Multi-omics analysis reveals promiscuous O-glycosyltransferases involved in the diversity of flavonoid glycosides in Periploca forrestii (Apocynaceae)

Flavonoid glycosides are widespread in plants, and are of great interest owing to their diverse biological activities and effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases. Periploca forrestii, a renowned medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family, contains diverse flavonoid glycosides and is clinically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and traumatic injuries. However, the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of these flavonoid glycosides have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we used widely targeted metabolomics and full-length transcriptome sequencing to identify flavonoid diversity and biosynthetic genes in P. forrestii. A total of 120 flavonoid glycosides, including 21 C-, 96 O-, and 3 C/O-glycosides, were identified and annotated. Based on 24,123 full-length coding sequences, 99 uridine diphosphate sugar-utilizing glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were identified and classified into 14 groups. Biochemical assays revealed that four UGTs exhibited O-glycosyltransferase activity toward apigenin and luteolin. Among them, PfUGT74B4 and PfUGT92A8 were highly promiscuous and exhibited multisite O-glycosylation or consecutive glycosylation activities toward various flavonoid aglycones. These four glycosyltransferases may significantly contribute to the diversity of flavonoid glycosides in P. forrestii. Our findings provide a valuable genetic resource for further studies on P. forrestii and insights into the metabolic engineering of bioactive flavonoid glycosides.

Dual-responsive 3D DNA nanomachines cascaded hybridization chain reactions for novel self-powered flexible microRNA-detecting platform

The microRNA-21 is closely related to chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation. In this work, an efficient double-response 3D DNA nanomachine (DRDN) was assembled by co-immobilizing two different lengths of hairpin DNA on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to capture microRNA-21 (miRNA-21), recycle miRNA-21, and trigger hybridization chain reactions (HCR). This work reports the fabrication of a laser-scribed graphene (LSG) electrode with excellent flexibility and electrical conductivity by laser-scribing commercial polyimide films (PI). The as-proposed self-powered biosensing platform presents significantly increased instantaneous current to in real-time monitor miRNA-21 by a capacitor. The biosensing platform exhibited highly sensitive detection of miRNA-21 with a detection limit of 0.142 fM in the range of 0.5 fM to 1 × 104 fM, and demonstrated high efficiency in the analysis of the tumor markers.

Rescue of cardiac dysfunction during chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia by blocking IL-1α

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) suffer from severe myocardial injury during daunorubicin (DNR)-based chemotherapy and are at high risk of cardiac mortality. The crosstalk between tumour cells and cardiomyocytes might play an important role in chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity, but this has yet to be demonstrated. This study aimed to identify its underlying mechanism and explore potential therapeutic targets.

METHODS

Cardiac tissues were harvested from an AML patient after DNR-based chemotherapy and were subjected to single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Cardiac metabolism and function were evaluated in AML mice after DNR treatment by using positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and stable-isotope tracing metabolomics. Plasma cytokines were screened in AML mice after DNR treatment. Genetically modified mice and cell lines were used to validate the central role of the identified cytokine and explore its downstream effectors.

RESULTS

In the AML patient, disruption of cardiac metabolic homeostasis was associated with heart dysfunction after DNR-based chemotherapy. In AML mice, cardiac fatty acid utilization was attenuated, resulting in cardiac dysfunction after DNR treatment, but these phenotypes were not observed in similarly treated tumour-free mice. Furthermore, tumour cell-derived interleukin (IL)-1α was identified as a primary factor leading to DNR-induced cardiac dysfunction and administration of an anti-IL-1α neutralizing antibody could improve cardiac functions in AML mice after DNR treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that crosstalk between tumour cells and cardiomyocytes during chemotherapy could disturb cardiac energy metabolism and impair heart function. IL-1α neutralizing antibody treatment is a promising strategy for alleviating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in AML patients.

Integrated Full-Length Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveal Glycosyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Flavonol Glycosides in Laportea bulbifera

Many species of the Urticaceae family are important cultivated fiber plants that are known for their economic and industrial values. However, their secondary metabolite profiles and associated biosynthetic mechanisms have not been well-studied. Using Laportea bulbifera as a model, we conducted widely targeted metabolomics, which revealed 523 secondary metabolites, including a unique accumulation of flavonol glycosides in bulblet. Through full-length transcriptomic and RNA-seq analyses, the related genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were identified. Finally, weighted gene correlation network analysis and functional characterization revealed four LbUGTs, including LbUGT78AE1, LbUGT72CT1, LbUGT71BX1, and LbUGT71BX2, can catalyze the glycosylation of flavonol aglycones (kaempferol, myricetin, gossypetin, and quercetagetin) using UDP-Gal and UDP-Glu as the sugar donors. LbUGT78AE1 and LbUGT72CT1 showed substrate promiscuity, whereas LbUGT71BX1 and LbUGT71BX2 exhibited different substrate and sugar donor selectivity. These results provide a genetic resource for studying Laportea in the Urticaceae family, as well as key enzymes responsible for the metabolism of valuable flavonoid glycosides.

BST2 promotes gastric cancer metastasis under the regulation of HOXD9 and PABPC1

Gastric cancer (GC) constitutes substantial cancer mortality worldwide. Several cancer types aberrantly express bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2), yet its functional and underlying mechanisms in GC progression remain unknown. In our study, RNA sequencing data revealed that BST2 was transcriptionally activated by homeobox D9 (HOXD9). BST2 was significantly upregulated in GC tissues and promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of GC. BST2 knockdown reversed HOXD9's oncogenic effect on GC metastasis. Moreover, BST2 messenger RNA stability could be enhanced by poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) through the interaction between BST2 3'-UTR and PABPC1 in GC cells. PABPC1 promoted GC metastasis, which BST2 silencing attenuated in vitro and in vivo. In addition, positive correlations among HOXD9, BST2, and PABPC1 were established in clinical samples. Taken together, increased expression of BST2 induced by HOXD9 synergizing with PABPC1 promoted GC cell migration and invasion capacity.

Neurophysiological Characteristics in Type II and Type III 5q Spinal Muscular Atrophy Patients: Impact of Nusinersen Treatment

Objective

This study aimed to observe the neurophysiological characteristics of type II and type III 5q spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients and the changes in peripheral motor nerve electrophysiology after Nusinersen treatment, as well as the influencing factors.

Methods

This single-center retrospective case-control study collected clinical data and peripheral motor nerve CMAP parameters from 42 5qSMA patients and 42 healthy controls at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (January 2021 to December 2022). It evaluated changes in motor function and CMAP amplitude before and after Nusinersen treatment.

Results

Our investigation encompassed all symptomatic and genetically confirmed SMA patients, consisting of 32 type II and 10 type III cases, with a median age of 57 months (29.5 to 96 months). Comparative analysis with healthy controls revealed substantial reductions in CMAP amplitudes across various nerves in both type II and type III patients. Despite the administration of Nusinersen treatment for 6 or 14 months to the entire cohort, discernible alterations in motor nerve amplitudes were not observed, except for a significant improvement in younger patients (≤36 months) at the 14-month mark. Further scrutiny within the type II subgroup unveiled that individuals with a disease duration ≤12 months experienced a noteworthy upswing in femoral nerve amplitude, a statistically significant difference when compared to those with >12 months of disease duration.

Conclusion

Motor nerve amplitudes were significantly decreased in type II and type III 5q SMA patients compared to healthy controls. Nusinersen treatment showed better improvement in motor nerve amplitudes in younger age groups and those with shorter disease duration, indicating a treatment-time dependence.

Factors Associated with Non-Adherence to Treatment Among Migrants with MDR-TB in Wuhan, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has attracted increasing attention in achieving the global goal of tuberculosis (TB) control. China has the second largest TB burden worldwide and has been experiencing large-scale domestic migration. This study aims to explore the effect of migrants on non-adherence to MDR-TB treatment.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out in Wuhan, China. The exposure cases were migrants who were not locally registered in the residence registration system. The control cases were local residents. Non-adherence cases were patients who were lost follow-up or refused treatment. Chi-square and t-test were used to compare variables between migrants and local residents. Logistic regression models using enter method were used to determine the relationship between migration and non-adherence to treatment. Moderation and medication effects on the association between migrant status and non-adherence were also explored.

Results

We studied 73 migrants and 219 local residents. The migrants, who did not to adhere to treatment (55, 75.3%), was far higher than that of local residents (89, 40.6%). Migrants with MDR-TB had 10.38-times higher difficulty in adhering to treatment (adjusted OR = 10.38, 95% CI 4.62-25.28) than local residents. This additional likelihood was moderated by age and treatment registration group. Migration had an indirect association with non-adherence to treatment via social medial insurance (adjusted OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.13).

Conclusion

There a significant increased likelihood of non-adherence to treatment among migrants with MDR-TB, highlighting the importance of improving treatment adherence in this population. Migration prevented migrants from gaining access to social medical insurance and indirectly reduced their likelihood of adherence to treatment.

Lopinavir enhances anoikis by remodeling autophagy in a circRNA-dependent manner

Macroautophagy/autophagy-mediated anoikis resistance is crucial for tumor metastasis. As a key autophagy-related protein, ATG4B has been demonstrated to be a prospective anti-tumor target. However, the existing ATG4B inhibitors are still far from clinical application, especially for tumor metastasis. In this study, we identified a novel circRNA, circSPECC1, that interacted with ATG4B. CircSPECC1 facilitated liquid-liquid phase separation of ATG4B, which boosted the ubiquitination and degradation of ATG4B in gastric cancer (GC) cells. Thus, pharmacological addition of circSPECC1 may serve as an innovative approach to suppress autophagy by targeting ATG4B. Specifically, the circSPECC1 underwent significant m6A modification in GC cells and was subsequently recognized and suppressed by the m6A reader protein ELAVL1/HuR. The activation of the ELAVL1-circSPECC1-ATG4B pathway was demonstrated to mediate anoikis resistance in GC cells. Moreover, we also verified that the above pathway was closely related to metastasis in tissues from GC patients. Furthermore, we determined that the FDA-approved compound lopinavir efficiently enhanced anoikis and prevented metastasis by eliminating repression of ELAVL1 on circSPECC1. In summary, this study provides novel insights into ATG4B-mediated autophagy and introduces a viable clinical inhibitor of autophagy, which may be beneficial for the treatment of GC with metastasis.

Si-Zhi Wan regulates osteoclast autophagy in osteoporosis through the AMPK signaling pathway to attenuate osteoclastogenesis

OBJECTIVES

The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Si-Zhi Wan (SZW), a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat osteoporosis (OP), remain unknown. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of SZW on mice that underwent ovariectomy (OVX) and underlying mechanisms thereof.

METHODS

We established an in vivo model of OP by performing OVX in mice. Microcomputed tomography (Micro-CT) was used to assess changes in bone characteristics of mice following SZW administration for 4 weeks. H&E staining revealed alterations in bone tissues of mice. Osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone tissue was observed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and western blotting. Furthermore, we examined the impact of SZW on osteoclastogenesis in vitro using receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Finally, we explored the regulatory effects of SZW on osteoclast autophagy and the AMPK pathway.

KEY FINDINGS

The results demonstrated that high-dose SZW reversed changes in bone density parameters caused by OVX, including bone volume (BV), BV/total volume, trabecular number, and trabecular spacing (P = 0.0007, 0.0035, 0.0114, and 0.0182, respectively), and stimulated the formation of bone trabeculae in mice (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, SZW suppressed osteoclast formation in mice with OVX and inhibited osteoclast formation induced by RANKL. Mechanistically, SZW inhibited osteoclast precursor cell autophagy through the AMPK pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

SZW effectively inhibited the autophagy of osteoclast precursors by regulating the AMPK pathway, thereby exerting anti-osteoclastogenic effects and serving as an alternative therapy for OP.

Baicalein induces apoptosis by inhibiting the glutamine-mTOR metabolic pathway in lung cancer

INTRODUCTION

Baicalein, a bioactive component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been shown to promote apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. However, previous studies have not determined if baicalein exerts proapoptotic effects by modulating the metabolic pathways.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate if baicalein induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells by modulating the glutamine-mTOR metabolic pathway.

METHODS

The in vivo anti-lung cancer activity of baicalein (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was evaluated using a xenograft model. In vitro experiments were used to assess the efficacy of baicalein (for H1299: 12.5, 25, and 50 μM; for A549: 10, 20, and 40 μM) on lung cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis. Metabolomics analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The binding of baicalein to glutamine transporters and glutaminase was examined using molecular docking. The overexpression of glutamine transporters was validated using qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. The levels of ASCT2, LAT1, GLS1, p-mTOR, mTOR, and apoptosis-related proteins were evaluated using western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Baicalein inhibited lung cancer xenograft tumor growth in vivo and suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis in lung cancer cells in vitro. Additionally, baicalein altered amino acid metabolites, especially glutamine metabolites, in H1299 and A549 cells. Mechanistically, baicalein interacted with glutamine transporters as well as glutaminase and inhibited their activation. The expression of mTOR, an apoptosis-related protein and downstream target of glutamine metabolism, was also inhibited by baicalein treatment. Importantly, we next demonstrated the suppression of mTOR signaling and the induction of apoptosis by baicalein were achieved by regulating glutamine metabolism.

CONCLUSION

Baicalein inhibited the mTOR signaling pathway and induced apoptosis by downregulating glutamine metabolism. The potential of baicalein to induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells by selectively targeting the glutamine-mTOR pathway suggests an encouraging approach for treating lung cancer.

KIAA1429 facilitates metastasis via m6A-YTHDC1-dependent RND3 down-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a dynamically reversible modification in eukaryotic RNAs, modulates gene expression and pathological processes in various tumors. KIAA1429, the largest component of the m6A methyltransferase complex, plays an important role in m6A modification. However, the underlying mechanism of KIAA1429 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unknown. Immunohistochemical assay was performed to examine the expression of KIAA1429 in HCC tissues. Transwell, wound healing and animal experiments were used to investigate the influence of KIAA1429 on cell migration and invasion. The mRNA high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) were performed to screen the downstream target of KIAA1429. RNA stability assays, RNA immunoprecipitation assay (RIP), MeRIP-qPCR and luciferase assay were used to evaluate the relationship between KIAA1429 and the m6A-modified genes. Results showed that the expression level of KIAA1429 was significantly higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent tissues, and the upregulation of KIAA1429 could promote HCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we confirmed that KIAA1429 negatively regulated the tumor suppressor, Rho family GTPase 3 (RND3), by decreasing its mRNA stability in coordination with the m6A reader YTHDC1. Moreover, we demonstrated that KIAA1429 could regulate the m6A modification of RND3 mRNA via its RNA binding domain. Our data indicated that KIAA1429 exerted its oncogenic role by inhibiting RND3 expression in an m6A-dependent manner, suggesting that KIAA1429 might be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.

Effects of trimetazidine on cardiac function in adult cyanotic congenital heart disease patients: Protocol for a 3-month multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Nearly 20% Patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) are not able to receive surgery. These patients experience a decline in cardiac function as they age, which has been demonstrated to be associated with changes in energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes. Trimetazidine (TMZ), a metabolic regulator, is supposed to alleviate such maladaptation and reserve cardiac function in CCHD patients.

METHODS

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eighty adult CCHD patients will be recruited and randomized to the TMZ (20 mg TMZ 3 times a day for 3 months) or placebo group (placebo 3 times a day for 3 months). The primary outcome is the difference in cardiac ejection fractions (EF) measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (MRI) between baseline and after 3 months of TMZ treatment. The secondary outcomes include TMZ serum concentration, rate of cardiac events, NYHA grading, fingertip SpO2, NT-proBNP levels, 6-minute walking test (6MWT), KCCQ-CSS questionnaire score, echocardiography, ECG, routine blood examination, liver and kidney function test, blood pressure and heart rate.

DISCUSSION

This trial is designed to explore whether the application of TMZ in adult CCHD patients can improve cardiac function, reduce cardiac events, and improve exercise performance and quality of life. The results will provide targeted drug therapy for CCHD patients with hypoxia and support the application of TMZ in children with CCHD.

Peroxiredoxin-1 as a molecular chaperone that regulates glutathione S-transferase P1 activity and drives mutidrug resistance in ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian cancer is among the most prevalent gynecological malignancies around the globe. Nonetheless, chemoresistance continues to be one of the greatest obstacles in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of chemoresistance and identifying new treatment options for ovarian cancer patients is urgently required. In this study, we found that the mRNA and protein expression levels of PRDX1 were significantly increased in cisplatin resistant A2780/CDDP cells. Cell survival assays revealed that PRDX1 depletion substantially increased ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin, docetaxel, and doxorubicin. Additionally, PRDX1 significantly increased GSTP1 activity, resulting in multidrug resistance. Biochemical experiments showed that PRDX1 interacted with GSTP1 through Cysteine 83, which regulated GSTP1 activity as well as chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Our findings indicate that the molecular chaperone activity of PRDX1 is a promising new therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

[Simultaneous determination of seven artemisinin-related compounds in Artemisia annua by UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS]

A variety of compounds in Artemisia annua were simultaneously determined to evaluate the quality of A. annua from multiple perspectives. A method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous determination of seven compounds: amorpha-4,11-diene, artemisinic aldehyde, dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinic acid, artemisinin B, artemisitene, and artemisinin, in A. annua. The content of the seven compounds in different tissues(roots, stems, leaves, and lateral branches) of A. annua were compared. The roots, stems, leaves, and lateral branches of four-month-old A. annua were collected and the content of seven artemisinin-related compounds in different tissues was determined. A multi-reaction monitoring(MRM) acquisition mode of UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS was used, with a positive ion mode of atmospheric pressure chemical ion source(APCI). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Eclipse Plus RRHD C_(18) column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.8 μm). The gradient elution was performed with the mobile phase consisted of formic acid(0.1%)-ammonium formate(5 mmol·L~(-1))(A) and the methanol(B) gradient program of 0-8 min, 55%-100% B, 8-11 min, 100% B, and equilibrium for 3 min, the flow rate of 0.6 mL·min~(-1), the column temperature of 40 ℃, the injection volume of 5 μL, and the detection time of 8 min. Through methodological investigation, a method based on UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS was established for the simultaneous quantitative determination of seven representative compounds involved in the biosynthesis of artemisinin. The content of artemisinin in A. annua was higher than that of artemisinin B, and the content of artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid were high in all the tissues of A. annua. The content of the seven compounds varied considerably in different tissues, with the highest levels in the leaves and neither artemisinene nor artemisinic aldehyde was detected in the roots. In this study, a quantitative method based on UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of seven representative compounds involved in the biosynthesis of artemisinin was established, which was accurate, sensitive, and highly efficient, and can be used for determining the content of artemisinin-related compounds in A. annua, breeding new varieties, and controlling the quality of Chinese medicinal materials.

Efficacy of metformin combined with vitamin D in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome: A meta-analysis

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as an endocrine and metabolic disorder, affects approximately 6% -20% of women of childbearing age. This study aims to assess the therapeutic effects of Metformin combined with vitamin D in PCOS patients. Eight databases were searched to obtain randomized controlled trials, both domestically and internationally, on the effects of Metformin combined with vitamin D in patients with PCOS. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Nine studies were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. Six studies reported the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance of the test group and the control group, which was significantly lower (SMD: -0.23; 95% Cl: -0.42,-0.04; P<0.05) than the control group, body mass index (BMI) (SMD: -1.86; 95% Cl: -2.77,-0.96; P<0.01), Serum 25 (OH) D (SMD: 14.28; 95% Cl: 12.26,16.29; P<0.01), testosterone (SMD: -0.11; 95% Cl: -0.15,-0.07; P<0.01) and regulated menstrual cycles (OR: 1.27; 95% Cl: 0.99,1.63; P=0.063). Our meta-analysis of nine trials demonstrates significant reductions in insulin resistance, BMI, and testosterone levels, along with increased serum vitamin D levels and improved menstrual cycle regulation after Metformin and vitamin D treatment. These findings suggest the potential of this combined therapy in managing the multifaceted aspects of PCOS.

Hierarchical processing enabled by 2D ferroelectric semiconductor transistor for low-power and high-efficiency AI vision system

The growth of data and Internet of Things challenges traditional hardware, which encounters efficiency and power issues owing to separate functional units for sensors, memory, and computation. In this study, we designed an α-phase indium selenide (α-In2Se3) transistor, which is a two-dimensional ferroelectric semiconductor as the channel material, to create artificial optic-neural and electro-neural synapses, enabling cutting-edge processing-in-sensor (PIS) and computing-in-memory (CIM) functionalities. As an optic-neural synapse for low-level sensory processing, the α-In2Se3 transistor exhibits a high photoresponsivity (2855 A/W) and detectivity (2.91 × 1014 Jones), facilitating efficient feature extraction. For high-level processing tasks as an electro-neural synapse, it offers a fast program/erase speed of 40 ns/50 µs and ultralow energy consumption of 0.37 aJ/spike. An AI vision system using α-In2Se3 transistors has been demonstrated. It achieved an impressive recognition accuracy of 92.63% within 12 epochs owing to the synergistic combination of the PIS and CIM functionalities. This study demonstrates the potential of the α-In2Se3 transistor in future vision hardware, enhancing processing, power efficiency, and AI applications.

APTES and CTAB Synergistic Induce a Heterozygous CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 Perovskite Composite and its Application on the Sensitive Fluorescent Detection of Iodide ions

Recently, all-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IPQD) as a new fluorescent material with excellent fluorescence properties have attracted wide attention. However, their instability in polar solvents is the main factor hindering their application in analysis. Herein, a heterozygous perovskite (CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6) was simultaneously prepared and stabilized by a silylanization strategy using (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) assisted precipitation encapsulation method. The synthesized CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 emitted an independent fluorescence at 520 nm. The obtained CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 exhibited good stability in ethanol/water mixtures. It was used as a fluorescent probe for sensitively detecting iodide ions (I-) by fluorescence quenching mechanism in the concentration range of 1 ~ 70.0 µM with the detection limit (LOD) of 0.83 µM (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 1.33%, n = 20). The simplicity and high selectivity of the proposed fluorescent analysis method were the prominent features. This work could be extended to the other target ion detection by a perovskite fluorescent quenching.

A Biomimetic Nociceptor Using Centrosymmetric Crystals for Machine Intelligence

Pain sensation is a crucial aspect of perception in the body. Force-activated nociceptors encode electrochemical signals and yield multilevel information of pain, thus enabling smart feedback. Inspired by the natural template, multi-dimensional mechano-sensing materials provide promising approaches for biomimetic nociceptors in intelligent terminals. However, the reliance on non-centrosymmetric crystals has narrowed the range of these materials. Here centrosymmetric crystal Cr3+ -doped zinc gallogermanate (ZGGO:Cr) with multi-dimensional mechano-sensing is reported, eliminating the limitation of crystal structure. Under forces, ZGGO:Cr generates electrical signals imitating those of neuronal systems, and produces luminescence for spatial mapping of mechanical stimuli, suggesting a path toward bionic pain perception. On that basis, a wireless biomimetic nociceptor system is developed and a smart pain reflex in a robotic hand and robot-assisted biopsy surgery of rat and dog is achieved.

Characterization of an antimony-resistant fungus Sarocladium kiliense ZJ-1 and its potential as an antimony bio-remediator

Antimony (Sb) is a toxic metalloid widely distributed in the natural environments. Microorganisms, especially fungi, could serve as ideal biomaterials for bioremediation of Sb-polluted soils and waters. In this study, we isolated an antimony-resistant fungus, Sarocladium kiliense ZJ-1, from a slag sample collected in Xikuangshan Sb mine in P. R. China. ZJ-1 showed an extremely high resistance to Sb, with a MIC level of > 175 mM for arsenite [Sb(Ⅲ)] and 40 mM for arsenate [Sb(V)]. Whole genomic analysis identified multiple Sb (Ⅲ)- and/or As(Ⅲ)-resistant genes on ZJ-1's genome, which may partially explain its hyper-resistance to Sb. The potential of ZJ-1 in removing Sb from Sb(Ⅲ) or Sb(V) solutions was also quantified. The average biosorption capacity of ZJ-1 for Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(V) is 635.14 mg/g and 149.65 mg/g, respectively, in Sb aqueous solutions with an initial concentration of 2000 mg/L (16.43 mM). Besides, almost 99% of Sb(Ⅲ) in the growing system was removed with an initial concentration of 500 mg/L (4.11 mM). Furthermore, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to probe the Sb adsorption mechanism on ZJ-1, and -OH, -NH2, -COOH, C-O and C-O-C were found to be the main surface functional groups of ZJ-1 cells to adsorb Sb.

The novel mechanism of human norovirus induced diarrhea: Activation of PKD2 caused by HuNoVs destroyed AQP3 expression through AP2γ in intestinal epithelial cells

Our previous work has demonstrated protein kinase D2 (PKD2) played a critical influence in experimental colitis in animal. However, the role of PKD2 in human norovirus (HuNoVs)-induced diarrhea remained unknown. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression, a critical protein mediating diarrhea, was assessed by western blot, qRT-PCR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Luciferase, IF, IP and ChIP assay were used to explore the mechanism through which HuNoVs regulated AQP3. Herein, we found that AQP3 expression was drastically decreased in IECs in response to VP1 transfection, the major capsid protein of HuNoVs, or HuNoVs infection. Mechanistically, HuNoVs triggered phosphorylation of PKD2 through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4, which further inhibited AP2γ activation and nuclear translocation, leading to suppress AQP3 transactivation in IECs. Most importantly, PKD2 interacted with MyD88/IRAK4, and VP1 overexpression enhanced this complex form, which, in turn, to increase PKD2 phosphorylation. In addition, endogenous PKD2 interacted with AP2γ, and this interaction was enhanced in response to HuNoVs treatment, and subsequently resulting in AP2γ phosphorylation inhibition. Moreover, inhibition of PKD2 activation could reverse the inhibitory effect of HuNoVs on AQP3 expression. In summary, we established a novel mechanism that HuNoV inhibited AQP3 expression through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4/PKD2 signaling pathway, targeting PKD2 activity could be a promising strategy for prevention of HuNoVs-induced gastroenteritis.

CircPHKB decreases the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to sorafenib via miR-1234-3p/CYP2W1 axis

Sorafenib is currently the first-line treatment for patients with advanced liver cancer, but its therapeutic efficacy declines significantly after a few months of treatment. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of sorafenib sensitivity in liver cancer cells. In this study, we provided initial evidence demonstrating that circPHKB, a novel circRNA markedly overexpressed in sorafenib-treated liver cancer cells, attenuated the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to sorafenib. Mechanically, circPHKB sequestered miR-1234-3p, resulting in the up-regulation of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily W member 1 (CYP2W1), thereby reducing the killing effect of sorafenib on liver cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of circPHKB sensitized liver cancer cells to sorafenib in vivo. The findings reveal a novel circPHKB/miR-1234-3p/CYP2W1 pathway that decreases the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to sorafenib, suggesting that circPHKB and the axis may serve as promising targets to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib against liver cancer.

Serine metabolism in macrophage polarization

OBJECTIVE

Emerging studies have revealed that macrophages possess different dependences on the uptake, synthesis, and metabolism of serine for their activation and functionalization, necessitating our insight into how serine availability and utilization impact macrophage activation and inflammatory responses.

METHODS

This article summarizes the reports published domestically and internationally about the serine uptake, synthesis, and metabolic flux by the macrophages polarizing with distinct stimuli and under different pathologic conditions, and particularly analyzes how altered serine metabolism rewires the metabolic behaviors of polarizing macrophages and their genetic and epigenetic reprogramming.

RESULTS

Macrophages dynamically change serine metabolism to orchestrate their anabolism, redox balance, mitochondrial function, epigenetics, and post-translation modification, and thus match the distinct needs for both classical and alternative activation.

CONCLUSION

Serine metabolism coordinates multiple metabolic pathways to tailor macrophage polarization and their responses to different pathogenic attacks and thus holds the potential as therapeutic target for types of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

[Effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on myocardial work and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction]

Objective: To investigate the influence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on myocardial work and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: Patients with complete follow-up data diagnosed with AMI who were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University due to chest pain within 24 hours attacks from February 2020 to January 2022 were retrospective enrolled in the study and were split into two groups based on sleep apnea hypoventilation index (AHI): OSAS group (AHI≥5/h) and non-OSAS group (AHI<5/h). Follow up for (12.4±0.1) months. There were finally 210 AMI patients including 130 males and 80 females with (69.6±9.4) years, ranging from 36 to 83 years. The general characteristics, haematological index, echocardiographic parameters, myocardial work (MW) and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in 1 year between the two groups were quantified. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to assess the risk of MACE in patients with AMI. Results: There were 50 cases in the OSAS group and 160 cases in the non-OSAS group. Compared with the non-OSAS group, OSAS group demonstrated higher BMI,neck circumference, Killip grade,GRACE score,ESS score,SYNTAX score, the number of diseased vessels and higher prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and smoking history. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were also statistically significant differences in sleep study result and hematological indexesof of cTnT, NT-ProBNP, and creatinine between the two groups (P<0.05). The general work index (GWI) of the OSAS group was lower than that of the non-OSAS group [(870.1±435.6) vs (1 005.0±313.6) mmHg% (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), P=0.017]; The general myocardial active work (GCW) of the OSAS group was lower than that of the non-OSAS group [(1 046.7±472.2) vs (1 262.7±274.9) mmHg%, P=0.003]; The general work efficiency (GWE) of the OSAS group was lower than that of the non-OSAS group [(79.8±14.2)% vs (84.5±5.8)%, P=0.001]; The general reactive power (GWW) of the OSAS group was higher than that of the non-OSAS group [(312.2±163.2) vs (264.0±85.1) mmHg%, P=0.007]. There were 10 cases (20.0%) of MACE in the OSAS group and 13 cases (8.1%) in the non OSAS group, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001).The combination of decreased OSAS (OR=4.039, 95%CI: 1.159-6.918), decreased myocardial work, including GCW [OR=0.850 (95%CI: 0.742-0.958)], GWE [OR=0.871 (95%CI: 0.818-0.924)], GWI (OR=0.862, 95%CI: 0.732-0.991), increased GWW (OR=2.425, 95%CI: 1.482-3.368), and increased GRACE score (OR=3.775, 95%CI: 2.314-5.236) increased the risk of MACE in AMI patients (all P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for predicting MACE in AMI using OSAS+myocardial work+GRACE score was 0.779 (95%CI: 0.717-0.834), with a sensitivity of 65.2% and a specificity of 84.5%. After the combination of the three, there were statistically significant differences compared to the AUC of combined OSAS, GRACE score, and myocardial work (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The MW of AMI patients with OSAS decreased compared to those without OSAS. The combination of OSAS and MW can improve the predictive value of MACE in patients with AMI.

A main chain biodegradable polyurethane with anti-protein adsorption and anti-bacterial adhesion performances

Biofilms are initially formed by substances such as proteins secreted by bacteria adhering to a surface. To achieve a durable antibacterial material, biodegradable dihydroxyl-terminated poly[(ethylene oxide)-co-(ethylene carbonate)] (PEOC(OH)2) with anti-protein adsorption properties was synthesized in this study. Further polycondensation of PEOC(OH)2 and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) led to biodegradable polyurethane (PEOC-PU) with PEOC as the soft segment. For comparison, polyurethanes with polyethylene glycol (PEG-PU) and polypropylene glycol (PPG-PU) as soft segments were also synthesized. The chemical structures of the polyurethanes were characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. The biodegradation behavior of PEOC-PU promoted by lipase due to the presence of ethylene carbonate units was also studied. Their resistance to proteins was studied using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and the results revealed that PEOC-PU exhibited excellent nonspecific resistance to proteins. The colonization of microorganisms on PU in the liquid culture medium was further examined and the results showed that PEOC-PU exhibited excellent antibacterial adhesion performance due to its protein resistance and biodegradation.

Isolation and characterization of three novel lytic phages against K54 serotype carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKP) has driven us to explore alternative treatments for the limitation of antimicrobial agents. Lytic phages are considered a promising alternative treatment for CR-hvKP infection. In this study, we reported three novel lytic phages, vB_KpnA_SCNJ1-Z, vB_KpnS_SCNJ1-C, and vB_KpnM_SCNJ1-Y, against a CR-hvKP strain SCNJ1, and they possess genomes of double-stranded DNA with a size of 43,428 bp, 46,039 bp, and 50,360 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that vB_KpnA_SCNJ1-Z belongs to the family Autographiviridae within the class Caudoviricetes, while vB_KpnS_SCNJ1-C and vB_KpnM_SCNJ1-Y are unclassified Caudoviricetes. The phages showed a narrow host range only lysing 1 of 50 tested clinical bacterial strains. The one-step growth curves and stability results showed that the phages displayed relatively short latency periods, with broad pH (pH 3-14) and thermal stabilities (20-60°C). The phages showed significant inhibition of the biofilm formation by SCNJ1 and strong antibacterial activity in vitro. In the mouse model, we demonstrated that administration of a single phage or phage cocktail significantly reduced bacteria loads in the lung, liver, and spleen, and effectively rescued mice from the infection of the SCNJ1 strain, with a survival rate of 70-80%. These findings suggested the three phages have great potential as an alternative therapy with favorable stability and strong antibacterial activity both in vivo and in vitro for the treatment of CR-hvKP infection.

Ethanol extract of Paridis rhizoma attenuates carrageenan-induced paw swelling in rats by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors

CONTEXT

Inflammation has been identified as a key factor contributing to the development of numerous diseases. Several anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to treat inflammation-related diseases. However, some of such drugs are associated with varying degrees of side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new anti-inflammatory drugs with reducing side effects for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. Natural anti-inflammatory drugs have emerged as an important area of research in recent years. The study was to determine the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Paridis rhizoma extract (PRE) in rat models of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan and RAW264.7 cells models induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PRE was investigated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model on rats in vivo. Histopathology examined the extent of inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage. The effect of PRE on the levels of specific cytokines was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assay evaluated the cytotoxic effects of PRE on Raw264.7 cells. The mRNA expression levels of cytokines were quantified using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Western blot measured TNF-α, IL6, TLR4, p-P65, p-IKB, HO1, SOD1 and SOD2. Fluorescence measured the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

RESULTS

PRE treatment reduced interstitial edema and structural damage in a dose-dependent manner in vivo. PRE inhibited inflammatory responses in vivo and in vitro, as evidenced by the decreased expression of inflammatory factors, production of ROS, and increased expression of SOD1, SOD2, and HO1. Moreover, PRE inhibited the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway.

CONCLUSION

The anti-inflammatory activity and potential mechanism of PRE were demonstrated according to the results. PRE reduced LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting the NF-KB signaling pathway and ROS production in vitro. PRE alleviated interstitial edema and structural damage in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model on rats in vivo. This study provided an idea for future development of PR-based anti-inflammatory drugs.

Iodixanol-associated acute kidney injury and prognosis in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a prospective, multi-center study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate iodixanol-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) and prognosis in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

METHODS

Patients undergoing elective PCI and iodixanol administration were prospectively enrolled in 8 centers between May 2020 and November 2021. The primary endpoint was AKI, defined as an increase in SCr of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (26.4 μmol/L) or relative elevation ≥ 50% from baseline in the 48-72 h after PCI. Prognosis evaluations included the major adverse renal and cardiovascular events (MARCE): all-cause mortality, new-onset renal replacement therapy (NRRT), non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal stroke. AKI predictors were identified using multivariable logistic regression and associations between AKI and outcomes were examined using Cox regression.

RESULTS

A total of 3630 patients were included in the final analysis and 2.9% of patients (107/3,630) suffered AKI. Among them, 95.3% (102/107) of AKI were stage 1, and 4.6% (5/107) of stage 2. The multivariable analysis indicated that age over 75-year-old, diabetes, NT-pro-BNP > 300 pg/mL, hemoglobin < 110 g/L, eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2, and diuretics were independently associated with AKI (p < 0.05). After a median follow-up of 13 months, MARCE occurred in 3.6% (131/3630) of the study population, and their incidence was higher in AKI (9.4%, 10/107) vs. non-AKI patients (3.4%, 121/3,523). However, after multivariable adjustment, there was no statistically significant association between AKI and MARCE (p = 0.382).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients undergoing elective PCI, cases of iodixanol-associated AKI were mostly mild and, after multivariable adjustment, held no statistically significant association with MARCE on mid-term follow-up.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

The incidence of iodixanol-associated AKI was low and mainly limited to mild renal impairment in patients undergoing elective PCI. Physicians should provide adequate contrast for coronary artery evaluation and, at the same time, minimize the contrast volume.

KEY POINTS

• The incidence of iodixanol-associated acute kidney injury was low and mostly limited to mild renal impairment. • Iodixanol administration had no statistically significant impact on the major adverse renal and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention.

Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy in childhood asthma: Real-world effectiveness and economic assessment

INTRODUCTION

The study aims to compare the real-world effectiveness and economy of the budesonide/formoterol reliever and maintenance therapy (SMART) with fixed-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/long-acting b-agonist (LABA) or ICS alone plus as-needed, short-acting β2 agonists (SABA) in pediatric patients.

METHODS

The outpatient data warehouse of a hospital in China was used. A total of 103 patients under 18 years old in the SMART group and 63 patients in the control group were included from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. The effectiveness was assessed using asthma attacks and lung function at baseline, 6 months and 12 months follow-up. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed with a three-state Markov model from the healthcare system perspective. One-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to check the robustness of the results.

RESULTS

The SMART regimen was more effective than other strategies in reducing the risk of mild and severe attacks in the real-life management of childhood asthma. Patients in both groups showed significant improvement in lung function at 6 and 12 months in contrast to baseline. Compared with other strategies, the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) level in the SMART group was markedly improved at 6 months. The total cost of outpatient service using the SMART regimen was lower than that of other strategies, while the drug costs were similar in different groups. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis results showed that using the SMART regimen reduced the total cost by approximately CNY 10,516.11 per year with a 0.12 quality-adjusted life year (QALYs) increase. Sensitive analyses supported that the SMART regimen was the dominant choice at the willingness-to-pay threshold of CNY 85,698, per capita GDP in China.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our findings indicate that the real-world effectiveness and economy of the SMART regimen are superior to the traditional strategies in pediatric asthma patients.

Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Induced Anaphylaxis in a Chinese Child with Lipid Transfer Protein Sensitization

Purpose

Fruits have been identified as the primary triggers of anaphylaxis in older children in the Chinese population, especially among individuals with pollen sensitization. To date, no allergies have been reported after blueberry ingestion in the Chinese population.

Case Report

A 12-year-old girl experienced one episode of anaphylaxis within 30 minutes of having breakfast (including milk, egg, wheat bread, and blueberry) while walking to school. She menstruated during this episode. Prompt treatment with epinephrine and fluid therapy led to full recovery within 24 h. Specific IgE was conducted using ImmunoCAP, and the patient exhibited sensitization to several pollens, mainly Japanese hop (74.3 kUa/L) and mugwort (26.5 kUa/L). Regarding specific IgE to allergen components, the patient showed sensitization primarily to lipid transfer protein (LTP) components from mugwort Art v 3 (79.7 kUa/L), wheat Tri a 14 (12.4 kUa/L) and peach Pru p 3 (2.15 kUa/L), but tested negative for omega-5 gliadin. The prick test results were positive for blueberries (wheal size 9.5 mm), cherries (wheal size 6.5 mm), kiwifruits (wheal size 6 mm), and pears (wheal size 4.5 mm). Our patient was provided with an epi-pen and was advised to avoid consuming relevant fruits. After four months of follow-up, the patient had not experienced any episodes of anaphylaxis since these recommendations were implemented.

Conclusion

We report for the first time a Chinese child with severe IgE-mediated immediate-type anaphylactic reaction to blueberries, in whom we identified LTP as the suspected allergen component.

Reducing Target Volumes of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy After Induction Chemotherapy in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Long-Term Results of a Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Trial

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to estimate the long-term survival, late toxicity profile, and quality of life of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with combined induction chemotherapy (IC) and concurrent chemoradiotherapy from a clinical trial focused on reducing the target volume of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This prospective, randomized clinical trial was conducted across 6 Chinese hospitals and included 212 patients with stage III-IVB NPC who were randomly allocated to a pre-IC or post-IC group. Eligible patients were treated with 2 cycles of IC + CCRT. All patients underwent radical IMRT. Gross tumor volumes of the nasopharynx were delineated according to pre-IC and post-IC tumor extent in the pre-IC and post-IC groups, respectively.

RESULTS

After a median follow-up of 98.4 months, 32 of 97 (32.9%) and 33 of 115 (28.7%) patients experienced treatment failure or died in the pre-IC and post-IC groups, respectively. None of the patients developed grade 4 late toxicity. Late radiation-induced toxicity predominantly manifested as grade 1 to 2 subcutaneous fibrosis, hearing loss, tinnitus, and xerostomia, whereas grade 3 late toxicity included xerostomia and hearing loss. The 5-year estimated overall, progression-free, locoregional recurrence-free, and distant metastasis-free survival rates in the pre-IC and post-IC groups were 78.2% versus 83.3%, 72.0% versus 78.1%, 90.2% versus 93.5%, and 78.1% versus 82.1%, respectively. The pre-IC group had a significantly higher incidence of xerostomia and hearing damage than the post-IC group. In terms of quality of life, compared with the pre-IC group, the post-IC group showed significant improvement in cognitive function (P = .045) and symptoms including dry mouth (P = .004), sticky saliva (P = .047), and feeling ill (P = .041).

CONCLUSIONS

After long-term follow-up, we confirmed that reducing the target volumes of IMRT after IC in locoregionally advanced NPC showed no inferiority in terms of the risk of locoregional relapse and potentially improved quality of life and alleviated late toxicity.

Pioglitazone protects PC12 cells against oxidative stress injury: An in vitro study of its antiapoptotic effects via the PPARγ pathway

To the best of our knowledge, the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in oxidative stress-induced PC12 cell damage is unknown. Using a PC12 cell model with H2O2 treatment, the present study investigated the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and neuronal apoptosis after oxidative stress injury. The present study further investigated the protective effect and mechanism of pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. PC12 cells treated with H2O2 were used as a model of oxidative stress injury. An MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of H2O2 on PC12 cell viability and the protective effect of pioglitazone. A TUNEL assay was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. The expression levels of PPARγ, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. H2O2 reduced PC12 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. H2O2 significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of Bax and the cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio (P<0.01), decreased the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 (P<0.01), and increased the apoptosis rate of PC12 cells. Pioglitazone significantly reduced the protein expression levels of Bax and the cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio (P<0.01), increased the expression levels of Bcl-2 (P<0.01), decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio (P<0.01) and increased the viability of H2O2-damaged PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or PPARγ small interfering RNA counteracted the protective effect of pioglitazone on PC12 cells to different extents (P<0.01). Therefore, the present study reported the role of PPARγ in protecting PC12 cells against oxidative stress injury, which may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.

Artificial Visual Synaptic Architecture with High-Linearity Light-Modulated Weight for Optoelectronic Neuromorphic Computing

A brain-like neuromorphic computing system, as compared with traditional Von Neumann architecture, has broad application prospects in the fields of emerging artificial intelligence (AI) due to its high fault tolerance, excellent plasticity, and parallel computing capability. A neuromorphic visuosensory and memory system, an important branch of neuromorphic computing, is the basis for AI to perceive, process, and memorize optical information, now still suffering from nonlinearity of synaptic weight, crosstalk issues, and integration incompatibility, hindering the high-level training and inference accuracy. In this work, we propose a new optoelectronic neuromorphic architecture by integrating an electrochromic device and a perovskite photodetector. Ascribing to the superior memory characteristics of the electrochromic device and sensitive light response of the perovskite photodetector, the neuromorphic device shows typical visual synaptic functionalities such as light triggering, neural facilitation, long-term potentiation, and depression (LTP and LTD). Furthermore, by adjusting the intensity and wavelength of external light signals, the visual synaptic function of the device can be modulated, enabling the device to exhibit high weight linearity in all current output ranges and improve information processing capability and image recognition accuracy. Moreover, both the electrochromic and perovskite layers possess the advantage of large area fabrication and integration, which enables the fabrication of large device arrays with high integration compatibility and scalability. In this study, 10 × 10 device arrays are demonstrated and each device shows uniform light responses, memory behaviors, and synaptic performances. MNIST and CIFAR-10 algorithms are used to simulate the image recognition properties of the synaptic architecture, and the calculated recognition accuracy is 97.94 and 91.04%, respectively, with an error less than 2.5%. The proposed artificial visual neuromorphic architecture will provide a potential device prototype for efficient visual neuromorphic systems.

The VAX2-LINC01189-hnRNPF signaling axis regulates cell invasion and migration in gastric cancer

Transcription factors (TFs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to gastric cancer (GC). However, the roles of TFs and lncRNAs in the invasion and metastasis of GC remain largely unknown. Here, we observed that the transcription factor VAX2 is significantly upregulated in GC cells and tissues and acts as an oncogene. Moreover, high VAX2 expression is associated with the advancement of tumors in GC. In terms of functionality, the enforced expression of VAX2 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells. Mechanistically, VAX2 specifically interacts with the LINC01189 promoter and represses LINC01189 transcription. Furthermore, LINC01189 exhibits significant downregulation in GC and functions as a suppressor gene. Functionally, it inhibits migratory and invasive abilities in GC cells. In the context of GC metastasis, VAX2 plays a role in modulating it by trans-repressing the expression of LINC01189. Additionally, LINC01189 binds to hnRNPF to enhance hnRNPF degradation through ubiquitination. The cooperation between LINC01189 and hnRNPF regulates GC cell invasion and migration. In addition, both VAX2 and hnRNPF are highly expressed, while LINC01189 is expressed in at low levels in GC tissues compared to normal gastric tissues. Our study suggests that VAX2 expression facilitates, while LINC01189 expression suppresses, metastasis and that the VAX2-LINC01189-hnRNPF axis plays a contributory role in GC development.

The ATF2/miR-3913-5p/CREB5 axis is involved in the cell proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer

Various miRNAs have been shown to participate in the tumor progression and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of miR-3913-5p in CRC are yet to be clearly defined. In the present study, we determine that miR-3913-5p is downregulated in CRC cell lines and CRC tissues. Exogenous miR-3913-5p expression weakens the CRC cells growth, migration and invasion. Mechanistically, miR-3913-5p directly targets the 3'UTR of CREB5. Overexpression of CREB5 reverses the suppression of CRC cells proliferation, migration and invasion induced by miR-3913-5p. Furthermore, ATF2 negatively regulates the transcription of miR-3913-5p by binding to its promoter. CREB5 can cooperate with ATF2. CREB5 is required for ATF2 in regulating miR-3913-5p. Finally, inverse correlations can be found between the expressions of miR-3913-5p and CREB5 or ATF2 in CRC tissues. Thus, a plausible mechanism of ATF2/miR-3913-5p/CREB5 axis regulating CRC progression is elucidated. Our findings suggest that miR-3913-5p functions as a tumor suppressor in CRC. ATF2/miR-3913-5p/CREB5 axis might be a potential therapeutic target against CRC progression.

[Plurihormonal PIT1-lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathological study]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of plurihormonal PIT1-lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: Forty-eight plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumors were collected between January 2018 and April 2022 from the pathological database of Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University. The related clinical and imaging data were retrieved. H&E, immunohistochemical and special stains were performed. Results: Out of the 48 plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumors included, 13 cases were mature PIT1-lineage tumors and 35 cases were immature PIT1-lineage tumors. There were some obvious clinicopathological differences between the two groups. Clinically, the mature plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumor mostly had endocrine symptoms due to increased hormone production, while a small number of immature PIT1-lineage tumors had endocrine symptoms accompanied by low-level increased serum pituitary hormone; patients with the immature PIT1-lineage tumors were younger than the mature PIT1-lineage tumors; the immature PIT1-lineage tumors were larger in size and more likely invasive in imaging. Histopathologically, the mature PIT1-lineage tumors were composed of large eosinophilic cells with high proportion of growth hormone expression, while the immature PIT1-lineage tumors consisted of chromophobe cells with a relatively higher expression of prolactin; the mature PIT1-lineage tumors had consistently diffuse cytoplasmic positive staining for keratin, while the immature PIT1-lineage tumors had various expression for keratin; the immature PIT1-lineage tumors showed more mitotic figures and higher Ki-67 proliferation index; in addition, 25.0% (12/48) of PIT1-positive plurihormonal tumors showed abnormal positive staining for gonadotropin hormones. There was no significant difference in the progression-free survival between the two groups (P=0.648) by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Conclusions: Plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumor belongs to a rare type of PIT1-lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, most of which are of immature lineage. Clinically increased symptoms owing to pituitary hormone secretion, histopathologically increased number of eosinophilic tumor cells with high proportion of growth hormone expression, diffusely cytoplasmic keratin staining and low proliferative activity can help differentiate the mature plurihormonal PIT1-lineage tumors from the immature PIT1-lineage tumors. The immature PIT1-lineage tumors have more complicated clinicopathological characteristics.

[Genome-wide identification of bZIP family genes and screening of candidate AarbZIPs involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Artemisia argyi]

Artemisia argyi is an important medicinal and economic plant in China, with the effects of warming channels, dispersing cold, and relieving pain, inflammation, and allergy. The essential oil of this plant is rich in volatile terpenoids and widely used in moxi-bustion and healthcare products, with huge market potential. The bZIP transcription factors compose a large family in plants and are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, stress response, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids. However, little is known about the bZIPs and their roles in A. argyi. In this study, the bZIP transcription factors in the genome of A. argyi were systematically identified, and their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, conserved motifs, and promoter-binding elements were analyzed. Candidate AarbZIP genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were screened out. The results showed that a total of 156 AarbZIP transcription factors were identified at the genomic level, with the lengths of 99-618 aa, the molecular weights of 11.7-67.8 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric points of 4.56-10.16. According to the classification of bZIPs in Arabidopsis thaliana, the 156 AarbZIPs were classified into 12 subfamilies, and the members in the same subfamily had similar conserved motifs. The cis-acting elements of promoters showed that AarbZIP genes were possibly involved in light and hormonal pathways. Five AarbZIP genes that may be involved in the regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis were screened out by homologous alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of the five AarbZIP genes varied significantly in different tissues of A. argyi. Specifically, AarbZIP29 and AarbZIP55 were highly expressed in the leaves and AarbZIP81, AarbZIP130, and AarbZIP150 in the flower buds. This study lays a foundation for the functional study of bZIP genes and their regulatory roles in the terpenoid biosynthesis in A. argyi.

Hybrid-Supervised Deep Learning for Proton-Acoustic Reconstruction for 3D In Vivo Proton Dose Verification

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Proton-acoustic (PA) image has shown great potential to provide real-time 3D dose verification of proton therapy. However, the PA image quality suffers from severe limited view artifacts, which significantly impairs its accuracy for dose verification. In this study, we developed a hybrid-supervised deep learning method for PA reconstruction to address the limited-view issues.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Our method consists of two stages. In the first stage, a transformer-based network was proposed to reconstruct initial pressure maps from protoacoustic signals. The network was first trained using supervision by the iteratively reconstructed pressure map and then fine-tuned using transfer learning and self-supervision based on the data fidelity constraint. In the second stage, the PA image was further enhanced by a 3D U-net. The final PA images were converted to dose maps using conversion coefficients derived from CT images. Data from 126 prostate cancer patients treated by proton therapy were collected under an IRB protocol and were split into 86 and 40 patients for model training and testing, respectively. Data of each patient contains the planning CT scan, the corresponding clinical treatment plan, and the dose map calculated by commercial software. The radiofrequency signals were generated by performing proton acoustic simulation based on CT images and the ground truth pressure map derived from the treatment plan. An ultrasound detector matrix with 64 × 64 size and 500kHz central frequency was simulated under the perineum to acquire the signals in the prostate area. In the testing results, the method's accuracy was evaluated using Root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) and structural-similarity-index-measure (SSIM) between the reconstructed and ground truth pressure map and dose distribution.

RESULTS

Testing results showed that the reconstructed pressure map achieved an average RMSE/SSIM of 0.0292/0.96, demonstrating excellent 3D information with details. Dose maps derived from the pressure map achieved an average RMSE/SSIM of 0.018/0.99 with a gamma index of 94.7% and 95.7% for 1%/3 mm and 1%/5 mm criteria compared to the ground truth dose maps. The reconstruction time was 6s, which can be further reduced using GPU.

CONCLUSION

Our study achieves start-of-the-art performance in the challenging task of direct reconstruction from limited-view radiofrequency signals, demonstrating the great promise of PA imaging as a highly efficient and accurate tool for in-vivo 3D proton dose verification. Such high-precision 3D online dose verification can substantially reduce the range uncertainties of proton therapy to significantly improve its precision and outcomes.

Modulating Friction by the Phase of the Vertical Vibrational Excitation at Washboard Frequency

Applying external vibrations at the resonant frequencies of the frictional system has been a highly effective approach to suppress friction but usually requires additional energy consumption. In this study, we find that in addition to exerting the vibration at the resonant frequency of the frictional system, the friction force on the atomically flat silicon surface can also present a local minimum when the oscillation frequency of the vertical vibrational excitation equals the washboard frequency with respect to the sliding velocity. Moreover, compared with the additional energy consumption at the resonant frequency, applying vertical vibrational excitation at the washboard frequency requires much less energy consumption. The study further shows that the friction force under the washboard frequency can be effectively mediated depending on how the initial phase angle of the vertical vibrational excitation affects the effective substrate potential barrier at the slip moment of the tip. We have also extended the proposed friction modulation technique on atomically flat surfaces to periodic textured surfaces and confirmed its practicality and great potential for controlling friction.

Manual correction of genome annotation improved alternative splicing identification of Artemisia annua

Gene annotation is essential for genome-based studies. However, algorithm-based genome annotation is difficult to fully and correctly reveal genomic information, especially for species with complex genomes. Artemisia annua L. is the only commercial resource of artemisinin production though the content of artemisinin is still to be improved. Genome-based genetic modification and breeding are useful strategies to boost artemisinin content and therefore, ensure the supply of artemisinin and reduce costs, but better gene annotation is urgently needed. In this study, we manually corrected the newly released genome annotation of A. annua using second- and third-generation transcriptome data. We found that incorrect gene information may lead to differences in structural, functional, and expression levels compared to the original expectations. We also identified alternative splicing events and found that genome annotation information impacted identifying alternative splicing genes. We further demonstrated that genome annotation information and alternative splicing could affect gene expression estimation and gene function prediction. Finally, we provided a valuable version of A. annua genome annotation and demonstrated the importance of gene annotation in future research.

Selective inhibition of glycolysis in hepatic stellate cells and suppression of liver fibrogenesis with vitamin A-derivative decorated camptothecin micelles

The persistent transformation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblasts (MFs) and the excessive proliferation of MF-HSCs in the liver contribute to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Glycolysis inhibition of MF-HSCs can reverse their MF phenotype and suppress their abnormal expansion. Here, we have developed vitamin A-derivative (VA) decorated PEG-PCL polymeric micelles to encapsulate the labile and hydrophobic camptothecin (CPT) and direct its active attack on HSCs, selectively inhibiting of HIF-1α and cellular glycolysis, ultimately repressing hepatic fibrogenesis. The obtained micelles exhibited a good stability, biocompatibility, pH sensitivity, and exceptional HSC-targetability, allowing an efficient accumulation of their carried CPT in acutely and chronically injured livers. On their intracellular release of CPT specifically in MF-HSCs, these CPT micelles nicely inhibited the HIF-1α and a series of glycolytic players in MF-HSCs and prominently suppressed their proliferation and MF phenotypic characteristics. Accordingly, on in vitro administration to the mice challenged by CCl4 or subjected to bile duct ligation, these VA-decorated CPT micelles ameliorated the pathological symptoms of the livers, as evidenced by the significant reduction in serum levels of ALT and AST, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and collagen accumulation, the drastic down-regulation of multiple fibrotic genes, and the good recovery of attenuated hepatocyte CYP2E1 and lipogenesis regulator PPARγ. Overall, the CPT carried by VA-decorated PEG-PCL polymeric micelles can selectively inhibit the glycolysis and expansion of HSCs and thus suppress fibrogenesis, providing an original and effective approach for anti-fibrotic therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Our work introduces an innovative antifibrotic drug system that is developed upon the active targeting of CPT and aims for the fate reversal of HSCs. Through HSC-targeted delivery achieved by PEG-PCL polymeric micelles decorated with vitamin A-derivatives, CPT significantly suppressed the expressions of HIF-1α and glycolytic enzymes in MF-HSCs, as well as their pathologic expansion in mouse livers. It effectively ameliorated chronic liver fibrosis in mice induced by CCl4 injection or BDL and restored the damaged liver structure and function. These compelling findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of glycolytic HSC-targeting in combating fibrosis and related disorders and thus provide new promise for future clinical management of such prevalent and life-threatening conditions.

[Precise diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis based on phenotypes and endotypes]

Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction, demanding immediate management by health care providers, which is currently underdiagnosed and undertreated in China. In addition to the classic IgE-mediated pathway, non-IgE dependent pathway has also been extensively studied in the pathogenesis of anaphylaxis. Recently, the atypical symptoms induced by widespread used monoclonal antibodies and biologics have been reported. The goal of this article is to recognize the phenotypes (triggers and presentation) and understand its characteristics through endotypes (mechanisms) of anaphylaxis. Ultimately, the aim is to help allergists and health care providers guide a precision approach to diagnose and manage of anaphylaxis.

Promoter variations in DBR2-like affect artemisinin production in different chemotypes of Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua is the only known plant source of the potent antimalarial artemisinin, which occurs as the low- and high-artemisinin producing (LAP and HAP) chemotypes. Nevertheless, the different mechanisms of artemisinin producing between these two chemotypes were still not fully understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of genome resequencing, metabolome, and transcriptome data to systematically compare the difference in the LAP chemotype JL and HAP chemotype HAN. Metabolites analysis revealed that 72.18% of sesquiterpenes was highly accumulated in HAN compared to JL. Integrated omics analysis found a DBR2-Like (DBR2L) gene may be involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. DBR2L was highly homologous with DBR2, belonged to ORR3 family, and had the DBR2 activity of catalyzing artemisinic aldehyde to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde. Genome resequencing and promoter cloning revealed that complicated variations existed in DBR2L promoters among different varieties of A. annua and were clustered into three variation types. The promoter activity of diverse variant types showed obvious differences. Furthermore, the core region (-625 to 0) of the DBR2L promoter was identified and candidate transcription factors involved in DBR2L regulation were screened. Thus, the result indicates that DBR2L is another key enzyme involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. The promoter variation in DBR2L affects its expression level, and thereby may result in the different yield of artemisinin in varieties of A. annua. It provides a novel insight into the mechanism of artemisinin-producing difference in LAP and HAP chemotypes of A. annua, and will assist in a high yield of artemisinin in A. annua.

Six Express Sequence Tag-Simple Sequence Repeat Primers Reveal Genetic Diversity in the Cultivars of Three Zanthoxylum Species

Zanthoxylum (Sichuan pepper), with its rich cultivars, has long been widely cultivated in China for its unique seasoning and medicinal uses, but most of its cultivars have similar morphological characteristics. Therefore, we hypothesized that the genetic diversity of Zanthoxylum cultivars is low because of their apomixis and long cultivation history. In this study, we aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of three Zanthoxylum species on the cultivar level based on express sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) primers. In total, 121 samples of three Zanthoxylum species (Z. bungeanum, Z. armatum and Z. piperitum) were collected from different areas in China for genetic diversity analysis. A total of six specificity and polymorphism EST-SSR primers, which we selected from among 120 primers based on two transcriptomes (Z. bungeanum, Z. armatum) in our earlier study, were used to evaluate genetic diversity based on capillary electrophoresis technology. The results of our analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) indicated that most of the samples are clustered in one clade in the UPGMA dendrogram, and the average genetic distance was 0.6409. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Z. piperitum may have a closer genetic relationship with Z. bungeanum than with Z. armatum. An analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation mainly stemmed from individuals within populations; the genetic differentiation coefficient (PhiPT) was 0.429, the gene flow (Nm) between populations was 0.333, and the differences among populations were not significant (p > 0.001). For the intraspecific populations of ZB, the percentage of genetic variation was 53% among populations and 47% within populations, with non-significant differences between populations (p > 0.001). The genetic differentiation coefficient (PhiT) was 0.529, and the gene flow (Nm) was 0.223. For the intraspecific populations of ZA, the results indicated that the percentage of genetic variation was 29% among populations and 71% within populations, with non-significant differences between populations (p > 0.001); the genetic differentiation coefficient (PhiPT) was 0.293, and the gene flow (Nm) was 0.223. Through genetic structure analysis (GSA), we predicted that these 121 samples belonged to two optimal subgroups, which means that all the samples probably originated from two gene pools. Above all, this indicated that the genetic diversity of the 121 Zanthoxylum samples was relatively low at both the species and cultivar levels, a finding which was consistent with our initial assumptions. This study provides a reference, with molecular-level data, for the further identification of Zanthoxylum species.

Disorder-Enriched Magnetic Excitations in a Heisenberg-Kitaev Quantum Magnet Na_{2}Co_{2}TeO_{6}

Using optical magnetospectroscopy, we investigate the magnetic excitations of Na_{2}Co_{2}TeO_{6} in a broad magnetic field range (0  T≤B≤17.5  T) at low temperature. Our measurements reveal rich spectra of in-plane magnetic excitations with a surprisingly large number of modes, even in the high-field spin-polarized state. Theoretical calculations find that the Na-occupation disorder in Na_{2}Co_{2}TeO_{6} plays a crucial role in generating these modes. Our Letter demonstrates the necessity to consider disorder in the spin environment in the search for Kitaev quantum spin liquid states in practicable materials.

Antitumor activity of miR-188-3p in gastric cancer is achieved by targeting CBL expression and inactivating the AKT/mTOR signaling

BACKGROUND

Altered miR-188-3p expression has been observed in various human cancers.

AIM

To investigate the miR-188-3p expression, its roles, and underlying molecular events in gastric cancer.

METHODS

Fifty gastric cancer and paired normal tissues were collected to analyze miR-188-3p and CBL expression. Normal and gastric cancer cells were used to manipulate miR-188-3p and CBL expression through different assays. The relationship between miR-188-3p and CBL was predicted bioinformatically and confirmed using a luciferase gene reporter assay. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to associate miR-188-3p or CBL expression with patient survival. A nude mouse tumor cell xenograft assay was used to confirm the in vitro data.

RESULTS

MiR-188-3p was found to be lower in the plasma of gastric cancer patients, tissues, and cell lines compared to their healthy counterparts. It was associated with overall survival of gastric cancer patients (P < 0.001), tumor differentiation (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.033), tumor node metastasis stage (I/II vs III/IV, P = 0.024), and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (I/II vs III/IV, P = 0.03). Transfection with miR-188-3p mimics reduced tumor cell growth and invasion while inducing apoptosis and autophagy. CBL was identified as a direct target of miR-188-3p, with its expression antagonizing the effects of miR-188-3p on gastric cancer (GC) cell proliferation by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy through the inactivation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The in vivo data confirmed antitumor activity via CBL downregulation in gastric cancer.

CONCLUSION

The current data provides ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo evidence that miR-188-3p acts as a tumor suppressor gene or possesses antitumor activity in GC.