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Murugan S, de Campos VS, Ghag SA, Ng M, Shyam R. Characterization of a Novel Mouse Model for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38587441 PMCID: PMC11005065 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a progressive blinding disorder, characterized by increased corneal endothelial excrescences (guttae), corneal endothelial cell loss, and edema. These symptoms are hypothesized to be caused by changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mitochondrial dysfunction in the corneal endothelium. Despite this clinical and biological relevance, a comprehensive animal model that recapitulates all the major disease characteristics is currently unavailable. In this study, we develop such a model to improve our understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the FECD progression and develop strategies for early intervention. Method To generate a comprehensive FECD model, we generated a double mutant mouse bearing tamoxifen-inducible knockdown of Slc4a11 and the Col8a2 (Q455K) mutation. We performed optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy using the Heidelberg Retinal Tomography 3 - Rostock Cornea module (HRT3-RCM) on the mice at 5 weeks of age before tamoxifen feeding to establish baseline values for corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, and test for the presence of guttae. We measured these parameters again post-tamoxifen treatment at 16 weeks of age. We collected corneas at 16 weeks to perform histopathology, immunofluorescence staining for tight junctions, adherens junctions, and oxidative stress. We evaluated endothelial pump function using a lactate assay. Results The double mutant tamoxifen-fed animals showed the presence of guttae, and displayed increased corneal thickness and decreased endothelial cell density. Endothelial cells showed altered morphology with disrupted adherens junctions and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, we found that stromal lactate concentrations were elevated in the double mutant mice, indicative of compromised endothelial pump function. Conclusions Overall, this mouse model recapitulates all the important phenotypic features associated with FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashree Murugan
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Viviane Souza de Campos
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Sachin Anil Ghag
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew Ng
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Shyam R, Shu DY, Zuniga-Sanchez E, Vasudevan D. Editorial: Molecular mechanisms in ocular development and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1244123. [PMID: 37457294 PMCID: PMC10344605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1244123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Indiana University School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Daisy Y. Shu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. Autophagy Rep 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Shyam R, Ogando DG, Bonanno JA. Mitochondrial ROS in Slc4a11 KO Corneal Endothelial Cells Lead to ER Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:878395. [PMID: 35557943 PMCID: PMC9086159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.878395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from Slc4a11 -/- mice have identified glutamine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a significant contributor toward oxidative stress, impaired lysosomal function, aberrant autophagy, and cell death in this Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) model. Because lysosomes are derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi, we asked whether ER function is affected by mitochondrial ROS in Slc4a11 KO corneal endothelial cells. In mouse Slc4a11 -/- corneal endothelial tissue, we observed the presence of dilated ER and elevated expression of ER stress markers BIP and CHOP. Slc4a11 KO mouse corneal endothelial cells incubated with glutamine showed increased aggresome formation, BIP and GADD153, as well as reduced ER Ca2+ release as compared to WT. Induction of mitoROS by ETC inhibition also led to ER stress in WT cells. Treatment with the mitochondrial ROS quencher MitoQ, restored ER Ca2+ release and relieved ER stress markers in Slc4a11 KO cells in vitro. Systemic MitoQ also reduced BIP expression in Slc4a11 KO endothelium. We conclude that mitochondrial ROS can induce ER stress in corneal endothelial cells.
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Shyam R, Ogando DG, Kim ET, Murugan S, Choi M, Bonanno JA. Rescue of the Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy Mouse Model by Adeno-Associated Viruse-Mediated Slc4a11 Replacement. Ophthalmol Sci 2022; 2:100084. [PMID: 36051248 PMCID: PMC9432820 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare condition that manifests at an early age showing corneal edema, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually apoptosis of the endothelium due to loss of function of the membrane transport protein SLC4A11. This project tested whether replacing Slc4a11 into the Slc4a11 -/- CHED mouse model can reverse the disease-associated phenotypes. Design Experimental study. Participants Five-week-old or 11-week-old Slc4a11 -/- mice. Age- and gender-matched Slc4a11 +/+ animals were used as controls. A total of 124 animals (62 female, and 62 male) were used in this study. Fifty-three animals of the genotype Slc4a11 +/+ were used as age- and gender-matched noninjected controls. Seventy-one Slc4a11 -/- mice were administered anterior chamber injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV). Methods Anterior chambers of young (5 weeks old) or older (11 weeks old) Slc4a11 -/- mice were injected once with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) mouse Slc4a11 or AAV9-Null vectors. Corneal thickness was measured using OCT. End point analysis included corneal endothelial cell density, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and corneal lactate concentration. Main Outcome Measures Corneal thickness, endothelial cell loss, lactate levels, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Results In the young animals, AAV9-Slc4a11 reversed corneal edema, endothelial cell loss, mitochondrial oxidative stress, lactate transporter expression, and corneal lactate concentration to the levels observed in wild-type animals. In the older animals, gene replacement did not reverse the phenotype but prevented progression. Conclusions Functional rescue of CHED phenotypes in the Slc4a11 -/- mouse is possible; however, early intervention is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Diego G. Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Edward T. Kim
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Subashree Murugan
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
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Shyam R, Ogando DG, Choi M, Liton PB, Bonanno JA. Mitochondrial ROS Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Autophagy Impairment in an Animal Model of Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:15. [PMID: 34533563 PMCID: PMC8458782 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Slc4a11 knock out (KO) mouse model recapitulates the human disease phenotype associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Slc4a11 KO mouse model is a major cause of edema and endothelial cell loss. Here, we asked if autophagy was activated by ROS in the KO mice. Methods Immortalized cell lines and mouse corneal endothelia were used to measure autophagy and lysosome associated protein expressions using Protein Simple Wes immunoassay. Autophagy and lysosome functions were examined in wild type (WT) and KO cells as well as animals treated with the mitochondrial ROS quencher MitoQ. Results Even though autophagy activation was evident, autophagy flux was aberrant in Slc4a11 KO cells and corneal endothelium. Expression of lysosomal proteins and lysosomal mass were decreased along with reduced nuclear translocation of lysosomal master regulator, transcription factor EB (TFEB). MitoQ reversed aberrant lysosomal functions and TFEB nuclear localization in KO cells. MitoQ injections in KO animals reduced corneal edema and decreased the rate of endothelial cell loss. Conclusions Mitochondrial ROS disrupts TFEB signaling causing lysosomal dysfunction with impairment of autophagy in Slc4a11 KO corneal endothelium. Our study is the first to identify the presence as well as cause of lysosomal dysfunction in an animal model of CHED, and to identify a potential therapeutic approach.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Transport Proteins/genetics
- Autophagy/physiology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cathepsin L/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/genetics
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/metabolism
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Endothelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Symporters/genetics
- Transfection
- Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives
- Ubiquinone/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Diego G. Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Paloma B. Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Ogando DG, Shyam R, Kim ET, Wang YC, Liu CY, Bonanno JA. Inducible Slc4a11 Knockout Triggers Corneal Edema Through Perturbation of Corneal Endothelial Pump. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:28. [PMID: 34190974 PMCID: PMC8826551 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.7.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The conventional Slc4a11 knockout (KO) shows significant corneal edema at eye opening, a fact that complicates the study of the initial events leading to edema. An inducible KO would provide opportunities to examine early events following loss of Slc4a11 activity. Methods Slc4a11 Flox (SF) mice were crossed with mice expressing the estrogen receptor Cre Recombinase fusion protein and fed tamoxifen (Tm) for two weeks. Corneal thickness (CT) was measured by OCT. At eight weeks endpoint, oxidative damage, tight junction integrity, stromal lactate concentration, endothelial permeability, differentially expressed transporters, and junction proteins were determined. Separately, a keratocyte only inducible Slc4a11 KO was also examined. Results At four weeks post-Tm induction Slc4a11 transcript levels were 2% of control. Corneal thickness increased gradually and was 50% greater than Wild Type (WT) after eight weeks with significantly altered endothelial morphology, increased nitrotyrosine staining, significantly higher stromal lactate, decreased expression of lactate transporters and Na-K ATPase activity, higher ATP, altered expression of tight and adherens junctions, and increased fluorescein permeability. No significant differences in CT were found between WT and keratocyte only Slc4a11 KO. Conclusions The Slc4a11 inducible KO shows development of a similar phenotype as the conventional KO, thereby validating the model and providing a tool for further use in examining the sequence of cellular events by use of noninvasive in vivo physiological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Edward T Kim
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Yen-Chiao Wang
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Joseph A Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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Li S, Shyam R, Ogando DG, Bonanno JA. Bicarbonate activates glycolysis and lactate production in corneal endothelial cells by increased pH i. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108193. [PMID: 32818510 PMCID: PMC7554184 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that lactate coupled water flux is the underlying mechanism of the corneal endothelial pump, which is highly dependent on the presence of bicarbonate. In this study we test the hypothesis that the increased intracellular pH (pHi) caused by bicarbonate stimulates glycolytic activity and the production of lactate by endothelial cells. Primary cultures of bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCEC) were incubated in bicarbonate-free (BF) ringer, a high [HEPES] ringer, and bicarbonate-rich (BR) ringer all at pH 7.5. Lactate production and glucose consumption were greatest in BR>HEPES >BF. Similarly, pHi was greatest in BR>HEPES>BF. Increasing pHi with NH4Cl also increased lactate production in BF or BR, indicating that the increased lactate production in BR is not due to HCO3- itself. Glucose transport capacity, as measured by 2-N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino-2-Deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) uptake was unaffected by the three incubation conditions. Using Laconic, a FRET sensor for lactate, we found that intracellular [lactate] increased immediately and transiently when cells were switched from BF to BR perfusion indicating increased lactate production with subsequent matching of efflux. Moreover, induction of acute lactate influx by perfusion pulses of 10 mM lactate increased intracellular [lactate] significantly faster in BF than in BR, consistent with higher lactate production and efflux in BR. In summary, our results indicate that glycolytic flux and lactate production increase in BR due to increased pHi, consistent with the well-known pH sensitivity of phosphofructokinase, the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Li
- School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Diego G Ogando
- School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Joseph A Bonanno
- School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Ogando DG, Choi M, Shyam R, Li S, Bonanno JA. Ammonia sensitive SLC4A11 mitochondrial uncoupling reduces glutamine induced oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101260. [PMID: 31254733 PMCID: PMC6604051 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC4A11 is a NH3 sensitive membrane transporter with H+ channel-like properties that facilitates Glutamine catabolism in Human and Mouse corneal endothelium (CE). Loss of SLC4A11 activity induces oxidative stress and cell death, resulting in Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) with corneal edema and vision loss. However, the mechanism by which SLC4A11 prevents ROS production and protects CE is unknown. Here we demonstrate that SLC4A11 is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane of CE and SLC4A11 transfected PS120 fibroblasts, where it acts as an NH3-sensitive mitochondrial uncoupler that enhances glutamine-dependent oxygen consumption, electron transport chain activity, and ATP levels by suppressing damaging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. In the presence of glutamine, Slc4a11-/- (KO) mouse CE generate significantly greater mitochondrial superoxide, a greater proportion of damaged depolarized mitochondria, and more apoptotic cells than WT. KO CE can be rescued by MitoQ, reducing NH3 production by GLS1 inhibition or dimethyl αKetoglutarate supplementation, or by BAM15 mitochondrial uncoupling. Slc4a11 KO mouse corneal edema can be partially reversed by αKetoglutarate eye drops. Moreover, we demonstrate that this role for SLC4A11 is not specific to CE cells, as SLC4A11 knockdown in glutamine-addicted colon carcinoma cells reduced glutamine catabolism, increased ROS production, and inhibited cell proliferation. Overall, our studies reveal a unique metabolic mechanism that reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress while promoting glutamine catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Ogando
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Shimin Li
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Joseph A Bonanno
- Indiana University, School of Optometry, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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Shyam R, Vachali P, Gorusupudi A, Nelson K, Bernstein PS. All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 634:21-28. [PMID: 28947101 PMCID: PMC5698089 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are plant pigment molecules that are potent antioxidants. Carotenoids cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, their dietary intake and transport to various tissues are essential to harness their health benefits. Two of the three scavenger receptor class B (SRB) proteins, SR-B1 and CD36, have been implicated as carotenoid transporters in lower species and in various tissues of higher animals. The function of the third SRB protein, SR-B2, in carotenoid transport is unknown. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analyses, we have determined that all three human SRB proteins are capable of binding the macular xanthophyll carotenoids; lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin. By over-expressing human SRB proteins in cells that do not endogenously express SRBs, we have determined that lutein uptake is enhanced in the presence of LDL and is mediated by SR-B1 and CD36. SR-B1, SR-B2, and CD36 were able to take up significant amounts of zeaxanthin as well as meso-zeaxanthin, and uptake was increased in the presence of HDL. Our analyses revealed no apparent differences in protein expression profiles of SRBs in central and peripheral regions of human donor tissues, indicating that carotenoid-binding proteins rather than transporters are likely to mediate selective accumulation of carotenoids into the macula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, 20 S 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Preejith Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kelly Nelson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, 20 S 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Li B, Vachali P, Subhani YK, Nelson K, Bernstein PS. Developmentally Regulated Production of meso-Zeaxanthin in Chicken Retinal Pigment Epithelium/Choroid and Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1853-61. [PMID: 27082300 PMCID: PMC4849864 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose meso-Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid that is rarely encountered in nature outside of the vertebrate eye. It is not a constituent of a normal human diet, yet this carotenoid comprises one-third of the primate macular pigment. In the current study, we undertook a systematic approach to biochemically characterize the production of meso-zeaxanthin in the vertebrate eye. Methods Fertilized White Leghorn chicken eggs were analyzed for the presence of carotenoids during development. Yolk, liver, brain, serum, retina, and RPE/choroid were isolated, and carotenoids were extracted. The samples were analyzed on C-30 or chiral HPLC columns to determine the carotenoid composition. Results Lutein and zeaxanthin were found in all studied nonocular tissues, but no meso-zeaxanthin was ever detected. Among the ocular tissues, the presence of meso-zeaxanthin was consistently observed starting at embryonic day 17 (E17) in the RPE/choroid, several days before its consistent detection in the retina. If RPE/choroid of an embryo was devoid of meso-zeaxanthin, the corresponding retina was always negative as well. Conclusions This is the first report of developmentally regulated synthesis of meso-zeaxanthin in a vertebrate system. Our observations suggest that the RPE/choroid is the primary site of meso-zeaxanthin synthesis. Identification of meso-zeaxanthin isomerase enzyme in the developing chicken embryo will facilitate our ability to determine the biochemical mechanisms responsible for production of this unique carotenoid in other higher vertebrates, such as humans.
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Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, Gorusupudi A, Shyam R, Henriksen BS, Nolan JM. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 50:34-66. [PMID: 26541886 PMCID: PMC4698241 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human macula uniquely concentrates three carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin must be obtained from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, while meso-zeaxanthin is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids. Epidemiological studies and large-scale clinical trials such as AREDS2 have brought attention to the potential ocular health and functional benefits of these three xanthophyll carotenoids consumed through the diet or supplements, but the basic science and clinical research underlying recommendations for nutritional interventions against age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases are underappreciated by clinicians and vision researchers alike. In this review article, we first examine the chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, and physiology of these yellow pigments that are specifically concentrated in the macula lutea through the means of high-affinity binding proteins and specialized transport and metabolic proteins where they play important roles as short-wavelength (blue) light-absorbers and localized, efficient antioxidants in a region at high risk for light-induced oxidative stress. Next, we turn to clinical evidence supporting functional benefits of these carotenoids in normal eyes and for their potential protective actions against ocular disease from infancy to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Preejith P Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Bradley S Henriksen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - John M Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Vision Research Centre, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland.
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Shubhchintak, Chatterjee R, Shyam R. Projectile deformation effects in the breakup of 37Mg. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611706010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Turturro S, Shen X, Shyam R, Yue BY, Ying H. Effects of mutations and deletions in the human optineurin gene. Springerplus 2014; 3:99. [PMID: 24683533 PMCID: PMC3967732 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Optineurin is a gene associated with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Foci formation and functional consequences including Golgi fragmentation, impairment of vesicle trafficking and apoptosis were observed previously upon overexpression and/or mutation of optineurin. In the current study, a total of 15 GFP tagged constructs that included NTG (E50K and 2 bp-AG insertion), ALS (exon 5 deletion, R96L, Q398X, and E478G) and non-disease (L157A and D474N) associated mutants and a series of deletion fragments were cloned into mammalian expression vectors and transfected into RGC5 and/or Neuro2A cells to evaluate whether their expression confer the optineurin phenotypes. The cells were monitored for foci formation and stained by immunofluorescence with anti-GM130 to analyze the Golgi integrity. Transferrin uptake experiments were performed to evaluate the protein trafficking process and apoptosis was assessed with the active caspase 3/7 detection kit. We demonstrated that cells expressing E50K and R96L optineurin exhibited all of the optineurin phenotypes. Q398X mutant did not induce foci formation, but triggered Golgi fragmentation, impairment of transferrin uptake and increase in apoptosis. The 2 bp-AG insertion mutant had a nuclear localization, compromised the transferrin uptake and strongly induced apoptosis. The foci formation, which might not predict the rest of the phenotypes, appeared to require both the leucine zipper and ubiquitin binding domains of the optineurin sequence. Interactions of optineurin with proteins including Rab8, myosin VI, huntingtin and transferrin receptor might directly determine whether the Golgi and protein trafficking phenotypes would be manifested. Examination of mutants and deletion fragments located at various sites of optineurin gene provide clues as to what regions of the gene may play a critical role in the development of pathologic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Turturro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1855 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1855 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1855 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Beatrice Yjt Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1855 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hongyu Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 1855 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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Abstract
Optineurin is a gene linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Paget disease of bone, and glaucoma, a major blinding disease. Mutations such as E50K were identified in glaucoma patients. We investigated herein the involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and autophagy, two major routes for protein clearance, in processing of optineurin in a retinal ganglion cell model line RGC5 and neuronal PC12 cells. It was found that the endogenous optineurin level in neuronal cells was increased by treatment of proteasomal inhibitor but not by autophagic and lysosomal inhibitors. Multiple bands immunoreactive to anti-ubiquitin were seen in the optineurin pulldown, indicating that optineurin was ubiquitinated. In cells overexpressing wild type and E50K optineurin, the level of the proteasome regulatory β5 subunit (PSMB5, indicative of proteasome activity) was reduced, whereas that for autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 was enhanced compared with controls. Autophagosome formation was detected by electron microscopy. The foci formed after optineurin transfection were increased upon treatment of an autophagic inhibitor but were decreased by treatment of an inducer, rapamycin. Moreover, the level of optineurin-triggered apoptosis was reduced by rapamycin. This study thus provides compelling evidence that in a normal homeostatic situation, the turnover of endogenous optineurin involves mainly UPP. When optineurin is up-regulated or mutated, the UPP function is compromised, and autophagy comes into play. A decreased PSMB5 level and an induced autophagy were also demonstrated in vivo in retinal ganglion cells of E50K transgenic mice, validating and making relevant the in vitro findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Park B, Ying H, Shen X, Park JS, Qiu Y, Shyam R, Yue BYJT. Impairment of protein trafficking upon overexpression and mutation of optineurin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11547. [PMID: 20634958 PMCID: PMC2902519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a major blinding disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons. Optineurin is one of the candidate genes identified so far. A mutation of Glu(50) to Lys (E50K) has been reported to be associated with a more progressive and severe disease. Optineurin, known to interact with Rab8, myosin VI and transferrin receptor (TfR), was speculated to have a role in protein trafficking. Here we determined whether, and how optineurin overexpression and E50K mutation affect the internalization of transferrin (Tf), widely used as a marker for receptor-mediated endocytosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and rat RGC5 cells transfected to overexpress wild type optineurin were incubated with Texas Red-Tf to evaluate Tf uptake. Granular structures or dots referred to as foci formed in perinuclear regions after transfection. An impairment of the Tf uptake was in addition observed in transfected cells. Compared to overexpression of the wild type, E50K mutation yielded an increased foci formation and a more pronounced defect in Tf uptake. Co-transfection with TfR, but not Rab8 or myosin VI, construct rescued the optineurin inhibitory effect, suggesting that TfR was the factor involved in the trafficking phenotype. Forced expression of both wild type and E50K optineurin rendered TfR to colocalize with the foci. Surface biotinylation experiments showed that the surface level of TfR was also reduced, leading presumably to an impeded Tf uptake. A non-consequential Leu(157) to Ala (L157A) mutation that displayed much reduced foci formation and TfR binding had normal TfR distribution, normal surface TfR level and normal Tf internalization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study demonstrates that overexpression of wild type optineurin results in impairment of the Tf uptake in RPE and RGC5 cells. The phenotype is related to the optineurin interaction with TfR. Our results further indicate that E50K induces more dramatic effects than the wild type optineurin, and is thus a gain-of-function mutation. The defective protein trafficking may be one of the underlying bases why glaucoma pathology develops in patients with E50K mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- BumChan Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Seok Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Beatrice Y. J. T. Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Shyam R, Shen X, Yue BY, Wentz-Hunter KK. Wnt gene expression in human trabecular meshwork cells. Mol Vis 2010; 16:122-9. [PMID: 20111673 PMCID: PMC2812481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the expression of genes related to the Wnt signaling pathway, such as beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and secreted frizzled-related protein-1 (sFRP1), in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. In addition, the effect of oxidative stress on Wnt signaling was evaluated. METHODS All experiments were conducted using second- or third-passaged human TM cells. cDNA was prepared from total RNA extracted from cells by means of reverse transcription. PCR was then performed to determine the presence of Wnt genes. For oxidative stress, TM cells were treated with 1 mM of H(2)O(2) for 30 min. Actin staining was carried out to verify cell response to oxidative stress. Western blotting was used to measure Wnt-related protein levels after H(2)O(2) treatment. RESULTS Positive PCR products were detected for a total of 25 Wnt and Wnt-related genes in human TM cells. Most of the genes identified belonged to the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Members of the beta-catenin-independent noncanonical pathways were also found. Oxidative stress did not result in significant changes in beta-catenin and sFRP1 protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Genes related to canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways are expressed in human TM cells. It appears that all three Wnt pathways are operative in the TM system. Oxidative stress, while thought to play a role in the development of glaucoma, had little effect on the Wnt activity in TM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL,Roosevelt University, Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Beatrice Y.J.T. Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Kelly K. Wentz-Hunter
- Roosevelt University, Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Chicago, IL
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Koga T, Shen X, Park JS, Qiu Y, Park BC, Shyam R, Yue BYJT. Differential effects of myocilin and optineurin, two glaucoma genes, on neurite outgrowth. Am J Pathol 2009; 176:343-52. [PMID: 19959812 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocilin and optineurin are two genes linked to glaucoma, a major blinding disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. To investigate the effects of force-expressed wild-type and mutant myocilin and optineurin on neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells, we transiently transfected cells with pEGFP-N1 (mock control) as well as myocilin and optineurin plasmids including pMYOC(WT)-EGFP, pMYOC(P370L)-EGFP, pMYOC(1-367)-EGFP, pOPTN(WT)-EGFP, and pOPTN(E50K)-EGFP. PC12 cells transfected with pEGFP-N1 produced, as anticipated, long and extensive neuritis on nerve growth factor induction. The neurite length in those cells transfected with myocilin constructs was shortened and the number of neurites was also reduced. A similar inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth was also elicited by myocilin transfection in RGC5 cells. In contrast, neither transfection of the optineurin constructs pOPTN(WT)-EGFP and pOPTN(E50K)-EGFP nor the myocilin and optineurin small-interfering RNA treatments induced significant alterations in neurite outgrowth. Transfection with the wild-type optineurin construct, but not with that of the wild-type myocilin, increased the apoptotic activity in cells. These results demonstrated that the two glaucoma genes, myocilin and optineurin, exhibited differential effects on neurite outgrowth. They may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative glaucoma via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Koga
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Singh SN, Vats P, Shyam R, Suri S, Kumria MM, Ranganathan S, Sridharan K, Selvamurthy W. Role of neuropeptide Y and galanin in high altitude induced anorexia in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 4:323-31. [PMID: 11842898 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2001.11747372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia causing weight loss at high altitude (HA) is a major problem. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin are considered to have appetite regulatory function. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the changes in these two peptides at simulated HA and its possible role in anorexia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 in each group) were exposed to simulated HA (7620 m) for 1, 7, 14 and 21 days for 6 h a day and to an altitude of 6,096 m for 72 h to study the effect of intermittent and continuous exposure, respectively. NPY and galanin levels were estimated in different brain parts and plasma of exposed and unexposed control animals. Significant reduction in food intake was observed in rats during both intermittent as well as continuous exposure. In case of 72 h continuous exposure severe reduction in food intake was observed (73.2%) with reduction in body mass (approximately 29.7g/rat in 48h). Hypothalamic NPY levels were decreased by 54.7, 35.0 and 15.4% in 1, 7, and 14 days, respectively, in case of intermittent exposure to HA. However in case of 72 h HA exposure no significant change in hypothalamic and circulating NPY levels were observed. Plasma galanin levels were decreased in both intermittent and 72 h continuous HA exposed rats. Hypothalamic galanin levels were also decreased in 72h exposed rats. The changes in levels of these peptides may be responsible for anorexia at HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India.
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20
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Singh SN, Vats P, Suri S, Shyam R, Kumria MM, Ranganathan S, Sridharan K. Effect of an antidiabetic extract of Catharanthus roseus on enzymic activities in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 76:269-277. [PMID: 11448549 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemic activity was detected in dichloromethane:methanol extract (1:1) of leaves and twigs of Catharanthus roseus (family Apocynaceae), a traditionally used medicinal plant, using streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model. Extract at dose 500 mg/kg given orally for 7 and 15 days showed 48.6 and 57.6% hypoglycemic activity, respectively. Prior treatment at the same dose for 30 days provided complete protection against STZ challenge (75 mg/kg/i.p.x1). Enzymic activities of glycogen synthase, glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were decreased in liver of diabetic animals in comparison to normal and were significantly improved after treatment with extract at dose 500 mg/kg p.o. for 7 days. Results indicate increased metabolization of glucose in treated rats. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation measured as 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) indicative of oxidative stress in diabetic rats were also normalized by treatment with the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
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21
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Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Azad) plants exposed to 4 and 40 microM of Cd for 7 d in hydroponic culture were analysed with reference to the distribution of metal, the accumulation of biomass and the metal's effects on antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves. Cd-induced a decrease in plant biomass. The maximum accumulation of Cd occurred in roots followed by stems and leaves. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation and an increased tissue concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both roots and leaves indicated that Cd caused oxidative stress in pea plants. Roots and leaves of pea plants responded differently to Cd with reference to the induction of enhanced activities of most of the enzymes monitored in the present study. These differential responses to Cd were further found to be associated with levels of Cd to which the plants were exposed. Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was more at 40 microM than at 4 microM in leaves. While catalase (CAT) prominently increased in leaves both at 4 and 40 microM Cd, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed maximum stimulation at 40 microM Cd in roots. Enhancement in glutathione reductase (GR) activity was also more at 40 microM than at 4 microM Cd in roots. While glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) activity decreased in roots and remained almost unmodified in leaves, glutathione S-transferase (GST) showed pronounced stimulation in both roots and leaves of pea plants exposed to 40 microM Cd. Increased activities of antioxidative enzymes in Cd-treated plants suggest that they have some additive function in the mechanism of metal tolerance in pea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dixit
- Stress Physiology, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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Abstract
Because the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) have only been characterized in humans and chimpanzees, we do not have a full understanding of their evolutionary history. Therefore, cDNAs encoding the KIR molecules of five rhesus monkeys were characterized, and were found to differ from the KIR molecules identified in humans and chimpanzees. Whereas only one KIR2DL4 molecule is detected in humans and chimpanzees, two distinct KIR2DL4 homologues were identified in the monkeys. Although the two human KIR3DL molecules are limited in their polymorphism, the KIR3DL homologues in the monkeys were highly polymorphic. Up to five KIR3DL homologues were identified in each monkey that was studied, and eleven distinct KIR3DL molecules were detected in the five rhesus monkeys. Two novel families of KIR molecules were identified in the rhesus monkeys, KIR3DH and KIR1D. The KIR3DH molecules have three Ig domains, transmembrane domains homologous to KIR2DL4 molecules that contain an arginine, and short cytoplasmic domains. With these features, the KIR3DH molecules resemble the activating forms of the human KIR molecules. The KIR1D molecule encodes only one complete Ig domain before a frame-shift in the second Ig domain occurs, leading to early termination of the molecule. Multiple splice variants of KIR1D exist that encode at least one Ig domain, as well as transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The extensive diversity of the rhesus monkey KIR3DL homologues and the novel KIR3DH and KIR1D molecules suggests that the KIR family of molecules has evolved rapidly during the evolution of primates.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta/genetics
- Macaca mulatta/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/isolation & purification
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL4
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hershberger
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Singh SN, Vats P, Kumria MM, Ranganathan S, Shyam R, Arora MP, Jain CL, Sridharan K. Effect of high altitude (7,620 m) exposure on glutathione and related metabolism in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001; 84:233-7. [PMID: 11320641 DOI: 10.1007/s004210170010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduced and oxidised glutathione (GSH and GSSG) contents, and glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase activities were studied in the livers, muscles, and blood/erythrocytes of male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia (6 h.day-1) at a simulated altitude of 7,620 m for 1, 7, 14, and 21 days. Significant decreases in GSH and increases in GSSG contents were observed in the muscles and blood of hypoxia-exposed rats in comparison to unexposed rats. Significant declines in GSH content by 43% and 45% respectively in muscles and blood were observed in the group exposed for 1 day which tended to recover on subsequent exposure. Glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities were decreased in the livers and erythrocytes of hypoxia-exposed rats, but were increased significantly in muscle. Lipid peroxidation was also increased in the livers and muscles of exposed rats. The changes were indicative of an increased production of reactive oxygen species and an impairment of drug and xenobiotic metabolism during exposure to high altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Singh
- Nutrition Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054, India
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Kumar R, Shyam R, Divekar HM, Pahwa ML, Srivastava KK. Mechanism of increased tolerance to hypothermia after composite Indian herbal preparation II administration. J Altern Complement Med 2000; 6:509-17. [PMID: 11152055 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2000.6.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of the mechanism of increased tolerance to stress induced hypothermia after the administration of composite Indian herbal preparation II (CIHP II), a combination of several plant ingredients and minerals. DESIGN The effect of oral CIHP II administration (1 mg/g of body weight), prior to cold (5 degrees C)-hypoxia (428 mm Hg)-restraint (C-H-R) exposure in rats on cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidation was studied in vitro by estimating conversion of glucose-U-14C and Palmitate-1-(14)C to 14CO2. In vitro adipose tissue lipolysis and incorporation of glucose-U-14C into skeletal muscle glycogen was also studied. RESULTS A single dose of CIHP II-enhanced resistance to hypothermia (rectal temperature [T(rec)] 23 degrees C) during C-H-R exposure as evidenced by increased glucose turnover rate in heart and skeletal muscle tissue. The blood glucose and skeletal muscle glycogen were conserved. Cardiac free fatty acid oxidation was also increased. During recovery from hypothermia (T(rec) 37 degrees C) blood glucose and muscle glycogen levels were conserved. Five doses of CIHP II increased resistance to cold by increased adipose fat mobilization and cardiac oxidation. Glucose oxidation was spared. During recovery from hypothermia, the glucose turnover and oxidation in skeletal muscle was increased as was fat mobilization from adipose tissue and its oxidation by heart muscle. CONCLUSIONS CIHP II intake prior to C-H-R exposure resulted in increased glucose turnover rate and fat utilization. This perhaps helped increase the resistance to C-H-R-induced hypothermia and speeded recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Chaturvedi R, Shyam R. Degradation and de novo synthesis of D1 protein and psbA transcript levels in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during UV-B inactivation of photosynthesis and its reactivation. J Biosci 2000; 25:65-71. [PMID: 10824200 DOI: 10.1007/bf02985183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UV-B induces intensity and time dependent inhibition of photosynthetic O2 evolution and PS II electron transport activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The D1 and D2 proteins of chloroplast membranes are rapidly and specifically degraded in the course of irradiation of cells to UV-B. Continuous synthesis of the two proteins was essential for the repair of damaged PS II as chloramphenicol accelerated UV-B inactivation of photosynthesis and prevented photoreactivation. Northern analysis revealed that UV-B also affected the expression of psbA gene coding for the D1 protein. Cells showing 72% inhibition of PS II activity, revealed a modest net loss of 25% in the level of D1 protein. This shows that synthesis of D1 protein is not the only component involved in the recovery process. Our results indicate that besides affecting the synthesis of the D1 protein UV-B may impair certain post-translational events, which in turn may limit the repair of damaged PS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaturvedi
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Kumar R, Grover SK, Shyam R, Divekar HM, Gupta AK, Srivastava KK. Enhanced thermogenesis in rats by a composite Indian herbal preparation-I and its mechanism of action. J Altern Complement Med 1999; 5:245-51. [PMID: 10381248 DOI: 10.1089/acm.1999.5.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A composite Indian herbal preparation-I (CIHP-I) containing ingredients derived from 7 different plants and asphalt was tested for its adaptogenic activity and its mechanism of action was investigated. DESIGN CIHP-I was tested using the cold-hypoxia-restraint (C-H-R) animal model in which the restrained rats were exposed to 5 degrees C at 428 mm Hg atmospheric pressure. Rectal temperature (Trec) of the rats was continuously monitored during the exposure and the recovery periods. The time for fall of Trec to 23 degrees C and its recovery to 37 degrees C were used as indices of endurance and the adaptogenic activity. Carbohydrate and lipid parameters were investigated to find out the nature of fuel being used during thermogenesis. RESULTS After 12 weeks of administration of an oral dose of 7.5 mg/kg(-1)/day(-1), CIHP-I was found to possess significant adaptogenic activity. CIHP-I helped improve resistance to C-H-R induced hypothermia (Trec 23 degrees C) in animals by increased mobilization of free fatty acids (FFA) from adipose tissue. Blood glucose and muscle glycogen levels were maintained. CIHP-I treatment restricted the release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) into the circulation during C-H-R exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that CIHP-I is a strong adaptogen. It improved cold resistance during C-H-R exposure and enhanced recovery from hypothermia. The energy-dependent cell membrane permeability was maintained. Stored lipids were mobilised and possibly used for thermogenesis in preference to carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi, India
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Chaturvedi R, Shyam R, Sane PV. Steady state levels of D1 protein and psbA transcript during UV-B inactivation of photosystem II in wheat. IUBMB Life 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/15216549800201982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kumar R, Grover SK, Divekar HM, Gupta AK, Shyam R, Srivastava KK. Enhanced thermogenesis in rats by Panax ginseng, multivitamins and minerals. Int J Biometeorol 1996; 39:187-191. [PMID: 9008431 DOI: 10.1007/bf01221390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Substances which enhance endurance for physical and mental work and increase non-specific resistance to stress during a prolonged stay in physiologically adverse habitats are called 'adaptogens'. Panax ginseng is well known for its anti-stress and adaptogenic properties. In the present study, adaptogenic activity by the intake of a herbo-vitamin-mineral preparation (HVMP) containing P. ginseng and multivitamin-mineral preparation (MVMP) was evaluated using the cold-hypoxia-restrained (C-H-R) animal model. The aim was to determine whether the cold tolerance and recovery from acute hypothermia mediated by P. ginseng was modified by simultaneous intake of additional vitamins and minerals. Results suggest that the adaptogenic effect of HVMP was more or less the sum total of its two components P. ginseng and MVMP. In HVMP, P. ginseng was found to be effective for developing resistance to cooling and MVMP helped in stimulating faster recovery from acute hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Dehli, India
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Singh KK, Shyam R, Sane PV. Reactivation of photosynthesis in the photoinhibited green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Role of dark respiration and of light. Photosynth Res 1996; 49:11-20. [PMID: 24271529 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1995] [Accepted: 04/19/1996] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Effect of quality, quantity and minimum duration of light on the process of recovery was investigated in the photoinhibited cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Complete and rapid reactivation of photosynthesis took place in diffuse white light of 25 μmol m(-2) s(-1). The recovery was partial (< 10%) in the dark. Far red (725 nm), red (660 nm) and blue light (480 nm) in the range of 10 to 75 μmol m(-2) s(-1) did not enhance the process of reactivation. Photoinhibited cells incubated in dark for 15 min when exposed for 5 min to diffuse light (25 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) showed complete reactivation. Even exposure of 15 min dark incubated photoinhibited cells to photoinhibitory light (2500 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) for 5 s fully regained the photosynthesis. The study indicated a very precise and triggering effect of light in the process of reactivation. The dark respiratory inhibitor KCN and uncouplers FCCP and CCCP increased the susceptibility of C. reinhardtii to photoinhibition and also prevented photoinhibited cells to reactivate fully even after longer period of incubation under suitable reactivating conditions. Of the various possibilities envisaged to assign the role of dark respiration in recovery process, supply of ATP by mitochondrial respiration appeared sound and pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Singh
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, 226001, Lucknow, India
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Kumar G, Shyam R, Sriram N, Neelakantan N, Subramanian N. Estimated blend viscosities by a simple and workable model. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90647-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shyam R, Baur G, Banerjee P. Projectile breakup by nuclear and Coulomb fields and application to astrophysically relevant radiative-capture processes. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 44:915-918. [PMID: 9967482 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.44.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Upadhyaya SC, Upadhyaya JC, Shyam R. Model-potential study of the lattice dynamics and elastic constants of the Ni0.55Pd0.45 alloy. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 44:122-129. [PMID: 9998226 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Shyam R, Upadhyaya JC. Local modes in Rb1-cKc alloys using microscopic force constants. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1989; 39:5787-5791. [PMID: 9948996 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Shyam R, Phatak SC. Magnetic moment of the deuteron and quark degrees of freedom. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 38:1955-1957. [PMID: 9955011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sharma NR, Jain BK, Shyam R. 20Ne. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 37:873-875. [PMID: 9954510 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.37.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Shyam R, Baur G, Rösel F, Trautmann D. Erratum: Test of the theory of inelastic breakup for the (3He,d) breakup reaction. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1985; 31:287. [PMID: 9971932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.31.287.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Budzanowski A, Baur G, Shyam R, Bojowald J, Oelert W, Riepe G, Rogge M, Turek P, R�sel F, Trautmann D. Experimental and theoretical study of the elastic break-up of the alpha particle on58Ni nuclei atE ?=172.5 MeV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01435271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Beg MN, Siddiqui FA, Beg MM, Shyam R, Arshad M. Detection of L-cysteine, methionine, thiourea, allylthiourea and α-naphthylthiourea in sub-milligram amounts using acidified potassium chromate solution. Analyst 1979. [DOI: 10.1039/an9790400977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beg MN, Siddiqi FA, Arshad M, Shyam R, Beg MM. Studies with parchment supported cobalt(II) phosphate membrane for potential use for a phosphate ion-selective electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00521660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shyam R. Double fixation and acetocarmine staining for permanent chromosomal preparations of algal flagellates. Stain Technol 1978; 53:355-6. [PMID: 89723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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