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Aftab R, Akbar F, Afroz A, Asif A, Khan MR, Rehman N, Zeeshan N. Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded hydrocolloid film for enhanced diabetic wound healing in rats. J Wound Care 2024; 33:xlviii-lx. [PMID: 38457268 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2024.33.sup3a.xlviii] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Mentha piperita silver nanoparticle-loaded carbopol gel for enhanced wound healing in a diabetic rat model. This research further aims to explore bioactive compounds derived from Mentha piperita obtained from high altitude. METHOD Methanolic extracts of Mentha piperita (MP), Mentha spicata (MS) and Mentha longifolia (ML) were used to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNP). AgNP synthesis was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) assay. Antiglycation potential was determined by measuring the fluorescent advanced glycation end products. The bioactive compound identified in the Mentha piperita methanolic (MPM) fraction through electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric analysis (ESI-MS) was responsible for the highest antiglycation. The effects of MPM and MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol (Sanare Lab, India) on wound healing were compared in male, alloxan-induced, diabetic albino rats (200-250g), divided into control and treated groups. Effects on wound healing were assessed via histopathology. RESULTS UV-Vis and FTIR confirmed NP synthesis with peaks for flavonoids and polyphenols. SEM and XRD explored the cubical, 30-63nm crystalline NP. The maximum antioxidant and antiglycation potential was observed in order of; MP.AgNP>MS.AgNP>ML.AgNP. The highest antioxidant activity was observed by methanolic and aqueous MP.AgNPs (88.55% and 83.63%, respectively) at 2mg.ml-1, and (75.16% and 69.73%, respectively) at 1mg.ml-1, compared to ascorbic acid (acting as a positive control, 90.01%). MPM.AgNPs demonstrated the best antiglycation potential of 75.2% and 83.3% at 1mg.ml-1 and 2mg.ml-1, respectively, comparable to positive control (rutin: 88.1%) at 14 days post-incubation. A similar trend was observed for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 21mm, 21.6mm and 24.6mm. Rosmarinic acid was the active compound present in Mentha piperita, as identified by ESI-MS. MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol resulted in 100% wound closure compared with control at 20 days post-wounding. In the treatment group, re-epithelialisation was achieved by day 18, compared with 25 days for the positive control group. CONCLUSION MPM.AgNP-loaded Carbopol demonstrated safer and more effective biological properties, hence accelerating the diabetic excision wound healing process in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Aftab
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Akbar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Awais Asif
- Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
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Zahra N, Uzair M, Zaid IU, Attia KA, Inam S, Fiaz S, Abdallah RM, Naeem MK, Farooq U, Rehman N, Ali GM, Xu J, Li Z, Khan MR. The comparative transcriptome analysis of two green super rice genotypes with varying tolerance to salt stress. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:22. [PMID: 38110786 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity is one of the main abiotic factors that restrict plant growth, physiology, and crop productivity is salt stress. About 33% of the total irrigated land suffers from severe salinity because of intensive underground water extraction and irrigation with brackish water. Thus, it is important to understand the genetic mechanism and identify the novel genes involved in salt tolerance for the development of climate-resilient rice cultivars. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, two rice genotypes with varying tolerance to salt stress were used to investigate the differential expressed genes and molecular pathways to adapt under saline soil by comparative RNA sequencing at 42 days of the seedling stage. Salt-susceptible (S3) and -tolerant (S13) genotypes revealed 3982 and 3463 differentially expressed genes in S3 and S13 genotypes. The up-regulated genes in both genotypes were substantially enriched in different metabolic processes and binding activities. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant signal transduction mechanisms were highly enriched. Salt-susceptible and -tolerant genotypes shared the same salt adaptability mechanism with no significant quantitative differences at the transcriptome level. Moreover, bHLH, ERF, NAC, WRKY, and MYB transcription factors were substantially up-regulated under salt stress. 391 out of 1806 identified novel genes involved in signal transduction mechanisms. Expression profiling of six novel genes further validated the findings from RNA-seq data. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the differentially expressed genes and molecular mechanisms involved in salt stress adaptation are conserved in both salt-susceptible and salt-tolerant rice genotypes. Further molecular characterization of novel genes will help to understand the genetic mechanism underlying salt tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageen Zahra
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Imdad Ullah Zaid
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safeena Inam
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan.
| | - Rizk M Abdallah
- Department of Rice, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Sakha, Kafrelshiekh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Kashif Naeem
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | | | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan.
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Rehman N, Parveen A, Qamar S. Theoretical Study of Non-Isothermal Gradient Elution Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2023:bmad076. [PMID: 37691602 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
A two-component model of gradient elution chromatography is investigated to theoretically study the effects of simultaneous variations in temperature and solvent strength on the retention behaviors of elution profiles in thermally insulated liquid chromatographic columns. The gradient elution technique is based on the gradual increase or decrease in eluent strength during the chromatographic operation by varying the composition of the mobile phase. The enthalpy of adsorption is primarily responsible for internal temperature variations inside the column, as heat adsorbs during the adsorption process and releases in the desorption phase. Both types of variations change the propagation speeds of moving pulses inside the column which can lead to better separation of the components and a reduction in the recycling time for the next injection. The equilibrium dispersive model (EDM) coupled with the energy balance equation for temperature and transport equation for the volume fraction of the solvent is utilized to simulate this complex process. The resulting nonlinear model equations are approximated by applying a semi-discrete second-order finite volume scheme. The numerical solutions are used to study the impact of a gradient starting and ending times, volume-fraction of the solvent, solvent strength parameter, the slope of gradient, enthalpy of adsorption, injection temperature, and the ratio of specific heats on the concentration profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Rehman
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Parveen
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamsul Qamar
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Errum A, Rehman N, Uzair M, Inam S, Ali GM, Khan MR. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of wheat Ppd-1 gene homoeologs alters spike architecture and grain morphometric traits. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:66. [PMID: 36840774 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1) gene are known to modify flowering time and yield in wheat. We cloned TaPpd-1 from wheat and found high similarity among the three homoeologs of TaPpd-1. To clarify the characteristics of TaPpd-1 homoeologs in different photoperiod conditions for inflorescence architecture and yield, we used CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate Tappd-1 mutant plants by simultaneous modification of the three homoeologs of wheat Ppd-1. Tappd-1 mutant plants showed no off-target mutations. Four T0-edited lines under short-day length and three lines under long-day length conditions with the mutation frequency of 25% and 21%, respectively. These putative transgenic plants of all the lines were self-fertilized and generated T1 and T2 progenies and were evaluated by phenotypic and expression analysis. Results demonstrated that simultaneously edited TaPpd-1- A1, B1, and D1 homoeologs gene copies in T2_SDL-8-4, T2_SDL-4-5, T2_SDL-3-9, and T2_LDL-10-9 showed similar spike inflorescence, flowering time, and significantly increase in 1000-grain weight, grain area, grain width, grain length, plant height, and spikelets per spike due to mutation in both alleles of Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 homoeologs but only spike length was decreased in T2_SDL-8-4, T2_SDL-4-5, and T2_LDL-13-3 mutant lines due to mutation in both alleles of Ppd-A1 homoeolog under both conditions. Our results indicate that all TaPpd1 gene homoeologs influence wheat spike development by affecting both late flowering and earlier flowering but single mutant TaPpd-A1 homoeolog affect lowest as compared to the combination with double mutants of TaPpd-B1 and TaPpd-D1, TaPpd-A1 and TaPpd-B1, and TaPpd-A1 and TaPpd-D1 homoeologs for yield enhancement. Our findings further raised the idea that the relative expression of the various genomic copies of TaPpd-1 homoeologs may have an impact on the spike inflorescence architecture and grain morphometric features in wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Errum
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Safeena Inam
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan.
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Rafique A, Afroz A, Zeeshan N, Rashid U, Khan MAU, Irfan M, Chatha W, Khan MR, Rehman N. Production of Sitobion avenae-resistant Triticum aestivum cvs using laccase as RNAi target and its systemic movement in wheat post dsRNA spray. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284888. [PMID: 37163535 PMCID: PMC10171587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the wheat biotic stresses, Sitobion avenae is one of the main factors devastating the wheat yield per hectare. The study's objective was to find out the laccase (lac) efficacy; as a potential RNAi target against grain aphids. The Sitobion avenae lac (Salac) was confirmed by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Gene was sequenced and accession number "ON703252" was allotted by GenBank. ERNAi tool was used to design 143 siRNA and one dsRNA target. 69% mortality and 61% reduction in lac expression were observed 8D-post lac DsRNA feeding. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the homology of grain aphid lac gene with peach potato, pea, and Russian wheat aphids. While Salac protein was found similar to the Russian grain, soybean, pea, and cedar bark aphid lac protein multi-copper oxidase. The dsRNAlac spray-induced silencing shows systematic translocation from leaf to root; with maximum lac expression found in the root, followed by stem and leaf 9-13D post-spray; comparison to control. RNAi-GG provides the Golden Gate cloning strategy with a single restriction ligation reaction used to achieve lac silencing. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated in planta and in-vitro transformation was used in the study. In vitro transformation, Galaxy 2012 yielded a maximum transformation efficiency (1.5%), followed by Anaj 2017 (0.8%), and Punjab (0.2%). In planta transformation provides better transformation efficiencies with a maximum in Galaxy 2012 (16%), and a minimum for Punjab (5%). Maximum transformation efficiency was achieved for all cultivars with 250 μM acetosyringone and 3h co-cultivation. Galaxy 2012 exhibited maximum transformation efficiency, and aphid mortality post-feeding transgenic wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafique
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Chatha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Bashir S, Rehman N, Fakhar Zaman F, Naeem MK, Jamal A, Tellier A, Ilyas M, Silva Arias GA, Khan MR. Genome-wide characterization of the NLR gene family in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and their relatedness to disease resistance. Front Genet 2022; 13:931580. [PMID: 36544493 PMCID: PMC9760929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.931580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat receptors (NLR), the largest group of genes associated with plant disease resistance (R), have attracted attention due to their crucial role in protecting plants from pathogens. Genome-wide studies of NLRs have revealed conserved domains in the annotated tomato genome. The 321 NLR genes identified in the tomato genome have been randomly mapped to 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis and classification of NLRs have revealed that 211 genes share full-length domains categorized into three major clades (CNL, TNL, and RNL); the remaining 110 NLRs share partial domains and are classified in CN, TN, and N according to their motifs and gene structures. The cis-regulatory elements of NLRs exhibit the maximum number of these elements and are involved in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, pathogen recognition, and resistance. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationship between tomato NLRs and orthologs in other species has shown conservation among Solanaceae members and variation with A. thaliana. Synteny and Ka/Ks analyses of Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum tuberosum orthologs have underscored the importance of NLR conservation and diversification from ancestral species millions of years ago. RNA-seq data and qPCR analysis of early and late blight diseases in tomatoes revealed consistent NLR expression patterns, including upregulation in infected compared to control plants (with some exceptions), suggesting the role of NLRs as key regulators in early blight resistance. Moreover, the expression levels of NLRs associated with late blight resistance (Solyc04g007060 [NRC4] and Solyc10g008240 [RIB12]) suggested that they regulate S. lycopersicum resistance to P. infestans. These findings provide important fundamental knowledge for understanding NLR evolution and diversity and will empower the broader characterization of disease resistance genes for pyramiding through speed cloning to develop disease-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Bashir
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan,PARC Institute for Advanced Studies in Agriculture, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan,PARC Institute for Advanced Studies in Agriculture, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Nazia Rehman, ; Muhammad Ramzan Khan,
| | - Fabia Fakhar Zaman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan,PARC Institute for Advanced Studies in Agriculture, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Naeem
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atif Jamal
- Crop Disease Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aurélien Tellier
- Population Genetics, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Population Genetics, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Silva Arias
- Population Genetics, Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan,PARC Institute for Advanced Studies in Agriculture, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan,*Correspondence: Nazia Rehman, ; Muhammad Ramzan Khan,
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Zia S, Khan N, Tehreem K, Rehman N, Sami R, Baty RS, Tayeb FJ, Almashjary MN, Alsubhi NH, Alrefaei GI, Shahid R. Transcriptomic Analysis of Conserved Telomere Maintenance Component 1 (CTC1) and Its Association with Leukemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195780. [PMID: 36233645 PMCID: PMC9571731 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length (TEL) regulation is important for genome stability and is governed by the coordinated role of shelterin proteins, telomerase (TERT), and CST (CTC1/OBFC1/TEN1) complex. Previous studies have shown the association of telomerase expression with the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, no data are available for CST association with the ALL. The current pilot study was designed to evaluate the CST expression levels in ALL. In total, 350 subjects were recruited, including 250 ALL cases and 100 controls. The subjects were stratified by age and categorized into pediatrics (1–18 years) and adults (19–54 years). TEL and expression patterns of CTC1, OBFC1, and TERT genes were determined by qPCR. The univariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of gene expression with ALL, and the results were adjusted for age and sex in multivariable analyses. Pediatric and adult cases did not reflect any change in telomere lengths relative to controls. However, expression of CTC1, OBFC1, and TERT genes were induced among ALL cases. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed association of CTC1 with ALL in pediatric [β estimate (standard error (SE)= −0.013 (0.007), p = 0.049, and adults [0.053 (0.023), p = 0.025]. The association of CTC1 remained significant when taken together with OBFC1 and TERT in a multivariable model. Furthermore, CTC1 showed significant association with B-cell ALL [−0.057(0.017), p = 0.002) and T-cell ALL [−0.050 (0.018), p = 0.008] in pediatric group while no such association was noted in adults. Together, our findings demonstrated that telomere modulating genes, particularly CTC1, are strongly associated with ALL. Therefore, CTC1 can potentially be used as a risk biomarker for the identification of ALL in both pediatrics and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadiya Zia
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Netasha Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Komal Tehreem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rokayya Sami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S. Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris J. Tayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed N. Almashjary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf H. Alsubhi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer I. Alrefaei
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
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Afridi M, Ahmad K, Malik SS, Rehman N, Yasin M, Khan SM, Hussain A, Khan MR. Correction: Genome-wide identification, phylogeny, and expression profiling analysis of shattering genes in rapeseed and mustard plants. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:139. [PMID: 36156165 PMCID: PMC9512943 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahideen Afridi
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shahana Seher Malik
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shujaul Mulk Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adil Hussain
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre (FBRC), Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 56400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Rehman N, Qamar S. Numerical Approximation of the Nonequilibrium Model of Gradient Elution Chromatography Considering Linear and Nonlinear Solvent Strength Models. ACS Omega 2022; 7:31905-31915. [PMID: 36120058 PMCID: PMC9476203 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In both linear and nonlinear chromatography, the lumped kinetic model is a suitable model for predicting elution bands when appropriate equilibrium functions and mass transfer coefficients are accessible. This model also works well in the case of gradient elution chromatography if variations in the equilibrium functions due to changes in the mobile phase composition are known. The rational selection of an optimum gradient is explored in this study from three different perspectives using the lumped kinetic model. Elution profiles generated by using (a) linear solvent strength, (b) quadratic solvent strength, and (c) power law are investigated. The effectiveness and reliability of the suggested numerical approach, utilizing the flux-limiting finite volume method, are demonstrated through numerical simulations. The impacts of axial dispersion, nonlinearity coefficient, Henry's constant, mass transfer coefficient, and gradient parameters are studied on single and two-component elution profiles.
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Afridi M, Ahmad K, Malik SS, Rehman N, Yasin M, Khan SM, Hussain A, Khan MR. Genome-wide identification, phylogeny, and expression profiling analysis of shattering genes in rapeseed and mustard plants. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:124. [PMID: 35980545 PMCID: PMC9388710 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-synchronized pods shattering in the Brassicaceae family bring upon huge yield losses around the world. The shattering process was validated to be controlled by eight genes in Arabidopsis, including SHP1, SHP2, FUL, IND, ALC, NAC, RPL, and PG. We performed genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of shattering genes in B.napus and B. juncea to gain understanding into this gene family and to explain their expression patterns in fresh and mature siliques. Results A comprehensive genome investigation of B.napus and B.juncea revealed 32 shattering genes, which were identified and categorized using protein motif structure, exon-intron organization, and phylogeny. The phylogenetic study revealed that these shattering genes contain little duplications, determined with a distinct chromosome number. Motifs of 32 shattering proteins were observed where motifs1 and 2 were found to be more conserved. A single motif was observed for other genes like Br-nS7, Br-nS9, Br-nS10, Br-jS21, Br-jS23, Br-jS24, Br-jS25, and Br-jS26. Synteny analysis was performed that validated a conserved pattern of blocks among these cultivars. RT-PCR based expressions profiles showed higher expression of shattering genes in B. juncea as compared to B.napus. SHP1, SHP2, and FUL gene were expressed more in mature silique. ALC gene was upregulated in fresh silique of B. napus but downregulation of ALC were observed in fresh silique of B. juncea. Conclusion This study authenticates the presence of shattering genes in the local cultivars of Brassica. It has been validated that the expression of shattering genes were more in B. juncea as compared to B.napus. The outcomes of this study contribute to the screening of more candidate genes for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahideen Afridi
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shahana Seher Malik
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shujaul Mulk Khan
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adil Hussain
- Food and Biotechnology Research Centre (FBRC), Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Punjab, 56400, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.,National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Center, Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Rahim AA, Uzair M, Rehman N, Rehman OU, Zahra N, Khan MR. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Receptor-Like Protein Kinase 1 (RPK1) Gene Family in Triticum aestivum Under Drought Stress. Front Genet 2022; 13:912251. [PMID: 35860467 PMCID: PMC9289140 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.912251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinase1 (RPK1) genes play crucial roles in plant growth and development processes, root architecture, and abiotic stress regulation. A comprehensive study of the RPK1 gene family has not been reported in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Here, we reported the genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression patterns of the RPK1 gene family in wheat. Results confirmed 15 TaRPK1 genes, classified mainly into three sub-clades based on a phylogenetic tree. The TaRPK1 genes were mapped on chromosomes 1–3 in the respective A, B, and D genomes. Gene structure, motif conservation, collinearity prediction, and synteny analysis were carried out systematically. A Gene ontology study revealed that TaRPK1 genes play a vital role during molecular and biological processes. We also identified 18 putative miRNAs targeting TaRPK1 genes, suggesting their roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Cis-Regulatory elements interpreted the presence of light-related elements, hormone responsiveness, and abiotic stress-related motifs in the promoter regions. The SWISS_MODEL predicted the successful models of TaRPK1 proteins with at least 30% identity to the template, a widely accepted threshold for successful modeling. In silico expression analysis in different tissues and stages suggested that TaRPK1 genes exhibited the highest expression in root tissues. Moreover, qRT-PCR further validated the higher expression of TaRPK1 genes in roots of drought-tolerant varieties compared to the drought-susceptible variety. Collectively, the present study renders valuable information on the functioning of TaRPK1 genes in wheat that will be useful in further functional validation of these genes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Abdul Rahim
- National Centre for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Obaid Ur Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nageen Zahra
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Centre for Bioinformatics (NCB), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Ramzan Khan,
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Inam S, Abbas Z, Noor S, Rehman N, Adeel Zafar S, Ramzan Khan M, Ali Kaimkhani Z, Al-Misned F, Shah M, Mahboob S, Muhammad Ali G. Isolation, cloning and transgenic expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Solanum lycopersicum L. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1559-1564. [PMID: 35280581 PMCID: PMC8913426 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Safeena Inam
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Noor
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adeel Zafar
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Reiverside, USA
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Pakistan
| | | | - F. Al-Misned
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaud Shah
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ghulam Muhammad Ali
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Rehman
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamsul Qamar
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Zaynab M, Hussain A, Sharif Y, Fatima M, Sajid M, Rehman N, Yang X, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Li S. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Expression Profiling Revealed Its Role in Regulating Stress Responses in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum). Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10071371. [PMID: 34371574 PMCID: PMC8309457 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are the universal signal transduction networks that regulate cell growth and development, hormone signaling, and other environmental stresses. However, their essential contribution to plant tolerance is very little known in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) plant. The current study carried out a genome-wide study of StMAPK and provided a deep insight using bioinformatics tools. In addition, the relative expression of StMAPKs was also assessed in different plant tissues. The similarity search results identified a total of 22 StMAPK genes in the potato genome. The sequence alignment also showed conserved motif TEY/TDY in most StMAPKs with conserved docking LHDXXEP sites. The phylogenetic analysis divided all 22 StMAPK genes into five groups, i.e., A, B, C, D, and E, showing some common structural motifs. In addition, most of the StMAPKs were found in a cluster form at the terminal of chromosomes. The promoter analysis predicted several stress-responsive Cis-acting regulatory elements in StMAPK genes. Gene duplication under selection pressure also indicated several purifying and positive selections in StMAPK genes. In potato, StMAPK2, StMAPK6, and StMAPK19 showed a high expression in response to heat stress. Under ABA and IAA treatment, the expression of the total 20 StMAPK genes revealed that ABA and IAA played an essential role in this defense process. The expression profiling and real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) exhibited their high expression in roots and stems compared to leaves. These results deliver primary data for functional analysis and provide reference data for other important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zaynab
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 51807, China; (M.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Athar Hussain
- Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Yasir Sharif
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Mahpara Fatima
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Mateen Sajid
- Department of Horticulture, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 51807, China; (M.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science(RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.K.); (H.A.G.)
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A. Ghramh
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science(RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.K.); (H.A.G.)
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-Environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 51807, China; (M.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Errum A, Rehman N, Khan MR, Ali GM. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of pseudo-response regulator gene family in wheat. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2411-2427. [PMID: 33782785 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudo-response regulator (PRR) gene family members play a significant role in plant circadian clocks, flowering time inflorescence architecture development during transition from vegetative growth phase to reproductive phase. In current study, we analyzed the expression profiling, phylogenetic relationship, and molecular characterization of PRR gene family members of common wheat by using IWGSC Ref seq v1.1 wheat genome database with a coverage rate of 90%. By using bioinformatic approach total 20 candidate gene sequences were identified and divided into six groups and four clades. It was found that mostly genes have same number of exons and introns showed similar features because they originated through duplication events during evolution processes. Although all the proteins have conserved PRR domains, but some are distinct in their sequences suggesting functional divergence. By comparative synteny analysis it was revealed that Group 1, 2, 3 and 11-D of group 4 have duplication events while group 5 and TaPRR9-B,10-D showed conservation with previously identified PRR members from rice. While expression variation of six groups from each analysis matches with each other. Five groups highly expressed in leaf, spike, and roots in pattern like leaf > spike > root at all three stages booting, heading and anthesis of spike development. This suggests that TaPRR genes play important roles in different photoperiod signaling pathways in different organs at different stages of spike development and flowering via unknown pathway. These findings will also provide comprehensive knowledge about future investigations on wheat PRR family members involved in complex network of circadian system for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Errum
- Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. .,Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Muhammad Ali
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Agriculture Research Council Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Rehman N, Alam S, Mian I, Ullah H. Environmental friendly method for the extraction of cellulose from Triflolium resopinatum and its characterization. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2019. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v33i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Alam S, Rehman N, Ul Amin N, A. Shah L, Mian I, Ullah H. Removal of basic green 5 by carbonaceous adsorbent: Adsorption kinetics. B CHEM SOC ETHIOPIA 2018. [DOI: 10.4314/bcse.v31i3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zaynab M, Kanwal S, Furqan M, Islam W, Noman A, Ali GM, Rehman N, Zafar S, Sughra K, Jahanzab M. Proteomic approach to address low seed germination in Cyclobalnopsis gilva. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1441-1451. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Berna JL, Cassani G, Hager CD, Rehman N, López I, Schowanek D, Steber J, Taeger K, Wind T. Anaerobic Biodegradation of Surfactants – Scientific Review. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/113.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants is used as an acceptability criterion in some environmental pieces of legislation (eco-label, risk assessment, etc.), without a proper evaluation of the relevance of such a characteristic. Available screening test methods to assess the anaerobic biodegradation do not simulate the real conditions prevailing in these anaerobic compartments but rather reflect more stringent conditions, due to the high test substance/biomass ratio, possibility of inhibitory effects and limited possibility for adaptation. Therefore positive results are indicative of a similar behaviour under environmental conditions, while a negative result cannot be necessarily interpreted as inherent anaerobic recalcitrance. The majority of surfactants entering the environment will be exposed to and degraded under aerobic conditions, and only less than 20 % will potentially reach temporarily anaerobic environmental compartments. In contrast to the well documented adverse effects observed in the absence of aerobic biodegradation, the lack of anaerobic biodegradation does not seem to be correlated with any apparent environmental problem for most compartments after more than 40 years of widely use of such products. The scientific review concluded that anaerobic biodegradability does not have the same environmental relevance as the aerobic one. Anaerobic biodegradability should not, therefore, be used as a pass/fail property for the environmental acceptability of surfactants which are readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
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Rehman N, Collins AR, Suh TK, Wright RW. Effect of sperm exposure time on in vitro fertilization and embryo development of bovine oocytes matured in vitro. Theriogenology 2012; 41:1447-52. [PMID: 16727498 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90195-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/1993] [Accepted: 03/01/1994] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of sperm exposure time on the fertilization rate and subsequent developmental capacity of bovine oocytes matured in vitro. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from 2 to 6 mm follicles were matured for 24 h in TCM-199 supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and hormones (FSH, LH and estradiol 17-beta). In vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed by incubating 15 to 20 matured oocytes with 1 x 10(6) percoll separated frozen-thawed spermatozoa in 1 ml of IVF-TL medium for either 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 or 28 h. Following sperm exposure for different periods of times, the presumptive zygotes were co-cultured with Buffalo Rat Liver cells (BRLC) monolayers in CZB medium without glucose, a simple semi-defined medium developed for mouse embryo culture, for 3 d post-insemination and then in M199/FBS (TCM-199-HEPES supplemented with 20% heat-treated FBS and 1 mM sodium pyruvate) for 5 d. The fertilization rates differed significantly among the 7 treatment groups, with higher frequencies obtained by co-incubation of gametes for 20, 24 or 28 h (67 to 76%) than for 4, 8 and 12 h (26 to 54.5%), with 16 h (57%) being intermediate. However, the length of sperm exposure time did not significantly affect subsequent embryo development, although an increasing trend was noted from 4 h to 20 h. The number of fertilized oocytes at 3 d post-insemination cleaving to 2- to 4-cell vs 8-cell stage was not different among treatment groups. Development of 8-cell embryos to morulae and blastocysts did not differ among the treatment groups. These data suggest that the optimum duration of sperm-oocyte incubation is 24 h, and periods shorter than 16 h may result in a reduced fertilization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rehman
- Department of Animal Sciences Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6332, USA
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Khan S, Ahmad M, Murtaza G, Aamir M, Rehman N, Kousar R, Rasool F, Akhtar M. Formulation of Nimesulide Floating Microparticles Using Low-viscosity Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose. TROP J PHARM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v9i3.56292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Despite empirical mode decomposition (EMD) becoming a de facto standard for time-frequency analysis of nonlinear and non-stationary signals, its multivariate extensions are only emerging; yet, they are a prerequisite for direct multichannel data analysis. An important step in this direction is the computation of the local mean, as the concept of local extrema is not well defined for multivariate signals. To this end, we propose to use real-valued projections along multiple directions on hyperspheres (
n
-spheres) in order to calculate the envelopes and the local mean of multivariate signals, leading to multivariate extension of EMD. To generate a suitable set of direction vectors, unit hyperspheres (
n
-spheres) are sampled based on both uniform angular sampling methods and quasi-Monte Carlo-based low-discrepancy sequences. The potential of the proposed algorithm to find common oscillatory modes within multivariate data is demonstrated by simulations performed on both hexavariate synthetic and real-world human motion signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Rehman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - D. P. Mandic
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Shukla I, Singh O, Rehman N. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in critical care unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.24692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Kannan RY, Rehman N, Hassan MSU, Rao GS. Malignant tumours of the pinna: a two-and-a-half-year study. European Journal of Plastic Surgery 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-004-0602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rugg G, Eva M, Mahmood A, Rehman N, Andrews S, Davies S. Eliciting information about organizational culture via laddering. Inform Syst J 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gupta M, Rehman N, Bansal J, Mogre V. Topiramate: a new safe and effective antiepileptic. J Indian Med Assoc 2001; 99:449-50. [PMID: 11881861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Twenty patients of either sex, with refractory partial epilepsy with or without secondary generalisation were entered in an open label study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topiramate in them. Topiramate was used as an adjunctive therapy with an initial starting dose of 50 mg/day. The dose was then titrated upwards with increments of 50 mg per week, till a time the most effective and the best tolerated dose was reached. This most effective/tolerated dose was then continued for 6 months. Of the 17 patients entering the maintenance phase, 4 patients (24%) became seizure free, while a total of 14 patients (83%) out of 17 cases responded with a reduction in monthly seizures rate by 50% or more. Mean reduction of 68.9% was observed in monthly seizure rate during the maintenance phase. The median effective dose of topiramate was 600 mg per day. Five patients dropped out of the study due to adverse events such as anxiety, aggressiveness, rash, lethargy, etc. The central nervous system (CNS) related side effects such as dizziness, headache, and tremor were reported, which are commonly seen with other presently available antiepileptics like carbamazepine, phenytoin sodium, sodium valproate, etc, as well. Most adverse events, however, were mild and transient and did not interfere with the day to day activity of the patients. Topiramate was not associated with any abnormality in laboratory or neurological examination findings. The excellent response with topiramate therapy in Indian patients, uncontrolled with the available antiepileptics, as well as its good safety profile endorse the international efficacious and safe image of topiramate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gupta
- Department of Neurology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi
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Codner E, Loviscach M, Ciaraldi TP, Rehman N, Carter L, Mudaliar S, Henry RR. Retinoid X receptor expression in skeletal muscle of nondiabetic, obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. Metabolism 2001; 50:830-4. [PMID: 11436190 DOI: 10.1053/meta.2001.24929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a nuclear receptor that functions as an obligate heterodimeric partner of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR). Studies have shown that the alpha isoform of RXR and PPARgamma act synergistically to regulate gene expression and insulin action. The aim of the current study was to compare the expression and regulation of RXR in the primary insulin-sensitive tissue, skeletal muscle, of various degrees of insulin-resistant states including obese type 2 diabetic (T2D), obese nondiabetic (OND), and lean nondiabetic (LND) subjects. Insulin action/resistance was determined by a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic (5.0 to 5.5 mmol/L) clamp. Percutaneous biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle was performed before and after the clamp. RXRalpha mRNA was measured using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, while protein was determined by Western blotting. All 3 isoforms of RXR, alpha, beta, and gamma, were present in skeletal muscle. Protein expression of RXR isoforms did not differ between groups; RXR alpha mRNA was also similar between groups. Neither RXR alpha mRNA, RXR -beta nor -gamma protein displayed significant relationships with any of the clinical or laboratory parameters measured, including insulin sensitivity. RXR alpha exhibited a negative correlation with free fatty acids levels (r, -.42, P <.05). There was also no relationship between RXR alpha and PPARgamma protein levels. RXR alpha mRNA was unaltered following insulin infusion. We conclude that RXR isoform (alpha, beta, gamma) expression is not tightly controlled by insulin, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Instead, RXR isoforms are likely constitutive proteins or controlled by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Codner
- V A San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Loviscach M, Rehman N, Carter L, Mudaliar S, Mohadeen P, Ciaraldi TP, Veerkamp JH, Henry RR. Distribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: relation to insulin action. Diabetologia 2000; 43:304-11. [PMID: 10768091 DOI: 10.1007/s001250050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the tissue distribution and possible role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in insulin action in fat and muscle biopsy specimens from lean, obese and subjects with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. METHODS We measured PPAR alpha, PPAR beta (delta) and PPAR gamma protein expression by western blot analysis. The PPAR gamma protein was also measured in muscle before and after 3-h hyperinsulinaemic (300 mU.m-2.min-1) euglycaemic clamps. RESULTS The PPAR alpha protein was expressed preferentially in muscle relative to fat (more than sevenfold). The PPAR beta protein was similar in fat and muscle. The amount of PPAR gamma protein found in muscle was, on average, two-thirds of that present in fat. There was no statistically significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic subjects in baseline (preclamp) muscle PPAR (alpha, beta or gamma) protein expression. Subgroup analysis showed, however, significantly higher PPAR gamma protein in the most insulin resistant diabetic subjects with glucose disposal rates of 3-6 mg.kg-1.min-1 compared with their age and weight matched counterparts with glucose disposal rates of 6-9 (147 +/- 23 vs 88 +/- 10 AU/microgram protein, p < or = 0.01 in diabetic and vs 94 +/- 15, p < or = 0.04 in non-diabetic subjects). Muscle PPAR gamma protein and glucose disposal rates were inversely correlated in diabetic subjects (r = -0.47, p < or = 0.05). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION All PPARs (alpha, beta or gamma) are present in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue with different relative distributions. The PPAR gamma protein is abundant in skeletal muscle as well as adipose tissue. The altered expression of skeletal muscle PPAR gamma is consistent with a role for this nuclear protein in the impaired insulin action of Type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loviscach
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, California 92161, USA
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Rehman N, Ahmad SI. Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Karachi. J PAK MED ASSOC 2000; 50:58-60. [PMID: 10769524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate, record and analyse the comparative activity of a range of oral antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae. SETTING Specimen collected at a private laboratory and some received from different hospitals and clinics. MATERIALS The specimen comprised of Sputum, Throat Swabs, C.S.F., Pus, Pleural fluid, Ear Swabs, Eye Swabs, Bronchial Wash, Prostatic discharge and Antral Secretions. METHODS The isolates were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility using the E-test by the methods described in the study protocol. The groups of antibiotics tested were Amoxicillin--Clavulanate, Clarithromycin, Cefaclor, Cefuroxime, Ceftriaxone and Penicillin. RESULTS A total of 116 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated and susceptibility to Amoxicillin-Clavulanate was 100%, 99.1% strains were susceptible to Cefuroxime and 0.9% were intermediate. Susceptibility to Penicillin was 80.2% and 19.8% of the strains were in intermediate category, while susceptibility to Clarithromycin was 89.7%, 1.7% were in intermediate region and 8.6% of the strains were resistant to this antibiotic. The susceptibility pattern of Cefaclor was not calculated as there is no current NCCLS--97 Cefaclor breakpoints available. CONCLUSION The percentage of drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was negligible in Karachi during the study period, however it is important to monitor the susceptibility pattern to keep a check on an increase in the number of DRSP as reported at different centres in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong and Indonesia.
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Rehman N, Neduchezian D. Group A streptococcal toxic shock. J PAK MED ASSOC 1995; 45:303-4. [PMID: 8920614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Rehman
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Medical Center, Staten Island, New York 10310, USA
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Abbas Z, Rehman N, Pervez S, Abid S. Primary amyloidosis of gut presenting with dysphagia. J PAK MED ASSOC 1995; 45:274-5. [PMID: 8714626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Abbas
- Dept. of Medicine, Baqai University Hospital, Karachi
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Rehman N, Ahmed SI. Emergence of multi-drug resistance among beta-lactamase producing Salmonella. J PAK MED ASSOC 1994; 44:253-5. [PMID: 7830302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant strains of Salmonella isolated from blood and bone marrow cultures of pyrexial patients received from physicians, hospitals and different clinics were studied from May to November, 1993. Of 2143 samples collected, 424(20%) cases yielded the growth of different organisms. Out of these 266(63%) were positive for Salmonella strains. The strains isolated were Salmonella typhi 239(90%) and Salmonella paratyphi A 27(10%). Two hundred twenty (82%) strains of Salmonella showed increased beta-lactamase activity and an alarming increase in resistance against commonly used antibiotics for enteric fever.
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Rehman N, Collins AR, Suh TK, Wright RW. Development of IVM-IVF produced 8-cell bovine embryos in simple, serum-free media after conditioning or co-culture with buffalo rat liver cells. Mol Reprod Dev 1994; 38:251-5. [PMID: 7917275 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080380304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Development of 8-cell bovine embryos derived from in vitro matured/in vitro fertilized (IVM/IVF) oocytes was evaluated in two simple, serum-free media (CZB and SOM) with buffalo rat liver cells co-culture (BRLC) or after conditioning compared to a commonly used, serum-supplemented complex medium TCM-199. In a 3 x 4 factorial design, 578 eight-cell embryos were randomly assigned to 12 treatment groups. The factors were: first, type of culture medium (M199/FBS, CZBg and SOM), and second, the use of BRLC (as co-culture or to condition media for 24 hr and 48 hr) and unconditioned media. Development to morula was not affected by the type of medium, but co-culture and 48 hr conditioning within media type resulted in better development when compared to the 24-hr conditioned or unconditioned groups. Blastocyst development in SOM (38.9%) was different (P < 0.05) than in CZBg (46.6%) and M199/FBS (48.7%) and was lowest in the unconditioned group (27.8%) followed by 24 hr conditioned (33.3%), 48 hr (56.3%), and co-culture (59.6%). No blastocyst expansion was observed with unconditioned media and 24 hr conditioned SOM. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among all treatment groups except the co-culture and 48-hr conditioned groups. Hatching occurred only with co-culture and 48-hr conditioned groups of M199/FBS and CZBg media. These data show that CZB with glucose conditioned by BRLC monolayers for 48 hr can support the development of IVM/IVF produced bovine embryos to blastocyst compared to culture in TCM-199 with serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rehman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6332
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Rehman N, Collins AR, Suh TK, Wright RW. Development of in vitro matured and fertilized bovine oocytes co-cultured with Buffalo Rat Liver cells. Theriogenology 1994; 41:1453-62. [PMID: 16727499 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90196-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/1993] [Accepted: 03/01/1994] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Buffalo Rat Liver cells (BRLC) monolayers in supporting the development of in vitro matured and fertilized (IVM/IVF) bovine oocytes through to the hatched blastocyst stage compared to the commonly used co-culture system of bovine oviduct epithelial cells (BOEC). Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from 2- to 6-mm ovarian follicles at slaughter were matured for 24 h in TCM-199 supplemented with FBS and hormones (FSH, LH and estradiol 17-beta). In vitro fertilization (IVF) was performed using 1 x 10(6) percoll separated frozen-thawed spermatozoa in 1 ml of IVF-TL medium containing 18 to 20 matured oocytes. After 20 to 22 h of sperm exposure, 584 presumptive zygotes in 2 separate trials were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups (BRLC co-culture, BOEC co-culture and control, consisting of medium alone). Zygotes were cultured in CZB media, a simple semi-defined medium, without glucose for the first 2 d, transferred to M199/FBS (TCM-199-HEPES supplemented with 20% HTFBS, 1 mM Sodium pyruvate), and cultured for an additional 8 days. Cleavage and development to morula and various blastocyst stages were recorded between d 3 and 11 after the start of IVF. Overall average cleavage rate was 75% (440 584 ) and did not vary across the treatments or trials. The proportion of embryos that reached the morula stage in both co-culture systems did not differ (P > 0.05) and was significantly higher (P > 0.05) compared to the control group. However, the percentage of the number of blastocysts, expanded blastocysts and hatched blastocysts varied across the treatment groups (P < 0.05), with the highest results obtained in the BRLC co-culture system. The production of blastocysts in BOEC co-culture was inconsistent between the 2 trials where a significant difference (40.6 vs 53.0%; P > 0.05) was observed. Rate of development to the blastocyst stage was similar between the 2 co-culture systems, with most of the embryos reaching the blastocyst stage by d 8 post insemination. The results of this study show that BRLC from a commercially available established cell line offer a more reliable alternative to a BOEC co-culture system for in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture of bovine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rehman
- Department of Animal Sciences Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6332, USA
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Rehman N, Collins A, Suh T, Wright R. Development to blastocyst of IVM-IVF produced 8-cell bovine embryos in simple, serum free media after conditioning or co-culture with buffalo rat liver cells. Theriogenology 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(05)80192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ahmed W, Mahmood S, Naqvi AJ, Rehman N, Qureshi H, Zuberi SJ, Alam E. Peptic ulcer in chronic renal failure. J PAK MED ASSOC 1993; 43:97. [PMID: 8264086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Ahmed
- PMRC Research Centre, Department of Nephrology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi
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Suh T, Rehman N, Collins A, Wright R. Effects of granulosa cells from different size follicles in co-culture with bovine oocytes on maturation, fertilization and cleavage. Theriogenology 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(93)90178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Isani Z, Rehman N, Adil N, el Messidi M. Aztreonam in the treatment of gram-negative meningitis in children. Chemioterapia 1987; 6:428-30. [PMID: 3334590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Isani
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan
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Isani Z, Aziz H, Rehman N. Family study of children with fever and fits--clinical and E.E.G. pattern. J PAK MED ASSOC 1987; 37:94-7. [PMID: 3108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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