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Abdel-Qader DH, Abdel-Qader H, Silverthorne J, Kongkaew C, Meslamani AZA, Hayajneh W, Alwahadneh AM, Hamadi S, Abu-Qatouseh L, Awad R, Al Nsour M, Alhariri A, Shnewer K, Da'ssan M, Obeidat NM, Nusair KE, Jalamdeh MS, Hawari F, Asad M, AbuRuz S. Real-World Effectiveness of Four Types of COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050985. [PMID: 37243089 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a scarcity of evidence regarding the real-world effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This was the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of four types of vaccines against asymptomatic and symptomatic infection, and COVID-19 outcomes among the general population. METHODS This was a matched comparison group quasi-experimental study conducted in Jordan between 1 January and 29 August 2021. In the first part of the study, 1200 fully vaccinated individuals were matched with 1200 unvaccinated control participants. In order to measure vaccine effectiveness, the infection rates of both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were calculated. The second part of the study included measuring specific anti-SARS CoV-2 immune cells and antibodies. RESULTS BNT162b2 (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) showed a significantly higher effectiveness against asymptomatic COVID-19 infection (91.7%) and hospitalization (99.5%) than BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm, Beijing, China) (88.4% and 98.7%, respectively) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) (84.3%, and 98.9%, respectively). The effectiveness rates of the Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Moscow, Russia) vaccine against asymptomatic, symptomatic, and hospitalization were 100%, 100%, and 66.7%, respectively. The highest median anti-spike (S) IgG values were seen in individuals who received BNT162b2 (2.9 AU/mL) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (2.8 AU/mL) vaccines. The levels of anti-S IgG were significantly decreased after 7 months of vaccination with BNT162b2 and BBIBP-CorV. There were significant decreases in the median number of neutralizing antibodies one month and seven months after receiving BNT162b2 (from 88.5 to 75.2 4 Bioequivalent Allergen Unit per milliliter/mL), BBIBP-CorV (from 69.5 to 51.5 BAU/mL), and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (from 69.2 to 58.BAU/mL) vaccines. The highest percentage of T cells specific to COVID-19 vaccine was found in individuals who received BNT162b2 (88.5%). CONCLUSION All four vaccines evaluated in this study showed effectiveness against asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. Furthermore, BNT162b2, BBIBP-CorV, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 induced high levels of immunology markers within one month of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derar H Abdel-Qader
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
- Al Rashid Hospital Center, Amman 11623, Jordan
| | | | - Jennifer Silverthorne
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Chuenjid Kongkaew
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Ahmad Z Al Meslamani
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Wail Hayajneh
- School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid 3030, Jordan
| | | | - Salim Hamadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Luay Abu-Qatouseh
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Riad Awad
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Mohannad Al Nsour
- Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman 11195, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Nathir M Obeidat
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad Asad
- Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman 11195, Jordan
| | - Salah AbuRuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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