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Kushner RF, Fink-Jensen A, Frenkel O, McGowan B, Goldman B, Overvad M, Wadden T. Efficacy and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg according to antidepressant use at baseline: A post hoc subgroup analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:273-280. [PMID: 37989717 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the efficacy and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg in people with overweight/obesity who were also being treated with antidepressants (ADs). METHODS Across the Semaglutide Treatment Effect for People with obesity (STEP) 1-3 and 5 trials, adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2 only) were enrolled. People with severe major depressive disorder within 2 years prior to screening or with a patient health questionnaire-9 score ≥15 at screening were excluded. Participants were categorized into subgroups according to baseline AD status (on/off ADs) in this post hoc exploratory analysis of the STEP trials. RESULTS Of 3683 participants randomized, 539 were on ADs at baseline. Mean body weight change from baseline to week 68 was greater for semaglutide versus placebo, regardless of baseline AD use. In STEP 1, for participants on ADs at baseline, mean change from baseline was -15.7% with semaglutide versus -0.2% with placebo and -14.7% versus -2.8% for those not on ADs at baseline. Similar patterns were seen in STEP 2, 3, and 5. The prevalence of adverse events (AEs) was generally similar between semaglutide and placebo in participants on ADs at baseline. CONCLUSIONS In adults with overweight/obesity, semaglutide provided clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of baseline AD use, with an AE profile consistent with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Kushner
- Department of Medicine and Medical Education, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Barbara McGowan
- Cleveland Clinic London Hospital, Portland Place Outpatient Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Overvad M, Díaz LJ, Bjerregaard P, Pedersen ML, Larsen CVL, Grarup N, Hansen T, Rossing P, Jørgensen ME. The effect of diabetes and the diabetogenic TBC1D4 p.Arg684ter variant on kidney function in Inuit in Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health 2023; 82:2191406. [PMID: 36944026 PMCID: PMC10035948 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2023.2191406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of diabetes and the diabetogenic TBC1D4 variant on kidney function in Greenland in a population-based setting. Health survey data and TBC1D4 genotypes from 5,336 Greenlanders were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of albuminuria (>30 mg/g creatinine) and chronic kidney disease (CKD, eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2), comparing individuals with and without diabetes, including the effect of TBC1D4 variant. Of the 3,909 participants with complete data, 9.3% had diabetes. Albuminuria was found in 27.6% and 9.5% and CKD was found in 10.8% and 6.3% among those with and without diabetes, respectively. Diabetes was cross-sectionally associated with an increased risk of albuminuria (OR (95% CI) = 2.37 (1.69,3.33); p < 0.001) and the TBC1D4 variant protected against albuminuria (OR (95% CI) = 0.44 (0.22,0.90); p = 0.02) in a multivariable model. Neither diabetes nor the TBC1D4 variant significantly associated with CKD. The presence/absence of diabetes did not predict changes in eGFR and UACR in longitudinal analyses. Diabetes conferred an increased risk of albuminuria, and the TBC1D4 variant was associated with a decreased risk of albuminuria, but neither was associated with CKD. The potential renoprotective association of the TBC1D4 variant on albuminuria calls for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Overvad
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Jorge Díaz
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lynge Pedersen
- Greenland Center for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Greenland Center for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Greenland Center for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Steno Diabetes Center Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
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3
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Overvad M, Koch A, Jespersen B, Gustafsson F, Krause TG, Hansen CH, Ethelberg S, Obel N. Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with and without solid organ transplantation-A Danish nationwide cohort study. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2627-2636. [PMID: 35801493 PMCID: PMC9349987 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, hospitalization and death, and the effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) is still debated. We performed a nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study, including all Danish SOTRs (n = 5184) and a matched cohort from the general population (n = 41 472). Cox regression analyses were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs). SOTRs had a slightly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and were vaccinated earlier than the general population. The overall risk of hospital contact with COVID-19, severe COVID-19, need for assisted respiration, and hospitalization followed by death was substantially higher in SOTRs (IRR: 32.8 95%CI [29.0-37.0], 9.2 [6.7-12.7], 12.5 [7.6-20.8], 12.4 [7.9-12.7]). The risk of hospitalization and death after SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased substantially in SOTRs after the emergence of the Omicron variant (IRR: 0.45 [0.37-0.56], 0.17 [0.09-0.30]). Three vaccinations reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection only marginally compared to two vaccinations, but SOTRs with three vaccinations had a lower risk of death (IRR: 022 [0.16-0.35]). We conclude that SOTRs have a risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection comparable to the general population, but substantially increased the risk of hospitalization and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection. A third vaccination only reduces the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection marginally, but SOTRs vaccinated 3 times have reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Overvad
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Nephrology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Finn Gustafsson
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Holm Hansen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Lyngse FP, Kirkeby CT, Denwood M, Christiansen LE, Mølbak K, Møller CH, Skov RL, Krause TG, Rasmussen M, Sieber RN, Johannesen TB, Lillebaek T, Fonager J, Fomsgaard A, Møller FT, Stegger M, Overvad M, Spiess K, Mortensen LH. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 in Denmark. Nat Commun 2022. [PMID: 36180438 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.28.22270044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and new variants emerge. Using nationwide Danish data, we estimate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 within households. Among 22,678 primary cases, we identified 17,319 secondary infections among 50,588 household contacts during a 1-7 day follow-up. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was 29% and 39% in households infected with Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, respectively. BA.2 was associated with increased susceptibility of infection for unvaccinated household contacts (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.99; 95%-CI 1.72-2.31), fully vaccinated contacts (OR 2.26; 95%-CI 1.95-2.62) and booster-vaccinated contacts (OR 2.65; 95%-CI 2.29-3.08), compared to BA.1. We also found increased infectiousness from unvaccinated primary cases infected with BA.2 compared to BA.1 (OR 2.47; 95%-CI 2.15-2.84), but not for fully vaccinated (OR 0.66; 95%-CI 0.57-0.78) or booster-vaccinated primary cases (OR 0.69; 95%-CI 0.59-0.82). Omicron BA.2 is inherently more transmissible than BA.1. Its immune-evasive properties also reduce the protective effect of vaccination against infection, but do not increase infectiousness of breakthrough infections from vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Plesner Lyngse
- Department of Economics & Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Danish Ministry of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Engbo Christiansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; Dynamical Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Troels Lillebaek
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Lyngse FP, Kirkeby CT, Denwood M, Christiansen LE, Mølbak K, Møller CH, Skov RL, Krause TG, Rasmussen M, Sieber RN, Johannesen TB, Lillebaek T, Fonager J, Fomsgaard A, Møller FT, Stegger M, Overvad M, Spiess K, Mortensen LH. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 in Denmark. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5760. [PMID: 36180438 PMCID: PMC9524324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and new variants emerge. Using nationwide Danish data, we estimate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 within households. Among 22,678 primary cases, we identified 17,319 secondary infections among 50,588 household contacts during a 1–7 day follow-up. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was 29% and 39% in households infected with Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, respectively. BA.2 was associated with increased susceptibility of infection for unvaccinated household contacts (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.99; 95%–CI 1.72-2.31), fully vaccinated contacts (OR 2.26; 95%–CI 1.95–2.62) and booster-vaccinated contacts (OR 2.65; 95%–CI 2.29–3.08), compared to BA.1. We also found increased infectiousness from unvaccinated primary cases infected with BA.2 compared to BA.1 (OR 2.47; 95%–CI 2.15–2.84), but not for fully vaccinated (OR 0.66; 95%–CI 0.57–0.78) or booster-vaccinated primary cases (OR 0.69; 95%–CI 0.59–0.82). Omicron BA.2 is inherently more transmissible than BA.1. Its immune-evasive properties also reduce the protective effect of vaccination against infection, but do not increase infectiousness of breakthrough infections from vaccinated individuals. In this study, the authors use household data from Denmark to investigate the transmissibility of the BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron SARS-CoV-2 subvariants. They find that the secondary attack rate was higher for BA.2, but that it had higher infectiousness only when cases were not vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Plesner Lyngse
- Department of Economics & Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Danish Ministry of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Engbo Christiansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; Dynamical Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Troels Lillebaek
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Lyngse FP, Kirkeby CT, Denwood M, Christiansen LE, Mølbak K, Møller CH, Skov RL, Krause TG, Rasmussen M, Sieber RN, Johannesen TB, Lillebaek T, Fonager J, Fomsgaard A, Møller FT, Stegger M, Overvad M, Spiess K, Mortensen LH. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 in Denmark. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5760. [PMID: 36180438 DOI: 10.1101/2022.1101.1128.22270044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and new variants emerge. Using nationwide Danish data, we estimate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.1 and BA.2 within households. Among 22,678 primary cases, we identified 17,319 secondary infections among 50,588 household contacts during a 1-7 day follow-up. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was 29% and 39% in households infected with Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, respectively. BA.2 was associated with increased susceptibility of infection for unvaccinated household contacts (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.99; 95%-CI 1.72-2.31), fully vaccinated contacts (OR 2.26; 95%-CI 1.95-2.62) and booster-vaccinated contacts (OR 2.65; 95%-CI 2.29-3.08), compared to BA.1. We also found increased infectiousness from unvaccinated primary cases infected with BA.2 compared to BA.1 (OR 2.47; 95%-CI 2.15-2.84), but not for fully vaccinated (OR 0.66; 95%-CI 0.57-0.78) or booster-vaccinated primary cases (OR 0.69; 95%-CI 0.59-0.82). Omicron BA.2 is inherently more transmissible than BA.1. Its immune-evasive properties also reduce the protective effect of vaccination against infection, but do not increase infectiousness of breakthrough infections from vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Plesner Lyngse
- Department of Economics & Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Danish Ministry of Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Engbo Christiansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; Dynamical Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Troels Lillebaek
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Lyngse FP, Mortensen LH, Denwood MJ, Christiansen LE, Møller CH, Skov RL, Spiess K, Fomsgaard A, Lassaunière R, Rasmussen M, Stegger M, Nielsen C, Sieber RN, Cohen AS, Møller FT, Overvad M, Mølbak K, Krause TG, Kirkeby CT. Household transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Denmark. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5573. [PMID: 36151099 PMCID: PMC9508106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2021, the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant overtook the previously dominant Delta variant, but the extent to which this transition was driven by immune evasion or a change in the inherent transmissibility is currently unclear. We estimate SARS-CoV-2 transmission within Danish households during December 2021. Among 26,675 households (8,568 with the Omicron VOC), we identified 14,140 secondary infections within a 1-7-day follow-up period. The secondary attack rate was 29% and 21% in households infected with Omicron and Delta, respectively. For Omicron, the odds of infection were 1.10 (95%-CI: 1.00-1.21) times higher for unvaccinated, 2.38 (95%-CI: 2.23-2.54) times higher for fully vaccinated and 3.20 (95%-CI: 2.67-3.83) times higher for booster-vaccinated contacts compared to Delta. We conclude that the transition from Delta to Omicron VOC was primarily driven by immune evasiveness and to a lesser extent an inherent increase in the basic transmissibility of the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Plesner Lyngse
- Department of Economics & Center for Economic Behavior and Inequality, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Danish Ministry of Health, Holbergsgade 6, DK-1057, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Statistics Denmark, Sejrøgade 11, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Engbo Christiansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Dynamical Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 324, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Robert Leo Skov
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Raphael Niklaus Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maria Overvad
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thure Kirkeby
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Andersen MK, Skotte L, Jørsboe E, Polito R, Stæger FF, Aldiss P, Hanghøj K, Waples RK, Santander CG, Grarup N, Dahl-Petersen IK, Diaz LJ, Overvad M, Senftleber NK, Søborg B, Larsen CVL, Lemoine C, Pedersen O, Feenstra B, Bjerregaard P, Melbye M, Jørgensen ME, Færgeman NJ, Koch A, Moritz T, Gillum MP, Moltke I, Hansen T, Albrechtsen A. Loss of Sucrase-Isomaltase Function Increases Acetate Levels and Improves Metabolic Health in Greenlandic Cohorts. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1171-1182.e3. [PMID: 34914943 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The sucrase-isomaltase (SI) c.273_274delAG loss-of-function variant is common in Arctic populations and causes congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, which is an inability to break down and absorb sucrose and isomaltose. Children with this condition experience gastrointestinal symptoms when dietary sucrose is introduced. We aimed to describe the health of adults with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. METHODS The association between c.273_274delAG and phenotypes related to metabolic health was assessed in 2 cohorts of Greenlandic adults (n = 4922 and n = 1629). A sucrase-isomaltase knockout (Sis-KO) mouse model was used to further elucidate the findings. RESULTS Homozygous carriers of the variant had a markedly healthier metabolic profile than the remaining population, including lower body mass index (β [standard error], -2.0 [0.5] kg/m2; P = 3.1 × 10-5), body weight (-4.8 [1.4] kg; P = 5.1 × 10-4), fat percentage (-3.3% [1.0%]; P = 3.7 × 10-4), fasting triglyceride (-0.27 [0.07] mmol/L; P = 2.3 × 10-6), and remnant cholesterol (-0.11 [0.03] mmol/L; P = 4.2 × 10-5). Further analyses suggested that this was likely mediated partly by higher circulating levels of acetate observed in homozygous carriers (β [standard error], 0.056 [0.002] mmol/L; P = 2.1 × 10-26), and partly by reduced sucrose uptake, but not lower caloric intake. These findings were verified in Sis-KO mice, which, compared with wild-type mice, were leaner on a sucrose-containing diet, despite similar caloric intake, had significantly higher plasma acetate levels in response to a sucrose gavage, and had lower plasma glucose level in response to a sucrose-tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that sucrase-isomaltase constitutes a promising drug target for improvement of metabolic health, and that the health benefits are mediated by reduced dietary sucrose uptake and possibly also by higher levels of circulating acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Jørsboe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan Polito
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik F Stæger
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Hanghøj
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan K Waples
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cindy G Santander
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger K Dahl-Petersen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lars J Diaz
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Ninna K Senftleber
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Bolette Søborg
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina V L Larsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Clara Lemoine
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Koch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew P Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Moltke
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Fonager J, Bennedbæk M, Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Ellegaard KM, Ingham AC, Edslev SM, Stegger M, Sieber RN, Lassauniere R, Fomsgaard A, Lillebaek T, Svarrer CW, Møller FT, Møller CH, Legarth R, Sydenham TV, Steinke K, Paulsen SJ, Castruita JAS, Schneider UV, Schouw CH, Nielsen XC, Overvad M, Nielsen RT, Marvig RL, Pedersen MS, Nielsen L, Nilsson LL, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Tarpgaard IH, Ebsen TS, Lam JUH, Gunalan V, Rasmussen M. Molecular epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron BA.2 sub-lineage in Denmark, 29 November 2021 to 2 January 2022. Euro Surveill 2022; 27. [PMID: 35272746 PMCID: PMC8915403 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.10.2200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron in November 2021, the dominant BA.1 sub-lineage was replaced by the BA.2 sub-lineage in Denmark. We analysed the first 2,623 BA.2 cases from 29 November 2021 to 2 January 2022. No epidemiological or clinical differences were found between individuals infected with BA.1 versus BA.2. Phylogenetic analyses showed a geographic east-to-west transmission of BA.2 from the Capital Region with clusters expanding after the Christmas holidays. Mutational analysis shows distinct differences between BA.1 and BA.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Fonager
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Bennedbæk
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Bager
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Wohlfahrt
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anna Cäcilia Ingham
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Marie Edslev
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael Niklaus Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassauniere
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Lillebaek
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Wiid Svarrer
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Trier Møller
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rebecca Legarth
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kat Steinke
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Sarah Juel Paulsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Uffe Vest Schneider
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maria Overvad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Thoft Nielsen
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus L Marvig
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Schou Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Line Lynge Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Janni Uyen Hoa Lam
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Espenhain L, Funk T, Overvad M, Edslev SM, Fonager J, Ingham AC, Rasmussen M, Madsen SL, Espersen CH, Sieber RN, Stegger M, Gunalan V, Wilkowski B, Larsen NB, Legarth R, Cohen AS, Nielsen F, Lam JUH, Lavik KE, Karakis M, Spiess K, Marving E, Nielsen C, Wiid Svarrer C, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Olsen SS, Jensen A, Krause TG, Müller L. Epidemiological characterisation of the first 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases in Denmark, December 2021. Euro Surveill 2021; 26. [PMID: 34915977 PMCID: PMC8728489 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.50.2101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By 9 December 2021, 785 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant cases have been identified in Denmark. Most cases were fully (76%) or booster-vaccinated (7.1%); 34 (4.3%) had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The majority of cases with available information reported symptoms (509/666; 76%) and most were infected in Denmark (588/644; 91%). One in five cases cannot be linked to previous cases, indicating widespread community transmission. Nine cases have been hospitalised, one required intensive care and no deaths have been registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Espenhain
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tjede Funk
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Overvad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Marie Edslev
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Cäcilia Ingham
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Leth Madsen
- COVID-19 tracing Unit, Danish Patient Safety Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bartlomiej Wilkowski
- TestCenter Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rebecca Legarth
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Finn Nielsen
- The Data integration and Analysis Secretariat, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janni Uyen Hoa Lam
- The Data integration and Analysis Secretariat, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjetil Erdogan Lavik
- The Data integration and Analysis Secretariat, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Karakis
- The Data integration and Analysis Secretariat, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Spiess
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellinor Marving
- Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Nielsen
- TestCenter Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Wiid Svarrer
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stefan Schytte Olsen
- The Data integration and Analysis Secretariat, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Jensen
- TestCenter Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra Grove Krause
- Epidemiological Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luise Müller
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Senftleber NK, Overvad M, Dahl-Petersen IK, Bjerregaard P, Jørgensen ME. Diet and physical activity in Greenland: genetic interactions and associations with obesity and diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:849-855. [PMID: 34107227 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Inuit in Greenland have gone through dramatic lifestyle changes during the last half century. More time is spent being sedentary and imported foods replaces traditional foods like seal and whale. The population has also experienced a rapid growth in obesity and metabolic disturbances and diabetes is today common despite being almost unknown few decades ago. In this paper, we describe and discuss the role of lifestyle changes and genetics for Inuit metabolic health. Novelty: Cardiometabolic disease risk has increased in Greenland. Lifestyle changes and possibly gene-lifestyle interactions play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Bjerregaard
- National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marit Eika Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.,National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
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12
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Grarup N, Overvad M, Sparsø T, Witte DR, Pisinger C, Jørgensen T, Yamauchi T, Hara K, Maeda S, Kadowaki T, Hansen T, Pedersen O. The diabetogenic VPS13C/C2CD4A/C2CD4B rs7172432 variant impairs glucose-stimulated insulin response in 5,722 non-diabetic Danish individuals. Diabetologia 2011; 54:789-94. [PMID: 21249489 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-2031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A genome-wide association study in the Japanese population reported two genome-wide significant loci associated with type 2 diabetes of which the VPS13C/C2CD4A/C2CD4B locus was replicated in Europeans. We looked for potential associations between the diabetogenic VPS13C/C2CD4A/C2CD4B rs7172432 variant and diabetes-related intermediary traits. METHODS We genotyped the rs7172432 variant in the population-based Inter99 cohort (n = 6,784) and analysed quantitative diabetes-related traits in 5,722 non-diabetic participants who all were examined by an OGTT. RESULTS The diabetes-associated A allele was associated with 0.60 cm higher waist circumference (p = 0.004), 0.037 mmol/l higher fasting plasma glucose (p = 4 × 10(-5)) and 0.11 mmol/l higher plasma glucose at 30 min during an OGTT (p = 4 × 10(-4)). In analyses adjusted for concomitant insulin sensitivity levels the diabetogenic allele was associated with a lower acute glucose-stimulated insulin response (GSIR) as estimated by 30 min serum insulin (β = -0.039, p = 2 × 10(-7)), insulinogenic index (β = -0.057, p = 1 × 10(-8)) and BIGTT-acute insulin release (β = -0.041, p = 9 × 10(-9)). As rs7172432 is situated in a region previously associated with glycaemic traits, we tested linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the reported regional lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms for fasting (rs11071657) and 2 h plasma glucose (rs17271305), and performed conditional analyses of rs7172432. Rs7172432 showed moderate LD with rs11071657 and rs17271305 (R (2) < 0.34) and we found strong association by almost unchanged effect sizes of rs7172432 with plasma glucose and estimates of GSIR in analyses conditional on rs11071657 and rs17271305. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The diabetogenic VPS13C/C2CD4A/C2CD4B rs7172432 A allele associates with GSIR in non-diabetic individuals from the general population, suggesting an impaired beta cell function as an intermediary diabetes-related trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grarup
- Marie Krogh Center for Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1-3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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