1
|
Martínez-Díaz I, Martos N, Llorens-Cebrià C, Álvarez FJ, Bedard PW, Vergara A, Jacobs-Cachá C, Soler MJ. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043427. [PMID: 36834836 PMCID: PMC9965540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) is found to be increased in kidney disease secondary to hyperglycaemia, hypertension, acidosis, and the presence of insulin or proinflammatory cytokines. In this context, ET, via the endothelin receptor type A (ETA) activation, causes sustained vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles that produces deleterious effects such as hyperfiltration, podocyte damage, proteinuria and, eventually, GFR decline. Therefore, endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) have been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to reduce proteinuria and slow the progression of kidney disease. Preclinical and clinical evidence has revealed that the administration of ERAs reduces kidney fibrosis, inflammation and proteinuria. Currently, the efficacy of many ERAs to treat kidney disease is being tested in randomized controlled trials; however, some of these, such as avosentan and atrasentan, were not commercialized due to the adverse events related to their use. Therefore, to take advantage of the protective properties of the ERAs, the use of ETA receptor-specific antagonists and/or combining them with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) has been proposed to prevent oedemas, the main ERAs-related deleterious effect. The use of a dual angiotensin-II type 1/endothelin receptor blocker (sparsentan) is also being evaluated to treat kidney disease. Here, we reviewed the main ERAs developed and the preclinical and clinical evidence of their kidney-protective effects. Additionally, we provided an overview of new strategies that have been proposed to integrate ERAs in kidney disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Díaz
- Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Martos
- Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Llorens-Cebrià
- Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ander Vergara
- Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (C.J.-C.)
| | - Conxita Jacobs-Cachá
- Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (C.J.-C.)
| | - Maria José Soler
- Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vergara A, Jacobs-Cacha C, Llorens-Cebria C, Ortiz A, Martinez-Diaz I, Martos N, Dominguez-Báez P, Van den Bosch MM, Bermejo S, Pieper MP, Benito B, Soler MJ. Enhanced Cardiorenal Protective Effects of Combining SGLT2 Inhibition, Endothelin Receptor Antagonism and RAS Blockade in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12823. [PMID: 36361612 PMCID: PMC9656616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments with sodium-glucose 2 cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) or endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) have shown cardiorenal protective effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the cardiorenal beneficial effects of the combination of SGLT2i and ERA on top of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade. Type 2 diabetic mice (db/db) were treated with different combinations of an SGLT2i (empagliflozin), an ERA (atrasentan), and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril) for 8 weeks. Vehicle-treated diabetic mice and non-diabetic mice were included as controls. Weight, blood glucose, blood pressure, and kidney and heart function were monitored during the study. Kidneys and heart were collected for histological examination and to study the intrarenal RAS. Treatment with empagliflozin alone or combined significantly decreased blood glucose compared to vehicle-treated db/db. The dual and triple therapies achieved significantly greater reductions in diastolic blood pressure than ramipril alone. Compared to vehicle-treated db/db, empagliflozin combined with ramipril or in triple therapy significantly prevented GFR increase, but only the triple combination exerted greater protection against podocyte loss. In the heart, empagliflozin alone or combined reduced cardiac isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) and left atrium (LA) diameter as compared to vehicle-treated db/db. However, only the triple therapy was able to reduce cardiomyocyte area. Importantly, the add-on triple therapy further enhanced the intrarenal ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas protective arm of the RAS. These data suggest that triple therapy with empagliflozin, atrasentan and ramipril show synergistic cardiorenal protective effects in a type 2 diabetic mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ander Vergara
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxita Jacobs-Cacha
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Llorens-Cebria
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Fundación Renal Iñigo Álvarez de Toledo-IRSIN, REDinREN, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. de los Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martinez-Diaz
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Martos
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela Dominguez-Báez
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Molina Van den Bosch
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Bermejo
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Paul Pieper
- Cardio-Metabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Begoña Benito
- Cardiology Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Deparment of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Av. de Can Domènech, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Soler
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fernández-Varón E, Ayala I, Marín P, Carrión A, Martos N, Escudero E, Cárceles CM. Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and intragastric administration. Equine Vet J 2006; 38:342-6. [PMID: 16866202 DOI: 10.2746/042516406777749245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Danofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone developed for veterinary medicine showing an excellent activity. However, danofloxacin pharmacokinetics profile have not been studied in horses previously. OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics following i.v., i.m. and intragastric (i.g.) administration of 1.25 mg/kg bwt danofloxacin to 6 healthy horses. METHODS A cross-over design was used in 3 phases (2 x 2 x 2), with 2 washout periods of 15 days (n = 6). Danofloxacin (18%) was administered by i.v. and i.m. routes at single doses of 1.25 mg/kg bwt. For i.g. administration an oral solution was prepared and administered via nasogastric tube. Danofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC assay with fluorescence detection. Tolerability at the the site of i.m. injection was monitored by creatine kinase (CK) activity. RESULTS Danofloxacin plasma concentration vs. time data after i.v. and i.g. administration could best be described by a 2-compartment open model. The disposition of i.m. administered danofloxacin was best described by a one-compartment model. The terminal half-lives for i.v., i.m. and i.g. routes were 6.31, 5.36 and 4.74 h, respectively. Clearance value after i.v. dosing was 0.34 l/kg bwt/h. After i.m. administration, absolute bioavailability was mean +/- s.d. 88.48 +/- 11.10% and Cmax was 0.35 +/- 0.05 mg/l. After i.g. administration, absolute bioavailability was 22.36 +/- 6.84% and Cmax 0.21 +/- 0.07 mg/l. CK activity following i.m. dosing increased 3-fold over pre-injection levels 12 h after dosing and subsequently approached (but did not reach) normal values at 72 h post dose. CONCLUSIONS Systemic danofloxacin exposure achieved in horses following i.m. administration was consistent with the predicted blood levels needed for a positive therapeutic outcome for many equine infections. Conversely, danofloxacin utility by the i.g. route was limited by low bioavailability. Tolerability associated with i.m. administration was high. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Pharmacokinetics, blood levels and good tolerability of i.v. and i.m. administration of danofloxacin in horses indicates that it is likely to be effective for treating sensitive bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Fernández-Varón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This report describes a case of nonfatal idiopathic splenic haematoma and pancytopenia in a female ass, a condition that has not been previously reported in this species. A 12-year-old female ass weighing 225 kg was presented with signs of anorexia, depression and prominent abdominal distension. At the onset of clinical signs there was evidence of anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. A large mass was palpated per rectum. The mass was confluent with the spleen and extended across the entire width of the abdomen. Percutaneous transabdominal ultrasonography and laparoscopy under general anaesthesia confirmed the diagnosis of splenic haematoma. The ass was treated initially with intravenous polyionic fluids; vitamins, trace elements and aminoacids; clanobutin; and penicillin and gentamicin, and was transfused with whole blood. After 5 days of hospitalisation the ass appeared brighter, and after 10 days the animal was discharged to recuperate at pasture. Six months later the animal's demeanour and appetite had improved. Repeat ultrasonographic examination showed persistence of the mass, but its thickness had decreased by 2 to 3 cm. A small mineralised area suggesting organisation of the haematoma was also detected. The haematological parameters had returned to normal values and the ass was clinically normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ayala
- Large Animal Medicine and Surgery Service. Clinical Veterinary Hospital. University of Murcia. Campus de Espinardo s/n. Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|