1
|
Tsvilovskyy V, Ottenheijm R, Kriebs U, Schütz A, Diakopoulos KN, Jha A, Bildl W, Wirth A, Böck J, Jaślan D, Ferro I, Taberner FJ, Kalinina O, Hildebrand S, Wissenbach U, Weissgerber P, Vogt D, Eberhagen C, Mannebach S, Berlin M, Kuryshev V, Schumacher D, Philippaert K, Camacho-Londoño JE, Mathar I, Dieterich C, Klugbauer N, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Lipp P, Flockerzi V, Zischka H, Algül H, Lechner SG, Lesina M, Grimm C, Fakler B, Schulte U, Muallem S, Freichel M. OCaR1 endows exocytic vesicles with autoregulatory competence by preventing uncontrolled Ca2+ release, exocytosis, and pancreatic tissue damage. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e169428. [PMID: 38557489 PMCID: PMC10977991 DOI: 10.1172/jci169428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis is initiated by increased Ca2+ concentrations in close spatial proximity to secretory granules, which is effectively prevented when the cell is at rest. Here we showed that exocytosis of zymogen granules in acinar cells was driven by Ca2+ directly released from acidic Ca2+ stores including secretory granules through NAADP-activated two-pore channels (TPCs). We identified OCaR1 (encoded by Tmem63a) as an organellar Ca2+ regulator protein integral to the membrane of secretory granules that controlled Ca2+ release via inhibition of TPC1 and TPC2 currents. Deletion of OCaR1 led to extensive Ca2+ release from NAADP-responsive granules under basal conditions as well as upon stimulation of GPCR receptors. Moreover, OCaR1 deletion exacerbated the disease phenotype in murine models of severe and chronic pancreatitis. Our findings showed OCaR1 as a gatekeeper of Ca2+ release that endows NAADP-sensitive secretory granules with an autoregulatory mechanism preventing uncontrolled exocytosis and pancreatic tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Ottenheijm
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kriebs
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aline Schütz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kalliope Nina Diakopoulos
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Archana Jha
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute for Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela Wirth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Böck
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Ferro
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Taberner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Olga Kalinina
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Staffan Hildebrand
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wissenbach
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Petra Weissgerber
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Vogt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mannebach
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Berlin
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kuryshev
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Koenraad Philippaert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ilka Mathar
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Medicine III: Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Klugbauer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fakultät für Medizin, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Lipp
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan G. Lechner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Lesina
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research (IIP), Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Fakler
- Institute for Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Schulte
- Institute for Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nagy N, Pal M, Kun J, Galik B, Urban P, Medvecz M, Fabos B, Neller A, Abdolreza A, Danis J, Szabo V, Yang Z, Fenske S, Biel M, Gyenesei A, Adam E, Szell M. Missing Heritability in Albinism: Deep Characterization of a Hungarian Albinism Cohort Raises the Possibility of the Digenic Genetic Background of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1271. [PMID: 38279271 PMCID: PMC10817051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Albinism is characterized by a variable degree of hypopigmentation affecting the skin and the hair, and causing ophthalmologic abnormalities. Its oculocutaneous, ocular and syndromic forms follow an autosomal or X-linked recessive mode of inheritance, and 22 disease-causing genes are implicated in their development. Our aim was to clarify the genetic background of a Hungarian albinism cohort. Using a 22-gene albinism panel, the genetic background of 11 of the 17 Hungarian patients was elucidated. In patients with unidentified genetic backgrounds (n = 6), whole exome sequencing was performed. Our investigations revealed a novel, previously unreported rare variant (N687S) of the two-pore channel two gene (TPCN2). The N687S variant of the encoded TPC2 protein is carried by a 15-year-old Hungarian male albinism patient and his clinically unaffected mother. Our segregational analysis and in vitro functional experiments suggest that the detected novel rare TPCN2 variant alone is not a disease-causing variant in albinism. Deep genetic analyses of the family revealed that the patient also carries a phenotype-modifying R305W variant of the OCA2 protein, and he is the only family member harboring this genotype. Our results raise the possibility that this digenic combination might contribute to the observed differences between the patient and the mother, and found the genetic background of the disease in his case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Margit Pal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Kun
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Bence Galik
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Peter Urban
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Marta Medvecz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1095 Budapest, Hungary;
- ERN-Skin Reference Centre, Semmelweis University, 1095 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Fabos
- Mor Kaposi Teaching Hospital of Somogy County, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary;
| | - Alexandra Neller
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Aliasgari Abdolreza
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Judit Danis
- HUN-REN-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Szabo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.K.); (B.G.); (P.U.); (A.G.)
| | - Eva Adam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marta Szell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.P.); (A.N.); (A.A.); (E.A.); (M.S.)
- HUN-REN-SZTE Functional Clinical Genetic Research Group, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun K, Luo Y, Yang J, Li A, Kiupel M, Fenske S, Biel M, Mi QS, Wang H, Xiao H. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 3 promotes HCC development in a female-biased manner. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113157. [PMID: 37733590 PMCID: PMC10873026 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development are regulated by sex and non-sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and environmental factors. We previously reported that Ncoa5+/- mice develop HCC in a male-biased manner. Here we show that NCOA5 expression is reduced in male patient HCCs while the expression of an NCOA5-interacting tumor suppressor, TIP30, is lower in female HCCs. Tip30 heterozygous deletion does not change HCC incidence in Ncoa5+/- male mice but dramatically increases HCC incidence in Ncoa5+/- female mice, accompanied by hepatic hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 3 (HCN3) overexpression. HCN3 overexpression cooperates with MYC to promote mouse HCC development, whereas Hcn3 knockout preferentially hinders HCC development in female mice. Furthermore, HCN3 amplification and overexpression occur in human HCCs and correlate with a poorer prognosis of patients in a female-biased manner. Our results suggest that TIP30 and NCOA5 protect against female liver oncogenesis and that HCN3 is a female-biased HCC driver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cancer Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Kairui Sun
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cancer Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Jack Yang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cancer Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510315, China
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Immunology Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Riedmayr LM, Hinrichsmeyer KS, Thalhammer SB, Mittas DM, Karguth N, Otify DY, Böhm S, Weber VJ, Bartoschek MD, Splith V, Brümmer M, Ferreira R, Boon N, Wögenstein GM, Grimm C, Wijnholds J, Mehlfeld V, Michalakis S, Fenske S, Biel M, Becirovic E. mRNA trans-splicing dual AAV vectors for (epi)genome editing and gene therapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6578. [PMID: 37852949 PMCID: PMC10584818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Large genes including several CRISPR-Cas modules like gene activators (CRISPRa) require dual adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for an efficient in vivo delivery and expression. Current dual AAV vector approaches have important limitations, e.g., low reconstitution efficiency, production of alien proteins, or low flexibility in split site selection. Here, we present a dual AAV vector technology based on reconstitution via mRNA trans-splicing (REVeRT). REVeRT is flexible in split site selection and can efficiently reconstitute different split genes in numerous in vitro models, in human organoids, and in vivo. Furthermore, REVeRT can functionally reconstitute a CRISPRa module targeting genes in various mouse tissues and organs in single or multiplexed approaches upon different routes of administration. Finally, REVeRT enabled the reconstitution of full-length ABCA4 after intravitreal injection in a mouse model of Stargardt disease. Due to its flexibility and efficiency REVeRT harbors great potential for basic research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Riedmayr
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | | | | | - David Manuel Mittas
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Nina Karguth
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Dina Yehia Otify
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | | | - Valentin Johannes Weber
- Laboratory for Retinal Gene Therapy, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Manuela Brümmer
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Raphael Ferreira
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nanda Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Maria Wögenstein
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Christian Grimm
- Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Verena Mehlfeld
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Laboratory for Retinal Gene Therapy, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alexander SPH, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Striessnig J, Kelly E, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Davies JA, Aldrich RW, Attali B, Baggetta AM, Becirovic E, Biel M, Bill RM, Caceres AI, Catterall WA, Conner AC, Davies P, De Clerq K, Delling M, Di Virgilio F, Falzoni S, Fenske S, Fortuny-Gomez A, Fountain S, George C, Goldstein SAN, Grimm C, Grissmer S, Ha K, Hammelmann V, Hanukoglu I, Hu M, Ijzerman AP, Jabba SV, Jarvis M, Jensen AA, Jordt SE, Kaczmarek LK, Kellenberger S, Kennedy C, King B, Kitchen P, Liu Q, Lynch JW, Meades J, Mehlfeld V, Nicke A, Offermanns S, Perez-Reyes E, Plant LD, Rash L, Ren D, Salman MM, Sieghart W, Sivilotti LG, Smart TG, Snutch TP, Tian J, Trimmer JS, Van den Eynde C, Vriens J, Wei AD, Winn BT, Wulff H, Xu H, Yang F, Fang W, Yue L, Zhang X, Zhu M. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: Ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180 Suppl 2:S145-S222. [PMID: 38123150 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24 is the sixth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of approximately 1800 drug targets, and over 6000 interactions with about 3900 ligands. There is an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes almost 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.16178. Ion channels are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2023, and supersedes data presented in the 2021/22, 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alistair A Mathie
- School of Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, IP4 1QJ, UK
| | - John A Peters
- Neurosci-ence Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jane F Armstrong
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Simon D Harding
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Biel
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Davies
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | | | - Markus Delling
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chandy George
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Kotdaji Ha
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annette Nicke
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research/JW Goethe University, Bad Nauheim/Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dejian Ren
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinbin Tian
- University of Texas at Houston, Houston, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lixia Yue
- University of Connecticut, Farmington, USA
| | | | - Michael Zhu
- University of Texas at Houston, Houston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kassab NED, Mehlfeld V, Kass J, Biel M, Schneider G, Rammes G. Xenon's Sedative Effect Is Mediated by Interaction with the Cyclic Nucleotide-Binding Domain (CNBD) of HCN2 Channels Expressed by Thalamocortical Neurons of the Ventrobasal Nucleus in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108613. [PMID: 37239964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that xenon reduces hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels type-2 (HCN2) channel-mediated current (Ih) amplitude and shifts the half-maximal activation voltage (V1/2) in thalamocortical circuits of acute brain slices to more hyperpolarized potentials. HCN2 channels are dually gated by the membrane voltage and via cyclic nucleotides binding to the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) on the channel. In this study, we hypothesize that xenon interferes with the HCN2 CNBD to mediate its effect. Using the transgenic mice model HCN2EA, in which the binding of cAMP to HCN2 was abolished by two amino acid mutations (R591E, T592A), we performed ex-vivo patch-clamp recordings and in-vivo open-field test to prove this hypothesis. Our data showed that xenon (1.9 mM) application to brain slices shifts the V1/2 of Ih to more hyperpolarized potentials in wild-type thalamocortical neurons (TC) (V1/2: -97.09 [-99.56--95.04] mV compared to control -85.67 [-94.47--82.10] mV; p = 0.0005). These effects were abolished in HCN2EA neurons (TC), whereby the V1/2 reached only -92.56 [-93.16- -89.68] mV with xenon compared to -90.03 [-98.99--84.59] mV in the control (p = 0.84). After application of a xenon mixture (70% xenon, 30% O2), wild-type mice activity in the open-field test decreased to 5 [2-10] while in HCN2EA mice it remained at 30 [15-42]%, (p = 0.0006). In conclusion, we show that xenon impairs HCN2 channel function by interfering with the HCN2 CNBD site and provide in-vivo evidence that this mechanism contributes to xenon-mediated hypnotic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Dine Kassab
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Mehlfeld
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitñt Mnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kass
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitñt Mnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitñt Mnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gibbs KD, Wang L, Yang Z, Anderson CE, Bourgeois JS, Cao Y, Gaggioli MR, Biel M, Puertollano R, Chen CC, Ko DC. Human variation impacting MCOLN2 restricts Salmonella Typhi replication by magnesium deprivation. Cell Genom 2023; 3:100290. [PMID: 37228749 PMCID: PMC10203047 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic diversity can reveal critical factors in host-pathogen interactions. This is especially useful for human-restricted pathogens like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the cause of typhoid fever. One key defense during bacterial infection is nutritional immunity: host cells attempt to restrict bacterial replication by denying bacteria access to key nutrients or supplying toxic metabolites. Here, a cellular genome-wide association study of intracellular replication by S. Typhi in nearly a thousand cell lines from around the world-and extensive follow-up using intracellular S. Typhi transcriptomics and manipulation of magnesium availability-demonstrates that the divalent cation channel mucolipin-2 (MCOLN2 or TRPML2) restricts S. Typhi intracellular replication through magnesium deprivation. Mg2+ currents, conducted through MCOLN2 and out of endolysosomes, were measured directly using patch-clamping of the endolysosomal membrane. Our results reveal Mg2+ limitation as a key component of nutritional immunity against S. Typhi and as a source of variable host resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline E. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yanlu Cao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spix B, Castiglioni AJ, Remis NN, Flores EN, Wartenberg P, Wyatt A, Boehm U, Gudermann T, Biel M, García-Añoveros J, Grimm C. Whole-body analysis of TRPML3 (MCOLN3) expression using a GFP-reporter mouse model reveals widespread expression in secretory cells and endocrine glands. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278848. [PMID: 36520788 PMCID: PMC10045552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPML3 (mucolipin 3, MCOLN3) is an endolysosomal cation channel belonging to the TRPML subfamily of transient receptor potential channels. Gain-of-function mutations in the Trpml3 gene cause deafness, circling behavior and coat color dilution in mice due to cell death of TRPML3-expressing hair cells of the inner ear or skin melanocytes, respectively. Furthermore, TRPML3 was found to play a role in the long term survival of cochlear hair cells (its absence contributing to presbycusis), in specialized giant lysosomes that neonatal (birth to weaning) enterocytes used for the uptake and digestion of maternal milk nutrients, and in the expulsion of exosome-encased bacteria such as uropathogenic E. coli, infecting bladder epithelial cells. Recently, TRPML3 was found to be expressed at high levels in alveolar macrophages and loss of TRPML3 results in a lung emphysema phenotype, confirmed in two independently engineered Trpml3 knockout lines. TRPML3 is not ubiquitously expressed like its relative TRPML1 and thus cellular expression of TRPML3 on a whole-tissue level remains, with the exceptions mentioned above, largely elusive. To overcome this problem, we generated a τGFP reporter mouse model for TRPML3 and compared expression data obtained from this model by immunofluorescence on tissue sections with immunohistochemistry using TRPML3 antibodies and in situ hybridization. We thus uncovered expression in several organs and distinct cell types. We confirmed TRPML3 expression in both neonatal and adult alveolar macrophages, in melanocytes of hair follicles and glabrous skin, in principle cells of the collecting duct of the neonatal and adult kidney, and in olfactory sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium, including its fibres protruding to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Additionally, we localized TRPML3 in several glands including parathyroid, thyroid, salivary, adrenal, and pituitary gland, testes and ovaries, suggestive of potential roles for the channel in secretion or uptake of different hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spix
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Castiglioni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Natalie N. Remis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in the Life Sciences (IGP), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Emma N. Flores
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience (NUIN) graduate program, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaime García-Añoveros
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Integrated Graduate Program in the Life Sciences (IGP), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience (NUIN) graduate program, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, and Hugh Knowles Center for Clinical and Basic Science in Hearing and Its Disorders, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JGA); (CG)
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (JGA); (CG)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berlin M, Londoño JEC, Ottenheijm R, Kraft A, Bacmeister L, Tsvilovskyy V, Meyer S, Hennis K, Gerndt S, Offen K, Leuschner F, Bracher F, Fenske S, Biel M, Hansen A, Grimm C, Wahl-Schott C, Freichel M. An endo-lysosomal Ca2+ store in cardiomyocytes controlled by OCaR proteins determines fatal tachyarrhythmias. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
10
|
Murenu E, Gerhardt MJ, Biel M, Michalakis S. More than meets the eye: The role of microglia in healthy and diseased retina. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006897. [PMID: 36524119 PMCID: PMC9745050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident immune cells of the nervous system and as such they are involved in multiple roles ranging from tissue homeostasis to response to insults and circuit refinement. While most knowledge about microglia comes from brain studies, some mechanisms have been confirmed for microglia cells in the retina, the light-sensing compartment of the eye responsible for initial processing of visual information. However, several key pieces of this puzzle are still unaccounted for, as the characterization of retinal microglia has long been hindered by the reduced population size within the retina as well as the previous lack of technologies enabling single-cell analyses. Accumulating evidence indicates that the same cell type may harbor a high degree of transcriptional, morphological and functional differences depending on its location within the central nervous system. Thus, studying the roles and signatures adopted specifically by microglia in the retina has become increasingly important. Here, we review the current understanding of retinal microglia cells in physiology and in disease, with particular emphasis on newly discovered mechanisms and future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Murenu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Elisa Murenu, ; ; Stylianos Michalakis,
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Elisa Murenu, ; ; Stylianos Michalakis,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reichel FF, Michalakis S, Wilhelm B, Zobor D, Muehlfriedel R, Kohl S, Weisschuh N, Sothilingam V, Kuehlewein L, Kahle N, Seitz I, Paquet-Durand F, Tsang SH, Martus P, Peters T, Seeliger M, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Ueffing M, Zrenner E, Biel M, Wissinger B, Fischer D. Three-year results of phase I retinal gene therapy trial for CNGA3-mutated achromatopsia: results of a non randomised controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol 2022; 106:1567-1572. [PMID: 34006508 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of a subretinal gene therapy for CNGA3-associated achromatopsia. We present data from an open-label, nonrandomised controlled trial (NCT02610582). METHODS Details of the study design have been previously described. Briefly, nine patients were treated in three escalating dose groups with subretinal AAV8.CNGA3 gene therapy between November 2015 and October 2016. After the first year, patients were seen on a yearly basis. Safety assessment constituted the primary endpoint. On a secondary level, multiple functional tests were carried out to determine efficacy of the therapy. RESULTS No adverse or serious adverse events deemed related to the study drug occurred after year 1. Safety of the therapy, as the primary endpoint of this trial, can, therefore, be confirmed. The functional benefits that were noted in the treated eye at year 1 were persistent throughout the following visits at years 2 and 3. While functional improvement in the treated eye reached statistical significance for some secondary endpoints, for most endpoints, this was not the case when the treated eye was compared with the untreated fellow eye. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate a very good safety profile of the therapy even at the highest dose administered. The small sample size limits the statistical power of efficacy analyses. However, trial results inform on the most promising design and endpoints for future clinical trials. Such trials have to determine whether treatment of younger patients results in greater functional gains by avoiding amblyopia as a potential limiting factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Friedrich Reichel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Bayern, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilhelm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ditta Zobor
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Regine Muehlfriedel
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Kuehlewein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Immanuel Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Francois Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mathias Seeliger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Zrenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Tübingen, Germany
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Jaślan D, Abrahamian C, Montefusco S, Soldati C, Spix B, Pizzo MT, Grieco G, Böck J, Wyatt A, Wünkhaus D, Passon M, Stieglitz M, Keller M, Hermey G, Markmann S, Gruber-Schoffnegger D, Cotman S, Johannes L, Crusius D, Boehm U, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Bracher F, De Leonibus E, Polishchuk E, Medina DL, Paquet D, Grimm C. TPC2 rescues lysosomal storage in mucolipidosis type IV, Niemann-Pick type C1, and Batten disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15377. [PMID: 35929194 PMCID: PMC9449600 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cell organelles that degrade macromolecules to recycle their components. If lysosomal degradative function is impaired, e.g., due to mutations in lysosomal enzymes or membrane proteins, lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) can develop. LSDs manifest often with neurodegenerative symptoms, typically starting in early childhood, and going along with a strongly reduced life expectancy and quality of life. We show here that small molecule activation of the Ca2+‐permeable endolysosomal two‐pore channel 2 (TPC2) results in an amelioration of cellular phenotypes associated with LSDs such as cholesterol or lipofuscin accumulation, or the formation of abnormal vacuoles seen by electron microscopy. Rescue effects by TPC2 activation, which promotes lysosomal exocytosis and autophagy, were assessed in mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), Niemann–Pick type C1, and Batten disease patient fibroblasts, and in neurons derived from newly generated isogenic human iPSC models for MLIV and Batten disease. For in vivo proof of concept, we tested TPC2 activation in the MLIV mouse model. In sum, our data suggest that TPC2 is a promising target for the treatment of different types of LSDs, both in vitro and in‐vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scotto Rosato
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Abrahamian
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Spix
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Böck
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Passon
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Stieglitz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Susan Cotman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Dennis Crusius
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hennis K, Rötzer RD, Rilling J, Wu Y, Thalhammer SB, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S. In vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological study of the mouse heart to characterize the cardiac conduction system, including atrial and ventricular vulnerability. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1189-1222. [PMID: 35314849 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mouse is a common and cost-effective animal model for basic research, and the number of genetically engineered mouse models with cardiac phenotype is increasing. In vivo electrophysiological study in mice is similar to that performed in humans. It is indispensable for acquiring intracardiac electrocardiogram recordings and determining baseline cardiac cycle intervals. Furthermore, the use of programmed electrical stimulation enables determination of parameters such as sinoatrial conduction time, sinus node recovery time, atrioventricular-nodal conduction properties, Wenckebach periodicity, refractory periods and arrhythmia vulnerability. This protocol describes specific procedures for determining these parameters that were adapted from analogous human protocols for use in mice. We include details of ex vivo electrophysiological study, which provides detailed insights into intrinsic cardiac electrophysiology without external influences from humoral and neural factors. In addition, we describe a heart preparation with intact innervation by the vagus nerve that can be used as an ex vivo model for vagal control of the cardiac conduction system. Data acquisition for in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological study takes ~1 h per mouse, depending on the number of stimulation protocols applied during the procedure. The technique yields highly reliable results and can be used for phenotyping of cardiac disease models, elucidating disease mechanisms and confirming functional improvements in gene therapy approaches as well as for drug and toxicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Hennis
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René D Rötzer
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Rilling
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yakun Wu
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan B Thalhammer
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Kuo CY, Huang MC, Chang SY, Biel M. Endolysosomal cation channels point the way towards precision medicine of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112751. [PMID: 35240524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancer are among the key medical challenges that humankind is facing today. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of both groups of diseases. The development of advanced patch-clamp technologies has allowed us to directly characterize ion fluxes through endolysosomal ion channels in their native environments. Endolysosomes are essential organelles for intracellular transport, digestion and metabolism, and maintenance of homeostasis. The endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system through four basic mechanisms: calcium release, control of membrane potential, pH change, and osmolarity regulation. In this review, we put particular emphasis on the endolysosomal cation channels, including TPC2 and TRPML2, which are particularly important in monocyte function. We discuss existing endogenous and synthetic ligands of these channels and summarize current knowledge of their impact on channel activity and function in different cell types. Moreover, we summarize recent findings on the importance of TPC2 and TRPML2 channels as potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of the emerging infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Siow WX, Kabiri Y, Tang R, Chao YK, Plesch E, Eberhagen C, Flenkenthaler F, Fröhlich T, Bracher F, Grimm C, Biel M, Zischka H, Vollmar AM, Bartel K. Lysosomal TRPML1 regulates mitochondrial function in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274242. [PMID: 35274126 PMCID: PMC8977057 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are the second most lethal cancers worldwide and novel therapeutic strategies are still highly needed. Recently, the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML1 has gained focus in cancer research representing an interesting novel target. We utilized the recently developed isoform-selective TRPML1 activator ML1-SA1 and the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate tools for over-activation and loss-of-function studies on TRPML1 in HCC. After verification of our tools, we investigated the role of TRPML1 in HCC by studying proliferation, apoptosis, and proteomic alterations. Further, we analyzed mitochondrial function in detail, facilitating confocal and transmission electron microscopy, combined with SeahorseTM and Oroboros® functional analysis. We report that TRPML1 over-activation by a novel, isoform-selective, low-molecular activator induces apoptosis by impairing mitochondrial function calcium dependently. Additionally, TRPML1 loss-of-function deregulates mitochondrial renewal, which leads to proliferation impairment. Thus, our study reveals a novel role for TRPML1 as regulator of mitochondrial function and its modulators as promising molecules for novel therapeutic options in HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong Siow
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yaschar Kabiri
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spix B, Butz ES, Chen CC, Rosato AS, Tang R, Jeridi A, Kudrina V, Plesch E, Wartenberg P, Arlt E, Briukhovetska D, Ansari M, Günsel GG, Conlon TM, Wyatt A, Wetzel S, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Ectors F, Boekhoff I, Boehm U, García-Añoveros J, Saftig P, Giera M, Kobold S, Schiller HB, Zierler S, Gudermann T, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Yildirim AÖ, Biel M, Grimm C. Lung emphysema and impaired macrophage elastase clearance in mucolipin 3 deficient mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:318. [PMID: 35031603 PMCID: PMC8760276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Excess macrophage elastase MMP-12, which is predominantly secreted from alveolar macrophages, is known to mediate the development of lung injury and emphysema. Here, we discovered the endolysosomal cation channel mucolipin 3 (TRPML3) as a regulator of MMP-12 reuptake from broncho-alveolar fluid, driving in two independently generated Trpml3-/- mouse models enlarged lung injury, which is further exacerbated after elastase or tobacco smoke treatment. Mechanistically, using a Trpml3IRES-Cre/eR26-τGFP reporter mouse model, transcriptomics, and endolysosomal patch-clamp experiments, we show that in the lung TRPML3 is almost exclusively expressed in alveolar macrophages, where its loss leads to defects in early endosomal trafficking and endocytosis of MMP-12. Our findings suggest that TRPML3 represents a key regulator of MMP-12 clearance by alveolar macrophages and may serve as therapeutic target for emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spix
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Kudrina
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Arlt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gizem Günes Günsel
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabien Ectors
- FARAH Mammalian Transgenics Platform, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Experimental Pharmacology, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jaime García-Añoveros
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Johannes-Keppler-University, Linz, Australia
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alexander SP, Mathie A, Peters JA, Veale EL, Striessnig J, Kelly E, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Pawson AJ, Southan C, Davies JA, Aldrich RW, Attali B, Baggetta AM, Becirovic E, Biel M, Bill RM, Catterall WA, Conner AC, Davies P, Delling M, Virgilio FD, Falzoni S, Fenske S, George C, Goldstein SAN, Grissmer S, Ha K, Hammelmann V, Hanukoglu I, Jarvis M, Jensen AA, Kaczmarek LK, Kellenberger S, Kennedy C, King B, Kitchen P, Lynch JW, Perez-Reyes E, Plant LD, Rash L, Ren D, Salman MM, Sivilotti LG, Smart TG, Snutch TP, Tian J, Trimmer JS, Van den Eynde C, Vriens J, Wei AD, Winn BT, Wulff H, Xu H, Yue L, Zhang X, Zhu M. THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: Ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178 Suppl 1:S157-S245. [PMID: 34529831 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of nearly 1900 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes over 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.15539. Ion channels are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2021, and supersedes data presented in the 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ph Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alistair Mathie
- School of Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, IP4 1QJ, UK
| | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jane F Armstrong
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Simon D Harding
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Christopher Southan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Biel
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Paul Davies
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Delling
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chandy George
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Kotdaji Ha
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dejian Ren
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinbin Tian
- University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haoxing Xu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael Zhu
- University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wagner JE, Zobel L, Gerhardt MJ, O'Riordan CR, Frederick A, Petersen-Jones SM, Biel M, Michalakis S. In vivo potency testing of subretinal rAAV5.hCNGB1 gene therapy in the Cngb1 knockout mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1158-1170. [PMID: 34376057 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa type 45 (RP45) is an autosomal-recessively inherited blinding disease caused by mutations in the cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit beta 1 (CNGB1) gene. In this study, we developed and tested a novel gene supplementation therapy suitable for clinical translation. To this end, we designed a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector carrying a genome that features a novel human rhodopsin promoter (hRHO194) driving rod-specific expression of full-length human CNGB1 (rAAV5.hCNGB1). rAAV5.hCNGB1 was evaluated for efficacy in the Cngb1 knockout (Cngb1-/-) mouse model of RP45. In particular, increasing doses of rAAV5.hCNGB1 were delivered via single subretinal injection in 4-week-old Cngb1-/- mice and the treatment effect was assessed over a follow-up period of 9 months at the level of (i) retinal morphology, (ii) retinal function, (iii) vision-guided behavior, and (iv) transgene expression. We found that subretinal treatment with rAAV5.hCNGB1 resulted in efficient expression of the human CNGB1 protein in mouse rods and was able to normalize the expression of the endogenous mouse CNGA1 subunit, which together with CNGB1 forms the native heterotetrameric cGMP-gated cation channel in rod photoreceptors. The treatment led to a dose-dependent recovery of rod photoreceptor-driven function and preservation of retinal morphology in Cngb1-/- mice. In summary, these results demonstrate the efficacy of hCNGB1 gene supplementation therapy in the Cngb1-/- mouse model of RP45 and support the translation of this approach towards future clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Wagner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Lena Zobel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, University Hospital - Department of Ophthalmology, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Maximilian Joachim Gerhardt
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, University Hospital - Department of Ophthalmology, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Catherine R O'Riordan
- Sanofi Genzyme, 2194, Gene Therapy, Rare Diseases, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States; Catherine.O'
| | - Amy Frederick
- Sanofi Genzyme, 2194, Gene Therapy, Rare Diseases, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center, East Lansing, Michigan, United States;
| | - Martin Biel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Munich, Bayern, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 9183, University Hospital - Department of Ophthalmology, Munich, Bayern, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Traube FR, Özdemir D, Sahin H, Scheel C, Glück AF, Geserich AS, Oganesian S, Kostidis S, Iwan K, Rahimoff R, Giorgio G, Müller M, Spada F, Biel M, Cox J, Giera M, Michalakis S, Carell T. Redirected nuclear glutamate dehydrogenase supplies Tet3 with α-ketoglutarate in neurons. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4100. [PMID: 34215750 PMCID: PMC8253819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tet3 is the main α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent dioxygenase in neurons that converts 5-methyl-dC into 5-hydroxymethyl-dC and further on to 5-formyl- and 5-carboxy-dC. Neurons possess high levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-dC that further increase during neural activity to establish transcriptional plasticity required for learning and memory functions. How αKG, which is mainly generated in mitochondria as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is made available in the nucleus has remained an unresolved question in the connection between metabolism and epigenetics. We show that in neurons the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts glutamate into αKG in an NAD+-dependent manner, is redirected to the nucleus by the αKG-consumer protein Tet3, suggesting on-site production of αKG. Further, glutamate dehydrogenase has a stimulatory effect on Tet3 demethylation activity in neurons, and neuronal activation increases the levels of αKG. Overall, the glutamate dehydrogenase-Tet3 interaction might have a role in epigenetic changes during neural plasticity. α-ketoglutarate (αKG) is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that is required in the nucleus for genomic DNA demethylation by Tet3. Here, the authors show that the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase, which converts glutamate to αKG, is redirected from the mitochondria to the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska R Traube
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dilara Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanife Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Scheel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea F Glück
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna S Geserich
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Oganesian
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarantos Kostidis
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Iwan
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René Rahimoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Grazia Giorgio
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Spada
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li Y, Schön C, Chen CC, Yang Z, Liegl R, Murenu E, Schworm B, Klugbauer N, Grimm C, Wahl-Schott C, Michalakis S, Biel M. TPC2 promotes choroidal angiogenesis and inflammation in a mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202101047. [PMID: 34183443 PMCID: PMC8321671 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identifies the endolysosomal two-pore channel TPC2 as a potential novel drug target for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Inhibition of TPC2 reduces two key clinical hallmarks of the AMD, retinal inflammation and formation of leaky choroi. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly and can be classified either as dry or as neovascular (or wet). Neovascular AMD is characterized by a strong immune response and the inadequate release of cytokines triggering angiogenesis and induction of photoreceptor death. The pathomechanisms of AMD are only partly understood. Here, we identify the endolysosomal two-pore cation channel TPC2 as a key factor of neovascularization and immune activation in the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model of AMD. Block of TPC2 reduced retinal VEGFA and IL-1β levels and diminished neovascularization and immune activation. Mechanistically, TPC2 mediates cationic currents in endolysosomal organelles of immune cells and lack of TPC2 leads to reduced IL-1β levels in areas of choroidal neovascularization due to endolysosomal trapping. Taken together, our study identifies TPC2 as a promising novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Raffael Liegl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Elisa Murenu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schworm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Norbert Klugbauer
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany .,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hennis K, Rötzer RD, Piantoni C, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S. Speeding Up the Heart? Traditional and New Perspectives on HCN4 Function. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669029. [PMID: 34122140 PMCID: PMC8191466 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart and is responsible for generating the intrinsic heartbeat. Within the SAN, spontaneously active pacemaker cells initiate the electrical activity that causes the contraction of all cardiomyocytes. The firing rate of pacemaker cells depends on the slow diastolic depolarization (SDD) and determines the intrinsic heart rate (HR). To adapt cardiac output to varying physical demands, HR is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS innervate the SAN and regulate the firing rate of pacemaker cells by accelerating or decelerating SDD-a process well-known as the chronotropic effect. Although this process is of fundamental physiological relevance, it is still incompletely understood how it is mediated at the subcellular level. Over the past 20 years, most of the work to resolve the underlying cellular mechanisms has made use of genetically engineered mouse models. In this review, we focus on the findings from these mouse studies regarding the cellular mechanisms involved in the generation and regulation of the heartbeat, with particular focus on the highly debated role of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel HCN4 in mediating the chronotropic effect. By focusing on experimental data obtained in mice and humans, but not in other species, we outline how findings obtained in mice relate to human physiology and pathophysiology and provide specific information on how dysfunction or loss of HCN4 channels leads to human SAN disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Hennis
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René D. Rötzer
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Piantoni
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rieser R, Koch J, Faccioli G, Richter K, Menzen T, Biel M, Winter G, Michalakis S. Comparison of Different Liquid Chromatography-Based Purification Strategies for Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050748. [PMID: 34070226 PMCID: PMC8158740 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have evolved as one of the most promising technologies for gene therapy due to their good safety profile, high transduction efficacy, and long-term gene expression in nondividing cells. rAAV-based gene therapy holds great promise for treating genetic disorders like inherited blindness, muscular atrophy, or bleeding disorders. There is a high demand for efficient and scalable production and purification methods for rAAVs. This is particularly true for the downstream purification methods. The current standard methods are based on multiple steps of gradient ultracentrifugation, which allow for the purification and enrichment of full rAAV particles, but the scale up of this method is challenging. Here, we explored fast, scalable, and universal liquid chromatography-based strategies for the purification of rAAVs. In contrast to the hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), where a substantial amount of AAV was lost, the cation exchange chromatography (CEX) was performed robustly for multiple tested serotypes and resulted in a mixture of full and empty rAAVs with a good purity profile. For the used affinity chromatography (AC), a serotype dependence was observed. Anion exchange chromatography (AEX) worked well for the AAV8 serotype and achieved high levels of purification and a baseline separation of full and empty rAAVs. Depending on the AAV serotype, a combination of CEX and AEX or AC and AEX is recommended and holds promise for future translational projects that require highly pure and full particle-enriched rAAVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rieser
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.R.); (J.K.); (G.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Johanna Koch
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.R.); (J.K.); (G.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Greta Faccioli
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.R.); (J.K.); (G.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Klaus Richter
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (K.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; (K.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.R.); (J.K.); (G.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.R.); (J.K.); (G.F.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (R.R.); (J.K.); (G.F.); (M.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Netcharoensirisuk P, Abrahamian C, Tang R, Chen CC, Rosato AS, Beyers W, Chao YK, Filippini A, Di Pietro S, Bartel K, Biel M, Vollmar AM, Umehara K, De-Eknamkul W, Grimm C. Flavonoids increase melanin production and reduce proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells by blocking endolysosomal/melanosomal TPC2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8515. [PMID: 33875769 PMCID: PMC8055690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) resides in endolysosomal membranes but also in lysosome-related organelles such as the melanin producing melanosomes. Gain-of-function polymorphisms in hTPC2 are associated with decreased melanin production and blond hair color. Vice versa genetic ablation of TPC2 increases melanin production. We show here an inverse correlation between melanin production and melanoma proliferation, migration, and invasion due to the dual activity of TPC2 in endolysosomes and melanosomes. Our results are supported by both genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of TPC2. Mechanistically, our data show that loss/block of TPC2 results in reduced protein levels of MITF, a major regulator of melanoma progression, but an increased activity of the melanin-generating enzyme tyrosinase. TPC2 inhibition thus provides a twofold benefit in melanoma prevention and treatment by increasing, through interference with tyrosinase activity, the synthesis of UV blocking melanin in melanosomes and by decreasing MITF-driven melanoma progression by increased GSK3β-mediated MITF degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ponsawan Netcharoensirisuk
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology/Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carla Abrahamian
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wyatt Beyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Santiago Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology/Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pavlou M, Schön C, Occelli LM, Rossi A, Meumann N, Boyd RF, Bartoe JT, Siedlecki J, Gerhardt MJ, Babutzka S, Bogedein J, Wagner JE, Priglinger SG, Biel M, Petersen‐Jones SM, Büning H, Michalakis S. Novel AAV capsids for intravitreal gene therapy of photoreceptor disorders. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13392. [PMID: 33616280 PMCID: PMC8033523 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to treat blinding retinal dystrophies has become clinical reality. Therapeutically impactful targeting of photoreceptors still relies on subretinal vector delivery, which detaches the retina and harbours substantial risks of collateral damage, often without achieving widespread photoreceptor transduction. Herein, we report the development of novel engineered rAAV vectors that enable efficient targeting of photoreceptors via less invasive intravitreal administration. A unique in vivo selection procedure was performed, where an AAV2-based peptide-display library was intravenously administered in mice, followed by isolation of vector DNA from target cells after only 24 h. This stringent selection yielded novel vectors, termed AAV2.GL and AAV2.NN, which mediate widespread and high-level retinal transduction after intravitreal injection in mice, dogs and non-human primates. Importantly, both vectors efficiently transduce photoreceptors in human retinal explant cultures. As proof-of-concept, intravitreal Cnga3 delivery using AAV2.GL lead to cone-specific expression of Cnga3 protein and rescued photopic cone responses in the Cnga3-/- mouse model of achromatopsia. These novel rAAV vectors expand the clinical applicability of gene therapy for blinding human retinal dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pavlou
- Department of OphthalmologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Christian Schön
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Axel Rossi
- Laboratory for Infection Biology and Gene TransferInstitute of Experimental HaematologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Nadja Meumann
- Laboratory for Infection Biology and Gene TransferInstitute of Experimental HaematologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- REBIRTH Research Centre for Translational Regenerative MedicineHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Ryan F Boyd
- Ophthalmology ServicesCharles River LaboratoriesMattawanMIUSA
| | - Joshua T Bartoe
- Ophthalmology ServicesCharles River LaboratoriesMattawanMIUSA
| | - Jakob Siedlecki
- Department of OphthalmologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Sabrina Babutzka
- Department of OphthalmologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jacqueline Bogedein
- Department of OphthalmologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Johanna E Wagner
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | | | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology and Gene TransferInstitute of Experimental HaematologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- REBIRTH Research Centre for Translational Regenerative MedicineHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of OphthalmologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hennis K, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S. Beyond pacemaking: HCN channels in sinoatrial node function. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2021; 166:51-60. [PMID: 33753086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are key proteins involved in the initiation and regulation of the heartbeat. Pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial node generate the electrical impulse that underlies the contraction of all atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. To generate a stable heart rhythm, it is necessary that the spontaneous activity of pacemaker cells is synchronized. Entrainment processes in the sinoatrial node create synchrony and also mediate heart rate regulation. In the past years it has become clear that the role of HCN channels goes beyond just pacemaking and that the channels play pivotal roles in these entrainment processes that coordinate and balance sinoatrial node network activity. Here, we review the role of HCN channels in the central pacemaker process and highlight new aspects of the contribution of HCN channels to stabilizing the electrical activity of the sinoatrial node network, especially during heart rate regulation by the autonomic nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Hennis
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Neurophysiology, 30625, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rötzer RD, Brox VF, Hennis K, Thalhammer SB, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S. Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33645573 DOI: 10.3791/62101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René D Rötzer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Verena F Brox
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Konstantin Hennis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Stefan B Thalhammer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance
| | | | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Müller M, Gerndt S, Chao YK, Zisis T, Nguyen ONP, Gerwien A, Urban N, Müller C, Gegenfurtner FA, Geisslinger F, Ortler C, Chen CC, Zahler S, Biel M, Schaefer M, Grimm C, Bracher F, Vollmar AM, Bartel K. Gene editing and synthetically accessible inhibitors reveal role for TPC2 in HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1119-1131.e27. [PMID: 33626324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2), one of the few cation channels localized on endolysosomal membranes, in cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we report that TPC2 knockout reduces proliferation of cancer cells in vitro, affects their energy metabolism, and successfully abrogates tumor growth in vivo. Concurrently, we have developed simplified analogs of the alkaloid tetrandrine as potent TPC2 inhibitors by screening a library of synthesized benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Removal of dispensable substructures of the lead molecule tetrandrine increases antiproliferative properties against cancer cells and impairs proangiogenic signaling of endothelial cells to a greater extent than tetrandrine. Simultaneously, toxic effects on non-cancerous cells are reduced, allowing in vivo administration and revealing a TPC2 inhibitor with antitumor efficacy in mice. Hence, our study unveils TPC2 as valid target for cancer therapy and provides easily accessible tetrandrine analogs as a promising option for effective pharmacological interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ong Nam Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian A Gegenfurtner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Geisslinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Ortler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fischer MD, Michalakis S, Wilhelm B, Zobor D, Muehlfriedel R, Kohl S, Weisschuh N, Ochakovski GA, Klein R, Schoen C, Sothilingam V, Garcia-Garrido M, Kuehlewein L, Kahle N, Werner A, Dauletbekov D, Paquet-Durand F, Tsang S, Martus P, Peters T, Seeliger M, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Ueffing M, Zrenner E, Biel M, Wissinger B. Safety and Vision Outcomes of Subretinal Gene Therapy Targeting Cone Photoreceptors in Achromatopsia: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 138:643-651. [PMID: 32352493 PMCID: PMC7193523 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Question What are the safety and vision outcomes associated with gene therapy for achromatopsia? Findings In this nonrandomized controlled trial of 9 patients with confirmed CNGA3-linked achromatopsia, gene therapy applying an adeno-associated viral vector encoding CNGA3, was not associated with substantial safety concerns and was associated with improvements of vision in patients. Meaning This study provides clinical proof of concept for viral vector–mediated gene supplementation therapy of inherited day blindness caused by pathogenic variants in the cone photoreceptor-specific gene CNGA3. Importance Achromatopsia linked to variations in the CNGA3 gene is associated with day blindness, poor visual acuity, photophobia, and involuntary eye movements owing to lack of cone photoreceptor function. No treatment is currently available. Objective To assess safety and vision outcomes of supplemental gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding CNGA3 (AAV8.CNGA3) in patients with CNGA3-linked achromatopsia. Design, Setting, and Participants This open-label, exploratory nonrandomized controlled trial tested safety and vision outcomes of gene therapy vector AAV8.CNGA3 administered by subretinal injection at a single center. Nine patients (3 per dose group) with a clinical diagnosis of achromatopsia and confirmed biallelic disease-linked variants in CNGA3 were enrolled between November 5, 2015, and September 22, 2016. Data analysis was performed from June 6, 2017, to March 12, 2018. Intervention Patients received a single unilateral injection of 1.0 × 1010, 5.0 × 1010, or 1.0 × 1011 total vector genomes of AAV8.CNGA3 and were followed up for a period of 12 months (November 11, 2015, to October 10, 2017). Main Outcomes and Measures Safety as the primary end point was assessed by clinical examination of ocular inflammation. Systemic safety was assessed by vital signs, routine clinical chemistry testing, and full and differential blood cell counts. Secondary outcomes were change in visual function from baseline in terms of spatial and temporal resolution and chromatic, luminance, and contrast sensitivity throughout a period of 12 months after treatment. Results Nine patients (mean [SD] age, 39.6 [11.9] years; age range, 24-59 years; 8 [89%] male) were included in the study. Baseline visual acuity letter score (approximate Snellen equivalent) ranged from 34 (20/200) to 49 (20/100), whereas baseline contrast sensitivity log scores ranged from 0.1 to 0.9. All 9 patients underwent surgery and subretinal injection of AAV8.CNGA3 without complications. No substantial safety problems were observed during the 12-month follow-up period. Despite the congenital deprivation of cone photoreceptor–mediated vision in achromatopsia, all 9 treated eyes demonstrated some level of improvement in secondary end points regarding cone function, including mean change in visual acuity of 2.9 letters (95% CI, 1.65-4.13; P = .006, 2-sided t test paired samples). Contrast sensitivity improved by a mean of 0.33 log (95% CI, 0.14-0.51 log; P = .003, 2-sided t test paired samples). Conclusions and Relevance Subretinal gene therapy with AAV8.CNGA3 was not associated with substantial safety problems and was associated with cone photoreceptor activation in adult patients, as reflected by visual acuity and contrast sensitivity gains. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02610582
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dominik Fischer
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilhelm
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ditta Zobor
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regine Muehlfriedel
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Alex Ochakovski
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schoen
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vithiyanjali Sothilingam
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Garcia-Garrido
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Kuehlewein
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Kahle
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Werner
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniyar Dauletbekov
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephen Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Peters
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Seeliger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koch M, Scheel C, Ma H, Yang F, Stadlmeier M, Glück AF, Murenu E, Traube FR, Carell T, Biel M, Ding XQ, Michalakis S. The cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase 2 Contributes to Cone Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Cnga3-Deficient Mouse Model of Achromatopsia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E52. [PMID: 33374621 PMCID: PMC7793084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CNGA3 gene, which encodes the A subunit of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-gated cation channel in cone photoreceptor outer segments, cause total colour blindness, also referred to as achromatopsia. Cones lacking this channel protein are non-functional, accumulate high levels of the second messenger cGMP and degenerate over time after induction of ER stress. The cell death mechanisms that lead to loss of affected cones are only partially understood. Here, we explored the disease mechanisms in the Cnga3 knockout (KO) mouse model of achromatopsia. We found that another important effector of cGMP, the cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2 (Prkg2) is crucially involved in cGMP cytotoxicity of cones in Cnga3 KO mice. Virus-mediated knockdown or genetic ablation of Prkg2 in Cnga3 KO mice counteracted degeneration and preserved the number of cones. Analysis of markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response confirmed that induction of these processes in Cnga3 KO cones also depends on Prkg2. In conclusion, we identified Prkg2 as a novel key mediator of cone photoreceptor degeneration in achromatopsia. Our data suggest that this cGMP mediator could be a novel pharmacological target for future neuroprotective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Koch
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Constanze Scheel
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.M.); (F.Y.); (X.-Q.D.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.M.); (F.Y.); (X.-Q.D.)
| | - Michael Stadlmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Andrea F. Glück
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Elisa Murenu
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska R. Traube
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.S.); (A.F.G.); (F.R.T.); (T.C.)
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (H.M.); (F.Y.); (X.-Q.D.)
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.K.); (C.S.); (E.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Butz ES, Li Y, Puertollano R, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Grimm C. TRPML2 is an osmo/mechanosensitive cation channel in endolysosomal organelles. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/46/eabb5064. [PMID: 33177082 PMCID: PMC7673730 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Endolysosomes are dynamic, intracellular compartments, regulating their surface-to-volume ratios to counteract membrane swelling or shrinkage caused by osmotic challenges upon tubulation and vesiculation events. While osmosensitivity has been extensively described on the plasma membrane, the mechanisms underlying endolysosomal surface-to-volume ratio changes and identities of involved ion channels remain elusive. Endolysosomes mediate endocytosis, exocytosis, cargo transport, and sorting of material for recycling or degradation. We demonstrate the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 to be hypotonicity/mechanosensitive, a feature crucial to its involvement in fast-recycling processes of immune cells. We demonstrate that the phosphoinositide binding pocket is required for TRPML2 hypotonicity-sensitivity, as substitution of L314 completely abrogates hypotonicity-sensitivity. Last, the hypotonicity-insensitive TRPML2 mutant L314R slows down the fast recycling pathway, corroborating the functional importance of hypotonicity-sensitive TRPML2. Our results highlight TRPML2 as an accelerator of endolysosomal trafficking by virtue of its hypotonicity-sensitivity, with implications in immune cell surveillance and viral trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Einar Krogsaeter
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Butz
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Riedmayr LM, Böhm S, Biel M, Becirovic E. Enigmatic rhodopsin mutation creates an exceptionally strong splice acceptor site. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:295-304. [PMID: 31816042 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The c.620 T > G mutation in rhodopsin found in the first mapped autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) locus is associated with severe, early-onset RP. Intriguingly, another mutation affecting the same nucleotide (c.620 T > A) is related to a mild, late-onset RP. Assuming that both mutations are missense mutations (Met207Arg and Met207Lys) hampering the ligand-binding pocket, previous work addressed how they might differentially impair rhodopsin function. Here, we investigated the impact of both mutations at the mRNA and protein level in HEK293 cells and in the mouse retina. We show that, in contrast to c.620 T > A, c.620 T > G is a splicing mutation, which generates an exceptionally strong splice acceptor site (SAS) resulting in a 90 bp in-frame deletion and protein mislocalization in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we identified the core element underlying the c.620 T > G SAS strength. Finally, we demonstrate that the c.620 T > G SAS is very flexible in branch point choice, which might explain its remarkable performance. Based on these results, we suggest that (i) point mutations should be routinely tested for mRNA splicing to avoid dispensable analysis of mutations on protein level, which do not naturally exist. (ii) Puzzling disease courses of mutations in other genes might also correlate with their effects on mRNA splicing. (iii) Flexibility in branch point choice might be another factor influencing the SAS strength. (iv) The core splice element identified in this study could be useful for biotechnological applications requiring effective SAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Riedmayr
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), 81377 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sybille Böhm
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), 81377 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), 81377 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), 81377 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Panagiotopoulos AL, Karguth N, Pavlou M, Böhm S, Gasparoni G, Walter J, Graf A, Blum H, Biel M, Riedmayr LM, Becirovic E. Antisense Oligonucleotide- and CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Rescue of mRNA Splicing for a Deep Intronic CLRN1 Mutation. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020; 21:1050-1061. [PMID: 32841912 PMCID: PMC7452116 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in CLRN1 cause Usher syndrome (USH) type III (USH3A), a disease characterized by progressive hearing impairment, retinitis pigmentosa, and vestibular dysfunction. Due to the lack of appropriate disease models, no efficient therapy for retinitis pigmentosa in USH patients exists so far. In addition, given the yet undefined functional role and expression of the different CLRN1 splice isoforms in the retina, non-causative therapies such as gene supplementation are unsuitable at this stage. In this study, we focused on the recently identified deep intronic c.254-649T>G CLRN1 splicing mutation and aimed to establish two causative treatment approaches: CRISPR-Cas9-mediated excision of the mutated intronic region and antisense oligonucleotide (AON)-mediated correction of mRNA splicing. The therapeutic potential of these approaches was validated in different cell types transiently or stably expressing CLRN1 minigenes. Both approaches led to substantial correction of the splice defect. Surprisingly, however, no synergistic effect was detected when combining both methods. Finally, the injection of naked AONs into mice expressing the mutant CLRN1 minigene in the retina also led to a significant splice rescue. We propose that both AONs and CRISPR-Cas9 are suitable strategies to initiate advanced preclinical studies for treatment of USH3A patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Karguth
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Pavlou
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sybille Böhm
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Riedmayr
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Böhm S, Splith V, Riedmayr LM, Rötzer RD, Gasparoni G, Nordström KJV, Wagner JE, Hinrichsmeyer KS, Walter J, Wahl-Schott C, Fenske S, Biel M, Michalakis S, Becirovic E. A gene therapy for inherited blindness using dCas9-VPR-mediated transcriptional activation. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba5614. [PMID: 32875106 PMCID: PMC7438099 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically inactive dCas9 fused to transcriptional activators (dCas9-VPR) enables activation of silent genes. Many disease genes have counterparts, which serve similar functions but are expressed in distinct cell types. One attractive option to compensate for the missing function of a defective gene could be to transcriptionally activate its functionally equivalent counterpart via dCas9-VPR. Key challenges of this approach include the delivery of dCas9-VPR, activation efficiency, long-term expression of the target gene, and adverse effects in vivo. Using dual adeno-associated viral vectors expressing split dCas9-VPR, we show efficient transcriptional activation and long-term expression of cone photoreceptor-specific M-opsin (Opn1mw) in a rhodopsin-deficient mouse model for retinitis pigmentosa. One year after treatment, this approach yields improved retinal function and attenuated retinal degeneration with no apparent adverse effects. Our study demonstrates that dCas9-VPR-mediated transcriptional activation of functionally equivalent genes has great potential for the treatment of genetic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Böhm
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria Splith
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Riedmayr
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René Dominik Rötzer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Elisabeth Wagner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Sonnie Hinrichsmeyer
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Fenske
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CIPSM, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Arlt E, Fraticelli M, Tsvilovskyy V, Nadolni W, Breit A, O'Neill TJ, Resenberger S, Wennemuth G, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Grimm C, Freichel M, Gudermann T, Klugbauer N, Boekhoff I, Zierler S. TPC1 deficiency or blockade augments systemic anaphylaxis and mast cell activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18068-18078. [PMID: 32661165 PMCID: PMC7395440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920122117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are main drivers of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, for which prevalence is rapidly increasing. Activation of these cells leads to a tightly controlled release of inflammatory mediators stored in secretory granules. The release of these granules is dependent on intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signals. Ca2+ release from endolysosomal compartments is mediated via intracellular cation channels, such as two-pore channel (TPC) proteins. Here, we uncover a mechanism for how TPC1 regulates Ca2+ homeostasis and exocytosis in mast cells in vivo and ex vivo. Notably, in vivo TPC1 deficiency in mice leads to enhanced passive systemic anaphylaxis, reflected by increased drop in body temperature, most likely due to accelerated histamine-induced vasodilation. Ex vivo, mast cell-mediated histamine release and degranulation was augmented upon TPC1 inhibition, although mast cell numbers and size were diminished. Our results indicate an essential role of TPC1 in endolysosomal Ca2+ uptake and filling of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores, thereby regulating exocytosis in mast cells. Thus, pharmacological modulation of TPC1 might blaze a trail to develop new drugs against mast cell-related diseases, including allergic hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Arlt
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Marco Fraticelli
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Nadolni
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Thomas J O'Neill
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Stefanie Resenberger
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Norbert Klugbauer
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany;
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gerndt S, Chen CC, Chao YK, Yuan Y, Burgstaller S, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter E, Urban N, Jacob K, Nguyen ONP, Miller MT, Keller M, Vollmar AM, Gudermann T, Zierler S, Schredelseker J, Schaefer M, Biel M, Malli R, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Patel S, Grimm C. Agonist-mediated switching of ion selectivity in TPC2 differentially promotes lysosomal function. eLife 2020; 9:54712. [PMID: 32167471 PMCID: PMC7108868 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion selectivity is a defining feature of a given ion channel and is considered immutable. Here we show that ion selectivity of the lysosomal ion channel TPC2, which is hotly debated (Calcraft et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2017; Jha et al., 2014; Ruas et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2012), depends on the activating ligand. A high-throughput screen identified two structurally distinct TPC2 agonists. One of these evoked robust Ca2+-signals and non-selective cation currents, the other weaker Ca2+-signals and Na+-selective currents. These properties were mirrored by the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger, NAADP and the phosphoinositide, PI(3,5)P2, respectively. Agonist action was differentially inhibited by mutation of a single TPC2 residue and coupled to opposing changes in lysosomal pH and exocytosis. Our findings resolve conflicting reports on the permeability and gating properties of TPC2 and they establish a new paradigm whereby a single ion channel mediates distinct, functionally-relevant ionic signatures on demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Burgstaller
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar Krogsaeter
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Jacob
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ong Nam Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Meghan T Miller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Johann Schredelseker
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the phosphodiesterase 6 alpha subunit (PDE6A) account for 3-4% of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and currently no treatment is available. There are four animal models for PDE6A-RP: a dog with a frameshift truncating mutation (p.Asn616ThrfsTer39) and three mouse models with missense mutations (Val685Met, Asp562Trp, and Asp670Gly) showing a range of phenotype severities. Initial proof-of-concept gene augmentation studies in the Asp670Gly mouse model and dog model used a subretinally delivered adeno-associated virus serotype 8 with a 733 tyrosine capsid mutation delivering species-specific Pde6a cDNAs. These restored some rod-mediated function and preserved retinal structure. Subsequently, a translatable vector (AAV8 with a human rhodopsin promoter and human PDE6A cDNA) was tested in the dog and the Asp670Gly mouse model. In the dog, there was restoration of rod function, a robust rod-mediated ERG, and introduction of dim-light vision. Treatment improved morphology of the photoreceptor layer, and the retina was preserved in the treated region. In the Asp670Gly mouse, therapy also preserved photoreceptors with cone survival being reflected by maintenance of cone-mediated ERG responses. These studies are an important step toward a translatable therapy for PDE6A-RP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Laurence M Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rieser R, Penaud-Budloo M, Bouzelha M, Rossi A, Menzen T, Biel M, Büning H, Ayuso E, Winter G, Michalakis S. Intrinsic Differential Scanning Fluorimetry for Fast and Easy Identification of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:854-862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
38
|
Lainez S, Tsantoulas C, Biel M, McNaughton PA. HCN3 ion channels: roles in sensory neuronal excitability and pain. J Physiol 2019; 597:4661-4675. [PMID: 31290157 DOI: 10.1113/jp278211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS HCN ion channels conducting the Ih current control the frequency of firing in peripheral sensory neurons signalling pain. Previous studies have demonstrated a major role for the HCN2 subunit in chronic pain but the potential involvement of HCN3 in pain has not been investigated. HCN3 was found to be widely expressed in all classes of sensory neurons (small, medium, large) where it contributes to Ih . HCN3 deletion increased the firing rate of medium but not small, sensory neurons. Pain sensitivity both acutely and following neuropathic injury was largely unaffected by HCN3 deletion, with the exception of a small decrease of mechanical hyperalgesia in response to a pinprick. We conclude that HCN3 plays little role in either acute or chronic pain sensation. ABSTRACT HCN ion channels govern the firing rate of action potentials in the pacemaker region of the heart and in pain-sensitive (nociceptive) nerve fibres. Intracellular cAMP promotes activation of the HCN4 and HCN2 isoforms, whereas HCN1 and HCN3 are relatively insensitive to cAMP. HCN2 modulates action potential firing rate in nociceptive neurons and plays a critical role in all modes of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, although the role of HCN3 in nociceptive excitability and pain is less studied. Using antibody staining, we found that HCN3 is expressed in all classes of somatosensory neurons. In small nociceptive neurons, genetic deletion of HCN2 abolished the voltage shift of the Ih current carried by HCN isoforms following cAMP elevation, whereas the voltage shift was retained following deletion of HCN3, consistent with the sensitivity of HCN2 but not HCN3 to cAMP. Deletion of HCN3 had little effect on the evoked firing frequency in small neurons but enhanced the firing of medium-sized neurons, showing that HCN3 makes a significant contribution to the input resistance only in medium-sized neurons. Genetic deletion of HCN3 had no effect on acute thresholds to heat or mechanical stimuli in vivo and did not affect inflammatory pain measured with the formalin test. Nerve-injured HCN3 knockout mice exhibited similar levels of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia to wild-type mice but reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in response to a pinprick. These results show that HCN3 makes some contribution to excitability, particularly in medium-sized neurons, although it has no major influence on acute or neuropathic pain processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lainez
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Research, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter A McNaughton
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Research, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Krogsaeter EK, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Grimm C. The protein interaction networks of mucolipins and two-pore channels. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2019; 1866:1111-1123. [PMID: 30395881 PMCID: PMC7111325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endolysosomal, non-selective cation channels, two-pore channels (TPCs) and mucolipins (TRPMLs), regulate intracellular membrane dynamics and autophagy. While partially compensatory for each other, isoform-specific intracellular distribution, cell-type expression patterns, and regulatory mechanisms suggest different channel isoforms confer distinct properties to the cell. SCOPE OF REVIEW Briefly, established TPC/TRPML functions and interaction partners ('interactomes') are discussed. Novel TRPML3 interactors are shown, and a meta-analysis of experimentally obtained channel interactomes conducted. Accordingly, interactomes are compared and contrasted, and subsequently described in detail for TPC1, TPC2, TRPML1, and TRPML3. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS TPC interactomes are well-defined, encompassing intracellular membrane organisation proteins. TRPML interactomes are varied, encompassing cardiac contractility- and chaperone-mediated autophagy proteins, alongside regulators of intercellular signalling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Comprising recently proposed targets to treat cancers, infections, metabolic disease and neurodegeneration, the advancement of TPC/TRPML understanding is of considerable importance. This review proposes novel directions elucidating TPC/TRPML relevance in health and disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einar K Krogsaeter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich (LMU) Nussbaumstrasse 26, 80336 Munich
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Neurophysiology, OE 4230, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich (LMU) Nussbaumstrasse 26, 80336 Munich.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tobias P, Philipp SI, Stylianos M, Martin B, Barbara W, Felix R, Alexander OG, Eberhart Z, Marius U, Birgit K, Sven K, Ulrich BSK, Dominik FM, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Bolz S, Fischer D, Kohl S, Kühlewein L, Mühlfriedel R, Neubauer J, Ochakovski A, Paquet-Durand F, Seeliger M, Sothilingam V, Ueffing M, Weisschuh N, Wissinger B, Zhour A, Zobor D, Zrenner E, Biel M, Michalakis S, Schön C, Kahle N, Peters T, Wilhelm B, Tsang S, Glöckner CJ. Safety and Toxicology of Ocular Gene Therapy with Recombinant AAV Vector rAAV.hCNGA3 in Nonhuman Primates. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2019; 30:50-56. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2018.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peters Tobias
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- STZ Eyetrial, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michalakis Stylianos
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Biel Martin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department of Pharmacy – Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Reichel Felix
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Zrenner Eberhart
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ueffing Marius
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Korte Sven
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hammelmann V, Stieglitz MS, Hülle H, Le Meur K, Kass J, Brümmer M, Gruner C, Rötzer RD, Fenske S, Hartmann J, Zott B, Lüthi A, Spahn S, Moser M, Isbrandt D, Ludwig A, Konnerth A, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M. Abolishing cAMP sensitivity in HCN2 pacemaker channels induces generalized seizures. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126418. [PMID: 31045576 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are dually gated channels that are operated by voltage and by neurotransmitters via the cAMP system. cAMP-dependent HCN regulation has been proposed to play a key role in regulating circuit behavior in the thalamus. By analyzing a knockin mouse model (HCN2EA), in which binding of cAMP to HCN2 was abolished by 2 amino acid exchanges (R591E, T592A), we found that cAMP gating of HCN2 is essential for regulating the transition between the burst and tonic modes of firing in thalamic dorsal-lateral geniculate (dLGN) and ventrobasal (VB) nuclei. HCN2EA mice display impaired visual learning, generalized seizures of thalamic origin, and altered NREM sleep properties. VB-specific deletion of HCN2, but not of HCN4, also induced these generalized seizures of the absence type, corroborating a key role of HCN2 in this particular nucleus for controlling consciousness. Together, our data define distinct pathological phenotypes resulting from the loss of cAMP-mediated gating of a neuronal HCN channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hammelmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Sebastian Stieglitz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrik Hülle
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karim Le Meur
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kass
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Brümmer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gruner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - René Dominik Rötzer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fenske
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Zott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Spahn
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Moser
- Department for Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Isbrandt
- DZNE Research Group, Experimental Neurophysiology, Institute for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kahle NA, Peters T, Zobor D, Kuehlewein L, Kohl S, Zhour A, Werner A, Seitz IP, Sothilingam V, Michalakis S, Biel M, Ueffing M, Zrenner E, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Fischer MD, Wilhelm BJC. Development of Methodology and Study Protocol: Safety and Efficacy of a Single Subretinal Injection of rAAV.hCNGA3 in Patients with CNGA3-Linked Achromatopsia Investigated in an Exploratory Dose-Escalation Trial. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2019; 29:121-131. [PMID: 30187779 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2018.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Achromatopsia is an autosomal recessively inherited congenital defect characterized by a lack of cone photoreceptor function, leading to severely impaired vision. In this clinical study, achromatopsia patients were treated with a single subretinal injection of rAAV.hCNGA3 to restore cone function. The focus of this trial was on the safety of the treatment. After surgery, patients were monitored in eight extensive visits during the first year, followed by a 4-year follow-up period with annual visits. For essential complementation of the standard ophthalmological and systemic examinations, disease-specific methods were developed to assess the safety, efficacy, and patient-reported outcomes in this trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A Kahle
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Peters
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ditta Zobor
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laura Kuehlewein
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Zhour
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annette Werner
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Immanuel P Seitz
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Stylianos Michalakis
- 2 Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- 2 Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM at the Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - M Dominik Fischer
- 1 University Hospital Tuebingen , Centre for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Reichel FF, Peters T, Wilhelm B, Biel M, Ueffing M, Wissinger B, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Klein R, Michalakis S, Fischer MD. Humoral Immune Response After Intravitreal But Not After Subretinal AAV8 in Primates and Patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:1910-1915. [PMID: 29677353 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study longitudinal changes of anti-drug antibody (ADA) titers to recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (rAAV8) capsid epitopes in nonhuman primates (NHP) and patients. Methods Three groups of six NHP each received subretinal injections (high dose: 1 × 1012 vector genomes [vg], low dose: 1 × 1011 vg, or vehicle only). Four additional animals received intravitreal injections of the high dose (1 × 1012 vg). Three patients received 1 × 1010 vg as subretinal injections. ELISA quantified ADA levels at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days after surgery in NHP and at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery in patients. Results Two out of 22 animals lacked ADA titers at baseline and developed low ADA titers toward the end of the study. Titers in the low-dose group stayed constant, while two of six animals from the high-dose group developed titers that rose beyond the range of the assay. All animals from the intravitreal control group showed a rise in ADA titer by day 7 that peaked at day 28. Preliminary data from the clinical trial (NCT02610582) show no humoral immune response in patients following subretinal delivery of 1 × 1010 vg. Conclusions No significant induction of ADA occurred in NHP when mimicking the clinical scenario of subretinal delivery with a clinical-grade rAAV8 and concomitant immunosuppression. Likewise, clinical data showed no humoral immune response in patients. In contrast, intravitreal delivery was associated with a substantial humoral immune response. Subretinal delivery might be superior to an intravitreal application regarding immunologic aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Reichel
- University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Peters
- STZ Eyetrial at the Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilhelm
- STZ Eyetrial at the Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Dominik Fischer
- University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,STZ Eyetrial at the Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Gene therapy holds promise for treating previously untreatable retinal disorders. The most promising approaches use gene transfer vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) to supplement a gene function in the affected cell type. One example is gene therapy for achromatopsia which affects daylight vision. In this case, recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors are being developed to specifically target cone photoreceptors. Development of rAAV vectors could be facilitated by the use of in vitro models. In this chapter we provide a protocol which utilizes mouse 661W cells, an in vitro model of cone photoreceptors for evaluation of the transduction efficacy of rAAV vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mühlfriedel R, Michalakis S, Garrido MG, Sothilingam V, Schön C, Biel M, Seeliger MW. Optimized Subretinal Injection Technique for Gene Therapy Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1834:405-412. [PMID: 30324458 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8669-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy for inherited eye diseases requires local viral vector delivery by intraocular injection. Since large animal models are lacking for most of these diseases, genetically modified mouse models are commonly used in preclinical proof-of-concept studies. However, because of the relatively small mouse eye, adverse effects of the subretinal delivery procedure itself may interfere with the therapeutic outcome. The method described here aims to provide the details relevant to perform a transscleral pars plana virus-mediated gene transfer to achieve an optimized therapeutic effect in the small mouse eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Mühlfriedel
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Garcia Garrido
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vithiyanjali Sothilingam
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias W Seeliger
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Burkard M, Kohl S, Krätzig T, Tanimoto N, Brennenstuhl C, Bausch AE, Junger K, Reuter P, Sothilingam V, Beck SC, Huber G, Ding XQ, Mayer AK, Baumann B, Weisschuh N, Zobor D, Hahn GA, Kellner U, Venturelli S, Becirovic E, Charbel Issa P, Koenekoop RK, Rudolph G, Heckenlively J, Sieving P, Weleber RG, Hamel C, Zong X, Biel M, Lukowski R, Seeliger MW, Michalakis S, Wissinger B, Ruth P. Accessory heterozygous mutations in cone photoreceptor CNGA3 exacerbate CNG channel-associated retinopathy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5663-5675. [PMID: 30418171 PMCID: PMC6264655 DOI: 10.1172/jci96098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in CNGA3 and CNGB3, the genes encoding the subunits of the tetrameric cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel, cause achromatopsia, a congenital retinal disorder characterized by loss of cone function. However, a small number of patients carrying the CNGB3/c.1208G>A;p.R403Q mutation present with a variable retinal phenotype ranging from complete and incomplete achromatopsia to moderate cone dysfunction or progressive cone dystrophy. By exploring a large patient cohort and published cases, we identified 16 unrelated individuals who were homozygous or (compound-)heterozygous for the CNGB3/c.1208G>A;p.R403Q mutation. In-depth genetic and clinical analysis revealed a co-occurrence of a mutant CNGA3 allele in a high proportion of these patients (10 of 16), likely contributing to the disease phenotype. To verify these findings, we generated a Cngb3R403Q/R403Q mouse model, which was crossbred with Cnga3-deficient (Cnga3-/-) mice to obtain triallelic Cnga3+/- Cngb3R403Q/R403Q mutants. As in human subjects, there was a striking genotype-phenotype correlation, since the presence of 1 Cnga3-null allele exacerbated the cone dystrophy phenotype in Cngb3R403Q/R403Q mice. These findings strongly suggest a digenic and triallelic inheritance pattern in a subset of patients with achromatopsia/severe cone dystrophy linked to the CNGB3/p.R403Q mutation, with important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Burkard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Timm Krätzig
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Naoyuki Tanimoto
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Anne E. Bausch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Katrin Junger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Peggy Reuter
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Vithiyanjali Sothilingam
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne C. Beck
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gesine Huber
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xi-Qin Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anja K. Mayer
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Britta Baumann
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Ditta Zobor
- Institute of Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gesa-Astrid Hahn
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Ulrich Kellner
- Rare Retinal Disease Center, Augenzentrum Siegburg, MVZ ADTC Siegburg GmbH, Siegburg, Germany
| | | | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy–Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Charbel Issa
- Oxford Eye Hospital, OUH NHS Foundation Trust and the Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul Sieving
- The National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard G. Weleber
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmogenetics, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Christian Hamel
- INSERM U583, Institut des Neurosciences, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiangang Zong
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy–Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy–Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Matthias W. Seeliger
- Division of Ocular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy–Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, and
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Plesch E, Chen CC, Butz E, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Yinan H, Bartel K, Keller M, Robaa D, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Vollmar AM, Sippl W, Puertollano R, Medina D, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Grimm C. Selective agonist of TRPML2 reveals direct role in chemokine release from innate immune cells. eLife 2018; 7:39720. [PMID: 30479274 PMCID: PMC6257821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are produced and secreted by a broad range of immune cells including macrophages. Remarkably, little is known about how these inflammatory mediators are released from the various immune cells. Here, the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 is shown to play a direct role in chemokine trafficking and secretion from murine macrophages. To demonstrate acute and direct involvement of TRPML2 in these processes, the first isoform-selective TRPML2 channel agonist was generated, ML2-SA1. ML2-SA1 was not only found to directly stimulate release of the chemokine CCL2 from macrophages but also to stimulate macrophage migration, thus mimicking CCL2 function. Endogenous TRPML2 is expressed in early/recycling endosomes as demonstrated by endolysosomal patch-clamp experimentation and ML2-SA1 promotes trafficking through early/recycling endosomes, suggesting CCL2 being transported and secreted via this pathway. These data provide a direct link between TRPML2 activation, CCL2 release and stimulation of macrophage migration in the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hua Yinan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Diego Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Keplinger S, Beiderbeck B, Michalakis S, Biel M, Grothe B, Kunz L. Optogenetic Control of Neural Circuits in the Mongolian Gerbil. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:111. [PMID: 29740286 PMCID: PMC5928259 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is widely used as a model organism for the human auditory system. Its hearing range is very similar to ours and it uses the same mechanisms for sound localization. The auditory circuits underlying these functions have been characterized. However, important mechanistic details are still under debate. To elucidate these issues, precise and reversible optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity in this complex circuitry is required. However, genetic and genomic resources for the Mongolian gerbil are poorly developed. Here, we demonstrate a reliable gene delivery system using an AAV8(Y337F)-pseudotyped recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2-based vector in which the pan-neural human synapsin (hSyn) promoter drives neuron-specific expression of CatCH (Ca2+-permeable channelrhodopsin) or NpHR3.0 (Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin). After stereotactic injection into the gerbil’s auditory brainstem (medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus) and midbrain [inferior colliculus (IC)], we characterized CatCH- and/or NpHR3.0-transduced neurons in acute brain slices by means of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. As the response properties of optogenetic tools strongly depend on neuronal biophysics, this parameterization is crucial for their in vivo application. In a proof-of-principle experiment in anesthetized gerbils, we observed strong suppression of sound-evoked neural responses in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and IC upon light activation of NpHR3.0. The successful validation of gene delivery and optogenetic tools in the Mongolian gerbil paves the way for future studies of the auditory circuits in this model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Keplinger
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Beiderbeck
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, GSN-LMU, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Grothe
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Kunz
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Biocenter, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The first step in vision is the absorption of photons by the photopigments in cone and rod photoreceptors. After initial amplification within the phototransduction cascade the signal is translated into an electrical signal by the action of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. CNG channels are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the binding of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Retinal CNG channels transduce changes in intracellular concentrations of cGMP into changes of the membrane potential and the Ca2+ concentration. Structurally, the CNG channels belong to the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels and share a common gross structure with hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels and voltage-gated potassium channels (KCN). In this review, we provide an overview on the molecular properties of CNG channels and describe their physiological role in the phototransduction pathways. We also discuss insights into the pathophysiological role of CNG channel proteins that have emerged from the analysis of CNG channel-deficient animal models and human CNG channelopathies. Finally, we summarize recent gene therapy activities and provide an outlook for future clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Michalakis S, Schön C, Becirovic E, Biel M. Gene therapy for achromatopsia. J Gene Med 2018; 19. [PMID: 28095637 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the current status of achromatopsia (ACHM) gene therapy-related research activities and provides an outlook for their clinical application. ACHM is an inherited eye disease characterized by a congenital absence of cone photoreceptor function. As a consequence, ACHM is associated with strongly impaired daylight vision, photophobia, nystagmus and a lack of color discrimination. Currently, six genes have been linked to ACHM. Up to 80% of the patients carry mutations in the genes CNGA3 and CNGB3 encoding the two subunits of the cone cyclic nucleotide-gated channel. Various animal models of the disease have been established and their characterization has helped to increase our understanding of the pathophysiology associated with ACHM. With the advent of adeno-associated virus vectors as valuable gene delivery tools for retinal photoreceptors, a number of promising gene supplementation therapy programs have been initiated. In recent years, huge progress has been made towards bringing a curative treatment for ACHM into clinics. The first clinical trials are ongoing or will be launched soon and are expected to contribute important data on the safety and efficacy of ACHM gene supplementation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvir Becirovic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPSM and Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|