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Fujita R, Takayama N, Matsuo M, Iima M, Nakata S. Height-dependent oscillatory motion of a plastic cup with a camphor disk floated on water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14546-14551. [PMID: 37191103 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a self-propelled object, which is composed of a plastic cup and a camphor disk, on water to reflect its three-dimensional shape in the nature of motion. The self-propelled object, of which the driving force of motion is the difference in the surface tension, exhibited oscillatory motion between motion and rest. The period and the maximum speed of oscillatory motion increased and decreased depending on the height of the cup, h, respectively. Two types of diffusion coefficients were estimated based on the diffusion of camphor molecules which were indirectly visualized using 7-hydroxycoumarin. The experimental result on the period of oscillatory motion depending on h could be reproduced by the numerical calculation based on the diffusion of camphor molecules around the object and the diffusion coefficients which were experimentally estimated. The experimental results suggest that characteristic features of motion can be created based on the three-dimensional shape of the object.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Fujita
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Nami Takayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Muneyuki Matsuo
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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Suematsu NJ, Yamashita H, Iima M. Bioconvection pattern of Euglena under periodical illumination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1134002. [PMID: 37009478 PMCID: PMC10063821 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1134002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms respond to environmental conditions and often spontaneously form highly ordered convection patterns. This mechanism has been well-studied from the viewpoint of self-organization. However, environmental conditions in nature are usually dynamic. Naturally, biological systems respond to temporal changes in environmental condition. To elucidate the response mechanisms in such a dynamic environment, we observed the bioconvection pattern of Euglena under periodical changes in illumination. It is known that Euglena shows localized bioconvection patterns under constant homogeneous illumination from the bottom. Periodical changes in light intensity induced two different types of spatiotemporal patterns: alternation of formation and decomposition over a long period and complicated transition of pattern over a short period. Our observations suggest that pattern formation in a periodically changing environment is of fundamental importance to the behavior of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko J. Suematsu
- Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences (MIMS), Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobuhiko J. Suematsu,
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Integrated Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Integrated Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Muku K, Yamashita H, Kamikubo T, Suematsu NJ, Iima M. Long-time behavior of swimming Euglena gracilis in a heterogenous light environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1133028. [PMID: 36891510 PMCID: PMC9986316 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1133028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. Swimming orbits at 1/25 s intervals for 120 s were analyzed. The speed distribution of the 1 s-averaged cell orbits in a homogeneous environment was different from that in a heterogeneous environment, where the faster swimming fraction was enhanced. The relationship between speed and curvature radius was analyzed using a joint histogram. Histograms for short timescale motion, constructed by 1 s-averaged orbits, suggest that the cell swimming curves are not biased, while those for long timescale motion, constructed by 10 s-averaged orbits, suggest that the cell swimming curves are biased in the clockwise direction. Furthermore, the curvature radius determines the speed, which does not seem to depend on the light environment. The mean squared displacement in a heterogeneous environment is larger than that in a homogeneous environment on a 1 s timescale. These results will be the basis for constructing a model for the long-time behavior of photomovement for light differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Muku
- Department of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Touya Kamikubo
- Department of Mathematics, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko J Suematsu
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences(MIMS), Meiji University, Nakano, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Nakano, Japan
| | - Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Xu Y, Takayama N, Komasu Y, Takahara N, Kitahata H, Iima M, Nakata S. Self-propelled camphor disk dependent on the depth of the sodium dodecyl sulfate aqueous phase. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
We propose a phase reduction technique that provides the phase sensitivity function, which is one of the essential functions in phase reduction theory, on a target region. A system with a large degree of freedom and global coupling, such as an incompressible fluid system, is emphasized. Such a system poses challenges for the numerical calculation of the phase sensitivity function, which cannot be resolved using known algorithms such as the direct method or the adjoint method. A combination of the Jacobian-free algorithm and the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is proposed to significantly reduce the computational cost and obtain a good approximation of the phase sensitivity function in a particular region of interest. In addition, the approximation can be assessed using the Ritz value. The breathing solution of a reaction-diffusion system and the flow past a flat plate are used to analyze the proposed methods, and the characteristics of the proposed method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Integrated Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Iima M. Jacobian-free algorithm to calculate the phase sensitivity function in the phase reduction theory and its applications to Kármán's vortex street. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:062203. [PMID: 31330741 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.062203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phase reduction theory has been applied to many systems with limit cycles; however, it has limited applications in incompressible fluid systems. This is because the calculation of the phase sensitivity function, one of the fundamental functions in phase reduction theory, has a high computational cost for systems with a large degree of freedom. Furthermore, incompressible fluid systems have an implicit expression of the Jacobian. To address these issues, we propose a new algorithm to numerically calculate the phase sensitivity function. This algorithm does not require the explicit form of the Jacobian along the limit cycle, and the computational time is significantly reduced, compared with known methods. Along with the description of the method and characteristics, two applications of the method are demonstrated. One application is the traveling pulse in the FitzHugh Nagumo equation in a periodic domain and the other is the Kármán's vortex street. The response to the perturbation added to the Kármán's vortex street is discussed in terms of both phase reduction theory and fluid mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iima
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Iima M, Yokoyama N, Senda K. Active lift inversion process of heaving wing in uniform flow by temporal change of wing kinematics. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:043110. [PMID: 31108665 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.043110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transition of the vortex pattern and the lift generated by a heaving wing in a uniform flow was investigated numerically. As a fundamental problem constituting the insects' flight maneuverability, we studied the relationship between a temporal change in the heaving wing motion and the change in the global vortex pattern. At a Strouhal number that generates an asymmetric vortex pattern, we found that temporal angular frequency reduction causes inversion of both the global vortex pattern and the lift sign. The inversion is initiated by the transfer of the leading-edge vortex, which interferes with the vortex pattern generated at the trailing edge. Successful inversion is conditioned on the starting phase and the time interval of the frequency reduction. The details of the process during the transition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iima
- Department of Mathematics and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 749-8251, Japan
| | - Naoto Yokoyama
- Research Center for Energy Conversion System, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan and Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate, Suita, Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Kei Senda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C3 Building, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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Abstract
We examined the influence of internal noise on the irregular switching of the shape of the free surface of fluids in an open cylindrical vessel driven by a bottom disk rotating at constant speed [Suzuki, Iima, and Hayase, Phys. Fluids 18, 101701 (2006)PHFLE61070-663110.1063/1.2359740]. A slight increase in the disk-rim gap (less than 3% of the disk radius) was established experimentally to cause significant changes in this system, specifically, frequent appearance of the surface descending event connecting a nonaxisymmetric shape in strong mixing flow (turbulent flow) and an axisymmetric shape in laminar flow, as well as a shift in critical Reynolds number that define the characteristic states. The physical mechanism underlying the change is analyzed in terms of flow characteristics in the disk-rim gap, which acts as a noise source, and a mathematical model established from measurements of the surface height fluctuations with noise term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tasaka
- Laboratory for Flow Control, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Satake A, Seki M, Iima M, Teramoto T, Nishiura Y. Florigen distribution determined by a source-sink balance explains the diversity of inflorescence structures in Arabidopsis. J Theor Biol 2016; 395:227-237. [PMID: 26845309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to continue flowering after loss of inductive environmental cues that trigger flowering is termed floral commitment. Reversible transition involving a switch from floral development back to vegetative development has been found in Arabidopsis mutants and many plant species. Although the molecular basis for floral commitment remains unclear, recent studies suggest that the persistent activity of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) at inflorescences is required for floral commitment in Arabidopsis thaliana. Because FT encodes a mobile signal, florigen, which is generally transported from leaves to meristems through the phloem, understanding the transportation dynamics of FT is required to explore the role of FT on floral commitment. Here we developed a transportation model of leaf- and inflorescence-derived florigen and sucrose based on pressure-flow hypothesis. Depending on the demanded level of florigen supply for floral commitment of each floral meristem, the model predicted the change in inflorescence pattern from stable commitment to flower, transient flowering, and complete reversion. FT activity in inflorescence partly suppressed floral reversion, but complete suppression was achieved only when inflorescence became a source of sucrose. This finding highlights the importance of monitoring the spatio-temporal sucrose distribution and floral stimulus to understand inflorescence development mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Satake
- Departmnet of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Motohide Seki
- Departmnet of Informatics, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Iima
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Teramoto
- School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1, Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishiura
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Iima M, Yamamoto A, Brion V, Okada T, Kanagaki M, Togashi K, Le Bihan D. Reduced-distortion diffusion MRI of the craniovertebral junction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012; 33:1321-5. [PMID: 22383239 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CVJ lesion suffers from a high sensitivity to susceptibility and distortion artifacts, which sometimes makes diffusion image difficult to interpret. Our purpose was to evaluate the potential for diffusion MR imaging using RS-EPI compared with SS-EPI in the assessment of the CVJ. MATERIALS AND METHODS RS-EPI and SS-EPI DTI images were acquired from 10 healthy volunteers using 3T MRI with a 32-channel head coil. For both sequences, the following parameters were used: 1-mm(2) in-plane resolution; 3-mm section thickness; TR = 5200 ms; 1 acquisition at b = 0 and 12 different encoding directions at b = 1000 seconds/mm(2). The RS-EPI sequence scan time was 9.44 minutes (1 average). The SS-EPI sequence was 9.37 minutes (8 averages). Diffusion tensor calculation and image analysis were performed using DTIStudio software. Diffusion trace images and color-coded fiber orientation maps were evaluated by 2 independent readers for distortion and delineation of fine structure using a semiquantitative scale in selected landmark locations. The absolute distances between the temporal base and the cerebellar contour between the T2-weighted images and the diffusion trace images obtained with RS-EPI and SS-EPI were also compared. RESULTS The contours of the temporal lobe and cerebellum were better delineated and distortion artifacts were clearly reduced with the RS-EPI sequence. More fine structures were also visible in the brain stem and cerebellum with the RS-EPI sequence. The amount of distortion was significantly reduced with RS-EPI compared with SS-EPI (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The RS-EPI DTI sequence was less prone to geometric distortion than the SS-EPI sequence and allowed a better delineation of CVJ internal structure. Although the acquisition time is still relatively long, the RS-EPI appears as a promising approach to perform DTI studies in CVJ lesions, such as brain stem ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases, brain and skull base tumors, or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iima
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine and Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Senda K, Obara T, Kitamura M, Yokoyama N, Hirai N, Iima M. Effects of structural flexibility of wings in flapping flight of butterfly. Bioinspir Biomim 2012; 7:025002. [PMID: 22617048 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/7/2/025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to clarify the effects of structural flexibility of wings of a butterfly in flapping flight. For this purpose, a dynamics model of a butterfly is derived by Lagrange's method, where the butterfly is considered as a rigid multi-body system. The panel method is employed to simulate the flow field and the aerodynamic forces acting on the wings. The mathematical model is validated by the agreement of the numerical result with the experimentally measured data. Then, periodic orbits of flapping-of-wings flights are parametrically searched in order to fly the butterfly models. Almost periodic orbits are found, but they are unstable. Deformation of the wings is modeled in two ways. One is bending and its effect on the aerodynamic forces is discussed. The other is passive wing torsion caused by structural flexibility. Numerical simulations demonstrate that flexible torsion reduces the flight instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Senda
- Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Iima M, Nakagaki T. Peristaltic transport and mixing of cytosol through the whole body of Physarum plasmodium. Mathematical Medicine and Biology 2011; 29:263-81. [DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqr010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Nakagaki T, Iima M, Ueda T, Nishiura Y, Saigusa T, Tero A, Kobayashi R, Showalter K. Minimum-risk path finding by an adaptive amoebal network. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:068104. [PMID: 17930872 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.068104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
When two food sources are presented to the slime mold Physarum in the dark, a thick tube for absorbing nutrients is formed that connects the food sources through the shortest route. When the light-avoiding organism is partially illuminated, however, the tube connecting the food sources follows a different route. Defining risk as the experimentally measurable rate of light-avoiding movement, the minimum-risk path is exhibited by the organism, determined by integrating along the path. A model for an adaptive-tube network is presented that is in good agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakagaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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Abstract
Possible free flights of insects by a single flapping motion were studied. It is well-known that insects utilize vortices generated by flapping, by which they generate larger lift than that evaluated by the ordinary aerodynamic theory. However, the effect of the motion of the center of mass (CM) of the insect on its flight has not been clarified. To clarify the effect, numerical simulation was performed for a simple model considering the coupling between the vertical CM motion and the separation vortices generated by flapping wing. As a result, it is shown that the flapping flight has the following interesting features. First, despite a single flapping motion, the model exhibits two types of flapping flight: a steady flight in which the CM velocity oscillates and a wandering flight in which the CM velocity varies irregularly. These two types of flights are selected by the initial conditions even when all the parameters are the same. Second, at a certain critical parameter value, the steady flight loses its stability and undergoes an abrupt transition to the wandering flight. Interestingly, at this critical value, the steady flight can be regarded as hovering. The possible flights are analyzed in terms of bifurcation, and the bifurcation structure is qualitatively explained based on a simple assumption. These results suggest the significance of the effect of CM motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Iima
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Inoue N, Komori A, Hayashi H, Yonezu H, Iima M, Sakamoto R, Kubota Y, Sagara A, Akaishi K, Noda N, Ohyabu N, Motojima O. Design and construction of the LHD plasma vacuum vessel. Fusion Engineering and Design 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(98)00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Iima M, Toh S. Wavelet analysis of the energy transfer caused by convective terms: Application to the Burgers shock. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1995; 52:6189-6201. [PMID: 9964136 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Nagasaki K, Zushi H, Sato M, Sano F, Kondo K, Sudo S, Mizuuchi T, Besshou S, Okada H, Iima M, Kobayashi S, Sakamoto K, Isayama A, Obiki T. 106 GHz electron cyclotron heating experiment on Heliotron-E. Fusion Engineering and Design 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0920-3796(94)00180-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nagasaki K, Zushi H, Mizuuchi T, Kondo K, Sano F, Besshou S, Okada H, Iima M, Kobayashi S, Sakamoto K, Obiki T, Kurimoto Y, Takada H, Nakayama T, Sato M, Bigelow T, Murakami M, Lyon J. Transition phenomena observed during edge electron cyclotron heating in the Heliotron-E helical device. Fusion Engineering and Design 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0920-3796(94)00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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