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Kambara K, Kabir RS, Kira Y, Ogata A, Barnard PJ. Disambiguating the relationship between processing modes and mindfulness in Japan. Cogent Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2151726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kambara
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Russell S. Kabir
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yugo Kira
- Department of Social and Clinical Psychology, Hijiyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Ogata
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Philip J. Barnard
- Honorary Member, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Pacini AM, Barnard PJ. Exocentric coding of the mapping between valence and regions of space: Implications for embodied cognition. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 214:103264. [PMID: 33556798 PMCID: PMC7910226 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence has established that positive concepts presented on a computer screen are associated with upper regions of space, and negative concepts with a lower region of space. One explanation for this is that understanding positive or negative concepts requires the re-experiencing of direction, whereby “happy is up” and “sad is down.” However, it is unclear how the regions of space are encoded in these paradigms, space can be encoded in relation to oneself (egocentrically) or in object centred coordinates that are independent of oneself (exocentrically). The current study compares exocentric and egocentric coding of space, using a variation of the Meier and Robinson (2004) paradigm. Participants were asked to evaluate valenced concepts in either the upper or lower half of the screen. Spatial primes were used such that the concepts were preceded by either an upwards or a downwards eye movement. Exocentric coding of space in this paradigm was the computer screen, whilst egocentric coding was the eye movement used to access the top or bottom of the screen. It was proposed that egocentric coding of space, being coded in the body, provides evidence of a stronger relationship between the original bodily state of ‘up’ or ‘down’ and subsequent simulation. However, significant results supported an exocentric coding of space, with faster responses to positive concepts in the upper half of the screen, and to negative concepts in the lower half, irrespective of the direction of the eye movement preceding it. The implications of this for embodied cognition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele M Pacini
- The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Philip J Barnard
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Watkins ER, Ramponi C, Barnard PJ. Reducing specificity of autobiographical memory in nonclinical participants: The role of rumination and schematic models. Cogn Emot 2015; 20:328-50. [PMID: 26529210 DOI: 10.1080/02699930500342589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments are reported in which nondysphoric participants, not prone to excessive levels of rumination in everyday life, were asked to retrieve autobiographical memories using the Williams and Broadbent ( 1986 ) procedure (AMT). In the first experiment, two variants of a self-related category fluency task were interleaved among sets of autobiographical memory cues. In one variant (blocked) a normal model of analytic rumination was induced by grouping prompts on a single superordinate theme together. In the other (intermixed) prompts from several different themes were grouped together. It was predicted that the blocked variant would reduce the number of specific memories recollected and increase the number of categoric memories relative to the intermixed variant. This prediction was confirmed and provides the first demonstration of a bidirectional causal influence of analytic rumination on the balance between specific and categoric retrievals. A second experiment showed no alteration in this balance when the same fluency manipulation involved animal-related categories rather than self-related ones. The results support a two component model of autobiographical retrieval being driven in part by the extent to which an analytic mode of processing is adopted in the short term and in part by the level of differentiation in self-related schematic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Watkins
- a Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK.,b University of Exeter , UK.,c Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Cristina Ramponi
- a Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK.,b University of Exeter , UK.,c Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
| | - Philip J Barnard
- a Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK.,b University of Exeter , UK.,c Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit , Cambridge , UK
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Abstract
Memory is typically better for emotional relative to neutral images, an effect generally considered to be mediated by arousal. However, this explanation cannot explain the full pattern of findings in the literature. Two experiments are reported that investigate the differential effects of categorical affective states upon emotional memory and the contributions of stimulus dimensions other than pleasantness and arousal to any memory advantage. In Experiment 1, disgusting images were better remembered than equally unpleasant frightening ones, despite the disgusting images being less arousing. In Experiment 2, regression analyses identified affective impact--a factor shown previously to influence the allocation of visual attention and amygdala response to negative emotional images--as the strongest predictor of remembering. These findings raise significant issues that the arousal account of emotional memory cannot readily address. The term impact refers to an undifferentiated emotional response to a stimulus, without requiring detailed consideration of specific dimensions of image content. We argue that ratings of impact relate to how the self is affected. The present data call for further consideration of the theoretical specifications of the mechanisms that lead to enhanced memory for emotional stimuli and their neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J. Croucher
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Calder
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ramponi
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Barnard
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fionnuala C. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
SenseCam review has been shown to promote and sustain subsequent access to memories that might otherwise remain inaccessible. While SenseCam review facilitates recollection for personally experienced events, we know little about the boundary conditions under which this operates and about how underlying processing mechanisms can be optimally recruited to offset memory impairments of the sort that occur in dementia. This paper considers some of these issues with a view to targeting future research that not only clarifies our evolving body of theory about how memory works, but also informs about how memory-assistive technologies for patients might be employed to maximal effect. We begin by outlining key factors that are known to influence recollection. We then examine variability in the decline of memory function both in normal ageing and in dementia. Attention is drawn to similarities in the recollection deficits associated with depression and dementia, and we suggest that this may reflect shared underlying mechanisms. We conclude by discussing how one particular theoretical rationale can be intersected with key SenseCam capabilities to define priorities for ongoing and future SenseCam research.
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Abstract
Identifying and modifying the negative interpretation bias that characterises depression is central to successful treatment. While accumulating evidence indicates that mental imagery is particularly effective in the modification of emotional bias, this research typically incorporates static and unrelated ambiguous stimuli. SenseCam technology, and the resulting video-like footage, offers an opportunity to produce training stimuli that are dynamic and self-relevant. Here participants experienced several ambiguous tasks and subsequently viewed SenseCam footage of the same tasks, paired with negative or positive captions. Participants were trained to use mental imagery to inter-relate SenseCam footage and captions. Participants reported increased levels of happy mood, reduced levels of sad mood, and increased task enjoyment following SenseCam review with positive versus negative captions. This shift in emotional bias was also evident at 24-hour follow-up, as participants recollected greater task enjoyment for those tasks previously paired with positive captions. Mental imagery appears to play an important role in this process. These preliminary results indicate that in healthy volunteers, SenseCam can be used within a bias modification paradigm to shift mood and memory for wellbeing associated with performing everyday activities. Further refinements are necessary before similar methods can be applied to individuals suffering from subclinical and clinical depression.
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Ramponi C, Murphy FC, Calder AJ, Barnard PJ. Recognition memory for pictorial material in subclinical depression. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2010; 135:293-301. [PMID: 20728865 PMCID: PMC2994638 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has been associated with impaired recollection of episodic details in tests of recognition memory that use verbal material. In two experiments, the remember/know procedure was employed to investigate the effects of dysphoric mood on recognition memory for pictorial materials that may not be subject to the same processing limitations found for verbal materials in depression. In Experiment 1, where the recognition test took place two weeks after encoding, subclinically depressed participants reported fewer know judgements which were likely to be at least partly due to a remember-to-know shift. Although pictures were accompanied by negative or neutral captions at encoding, no effect of captions on recognition memory was observed. In Experiment 2, where the recognition test occurred soon after viewing the pictures, subclinically depressed participants reported fewer remember judgements. All participants reported more remember judgements for pictures of emotionally negative content than pictures of neutral content. Together, these findings demonstrate that recognition memory for pictorial stimuli is compromised in dysphoric individuals in a way that is consistent with a recollection deficit for episodic detail and also reminiscent of that previously reported for verbal materials. These findings contribute to our developing understanding of how mood and memory interact.
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Ramponi C, Barnard PJ, Kherif F, Henson RN. Voluntary explicit versus involuntary conceptual memory are associated with dissociable fMRI responses in hippocampus, amygdala, and parietal cortex for emotional and neutral word pairs. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 23:1935-51. [PMID: 20807058 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although functional neuroimaging studies have supported the distinction between explicit and implicit forms of memory, few have matched explicit and implicit tests closely, and most of these tested perceptual rather than conceptual implicit memory. We compared event-related fMRI responses during an intentional test, in which a group of participants used a cue word to recall its associate from a prior study phase, with those in an incidental test, in which a different group of participants used the same cue to produce the first associate that came to mind. Both semantic relative to phonemic processing at study, and emotional relative to neutral word pairs, increased target completions in the intentional test, but not in the incidental test, suggesting that behavioral performance in the incidental test was not contaminated by voluntary explicit retrieval. We isolated the neural correlates of successful retrieval by contrasting fMRI responses to studied versus unstudied cues for which the equivalent "target" associate was produced. By comparing the difference in this repetition-related contrast across the intentional and incidental tests, we could identify the correlates of voluntary explicit retrieval. This contrast revealed increased bilateral hippocampal responses in the intentional test, but decreased hippocampal responses in the incidental test. A similar pattern in the bilateral amygdale was further modulated by the emotionality of the word pairs, although surprisingly only in the incidental test. Parietal regions, however, showed increased repetition-related responses in both tests. These results suggest that the neural correlates of successful voluntary explicit memory differ in directionality, even if not in location, from the neural correlates of successful involuntary implicit (or explicit) memory, even when the incidental test taps conceptual processes.
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Abstract
Memory for emotional stimuli is superior to memory for neutral stimuli. This study investigated whether this memory advantage is present in implicit memory. Memory was tested with a test of explicit memory (associate cued recall) and a test of conceptual implicit memory (free association) identical in all respects apart from the retrieval instructions. After studying emotional and neutral paired associates, participants saw the first member of the pair, the cue; in the test of explicit memory participants were instructed to recall the associate; in the test of implicit memory participants were instructed to generate the first word coming to mind associated to the word. Depth of study processing dissociated performance in the tests, confirming that the free-association test was not contaminated by an intentional retrieval strategy. Emotional pairs were better recalled than neutral pairs in the test of explicit memory but not in the equivalent test of implicit memory. The absence of an emotion effect in implicit memory implies that emotional material does not have a privileged global mnemonic status; intentional retrieval is necessary for observing the emotion-related memory advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramponi
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
According to theories of emotional complexity, individuals low in emotional complexity encode and represent emotions in visceral or action-oriented terms, whereas individuals high in emotional complexity encode and represent emotions in a differentiated way, using multiple emotion concepts. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants viewed valenced animated scenarios of simple ball-like figures attending either to social or spatial aspects of the interactions. Participant’s emotional complexity was assessed using the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale. We found a distributed set of brain regions previously implicated in processing emotion from facial, vocal and bodily cues, in processing social intentions, and in emotional response, were sensitive to emotion conveyed by motion alone. Attention to social meaning amplified the influence of emotion in a subset of these regions. Critically, increased emotional complexity correlated with enhanced processing in a left temporal polar region implicated in detailed semantic knowledge; with a diminished effect of social attention; and with increased differentiation of brain activity between films of differing valence. Decreased emotional complexity was associated with increased activity in regions of pre-motor cortex. Thus, neural coding of emotion in semantic vs action systems varies as a function of emotional complexity, helping reconcile puzzling inconsistencies in neuropsychological investigations of emotion recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tavares
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Abstract
The complexity of a mental disorder such as depression is such that a way of interlinking the neural, mental and interpersonal levels is needed. This paper proposes that a theoretical framework which distinguishes, and relates, macro-theory and micro-theory at these levels can serve this purpose. The ‘Interacting Cognitive Subsystems’ approach to mental architecture is used to show how, via the detailed specification of mental processes and representations, a macro-theory of mental architecture contributes to our understanding of depressed states. In the account advanced by Teasdale and Barnard depressed states are seen as being maintained by an abnormal version of a dynamic dialogue between two qualitatively distinct types of meaning: one is referentially specific, propositional meaning, the other consists of holistic schemata rich in latent content and is called implicational meaning. In depressed states with ruminative and avoidant thought patterns, the mental function of attention is seen as being directed preferentially at propositional meanings. There is a corresponding neglect of attention to implicational meanings. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how this approach can address transdiagnostic issues and how it may suggest new strategies for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Barnard
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
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Lomax CL, Barnard PJ, Lam D. Cognitive processing in bipolar disorder conceptualized using the Interactive Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) model. Psychol Med 2009; 39:773-783. [PMID: 18796173 PMCID: PMC2830070 DOI: 10.1017/s003329170800425x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few theoretical proposals that attempt to account for the variation in affective processing across different affective states of bipolar disorder (BD). The Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) framework has been recently extended to account for manic states. Within the framework, positive mood state is hypothesized to tap into an implicational level of processing, which is proposed to be more extreme in states of mania. METHOD Thirty individuals with BD and 30 individuals with no history of affective disorder were tested in euthymic mood state and then in induced positive mood state using the Question-Answer task to examine the mode of processing of schemas. The task was designed to test whether individuals would detect discrepancies within the prevailing schemas of the sentences. RESULTS Although the present study did not support the hypothesis that the groups differ in their ability to detect discrepancies within schemas, we did find that the BD group was significantly more likely than the control group to answer questions that were consistent with the prevailing schemas, both before and after mood induction. CONCLUSIONS These results may reflect a general cognitive bias, that individuals with BD have a tendency to operate at a more abstract level of representation. This may leave an individual prone to affective disturbance, although further research is required to replicate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lomax
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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Abstract
Effective photojournalism provokes an emotional reaction and leaves a lasting impression upon the viewer. Striking and memorable images are often said to possess 'impact'. Within cognitive neuroscience memorable emotional images evoke a greater amygdala response. Research to date has focused on arousal as a causative factor, while the contribution of appraisal dimensions relating to salience of an item, goal relevance, or impact are yet to be addressed. We explored how differences in ratings of impact influenced amygdala activity to negative emotional images matched for valence, arousal and other factors. Increased amygdala activation was found to high impact when compared to neutral images, or high impact when compared to low impact images (matched for arousal). Our findings demonstrate that the amygdala response to emotional stimuli is not a function of arousal (or valence) alone and accord more with the proposal that the amygdala responds to the significance or relevance of an event.
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Barnard PJ, Bayly SR, Holland JP, Dilworth JR, Waghorn PA. In vitro assays for assessing the potential for copper complexes to function as radiopharmaceutical agents. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 52:235-244. [PMID: 18551094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of chemical in vitro assays are described to provide a rapid initial assessment of the in vivo stability and biological behaviour of potential new copper(II) based radiopharmaceutical agents. Chemical challenges using an excess of cysteine, glutathione (GSH) and histidine, which are models of S- and N-donor molecules found in vivo, are used to provide a measure of the potential for loss of the copper(II) ion from the radiopharmaceutical as a result of ligand dissociation. In addition, thiol containing molecules such as cysteine and GSH provide a redox challenge, whereby the copper(II) complex may be reduced to give a copper(I) species. The stability of the copper(I) species toward oxidation, protonation, and ligand dissociation may be crucial in determining the biodistribution, the biological half-life and excretion mechanisms of a potential radiopharmaceutical. Further evaluation of the redox stability is assessed using the ubiquitous biological reductant ascorbic acid. The relative stability of a complex with respect to ligand dissociation in human serum provides one of the most important experiments assessing the potential of a complex to be used in vivo. Further challenge experiments with serum proteins such as thioredoxin and serum albumin can be used to provide more detailed information on the probable fate of the complex in serum. Evaluation of complex stability and speciation over a range of pH values may also be used to obtain information on potential biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barnard
- Siemens Oxford Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Murphy FC, Wilde G, Ogden N, Barnard PJ, Calder AJ. Assessing the automaticity of moral processing: efficient coding of moral information during narrative comprehension. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2008; 62:41-9. [PMID: 18720279 PMCID: PMC2645138 DOI: 10.1080/17470210802254441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing theoretical debate concerns the involvement of principled reasoning versus relatively automatic intuitive-emotional processing in moral cognition. To address this, we investigated whether the mental models formed during story comprehension contain a moral dimension and whether this process is affected by cognitive load. A total of 72 participants read stories about fictional characters in a range of moral situations, such as a husband being tempted to commit adultery. Each story concluded with a “moral” or “immoral” target sentence. Consistent with a framework of efficient extraction of moral information, participants took significantly longer to read immoral than moral target sentences. Moreover, the magnitude of this effect was not compromised by cognitive load. Our findings provide evidence of efficient coding of moral dimensions during narrative comprehension and demonstrate that this process does not require cognitively intense forms of principled reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala C Murphy
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Dalgleish T, Rolfe J, Golden AM, Dunn BD, Barnard PJ. Reduced autobiographical memory specificity and posttraumatic stress: Exploring the contributions of impaired executive control and affect regulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008; 117:236-41. [DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Depression and dysphoric mood states are often accompanied by quantitative or qualitative shifts in performance across a range of retention tasks. This study focuses on the recollection of both autobiographical events and word lists in dysphoric states. Recollection occurs when people are aware of some contextual detail allied to the encoding experience. This study establishes the presence of a recollection deficit in dysphoria in two distinct paradigms. In both autobiographical recall and in recognition memory, recollection in a dysphoric group was at lower levels than recollection in matched controls. The study examines the hypothesis that the extent of recollection is influenced by two factors: (1) the degree of differentiation of schematic mental models; and (2) the executive mode that predominates when memory tasks are carried out, with the latter assumed to be altered by rumination. The relationship between responses based on recollection and alternative mnemonic responses could be predicted by measures of these two factors. The results are discussed in terms of the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems model (Teasdale & Barnard, 1993) and the perspective it offers on the relationship between meaning systems and executive functions (Barnard, 1999).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramponi
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
This paper articulates and discusses the parts played by different processes and representations in the overall conduct of applied clinical science. It distinguishes two sorts of representation, theories in the science base and bridging representations needed to map from real world behaviour to basic theory and from theory back to the real world. It is then argued that macro-theories of the "normal" human mental architecture could help synthesise basic theoretical accounts of diverse psychopathologies, without recourse to special purpose clinical cognitive theories of particular psychopathologies or even specific symptoms. Using the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems model [Affect, Cognition and Change: Re-modelling Depressive Thought, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hove, 1993], some specific macro-theoretic variables are identified. Concrete illustrations are given of how the essence of quite complex basic theory can be translated into a simpler representational format to help clinicians conceptualise a psychopathological state and pinpoint relevant variables that might be changed by therapeutic interventions. Some suggestions are also offered about how the inevitable problem of complexity in multiple component theories might be directly confronted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Barnard
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK.
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Abstract
Several paradigms show that responses to one event compromise responses to a second event for around 500 ms. Such effects are generally attributed to attentional capacity limitations associated with processing information in the first event. In a task in which targets could be distinguished only by their meaning, we varied the semantic relationship between distractors and targets following at different lags. Semantic relatedness alone produced a classic attentional blink. We conclude by discussing how attention theory might best accommodate these new effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barnard
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, England.
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Abstract
The Interacting Cognitive Subsystems framework, ICS (Barnard, 1985) proposes that central executive phenomena can be accounted for by two autonomous subsystems, which process different forms of meaning: propositional and schematic (implicational) meanings. The apparent supervisory role of the executive arises from limitations on the exchange of information between these and other cognitive subsystems. This general proposal is elaborated in four experiments in which a total of 1,293 participants are asked to spontaneously generate a large verbal number to varying task constraints, with the intention of specifying the representations of number and task that underlie responses. Responses change systematically according to participants' use of explicit propositional information provided by the instructions, and inferred implicational information about what the experimenter is requesting. There was a high error rate (between 6% and 24%), participants producing responses that did not fall within the large range indicated by the instructions. The studies support the distinction between propositional and implicational processing in executive function, and provide a framework for understanding normal executive representations and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Scott
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
This exploratory study examines how daily schemas for work activities influence retrospective memory. Twelve subjects were asked to describe their 'typical day' at work, and to recall their work activities of yesterday and of the same day a week ago. The number of basic activities occurring in each description was counted, and the number of basic activities occurring in the typical day description was viewed as an index of the degree of elaboration of the schema. There were three major findings. First, people recalled fewer activities from last week than they did from yesterday, and those activities that were recalled from last week tended to be those that were in the daily schema. Second, there was a tendency for people with highly elaborated daily schemas to recall more activities from last week than people with poorly elaborated schemas. And third, there were more schematic references in the recalls from last week than in those from yesterday. Taken together, these findings indicate that there are strong schematic influences on the recall of activities from last week, but not on those from yesterday. The discussion points to a number of research issues, both applied and theoretical, which arise from this preliminary investigation of daily work schemas.
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Barnard PJ. Management of medical research. Experience confirms directors' dissatisfaction. BMJ 1993; 307:265. [PMID: 8369720 PMCID: PMC1678168 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6898.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Geng Y, Derry JM, Hendrickx J, Coucke P, Willems PR, Barnard PJ. Mapping of a liver phosphorylase kinase alpha-subunit gene on the mouse X chromosome. Genomics 1993; 15:191-3. [PMID: 8432533 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylase kinase (PHK) is a regulatory enzyme of the glycogenolytic pathway composed of a complex of four subunits. We recently mapped the muscle alpha-subunit gene (Phka) to the mouse X chromosome in a region syntenic with the proximal long arm of the human X chromosome and containing the human homologue of this gene, PHKA. We now report the mapping of the liver alpha-subunit gene to the telomeric end of the mouse X chromosome. This mapping position would suggest a location for the human liver alpha-subunit gene on the proximal short arm of the X chromosome, a region recently implicated in X-linked liver glycogenosis (XLG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Geng
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, MRC Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Górecki DC, Monaco AP, Derry JM, Walker AP, Barnard EA, Barnard PJ. Expression of four alternative dystrophin transcripts in brain regions regulated by different promoters. Hum Mol Genet 1992; 1:505-10. [PMID: 1307251 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.7.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment occurs in one-third of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a lethal X-linked, recessive disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene which is expressed in both brain and muscle, the two transcripts having alternative first exons. Previous reports have indicated that the 'brain-type' dystrophin transcript predominates in brain. Using in situ hybridisation with antisense oligonucleotides, expression of four distinct mRNAs in specific brain areas is demonstrated here; the 14 kb muscle-type and brain-type transcripts were found to coexist in cortical and hippocampal neurons and two new transcripts have been identified in dentate gyrus and cerebellar Purkinje neurons, respectively. The latter has a novel first exon which was isolated and sequenced from mouse and human, and which would encode a protein with a different amino-terminus from the known muscle- and brain-type isoforms. Mapping in human located this exon in a large intron between the muscle-type promoter and second exon of the dystrophin gene. This finding of four alternative transcripts regulated by different promoters in brain reveals a new complexity to dystrophin expression that may have important insights for mental retardation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Górecki
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, University of Cambridge Medical School, UK
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Abstract
Genes encoding the neuron-specific phosphoprotein synapsin I (SYN1), the glycoprotein tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), the proto-oncogene A-raf-1 (ARAF1), and properdin (PFC), a positive regulator of the alternative pathway of human complement, lie within a conserved synteny encompassing the proximal short arm of the human X chromosome (Xp21.1-p11) and the centromeric end of the mouse X chromosome (A1-A5). We have used a mouse interspecific cross to demonstrate genetic linkage of Syn-1, Timp, and Araf and also show physical linkage, with Timp lying only 10 kb from Araf, within an intron of the Syn-1 gene. Detailed restriction mapping shows that Timp is transcribed in the same direction as Araf but in the opposite direction to the Syn-1 gene. Analysis of the corresponding region of the human X chromosome indicates a similar arrangement and in addition shows that the properdin gene lies within 5 kb of the 5' end of the synapsin I gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Derry
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, MRC Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is due to mutations in the dystrophin gene which is predominantly expressed in muscle and brain. Since the disease is associated with cognitive impairment, we sought to localize dystrophin mRNA in brain using in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes. We find the gene strongly expressed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, areas with an established cognitive function, and also in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, an area associated with motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gorecki
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, University of Cambridge Medical School, England
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Abstract
We have mapped the gene for the alpha 2-subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor (Glra2) to the telomeric end of the mouse X chromosome by backcross analysis of a Mus musculus/Mus spretus interspecific cross. In addition, we have extended the mapping of the GABAA alpha 3-subunit receptor gene (Gabra3). A deduced gene order of cen-Cybb-Hprt-DXPas6-Gabra3-Rsvp-Gdx/Cf-8- Dmd-Pgk-1-DXPas2-Plp-DXPas1-Glra2-tel places Gabra3 proximal to the visual pigment gene Rsvp and Glra2 in the region of loci for hypophosphatemia (Hyp), steroid sulfatase (Sts), and the E1 alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (Pdha1). This establishes the XF region of the mouse X chromosome as homologous with the Xp22.1-p22.3 region of the human X chromosome and indicates the presence of an evolutionary breakpoint in the region of Xp21.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Derry
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, MRC Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Geng Y, Sicinski P, Gorecki D, Barnard PJ. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse dystrophin: the embryonic isoform in muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 1991; 1:125-33. [PMID: 1822783 DOI: 10.1016/0960-8966(91)90060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophin, the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus, is encoded by a 14 kb transcript of over 65 exons. A point mutation in the homologous mouse gene causes muscular dystrophy in mdx mice. We have examined the developmental regulation of transcription of this gene in skeletal mouse muscle and also the tissue specificity of the transcript in muscle and brain, by using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify overlapping segments of dystrophin mRNA spanning the entire coding sequence and 5'-untranslated region. We have characterised a specific embryonic transcript that would encode dystrophin with a different C-terminus and have shown that this persists from the earliest stages to the adult in mdx skeletal muscle. The brain transcript shows striking sequence homology to rat and human, being highly conserved at the 5'-untranslated region and is present in both wild-type and mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Geng
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, University of Cambridge Medical School, U.K
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Barnard PJ, Derry JM, Ryder-Cook AS, Zander NF, Kilimann MW. Mapping of the phosphorylase kinase alpha subunit gene on the mouse X chromosome. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1990; 53:91-4. [PMID: 1973380 DOI: 10.1159/000132902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylase kinase is a glycogenolytic enzyme in several animal tissues. Within the last few years all four subunits of the enzyme have been cloned. The beta, gamma, and delta subunits are known to be autosomal. We have mapped the alpha subunit of phosphorylase kinase, recently cloned by Zander et al. (1988), in an interspecific mouse pedigree and localized it on the X chromosome, where it maps between the X-linked zinc finger protein and phosphoglycerate kinase genes, close to the latter. In man and mouse several X-linked disorders of this enzyme have been described. Although the X-linked phosphorylase kinase deficiency in mice may be caused by a mutation in the structural gene for the alpha subunit, mapped here, the existence of a separate regulatory locus, important in the normal expression or function of the enzyme in muscle, still remains a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barnard
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Medical Research Council Centre, Cambridge, England
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Buckle VJ, Fujita N, Ryder-Cook AS, Derry JM, Barnard PJ, Lebo RV, Schofield PR, Seeburg PH, Bateson AN, Darlison MG. Chromosomal localization of GABAA receptor subunit genes: relationship to human genetic disease. Neuron 1989; 3:647-54. [PMID: 2561974 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(89)90275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization of GABAA receptor probes to human chromosomes in situ and to DNA from sorted human chromosomes has localized the genes encoding a beta subunit and three isoforms of the alpha subunit. The alpha 2 and beta genes are both located on chromosome 4 in bands p12-p13 and may be adjacent. The alpha 1 gene is on chromosome 5 (bands q34-q35) and the alpha 3 gene is on the X chromosome. The alpha 3 locus was mapped also on the mouse X chromosome using genetic break-point analysis in an interspecies pedigree. The combined results locate the human alpha 3 gene within band Xq28, in a location that makes it a candidate gene for the X-linked form of manic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Buckle
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, England
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Derry
- MRC Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Medical Research Council Centre, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The mdx mouse is an X-linked myopathic mutant, an animal model for human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In both mouse and man the mutations lie within the dystrophin gene, but the phenotypic differences of the disease in the two species confer much interest on the molecular basis of the mdx mutation. The complementary DNA for mouse dystrophin has been cloned, and the sequence has been used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify normal and mdx dystrophin transcripts in the area of the mdx mutation. Sequence analysis of the amplification products showed that the mdx mouse has a single base substitution within an exon, which causes premature termination of the polypeptide chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sicinski
- Medical Research Unit, MRC Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ryder-Cook AS, Sicinski P, Thomas K, Davies KE, Worton RG, Barnard EA, Darlison MG, Barnard PJ. Localization of the mdx mutation within the mouse dystrophin gene. EMBO J 1988; 7:3017-21. [PMID: 2903046 PMCID: PMC454686 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have mapped human and mouse X chromosome-specific genomic and cDNA probes through an interspecies Mus musculus/spretus pedigree which contains the mdx mutation. The positions of these markers relative to one another and to the mdx mutation were delineated. Using probes corresponding to segments of the human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene transcript, the position of a cross-hybridizing mouse equivalent gene (mDMD) was located. In more than 200 animals mapped, three were identified which show recombination within this mDMD gene. Analysis of these three animals shows that the mDMD gene is oriented with its 5' end centromeric and its 3' end telomeric on the mouse X chromosome. Furthermore, their recombinational breakpoints are on either side of the mdx mutation, thus providing the first unequivocal demonstration that the mdx mutation is located within the mDMD gene and defining limits within that gene between which the mutation must lie. Within that segment the evidence indicates that there is no major deletion of an exon as detectable by Southern blot analysis in mdx animals. The mdx mouse becomes important as an animal model for the study of the expression of the DMD gene and its developmental consequences, for transgenic and other corrective manipulations.
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Ostrowski K, Watson JV, Barnard PJ, Barnard EA, Thomas K, Freedman L, de Stavola B. The application of flow cytophotometry in measurements of cell adhesion. Histochemistry 1986; 85:423-9. [PMID: 3781886 DOI: 10.1007/bf00982673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A common approach to the study of cell substrate interactions is the measurement of the attachment of cells to different substrates or to cultured cell layers. The evaluation of attachment is made either by scintillation counting of previously labelled adhering cells, or by light microscopy using the criterion of cell shape, sometimes refined by automatic image analysis. These methods have many drawbacks. This paper suggests the use of fluorescence-activated flow cytophotometry, (FC) which yields direct counts of the non-adhering cells. These "free" cells are removed after completion of the adhesion experiment from the microtitre plate wells. An internal standard, in the form of fluorescent polystyrene beads is added, allowing evaluation of the percentage of cells adhering to the well walls. Flow cytophotometry then produces data based on the analysis of large populations of cells. Unequivocal discrimination is obtained between the counted cells and counted fluorescent beads eliminating counting errors. The results can be processed on line by computer. A suspension of mouse splenocytes was used for the evaluation of the overall error of the method arising from inaccuracies in pipetting, interference of glutaraldehyde with ethidium bromide (EB) staining and instrumental error. Each adhesion experiment was terminated by staining and post-fixation and it was established that this introduces no change in cell counting, in comparison with the original unfixed cells. Prefixation, however, quenches the EB staining and would interfere with the counting procedure. The overall standard error of the technique was found to be 5%-10%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
The fast-twitch posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of normal and genetically dystrophic chickens was subjected to continuous indirect electrical stimulation at 10 Hz for periods of 4-8 weeks. To sustain this in vivo nerve stimulation an internally implantable miniature stimulator device was designed. This regime of stimulation caused complete fatigue of the normal muscle within 5 min of its initiation. The dystrophic muscles maintained a very small degree of contractile activity during this initial phase. Tangible twitching of the muscle returned in 5 week birds between 3 and 5 days and in 10 week birds between 11 and 16 days after implantation. After 4 weeks of stimulation, no significant change was measured in the time-to-peak of the isometric twitch response, nor in the half-relaxation time. The resistance to fatigue was significantly increased in the stimulated muscles when tested with a series of tetani at 40 Hz. The mean fibre area was decreased, in all muscles stimulated for longer than 3 weeks, in comparison to their contralateral controls, except where fibre splitting in dystrophic birds abnormally reduced the control value. The majority fibre type of the muscle was changed from type IIB to IIA. The histochemical reactions for both NADH-linked oxidation and phosphorylase were distinctly increased in the stimulated muscles. In normal muscle, stimulation increased somewhat the number of nuclei per unit area and changed their intracellular distribution, so that a greater proportion was found adjacent to the sarcolemma. The normal posterior latissimus dorsi muscle responded to chronic stimulation with increases of 3-6-fold in its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The maximum change in AChE occurred after 2 weeks stimulation; a steady level, 3 times that of the control unstimulated muscle, persisted at later times. Chronic stimulation suppressed the over-production of AChE that is characteristic of dystrophic chicken fast-twitch muscle, to attain a level comparable to the AChE activity in a stimulated normal muscle. Stimulation exerted a strong normalizing influence on dystrophic muscle, as assessed morphologically. The characteristic fibre rounding, fibre hypertrophy and myonuclear proliferation were reduced. This influence was most marked where the stimulation was initiated before the major pathological changes had occurred, but was also significant when commenced in strongly affected birds of 10-11 weeks.
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Abstract
An elevation of phosphoglycerate mutase (PMG) has been detected in the blood plasma of the genetically dystrophic chicken and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. In the dystrophic chicken, plasma PGM in the pectoral muscle was simultaneously depressed to less than one-half that of the normal chicken. In a group of 9 DMD patients, plasma PGM activity was found to be significantly raised above the normal range. A survey of a small group of plasma specimens from human fetuses at risk for muscular dystrophy also suggested that PGM merits investigation as a potential adjunct to other diagnostic indices.
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Abstract
The extent of differential fibre type involvement in chicken muscular dystrophy can be assessed quantitatively by the statistical parameters of fibre area, nuclei content and nuclei distribution in the individual fibre types. Two muscles, the posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and the serratus metapatagialis (SMP), were found to have similar overall fibre type composition, although the latter contains two subtypes of type I fibres, one of which has not previously been recognised in avian muscle. In both muscles, type IIB fibres are most affected by the progressive pathology. Nuclear proliferation is one of the histopathological features which can be measured, and in the PLD, the mean number of total nuclei in type IIB fibre cross-sections (Nt) is increased from 2.23 in normal chickens to 3.70 in dystrophic chickens, by 60 days. The corresponding values for Nt in type IIB muscle fibres of the SMP at 50 days are 1.74 and 5.10. Likewise, statistical analyses of the distribution of the fibre areas and their variability demonstrate that the incidence of abnormality in chicken dystrophy is greatest in type IIB fibres in both these muscles. Although type I fibres in the PLD are resistant to dystrophic change, it is noteworthy that in the SMP the type I fibres, also, are severely affected from an early stage, by these quantitative criteria. On the other hand, all fibres in a tonic muscle, the metapatagialis latissimus dorsi, are unaffected, as is true of all other tonic muscles previously studied. It is concluded that any twitch fibre type can, in principle, be affected by the actions of the gene concerned, and that this expression can be greatly modified in individual muscles by various physiological features, for example their natural pattern of use or relative disuse.
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Barnard EA, Lyles JM, Silman I, Jedrzejczyk J, Barnard PJ. Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase in chicken skeletal muscles: their distribution and change with muscular dystrophy. Reprod Nutr Dev (1980) 1982; 22:261-73. [PMID: 7156481 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:19820213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chicken muscles offer several significant advantages for the use of cholinesterase as a marker of nerve-muscle interactions. A series of molecular forms of chicken muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and likewise of pseudocholinesterase (psi ChE), has been defined. The form of AChE inside the endplates of fast-twitch muscle is H2c (20 S), with a collagenous tail. The same is true for psi ChE. The changes in these forms in the muscle with embryonic development, with muscle fibre-type composition and under the influence of inherited muscular dystrophy, are described quantitatively.
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Liu PK, Barnard EA, Barnard PJ. Blood plasma pyruvate kinase as a marker of muscular dystrophy. Properties in dystrophic chickens and hamsters. Exp Neurol 1980; 67:581-600. [PMID: 7353617 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(80)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Barnard EA, Barnard PJ. Therapeutic effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on inherited muscular dystrophy in the chicken and hamster [proceedings]. J Physiol 1978; 278:29P-30P. [PMID: 671302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
The prognosis for children with cancer has changed significantly over the past 10 years. Currently, it is anticipated that cure can be achieved in approximately 50% of newly diagnosed cases of childhood cancer. The quality of life for these children depends not only on their medical treatment but also on the successful management of the psychological problems related to their diagnosis. A summer camp was established in Florida as a part of our psychosocial rehabilitation program for pediatric cancer patients. Participating in the day-to-day camp life were 26 children with various forms of cancer. Each child not only had the opportunity to enjoy a normal out-of-door life style, away from their overprotective parents, but experienced daily contact with other children who shared a similarly stressful existence. It is felt the awareness gained through the realization that they were not along in their plight and the independence instilled through separation from parents was beneficial to each child. It is anticipated that future camps with the inclusion of psychological testing will provide us with the opportunity to further assess the need for psychosocial rehabilitation for the child with cancer.
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Kibel MA, Barnard PJ. The haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: a survey in Southern Africa. S Afr Med J 1968; 42:692-8. [PMID: 5673821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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