between-person variance, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were compared with biomarker smoking/nonsmoking population mean ratios and biological half-lives. RESULTS Most biomarkers were similarly associated with sex, age, race/ethnicity, and product use behavior. The biomarkers with larger smoking/nonsmoking population mean ratios had greater regression coefficients related to recency of exposure. For VOC and alkaloid metabolites, longer biological half-life was associated with lower within-person variance. For each chemical class studied, there were biomarkers that demonstrated good ICCs. CONCLUSIONS For most of the biomarkers of exposure reported in the PATH Study, for people who smoke cigarettes exclusively, associations are similar between urinary biomarkers of exposure and demographic and use behavior covariates. Biomarkers of exposure within-subject consistency is likely associated with nontobacco sources of exposure and biological half-life. IMPACT Biomarkers measured in the PATH Study provide consistent sample-to-sample measures from which to investigate the association of adverse health outcomes with the characteristics of cigarettes and their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yuesong Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lei Meng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Baoyun Xia
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cindy M. Chang
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Heather L. Kimmel
- National Institute for Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Li Z, Lewin M, Ruiz P, Nigra AE, Henderson NB, Jarrett JM, Ward C, Zhu J, Umans JG, O'Leary M, Zhang Y, Ragin-Wilson A, Navas-Acien A. Blood cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium levels in American Indian populations: The Strong Heart Study. Environ Res 2022; 215:114101. [PMID: 35977585 PMCID: PMC9644284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many American Indian (AI) communities are in areas affected by environmental contamination, such as toxic metals. However, studies assessing exposures in AI communities are limited. We measured blood metals in AI communities to assess historical exposure and identify participant characteristics associated with these levels in the Strong Heart Study (SHS) cohort. METHOD Archived blood specimens collected from participants (n = 2014, all participants were 50 years of age and older) in Arizona, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota during SHS Phase-III (1998-1999) were analyzed for cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium using inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. We conducted descriptive analyses for the entire cohort and stratified by selected subgroups, including selected demographics, health behaviors, income, waist circumference, and body mass index. Bivariate associations were conducted to examine associations between blood metal levels and selected socio-demographic and behavioral covariates. Finally, multivariate regression models were used to assess the best model fit that predicted blood metal levels. FINDINGS All elements were detected in 100% of study participants, with the exception of mercury (detected in 73% of participants). The SHS population had higher levels of blood cadmium and manganese than the general U.S. population 50 years and older. The median blood mercury in the SHS cohort was at about 30% of the U.S. reference population, potentially due to low fish consumption. Participants in North Dakota and South Dakota had the highest blood cadmium, lead, manganese, and selenium, and the lowest total mercury levels, even after adjusting for covariates. In addition, each of the blood metals was associated with selected demographic, behavioral, income, and/or weight-related factors in multivariate models. These findings will help guide the tribes to develop education, outreach, and strategies to reduce harmful exposures and increase beneficial nutrient intake in these AI communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael Lewin
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Office of Innovation and Analytics, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Noelle B Henderson
- Office of Community Health and Hazard Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Ward
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - Jason G Umans
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA; Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington DC, USA
| | - Marcia O'Leary
- Missouri Breaks Industries and Research, Inc., Eagle Butte, SD, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Center for American Indian Health Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Angela Ragin-Wilson
- Office of Associate Director, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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Smith DM, Christensen C, van Bemmel D, Borek N, Ambrose B, Erives G, Niaura R, Edwards KC, Stanton CA, Blount BC, Wang L, Feng J, Jarrett JM, Ward CD, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS, Kimmel HL, Travers M, Hyland A, Goniewicz ML. Exposure to Nicotine and Toxicants Among Dual Users of Tobacco Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2014. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:790-797. [PMID: 33590857 PMCID: PMC8095240 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concurrent use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes ("dual use") is common among tobacco users. Little is known about differences in demographics and toxicant exposure among subsets of dual users. AIMS AND METHODS We analyzed data from adult dual users (current every/some day users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes, n = 792) included in the PATH Study Wave 1 (2013-2014) and provided urine samples. Samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure to nicotine and selected toxicants (tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK [NNAL], lead, cadmium, naphthalene [2-naphthol], pyrene [1-hydroxypyrene], acrylonitrile [CYMA], acrolein [CEMA], and acrylamide [AAMA]). Subsets of dual users were compared on demographic, behavioral, and biomarker measures to exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 2411) and exclusive e-cigarette users (n = 247). RESULTS Most dual users were predominant cigarette smokers (70%), followed by daily dual users (13%), non-daily concurrent dual users (10%), and predominant vapers (7%). Dual users who smoked daily showed significantly higher biomarker concentrations compared with those who did not smoke daily. Patterns of e-cigarette use had little effect on toxicant exposure. Dual users with high toxicant exposure were generally older, female, and smoked more cigarettes per day. Dual users who had low levels of biomarkers of exposure were generally younger, male, and smoked non-daily. CONCLUSIONS In 2013-2014, most dual users smoked cigarettes daily and used e-cigarettes occasionally. Cigarette smoking appears to be the primary driver of toxicant exposure among dual users, with little-to-no effect of e-cigarette use on biomarker levels. Results reinforce the need for dual users to stop smoking tobacco cigarettes to reduce toxicant exposure. IMPLICATIONS With considerable dual use of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes in the United States, it is important to understand differences in toxicant exposure among subsets of dual users, and how these differences align with user demographics. Findings suggest most dual users smoke daily and use e-cigarettes intermittently. Low exposure to toxicants was most common among younger users, males, and intermittent smokers; high exposure to toxicants was most common among older users, females, and heavier cigarette smokers. Results underscore the heterogeneity occurring within dual users, and the need to quit smoking cigarettes completely in order to reduce toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carol Christensen
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dana van Bemmel
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Borek
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bridget Ambrose
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gladys Erives
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Raymond Niaura
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn C Edwards
- Behavioral Health & Health Policy Practice, Westat, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia D Ward
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Boggs ASP, Kilpatrick LE, Burdette CQ, Tevis DS, Fultz ZA, Nelson MA, Jarrett JM, Kemp JV, Singh RJ, Grebe SKG, Wise SA, Kassim BL, Long SE. Development of a pregnancy-specific reference material for thyroid biomarkers, vitamin D, and nutritional trace elements in serum. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:671-679. [PMID: 33098630 PMCID: PMC9972198 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix differences among serum samples from non-pregnant and pregnant patients could bias measurements. Standard Reference Material 1949, Frozen Human Prenatal Serum, was developed to provide a quality assurance material for the measurement of hormones and nutritional elements throughout pregnancy. METHODS Serum from non-pregnant women and women in each trimester were bottled into four levels based on pregnancy status and trimester. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were developed and applied to the measurement of thyroid hormones, vitamin D metabolites, and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). Copper, selenium, and zinc measurements were conducted by inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell MS. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), and thyroglobulin antibody concentrations were analyzed using immunoassays and LC-MS/MS (Tg only). RESULTS Certified values for thyroxine and triiodothyronine, reference values for vitamin D metabolites, VDBP, selenium, copper, and zinc, and information values for reverse triiodothyronine, TSH, Tg, and Tg antibodies were assigned. Significant differences in serum concentrations were evident for all analytes across the four levels (p≤0.003). TSH measurements were significantly different (p<0.0001) among research-only immunoassays. Tg concentrations were elevated in research-only immunoassays vs. Federal Drug Administration-approved automated immunoassay and LC-MS/MS. Presence of Tg antibodies increased differences between automated immunoassay and LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSIONS The analyte concentrations' changes consistent with the literature and the demonstration of matrix interferences in immunoassay Tg measurements indicate the functionality of this material by providing a relevant matrix-matched reference material for the different stages of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S. P. Boggs
- Corresponding author: Ashley S. P. Boggs, PhD, Research Biologist, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, USA, Phone: 843 460 9789, Fax: 843 998 6940,
| | | | | | - Denise S. Tevis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary A. Fultz
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael A. Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer V. Kemp
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ravinder J. Singh
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stefan K. G. Grebe
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittany L. Kassim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephen E. Long
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
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Jones DR, Jarrett JM, Stukes D, Baer A, McMichael M, Wallon K, Xiao G, Jones RL. Development and validation of a biomonitoring method to measure As, Cr, and Ni in human urine samples by ICP-UCT-MS. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113713. [PMID: 33621861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method using Universal Cell Technology (UCT) with a PerkinElmer NexION ICP-MS, to measure arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) in human urine samples. The advancements of the UCT allowed us to expand the calibration range to make the method applicable for both low concentrations of biomonitoring applications and high concentrations that may be observed from acute exposures and emergency response. Our method analyzes As and Ni in kinetic energy discrimination (KED) mode with helium (He) gas, and Cr in dynamic reaction cell (DRC) mode with ammonia (NH3) gas. The combination of these elements is challenging because a carbon source, ethanol (EtOH), is required for normalization of As ionization in urine samples, which creates a spectral overlap (40Ar12C+) on 52Cr. This method additionally improved lab efficiency by combining elements from two of our previously published methods(Jarrett et al., 2007; Quarles et al., 2014) allowing us to measure Cr and Ni concentrations in urine samples collected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) beginning with the 2017-2018 survey cycle. We present our rigorous validation of the method selectivity and accuracy using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRM), precision using in-house prepared quality control materials, and a discussion of the use of a modified UCT, a BioUCell, to address an ion transmission phenomenon we observed on the NexION 300 platform when using higher elemental concentrations and high cell gas pressures. The rugged method detection limits, calculated from measurements in more than 60 runs, for As, Cr, and Ni are 0.23 μg L-1, 0.19 μg L-1, and 0.31 μg L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Danielle Stukes
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Adam Baer
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Megan McMichael
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Kristen Wallon
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Ge Xiao
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Robert L Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Hoover JH, Erdei E, Begay D, Gonzales M, Jarrett JM, Cheng PY, Lewis J. Exposure to uranium and co-occurring metals among pregnant Navajo women. Environ Res 2020; 190:109943. [PMID: 32750552 PMCID: PMC7530024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Navajo Nation residents are at risk for exposure to uranium and other co-occurring metals found in abandoned mine waste. The Navajo Birth Cohort Study (NBCS) was initiated in 2010 to address community concerns regarding the impact of chronic environmental exposure to metals on pregnancy and birth outcomes. The objectives of this paper were to 1) evaluate maternal urine concentrations of key metals at enrollment and delivery from a pregnancy cohort; and 2) compare the NBCS to the US general population by comparing representative summary statistical values. Pregnant Navajo women (N = 783, age range 14-45 years) were recruited from hospital facilities on the Navajo Nation during prenatal visits and urine samples were collected by trained staff in pre-screened containers. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health's (NCEH) Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS) analyzed urine samples for metals. Creatinine-corrected urine concentrations of cadmium decreased between enrollment (1st or 2nd trimester) and delivery (3rd trimester) while urine uranium concentrations were not observed to change. Median and 95th percentile values of maternal NBCS urine concentrations of uranium, manganese, cadmium, and lead exceeded respective percentiles for National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) percentiles for women (ages 14-45 either pregnant or not pregnant.) Median NBCS maternal urine uranium concentrations were 2.67 (enrollment) and 2.8 (delivery) times greater than the NHANES median concentration, indicating that pregnant Navajo women are exposed to metal mixtures and have higher uranium exposure compared to NHANES data for women. This demonstrates support for community concerns about uranium exposure and suggests a need for additional analyses to evaluate the impact of maternal metal mixtures exposure on birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Hoover
- Montana State University BIllings, Billings, MT, United States.
| | - Esther Erdei
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - David Begay
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Melissa Gonzales
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States; University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, Community Environmental Health Program, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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8
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Watson CV, Lewin M, Ragin-Wilson A, Jones R, Jarrett JM, Wallon K, Ward C, Hilliard N, Irvin-Barnwell E. Characterization of trace elements exposure in pregnant women in the United States, NHANES 1999-2016. Environ Res 2020; 183:109208. [PMID: 32058143 PMCID: PMC8243358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study is to report on urine, blood and serum metal concentrations to characterize exposures to trace elements and micronutrient levels in both pregnant women and women of child-bearing age in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) years 1999-2016. METHODS Urine and blood samples taken from NHANES participants were analyzed for thirteen urine metals, three blood metals, three serum metals, speciated mercury in blood and speciated arsenic in urine. Adjusted and unadjusted least squares geometric means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for all participants among women aged 15-44 years. Changes in exposure levels over time were also examined. Serum cotinine levels were used to adjust for smoke exposure, as smoking is a source of metal exposure. RESULTS Detection rates for four urine metals from the ATSDR Substance Priority List: arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium were ~83-99% for both pregnant and non-pregnant women of child bearing age. A majority of metal concentrations were higher in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Pregnant women had higher mean urine total arsenic, urine mercury, and urine lead; however, blood lead and mercury were higher in non-pregnant women. Blood lead, cadmium, mercury, as well as urine antimony, cadmium and lead in women of childbearing age decreased over time, while urine cobalt increased over time. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women in the US have been exposed to several trace metals, with observed concentrations for some trace elements decreasing since 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vaughan Watson
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael Lewin
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela Ragin-Wilson
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen Wallon
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Ward
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nolan Hilliard
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Irvin-Barnwell
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Siddiqi OK, Kapina M, Kumar R, Ngomah Moraes A, Kabwe P, Mazaba ML, Hachaambwa L, Ng'uni NM, Chikoti PC, Morel-Espinosa M, Jarrett JM, Baggett HC, Chizema-Kawesha E. Konzo outbreak in the Western Province of Zambia. Neurology 2020; 94:e1495-e1501. [PMID: 32127386 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the etiology of an outbreak of spastic paraparesis among women and children in the Western Province of Zambia suspected to be konzo. METHODS We conducted an outbreak investigation of individuals from Mongu District, Western Province, Zambia, who previously developed lower extremity weakness. Cases were classified with the World Health Organization definition of konzo. Active case finding was conducted through door-to-door evaluation in affected villages and sensitization at local health clinics. Demographic, medical, and dietary history was used to identify common exposures in all cases. Urine and blood specimens were taken to evaluate for konzo and alternative etiologies. RESULTS We identified 32 cases of konzo exclusively affecting children 6 to 14 years of age and predominantly females >14 years of age. Fourteen of 15 (93%) cases ≥15 years of age were female, 11 (73%) of whom were breastfeeding at the time of symptom onset. Cassava was the most commonly consumed food (median [range] 14 [4-21] times per week), while protein-rich foods were consumed <1 time per week for all cases. Of the 30 patients providing urine specimens, median thiocyanate level was 281 (interquartile range 149-522) μmol/L, and 73% of urine samples had thiocyanate levels >136 μmol/L, the 95th percentile of the US population in 2013 to 2014. CONCLUSION This investigation revealed the first documented cases of konzo in Zambia, occurring in poor communities with diets high in cassava and low in protein, consistent with previous descriptions from neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar K Siddiqi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA.
| | - Muzala Kapina
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Ramya Kumar
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Albertina Ngomah Moraes
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Patrick Kabwe
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Mazyanga L Mazaba
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Lottie Hachaambwa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Namalambo Mwenda Ng'uni
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Patrick C Chikoti
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Maria Morel-Espinosa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Henry C Baggett
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth Chizema-Kawesha
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (O.K.S., L.H.), University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka; Global Neurology Program (O.K.S.), Division of Neuroimmunology, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ministry of Health (M.K., E.C.-K.); ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship Program (R.K.), Lusaka; Department of Public Health and Research (A.N.M.) and Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program (P.K.), Ministry of Health; World Health Organization (M.L.M.); Virology Laboratory (M.L.M.) and Department of Physiotherapy (M.N.M.), Children's Hospital, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Institute of Human Virology (L.H.), Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (P.C.C.), Plant Protection and Quarantine Division, Lusaka; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.M.-E., J.M.J., H.C.B.), Atlanta, GA
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10
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Cheng YC, Reyes-Guzman CM, Christensen CH, Rostron BL, Edwards KC, Wang L, Feng J, Jarrett JM, Ward CD, Xia B, Kimmel HL, Conway K, Leggett C, Taylor K, Lawrence C, Niaura R, Travers MJ, Hyland A, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Goniewicz ML, Borek N, Blount BC, van Bemmel DM. Biomarkers of Exposure among Adult Smokeless Tobacco Users in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (Wave 1, 2013-2014). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:659-667. [PMID: 31988072 PMCID: PMC7079166 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring population-level toxicant exposures from smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is important for assessing population health risks due to product use. In this study, we assessed tobacco biomarkers of exposure (BOE) among SLT users from the Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. METHODS Urinary biospecimens were collected from adults ages 18 and older. Biomarkers of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds (VOC), metals, and inorganic arsenic were analyzed and reported among exclusive current established SLT users in comparison with exclusive current established cigarette smokers, dual SLT and cigarette users, and never tobacco users. RESULTS In general, SLT users (n = 448) have significantly higher concentrations of BOE to nicotine, TSNAs, and PAHs compared with never tobacco users; significant dose-response relationships between frequency of SLT use and biomarker concentrations were also reported among exclusive SLT daily users. Exclusive SLT daily users have higher geometric mean concentrations of total nicotine equivalent-2 (TNE2) and TSNAs than exclusive cigarette daily smokers. In contrast, geometric mean concentrations of PAHs and VOCs were substantially lower among exclusive SLT daily users than exclusive cigarette daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our study produced a comprehensive assessment of SLT product use and 52 biomarkers of tobacco exposure. Compared with cigarette smokers, SLT users experience greater concentrations of some tobacco toxicants, including nicotine and TSNAs. IMPACT Our data add information on the risk assessment of exposure to SLT-related toxicants. High levels of harmful constituents in SLT remain a health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Cheng
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland.
| | - Carolyn M Reyes-Guzman
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carol H Christensen
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Brian L Rostron
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Lanqing Wang
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jun Feng
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Cynthia D Ward
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Baoyun Xia
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kevin Conway
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carmine Leggett
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | | | - Ray Niaura
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Nicolette Borek
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
| | | | - Dana M van Bemmel
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Beltsville, Maryland
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11
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Mudan A, Copan L, Wang R, Pugh A, Lebin J, Barreau T, Jones RL, Ghosal S, Lee M, Albertson T, Jarrett JM, Lee J, Betting D, Ward CD, De Leon Salazar A, Smollin CG, Blanc PD. Notes from the Field: Methylmercury Toxicity from a Skin Lightening Cream Obtained from Mexico - California, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019; 68:1166-1167. [PMID: 31856147 PMCID: PMC6936160 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6850a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Deierlein AL, Teitelbaum SL, Windham GC, Pinney SM, Galvez MP, Caldwell KL, Jarrett JM, Gajek R, Kushi LH, Biro F, Wolff MS. Lead exposure during childhood and subsequent anthropometry through adolescence in girls. Environ Int 2019; 122:310-315. [PMID: 30503317 PMCID: PMC6366327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cross-sectional studies suggest that postnatal blood lead (PbB) concentrations are negatively associated with child growth. Few studies prospectively examined this association in populations with lower PbB concentrations. We investigated longitudinal associations of childhood PbB concentrations and subsequent anthropometric measurements in a multi-ethnic cohort of girls. METHODS Data were from The Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program at three sites in the United States (U.S.): New York City, Cincinnati, and San Francisco Bay Area. Girls were enrolled at ages 6-8 years in 2004-2007. Girls with PbB concentrations collected at ≤10 years old (mean 7.8 years, standard deviation (SD) 0.82) and anthropometry collected at ≥3 follow-up visits were included (n = 683). The median PbB concentration was 0.99 μg/d (10th percentile = 0.59 μg/dL and 90th percentile = 2.00 μg/dL) and the geometric mean was 1.03 μg/dL (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.99, 1.06). For analyses, PbB concentrations were dichotomized as <1 μg/dL (n = 342) and ≥1 μg/dL (n = 341). Anthropometric measurements of height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and percent body fat (%BF) were collected at enrollment and follow-up visits through 2015. Linear mixed effects regression estimated how PbB concentrations related to changes in girls' measurements from ages 7-14 years. RESULTS At 7 years, mean difference in height was -2.0 cm (95% CI: -3.0, -1.0) for girls with ≥1 μg/dL versus <1 μg/dL PbB concentrations; differences persisted, but were attenuated, with age to -1.5 cm (95% CI: -2.5, -0.4) at 14 years. Mean differences for BMI, WC, and BF% at 7 years between girls with ≥1 μg/dL versus <1 μg/dL PbB concentrations were -0.7 kg/m2 (95% CI: -1.2, -0.2), -2.2 cm (95% CI: -3.8, -0.6), and -1.8% (95% CI: -3.2, -0.4), respectively. Overall, these differences generally persisted with advancing age and at 14 years, differences were -0.8 kg/m2 (95% CI: -1.5, -0.02), -2.9 cm (95% CI: -4.8, -0.9), and -1.7% (95% CI: -3.1, -0.4) for BMI, WC, and BF%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that higher concentrations of PbB during childhood, even though relatively low by screening standards, may be inversely associated with anthropometric measurements in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Deierlein
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, NY, NY, USA.
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Gayle C Windham
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Pinney
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maida P Galvez
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryszard Gajek
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Frank Biro
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
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13
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Caldwell KL, Cheng PY, Jarrett JM, Makhmudov A, Vance K, Ward CD, Jones RL, Mortensen ME. Measurement Challenges at Low Blood Lead Levels. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-0272. [PMID: 28771411 PMCID: PMC5709716 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) adopted its Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention recommendation to use a population-based reference value to identify children and environments associated with lead hazards. The current reference value of 5 μg/dL is calculated as the 97.5th percentile of the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in children 1 to 5 years old from 2007 to 2010 NHANES data. We calculated and updated selected percentiles, including the 97.5th percentile, by using NHANES 2011 to 2014 blood lead data and examined demographic characteristics of children whose blood lead was ≥90th percentile value. The 97.5th percentile BLL of 3.48 µg/dL highlighted analytical laboratory and clinical interpretation challenges of blood lead measurements ≤5 μg/dL. Review of 5 years of results for target blood lead values <11 µg/dL for US clinical laboratories participating in the CDC's voluntary Lead and Multi-Element Proficiency quality assurance program showed 40% unable to quantify and reported a nondetectable result at a target blood lead value of 1.48 µg/dL, compared with 5.5% at a target BLL of 4.60 µg/dL. We describe actions taken at the CDC's Environmental Health Laboratory in the National Center for Environmental Health, which measures blood lead for NHANES, to improve analytical accuracy and precision and to reduce external lead contamination during blood collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Po-Yung Cheng
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amir Makhmudov
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kathryn Vance
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia D. Ward
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert L. Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary E. Mortensen
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Shrivastava A, Kumar A, Thomas JD, Laserson KF, Bhushan G, Carter MD, Chhabra M, Mittal V, Khare S, Sejvar JJ, Dwivedi M, Isenberg SL, Johnson R, Pirkle JL, Sharer JD, Hall PL, Yadav R, Velayudhan A, Papanna M, Singh P, Somashekar D, Pradhan A, Goel K, Pandey R, Kumar M, Kumar S, Chakrabarti A, Sivaperumal P, Kumar AR, Schier JG, Chang A, Graham LA, Mathews TP, Johnson D, Valentin L, Caldwell KL, Jarrett JM, Harden LA, Takeoka GR, Tong S, Queen K, Paden C, Whitney A, Haberling DL, Singh R, Singh RS, Earhart KC, Dhariwal AC, Chauhan LS, Venkatesh S, Srikantiah P. Association of acute toxic encephalopathy with litchi consumption in an outbreak in Muzaffarpur, India, 2014: a case-control study. Lancet Glob Health 2017; 5:e458-e466. [PMID: 28153514 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of unexplained illness frequently remain under-investigated. In India, outbreaks of an acute neurological illness with high mortality among children occur annually in Muzaffarpur, the country's largest litchi cultivation region. In 2014, we aimed to investigate the cause and risk factors for this illness. METHODS In this hospital-based surveillance and nested age-matched case-control study, we did laboratory investigations to assess potential infectious and non-infectious causes of this acute neurological illness. Cases were children aged 15 years or younger who were admitted to two hospitals in Muzaffarpur with new-onset seizures or altered sensorium. Age-matched controls were residents of Muzaffarpur who were admitted to the same two hospitals for a non-neurologic illness within seven days of the date of admission of the case. Clinical specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine) and environmental specimens (litchis) were tested for evidence of infectious pathogens, pesticides, toxic metals, and other non-infectious causes, including presence of hypoglycin A or methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG), naturally-occurring fruit-based toxins that cause hypoglycaemia and metabolic derangement. Matched and unmatched (controlling for age) bivariate analyses were done and risk factors for illness were expressed as matched odds ratios and odds ratios (unmatched analyses). FINDINGS Between May 26, and July 17, 2014, 390 patients meeting the case definition were admitted to the two referral hospitals in Muzaffarpur, of whom 122 (31%) died. On admission, 204 (62%) of 327 had blood glucose concentration of 70 mg/dL or less. 104 cases were compared with 104 age-matched hospital controls. Litchi consumption (matched odds ratio [mOR] 9·6 [95% CI 3·6 - 24]) and absence of an evening meal (2·2 [1·2-4·3]) in the 24 h preceding illness onset were associated with illness. The absence of an evening meal significantly modified the effect of eating litchis on illness (odds ratio [OR] 7·8 [95% CI 3·3-18·8], without evening meal; OR 3·6 [1·1-11·1] with an evening meal). Tests for infectious agents and pesticides were negative. Metabolites of hypoglycin A, MCPG, or both were detected in 48 [66%] of 73 urine specimens from case-patients and none from 15 controls; 72 (90%) of 80 case-patient specimens had abnormal plasma acylcarnitine profiles, consistent with severe disruption of fatty acid metabolism. In 36 litchi arils tested from Muzaffarpur, hypoglycin A concentrations ranged from 12·4 μg/g to 152·0 μg/g and MCPG ranged from 44·9 μg/g to 220·0 μg/g. INTERPRETATION Our investigation suggests an outbreak of acute encephalopathy in Muzaffarpur associated with both hypoglycin A and MCPG toxicity. To prevent illness and reduce mortality in the region, we recommended minimising litchi consumption, ensuring receipt of an evening meal and implementing rapid glucose correction for suspected illness. A comprehensive investigative approach in Muzaffarpur led to timely public health recommendations, underscoring the importance of using systematic methods in other unexplained illness outbreaks. FUNDING US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Shrivastava
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Jerry D Thomas
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kayla F Laserson
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India; Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gyan Bhushan
- Muzaffarpur District Health Department, Government of Bihar, Sadar Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Melissa D Carter
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mala Chhabra
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Veena Mittal
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Khare
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - James J Sejvar
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mayank Dwivedi
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India
| | - Samantha L Isenberg
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolph Johnson
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James L Pirkle
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jon D Sharer
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Patricia L Hall
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Rajesh Yadav
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India; India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Velayudhan
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India; India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Mohan Papanna
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India; India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Singh
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - D Somashekar
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Arghya Pradhan
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Goel
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- India Epidemic Intelligence Service, National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Chakrabarti
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - P Sivaperumal
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - A Ramesh Kumar
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Joshua G Schier
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arthur Chang
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leigh Ann Graham
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Battelle at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Darryl Johnson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liza Valentin
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leslie A Harden
- Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Gary R Takeoka
- Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krista Queen
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clinton Paden
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne Whitney
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana L Haberling
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ram Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Kenneth C Earhart
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India; Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A C Dhariwal
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - L S Chauhan
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - S Venkatesh
- National Centre for Disease Control, India, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Padmini Srikantiah
- Global Disease Detection Program, India, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Embassy of the United States, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India; Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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15
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Jones DR, Jarrett JM, Tevis DS, Franklin M, Mullinix NJ, Wallon KL, Derrick Quarles C, Caldwell KL, Jones RL. Analysis of whole human blood for Pb, Cd, Hg, Se, and Mn by ICP-DRC-MS for biomonitoring and acute exposures. Talanta 2016; 162:114-122. [PMID: 27837806 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We improved our inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) whole blood method [1] for determination of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) by including manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se), and expanding the calibration range of all analytes. The method is validated on a PerkinElmer (PE) ELAN® DRC II ICP-MS (ICP-DRC-MS) and uses the Dynamic Reaction Cell (DRC) technology to attenuate interfering background ion signals via ion-molecule reactions. Methane gas (CH4) eliminates background signal from 40Ar2+ to permit determination of 80Se+, and oxygen gas (O2) eliminates several polyatomic interferences (e.g. 40Ar15N+, 54Fe1H+) on 55Mn+. Hg sensitivity in DRC mode is a factor of two higher than vented mode when measured under the same DRC conditions as Mn due to collisional focusing of the ion beam. To compensate for the expanded method's longer analysis time (due to DRC mode pause delays), we implemented an SC4-FAST autosampler (ESI Scientific, Omaha, NE), which vacuum loads the sample onto a loop, to keep the sample-to-sample measurement time to less than 5min, allowing for preparation and analysis of 60 samples in an 8-h work shift. The longer analysis time also resulted in faster breakdown of the hydrocarbon oil in the interface roughing pump. The replacement of the standard roughing pump with a pump using a fluorinated lubricant, Fomblin®, extended the time between pump maintenance. We optimized the diluent and rinse solution components to reduce carryover from high concentration samples and prevent the formation of precipitates. We performed a robust calculation to determine the following limits of detection (LOD) in whole blood: 0.07µgdL-1 for Pb, 0.10µgL-1 for Cd, 0.28μgL-1 for Hg, 0.99µgL-1 for Mn, and 24.5µgL-1 for Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Denise S Tevis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Melanie Franklin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Neva J Mullinix
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Kristen L Wallon
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - C Derrick Quarles
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Robert L Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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16
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Paul RL, Davis WC, Yu L, Murphy KE, Guthrie WF, Leber DD, Bryan CE, Vetter TW, Shakirova G, Mitchell G, Kyle DJ, Jarrett JM, Caldwell KL, Jones RL, Eckdahl S, Wermers M, Maras M, Palmer CD, Verostek M, Geraghty CM, Steuerwald AJ, Parsons PJ. Certification of Total Arsenic in Blood and Urine Standard Reference Materials by Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014; 299:1555-1563. [PMID: 26300575 PMCID: PMC4544667 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed procedure for determination of arsenic by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) was used to measure arsenic at four levels in SRM 955c Toxic Elements in Caprine Blood and at two levels in SRM 2668 Toxic Elements in Frozen Human Urine for the purpose of providing mass concentration values for certification. Samples were freeze-dried prior to analysis followed by neutron irradiation for 3 h at a fluence rate of 1×1014cm-2s-1. After sample dissolution in perchloric and nitric acids, arsenic was separated from the matrix by extraction into zinc diethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform, and 76As quantified by gamma-ray spectroscopy. Differences in chemical yield and counting geometry between samples and standards were monitored by measuring the count rate of a 77As tracer added before sample dissolution. RNAA results were combined with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) values from NIST and collaborating laboratories to provide certified values of (10.81 ± 0.54) μg/kg and (213.1 ± 0.73) μg/kg for SRM 2668 Levels I and II, and certified values of (21.66 ± 0.73) μg/kg, (52.7 ± 1.1) μg/kg, and (78.8 ± 4.9) μg/kg for SRM 955c Levels 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Because of discrepancies between values obtained by different methods for SRM 955c Level 1, an information value of < 5 μg/kg was assigned for this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L. Paul
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - W. Clay Davis
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Lee Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Karen E. Murphy
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - William F. Guthrie
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Dennis D. Leber
- Statistical Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Colleen E. Bryan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Thomas W. Vetter
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Gulchekhra Shakirova
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Graylin Mitchell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - David J. Kyle
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Robert L. Jones
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | | | | | | | - C. D. Palmer
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - M.F. Verostek
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - C. M. Geraghty
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - Amy J. Steuerwald
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
| | - Patrick J. Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), Albany, NY 12201-0509
- Dept of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, 12201-0509
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17
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Quarles CD, Jones DR, Jarrett JM, Shakirova G, Pan Y, Caldwell KL, Jones RL. Analytical method for total chromium and nickel in urine using an inductively coupled plasma-universal cell technology-mass spectrometer (ICP-UCT-MS) in kinetic energy discrimination (KED) mode. J Anal At Spectrom 2014; 2014:297-303. [PMID: 26229219 PMCID: PMC4517978 DOI: 10.1039/c3ja50272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring and emergency response measurements are an important aspect of the Division of Laboratory Sciences of the National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The continuing advancement in instrumentation allows for enhancements to existing analytical methods. Prior to this work, chromium and nickel were analyzed on a sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (SF-ICP-MS). This type of instrumentation provides the necessary sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision but due to the higher complexity of instrumentation and operation, it is not preferred for routine high throughput biomonitoring needs. Instead a quadrupole based method has been developed on a PerkinElmer NexION™ 300D ICP-MS. The instrument is operated using 6.0 mL min-1 helium as the collision cell gas and in kinetic energy discrimination mode, interferences are successfully removed for the analysis of 52Cr (40Ar12C and 35Cl16O1H) and 60Ni (44Ca16O). The limits of detection are 0.162 μg L-1 Cr and 0.248 μg L-1 Ni. Method accuracy using NIST SRM 2668 level 1 (1.08 μg L-1 Cr and 2.31μg L-1 Ni) and level 2 (27.7 μg L-1 Cr and 115 μg L-1 Ni) was within the 95% confidence intervals reported in the NIST certificate. Among-run precision is less than 10% RSDs (N = 20) for in house quality control and NIST SRM urine samples. While the limits of detection (LOD) for the new quadrupole ICP-UCT-MS with KED method are similar to the SF-ICP-MS method, better measurement precision is observed for the quadrupole method. The new method presented provides fast, accurate, and more precise results on a less complex and more robust ICP-MS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Derrick Quarles
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Deanna R Jones
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Gulchekhra Shakirova
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Yi Pan
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Robert L Jones
- Inorganic & Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop F-18, Atlanta, GA 30341
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18
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Wells EM, Goldman LR, Jarrett JM, Apelberg BJ, Herbstman JB, Caldwell KL, Halden RU, Witter FR. Selenium and maternal blood pressure during childbirth. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2012; 22:191-7. [PMID: 22108761 PMCID: PMC3661205 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests selenium concentrations outside the nutritional range may worsen cardiovascular health. This paper examines the relationship between selenium and maternal blood pressure (BP) among 270 deliveries using umbilical cord serum as a proxy for maternal exposure levels. Multivariable models used linear splines for selenium and controlled for gestational age, maternal age, race, median household income, parity, smoking, and prepregnancy body mass index. Non-parametric analysis of this dataset was used to select spline knots for selenium at 70 and 90 μg/l. When selenium was <70 μg/l, increasing selenium levels were related to a non-statistically significant decrease in BP. For selenium 70-90 μg/l, a 1 μg/l increase was related to a 0.37 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.005, 0.73) change in systolic and a 0.35 mm Hg (0.07, 0.64) change in diastolic BP. There were very few selenium values >90 μg/l. Other studies indicate that the maternal/cord selenium ratio is 1.46 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.65). This u-shaped relationship between selenium and BP is consistent with a dual role of selenium as an essential micronutrient that is nonetheless a toxicant at higher concentrations; however, this needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Wells
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynn R. Goldman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services; Washington D.C., USA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Apelberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie B. Herbstman
- The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Frank R. Witter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Wells EM, Jarrett JM, Lin YH, Caldwell KL, Hibbeln JR, Apelberg BJ, Herbstman J, Halden RU, Witter FR, Goldman LR. Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns. Environ Res 2011; 111:411-417. [PMID: 21277575 PMCID: PMC3064741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood or serum concentrations of mercury, lead, selenium and copper were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a population of 300 infants born in Baltimore, Maryland. Geometric mean values were 1.37 μg/L (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 1.48) for mercury; 0.66 μg/dL (95% CI: 0.61, 0.71) for lead; and 38.62 μg/dL (95% CI: 36.73, 40.61) for copper. Mean selenium was 70.10 μg/L (95% CI: 68.69, 70.52). Mercury, selenium and copper levels were within exposure ranges reported among similar populations, whereas the distribution of lead levels was lower than prior reports; only one infant had a cord blood lead above 10 μg/dL. Levels of selenium were significantly correlated with concentrations of lead (Spearman's ρ=0.20) and copper (Spearman's ρ=0.51). Multivariable analyses identified a number of factors associated with one of more of these exposures. These included: increase in maternal age (increased lead); Asian mothers (increased mercury and lead, decreased selenium and copper); higher umbilical cord serum n-3 fatty acids (increased mercury, selenium and copper), mothers using Medicaid (increased lead); increasing gestational age (increased copper); increasing birthweight (increased selenium); older neighborhood housing stock (increased lead and selenium); and maternal smoking (increased lead). This work provides additional information about contemporary prenatal element exposures and can help identify groups at risk of atypical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Wells
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Jarrett
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Yu Hong Lin
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Caldwell
- Inorganic and Radiation Analytical Toxicology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Joseph R. Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Apelberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Julie Herbstman
- The Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University; Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Frank R. Witter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Lynn R. Goldman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services; Washington D.C. 20037, USA
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20
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Caldwell KL, Jones RL, Verdon CP, Jarrett JM, Caudill SP, Osterloh JD. Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2009; 19:59-68. [PMID: 18523458 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2008.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide levels of total and speciated urinary arsenic in a representative sample of the US population. METHODS For the first time, total arsenic and seven inorganic and organic arsenic species were measured in the urine of participants (n=2557) for the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data were compiled as geometric means and selected percentiles of urinary arsenic concentrations (microg/l) and creatinine-corrected urinary arsenic (microg/g creatinine) for total arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and a sum of the inorganic related species. RESULTS Arsenic acid, arsenous acid, arsenocholine, and trimethylarsine oxide were detected in 7.6%, 4.6%, 1.8%, and 0.3% of the participants, respectively (the limits of detection of 0.6-1.2 microg/l). Monomethylarsonic acid was detected in 35% of the overall population. For all participants aged > or =6 years, dimethylarsinic acid (geometric mean of 3.71 microg/l) and arsenobetaine (geometric mean of 1.55 microg/l) had the greatest contribution to the total urinary arsenic levels. A relatively greater percentage contribution from arsenobetaine is seen at higher total urinary arsenic levels and from dimethylarsinic acid at lower total urinary arsenic levels. For all participants aged > or =6 years, the 95th percentiles for total urinary arsenic and the sum of inorganic-related arsenic (arsenic acid, arsenous acid, dimethylarsinic acid, and monomethylarsonic acid) were 65.4 and 18.9 microg/l, respectively. For total arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid, covariate-adjusted geometric means demonstrated several slight differences due to age, gender, and race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS The data reflect relative background contributions of inorganic and seafood-related arsenic exposures in the US population. Arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid are the major arsenic species present with arsenobetaine, accounting for a greater proportion of total arsenic as total arsenic levels increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Caldwell
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Ting BG, Paschal DC, Jarrett JM, Pirkle JL, Jackson RJ, Sampson EJ, Miller DT, Caudill SP. Uranium and thorium in urine of United States residents: reference range concentrations. Environ Res 1999; 81:45-51. [PMID: 10361025 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We measured uranium and thorium in urine of 500 U. S. residents to establish reference range concentrations using a magnetic-sector inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). We found uranium at detectable concentrations in 96.6% of the urine specimens and thorium in 39.6% of the specimens. The 95th percentile concenetration for uranium was 34.5 ng/L (parts per trillion); concentrations ranged up to 4080 ng/L. Thorium had a 95th percentile concentration of 3.09 ng/L; concentrations ranged up to 7.7 ng/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Ting
- Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Jarrett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Medina-De la Garza CE, Brattig NW, Tischendorf FW, Jarrett JM. Serum-dependent interaction of granulocytes with Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in generalized and chronic hyper-reactive onchocerciasis and its modulation by diethylcarbamazine. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84:701-6. [PMID: 2278077 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherence and cytotoxicity of granulocytes to microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus were examined in vitro. Reactivity and modulation by diethylcarbamazine of isolated eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes from patients with generalized and chronic hyper-reactive onchocerciasis (sowda or localized form) from endemic foci in Liberia were evaluated under varying serum conditions. In the presence of pooled sera from patients with generalized onchocerciasis granulocytes from both polar groups of patients exhibited similar adherence rates, whereas immobilization rates were higher for eosinophils than for neutrophils. In localized onchocerciasis, the use of autologous serum resulted in a significant decrease in adherence and immobilization rates for both eosinophils and neutrophils. After preincubation of eosinophils, but not of microfilariae, with diethylcarbamazine autologous serum-mediated adherence and cytotoxicity were enhanced to rates similar to those found with pooled serum from individuals with generalized onchocerciasis. These results suggest that granulocytes from both forms of onchocerciasis did not differ with respect to their anti-parasitic reactivity and that antibodies as well as additional serum factors appear to contribute to the functional activity of these effector cells. The findings indicate that predominantly eosinophils, compared to neutrophils, damage the larvae of O. volvulus and support earlier observations which suggest that diethylcarbamazine influences the effector cells rather than the parasite itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Medina-De la Garza
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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