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Jangra S, Rani A, Yadav D, Yadav RC, Yadav NR. Promising versions of a commercial pearl millet hybrid for terminal drought tolerance identified through MAS. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Development of high-throughput phenotyping technologies has progressed considerably in the last 10 years. These technologies provide precise measurements of desired traits among thousands of field-grown plants under diversified environments; this is a critical step towards selection of better performing lines as to yield, disease resistance, and stress tolerance to accelerate crop improvement programs. High-throughput phenotyping techniques and platforms help unraveling the genetic basis of complex traits associated with plant growth and development and targeted traits. This review focuses on the advancements in technologies involved in high-throughput, field-based, aerial, and unmanned platforms. Development of user-friendly data management tools and softwares to better understand phenotyping will increase the use of field-based high-throughput techniques, which have potential to revolutionize breeding strategies and meet the future needs of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jangra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Vrantika Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Ram C. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Neelam R. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
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Jangra S, Rani A, Yadav D, Yadav RC, Yadav NR. Promising versions of a commercial pearl millet hybrid for terminal drought tolerance identified through MAS. J Genet 2021; 100:88. [PMID: 34825661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic conditions like drought are a major threat to global food production. Terminal drought stress causes severe yield losses in pearl millet. Development of climate-resilient varieties/hybrids can minimize the yield losses to the farmers caused due to climatic extremes. In the present study, marker-assisted selection (MAS) was employed with an aim to develop improved version of HHB 226 by introgression of QTLs for terminal drought stress tolerance into the male parent of the hybrid (HBL 11). HBL 11 (recurrent parent) was crossed with PRLT 2 (donor) to develop F1 and backcrossed four times to raise BC4F1 and further selfed twice to raise BC4F3. Four polymorphic SSR markers were used to track the QTL introgressed lines in each subsequent generation until BC4F2. The recurrent parent genome recovery was assessed using 25 polymorphic SSRs. Morpho-physiological analysis of BC4F3 generation at field-level under terminal drought stress conditions showed that the QTL introgressed lines showed higher, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, relative water content (%), and lower electrolyte leakage (%) than the recurrent parent. Line number 63 performed best with all the four foreground markers, 97.20% recurrent parent genome recovery, 7.27 g 1000-seed weight, 73.27% relative water content, 65.06% electrolyte leakage, 0.58 (fv/fm) chlorophyll fluorescence, and 53.25 g grain yield per plant. Finally, the Improved version of HHB 226 was developed by using the Improved HBL 11 developed through MAS. Besides this, HBL 11 is the male parent of other commercial hybrids like HHB 223 and HHB 197 as well making Improved HBL 11 an asset to improve these pearl millet hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jangra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India.
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Saini P, Kamboj D, Yadav RC, Yadav NR. SRAPs and EST-SSRs provide useful molecular diversity for targeting drought and salinity tolerance in Indian mustard. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1213-1225. [PMID: 30656491 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stress tolerance is one of the target trait in crop breeding under climate change scenario. Selection of suitable gene pools among available germplasm is first requisite for any crop improvement programme. Drought and salinity traits, being polygenic, are most difficult to target. The present investigation aimed at exploring and assessment of the genetic variability in Indian mustard at molecular level. A total of twenty-five genotypes and five related species were used. Sixty-three molecular markers including sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers along with twenty-three expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) were used for diversity analysis. Thirty-seven SRAPs and 18 EST-SSRs showed amplification producing a total of 423 alleles of which 422 were polymorphic. These markers gave an overall polymorphism of 99.78%, with 99.67% polymorphism in SRAPs and 100% polymorphism in EST-SSRs. The study revealed the genetic relationships among different genotypes of B. juncea and related species which could be used for Indian mustard improvement for targeting drought and salinity tolerance in future. Four SRAP and two EST-SSRs identified unique bands which may be related to abiotic stress tolerance. EST sequence BRMS-040 (IM7) was similar to Brassica and radish sequences related to PR-5 (pathogenesis-related) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
- Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, India
| | - Disha Kamboj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - R C Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, CCS HAU Campus, Hisar, India
| | - Neelam R Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India.
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Taunk J, Rani A, Yadav NR, Vartyadav D, Yadav RC, Raj K, Kumar R, Yadav HP. Molecular breeding of ameliorating commercial pearl millet hybrid for downy mildew resistance. J Genet 2018; 97:1241-1251. [PMID: 30555073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew (DM) caused by Sclerospora graminicola is the most calamitous disease of pearl millet. Therefore, for introgression of DM resistance (DMR) in HHB 197 (MH-1302), an elite pearl millet hybrid, a marker-assisted breeding was undertaken by targeting three DMR loci on linkage groups (LGs) 1, 2 and 4. Breeding programme was initiated by crossing HBL 11 (DM susceptible), male parent of HHB 197 hybrid with ICMP 451 (DM-resistant) to produce true F1 plants. By conducting three rounds of backcrossing and selection, BC3F1 lines were generated. Foreground selection was employed using six polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of the 18 total selected markers. Four of these markers were linked to LG 1, five to LG 2 and nine to LG 4. Background selection was performed in BC3F1 generation using 33 polymorphic SSR markers of a total of 56 evenly spread SSR markers in the pearl millet genome to check recovery of recurrent parent genome. On the basis of genotypic selection (foreground as well as background) using selected SSR markers, agronomic performance in field and DM screening in greenhouse; 10 improved HBL 11 lines were selected and crossed with ICMA 97111 to produce DM-resistant HHB 197 hybrid versions. Six putatively improved HHB 197 hybrids were successfully tested in first year trials at Hisar and Bawal locations of Haryana and two selected versions with higher yield and zero DM incidence will be further tested in multilocation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Taunk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India.
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Aneja B, Yadav NR, Kumar N, Yadav RC. Hsp transcript induction is correlated with physiological changes under drought stress in Indian mustard. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2015; 21:305-16. [PMID: 26261395 PMCID: PMC4524871 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-015-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea is an important oilseed crop and drought stress is major abiotic stress that limits its growth and productivity. RH0116 (drought tolerant) and RH8812 (drought sensitive) genotypes were undertaken to study some of the physiological parameters and hsp gene expression related to stress tolerance under drought stress conditions. Differential response in terms of seed germination, electrolyte leakage, RWC, osmotic potential was observed in the selected genotypes. In vitro seed germination studies using PEG stress treatments indicated reduced seed germination with increasing levels of stress treatment. Electrolyte leakage increased, whereas, relative water content and osmotic potential decreased in stressed seedlings. Expression of hsp gene was found to be upregulated during drought stress as the transcripts were present only in the stressed plants and disappeared upon rehydration. The drought tolerant variety showed higher transcript accumulation as compared to the sensitive variety. The study showed that drought induced changes in gene expression in two contrasting genotypes were consistent with the physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Aneja
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Neelam R. Yadav
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- />Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Ram C. Yadav
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 India
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Roy A, Bhole RB, Nandy PP, Yadav RC, Pal S, Roy A. Implementation of EPICS based vacuum control system for variable energy cyclotron centre, Kolkata. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:033306. [PMID: 25832222 DOI: 10.1063/1.4915318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The vacuum system of the Room Temperature (K = 130) Cyclotron of Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre is comprised of vacuum systems of main machine and Beam Transport System. The vacuum control system is upgraded to a PLC based Automated system from the initial relay based Manual system. The supervisory control of the vacuum system is implemented in Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). An EPICS embedded ARM based vacuum gauge controller is developed to mitigate the requirement of vendor specific gauge controller for gauges and also for seamless integration of the gauge controllers with the control system. A set of MS-Windows ActiveX components with embedded EPICS Channel Access interface are developed to build operator interfaces with less complex programming and to incorporate typical Windows feature, e.g., user authentication, file handling, better fonts, colors, mouse actions etc. into the operator interfaces. The control parameters, monitoring parameters, and system interlocks of the system are archived in MySQL based EPICS MySQL Archiver developed indigenously. In this paper, we describe the architecture, the implementation details, and the performance of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - R B Bhole
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Partha P Nandy
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - R C Yadav
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Sarbajit Pal
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Amitava Roy
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Singh R, van Heusden AW, Kumar R, Visser RGF, Yadav RC. Genetic diversity of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in iron and zinc content as impacted by farmers' varietal selection in Northern India. Ecol Food Nutr 2013; 52:148-62. [PMID: 23445393 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2012.706006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
From the last few years a debate has been continuing over the issue of malnutrition and hunger in the developing countries. The present article investigates the importance of participatory varietal selection in the development of a suitable cultivar of mungbean along with the nutritional content and the agronomic traits of the cultivars selected by farmers in participatory varietal selection. A combination of the conventional survey strategy, participatory varietal selection, molecular markers, and chemical analysis were used to carry out the study, and results revealed that the farmers have the capacity to utilize available genetic resources to manage disease, and they can identify the disease at early stages of plant development. The genetic diversity was studied using 23 inter-simple sequence repeat marker, which shows that the extent of genetic diversity ranges from 65% to 87%, while chemical analysis of selected mungbean cultivars shows a moderate amount of iron (3.9 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.5 mg/100 g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding PRI, Wageningen University, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription controls many crucial biological processes. Transcription factors (TFs) play a great role in controlling cellular processes and MYB TF family is large and involved in controlling various processes like responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, development, differentiation, metabolism, defense etc. Here, we review MYB TFs with particular emphasis on their role in controlling different biological processes. This will provide valuable insights in understanding regulatory networks and associated functions to develop strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Ambawat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Neelam R. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Ram C. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
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Aneja B, Yadav NR, Yadav RC, Kumar R. Sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis for genetic diversity and micronutrient content among gene pools in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2013; 19:399-407. [PMID: 24431508 PMCID: PMC3715638 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, commonly called mungbean is an important pulse crop. Commercial cultivars contain low levels of iron and zinc and it is important to assess genetic variability in the available germplasm for improving micronutrient content in commercial cultivars. The present study was undertaken to study molecular diversity using Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) among 21 Vigna radiata genotypes. Twenty nine SRAP primer combinations produced a total of 121 amplified bands which were polymorphic with an average of 4.65 bands per primer. The size of amplified bands ranged from 70 bp to 3,000 bp and 6 out of 29 SRAP primers were most useful in fingerprinting Vigna radiata genotypes under study. The similarity coefficients between different genotypes ranged from 0.45 to 0.96 with an average similarity value of 0.71. At an arbitrary cut-off at 60 % similarity level on a dendrogram, the Vigna radiata accessions were categorized into two major clusters. ML1108 and 2KM115 were found to be genetically similar. SMH99-1A and ML776 showed high iron and zinc content while Satya was poor in iron as well as zinc content. Mapping population involving ML776 and Satya could be used for tagging gene(s) for micronutrient content. The results indicated that SRAP markers were efficient for identification of Vigna radiata genotypes and assessment of the genetic relationships among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Aneja
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Neelam R. Yadav
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Ram C. Yadav
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Ram Kumar
- />Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
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Supriya A, Senthilvel S, Nepolean T, Eshwar K, Rajaram V, Shaw R, Hash CT, Kilian A, Yadav RC, Narasu ML. Development of a molecular linkage map of pearl millet integrating DArT and SSR markers. Theor Appl Genet 2011; 123:239-50. [PMID: 21476042 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-011-1580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet is an important component of food security in the semi-arid tropics and is assuming greater importance in the context of changing climate and increasing demand for highly nutritious food and feed. Molecular tools have been developed and applied for pearl millet on a limited scale. However, the existing tool kit needs to be strengthened further for its routine use in applied breeding programs. Here, we report enrichment of the pearl millet molecular linkage map by exploiting low-cost and high-throughput Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. Genomic representation from 95 diverse genotypes was used to develop a DArT array with circa 7,000 clones following PstI/BanII complexity reduction. This array was used to genotype a set of 24 diverse pearl millet inbreds and 574 polymorphic DArT markers were identified. The genetic relationships among the inbred lines as revealed by DArT genotyping were in complete agreement with the available pedigree data. Further, a mapping population of 140 F(7) Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) from cross H 77/833-2 × PRLT 2/89-33 was genotyped and an improved linkage map was constructed by integrating DArT and SSR marker data. This map contains 321 loci (258 DArTs and 63 SSRs) and spans 1148 cM with an average adjacent-marker interval length of 3.7 cM. The length of individual linkage groups (LGs) ranged from 78 cM (LG 3) to 370 cM (LG 2). This better-saturated map provides improved genome coverage and will be useful for genetic analyses of important quantitative traits. This DArT platform will also permit cost-effective background selection in marker-assisted backcrossing programs as well as facilitate comparative genomics and genome organization studies once DNA sequences of polymorphic DArT clones are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Supriya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
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Paul P, Hossain M, Yadav RC, Kumar GS. Biophysical studies on the base specificity and energetics of the DNA interaction of photoactive dye thionine: Spectroscopic and calorimetric approach. Biophys Chem 2010; 148:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chapagain BP, Saharan V, Pelah D, Yadav RC, Wiesman Z. Bioproduction of Diosgenin in Callus Cultures of Balanites aegyptiaca: Effect of Growth Regulators, Explants and Somatic Embryogenesis. Nat Prod Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the effects of plant growth regulators, explants, and somatic embryogenesis on in vitro production of the steroidal sapogenin, diosgenin, in callus cultures of the Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.(desert date). Root, shoot, hypocotyl, and epicotyl callus culture of B. aegyptiaca, were raised on MS basal media supplemented with various combinations of either 2,4-D and NAA alone, or with BAP. The diosgenin content (on a dry weight basis) was found to be highest when calli were cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D alone and/or in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP. However, the callus growth was highest in media supplemented with 2.5 or 3.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. MS basal media supplemented with 2,4-D 2.5 mg l−1 alone and in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP induced pre-embryogenic callus formation on root cultures. When these pre-embryogenic callus cultures were used to establish cell suspension cultures, two growth densities were obtained in embryogenic suspension cultures, inducing clusters of somatic embryos at various stages of development. The maximum number of somatic embryos were obtained at the fifth week on the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. However, the diosgenin content in these somatic cells was found to be lower compared to the explant calluses. This study revealed that production of diosgenin in callus cultures of B. aegyptiaca is possible, but the amount is significantly affected by the growth regulators, type of explants, and somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Chapagain
- The Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Vinod Saharan
- The Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) 125001, India
| | - Dan Pelah
- The Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ram C. Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar (Haryana) 125001, India
| | - Zeev Wiesman
- The Phyto-Lipid Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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da Silva FG, Shen Y, Dardick C, Burdman S, Yadav RC, de Leon AL, Ronald PC. Bacterial genes involved in type I secretion and sulfation are required to elicit the rice Xa21-mediated innate immune response. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2004; 17:593-601. [PMID: 15195942 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.6.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity to microorganisms relies on the specific sensing of pathogen-associated molecules by host recognition receptors. Whereas studies in animals have largely focused on the recognition of extracellular pathogen-associated molecules by the TLR (toll-like receptor) superfamily, few studies have been carried out in plants, and it is not understood how these molecules are secreted or modified. The rice Xa21 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that provides immunity against strains of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae carrying AvrXa21 activity. We identified four X. oryzae pv. oryzae genes that are required for AvrXa21 activity. raxA, raxB, and raxC encode proteins with similarity to a membrane fusion protein, an ATP-binding cassette transporter, and an outer membrane protein, respectively, of bacterial type I secretion systems. The fourth gene, raxST, encodes a sulfotransferase-like protein. Sequence analysis of three naturally occurring X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains no longer recognized by Xa21 revealed alterations in the raxST and raxA genes. The raxC gene complemented an Escherichia coli tolC mutant for secretion of a double glycine-leader peptide confirming the function of raxC in type I secretion. These results indicate that bacterial type I secretion is necessary for Xa21-mediated recognition and immunity and further suggest that type I secretion and modification of pathogen-associated molecules play an important role in triggering the innate immune response in rice.
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Abstract
A Holstein-Friesian cow aged 6 years aborted twice at 3-4 months of gestation. On rectal palpation a growth was palpable in the apex of one uterine horn. The growth was removed by right flank laparotomy under sedation and paravertebral nerve block. The growth was diagnosed to be a fibroma. The cow conceived and calved normally after the operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Purohit
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India.
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Batra P, Yadav NR, Sindhu A, Yadav RC, Chowdhury VK, Chowdhury JB. Efficient protocol for in vitro direct plant regeneration in chickpea Cicer arietinum L. Indian J Exp Biol 2002; 40:600-2. [PMID: 12622209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
An efficient plant regeneration system was developed for two important Indian chickpea cultivars, C-235 and HC-1. Immature cotyledons (7-8 mm) directly formed shoots without an intervening callus phase on MS medium containing B5 vitamins, BAP (2.0 mg/l), IBA (0.125 mg/l), AgNO3 (1.69 mg/l) and phytagel (2.5 g/l). The regenerated shoots had normal morphology and were successfully rooted in half strength MS medium under partial dark conditions. Regenerated plants were transferred to potted soil. However, the survival rate of pot house transferred plants was 17.6 per cent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Batra
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, India
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Chern MS, Fitzgerald HA, Yadav RC, Canlas PE, Dong X, Ronald PC. Evidence for a disease-resistance pathway in rice similar to the NPR1-mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2001; 27:101-13. [PMID: 11489188 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 gene is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Over-expression of NPR1 leads to enhanced resistance in Arabidopsis. To investigate the role of NPR1 in monocots, we over-expressed the Arabidopsis NPR1 in rice and challenged the transgenic plants with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the rice bacterial blight pathogen. The transgenic plants displayed enhanced resistance to Xoo. RNA blot hybridization indicates that enhanced resistance requires expression of NPR1 mRNA above a threshold level in rice. To identify components mediating the resistance controlled by NPR1, we used NPR1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen. We isolated four cDNA clones encoding rice NPR1 interactors (named rTGA2.1, rTGA2.2, rTGA2.3 and rLG2) belonging to the bZIP family. rTGA2.1, rTGA2.2 and rTGA2.3 share 75, 76 and 78% identity with Arabidopsis TGA2, respectively. In contrast, rLG2 shares highest identity (81%) to the maize liguleless (LG2) gene product, which is involved in establishing the leaf blade-sheath boundary. The interaction of NPR1 with the rice bZIP proteins in yeast was impaired by the npr1-1 and npr1-2 mutations, but not by the nim1-4 mutation. The NPR1-rTGA2.1 interaction was confirmed by an in vitro pull-down experiment. In gel mobility shift assays, rTGA2.1 binds to the rice RCH10 promoter and to a cis-element required sequence-specifically for salicylic acid responsiveness. This is the first demonstration that the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene can enhance disease resistance in a monocot plant. These results also suggest that monocot and dicot plants share a conserved signal transduction pathway controlling NPR1-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chern
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Abstract
We initiated a search for disease resistance (R) gene homologues in rice cultivar IR64, one of the most agronomically important rice varieties in the world, with the assumption that some of these homologues would correspond to previously identified disease resistance loci. A family of rice R gene homologues was identified using the Arabidopsis NBS-LRR disease resistance gene RPS2 as a hybridization probe. Because member genes of this rice R gene family exhibit features characteristic of the NBS-LRR class of resistance genes, the family was given the name NRH (for NBS-LRR resistance gene homologues). Three members of the NRH family, NRH1, NRH2, and NRH3, were cloned and studied in detail. In IR64, NRH1 and NRH2 appear to encode full-length polypeptides, whereas NRH3 is prematurely truncated with a stop codon generated by a frameshift. NRH1 maps on chromosome 5, and NRH2 and NRH3 are less than 48kb apart on chromosome 11. Although NRH1, NRH2, and NRH3 map to regions of the rice genome where disease resistance loci to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) have been identified, susceptible rice varieties transformed with either NRH1 or NRH2 failed to exhibit increased resistance to a set of well-characterized Xoo strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Ilag
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Singh BR, Yadav RC, Singh SP, Sharma VD. Coagglutination test: a simple and rapid immunodiagnostic test for parvovirus infection in dogs. Indian J Exp Biol 1998; 36:622-4. [PMID: 9731477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The coagglutination test (COAT) was developed and standardized to detect canine parvovirus (CPV) antigen in faeces of infected dogs. Anti-parvovirus serum was raised in dogs for coating protein-A containing Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain. Agglutination of antibody coated bacteria invariably occurred within 2-3 min when mixed with standard CPV antigen or faecal supernatants of dogs having 8 or more haemagglutination (HA) titre of parvovirus antigen. The test had a perfect correlation with HA test and was found to be slightly more sensitive than agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) in detecting CPV antigens. As COAT is easy and needs no specific equipment or much technical know how to perform, it can be used as a field test for rapid clinical diagnosis of parvovirus infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Singh
- College of Veterinary Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
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Shukla HS, Rao RR, Banu N, Gupta RM, Yadav RC. Enteral hyperalimentation in malnourished surgical patients. Indian J Med Res 1984; 80:339-46. [PMID: 6441773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Katiyar GP, Agarwal DK, Yadav RC. Growth standards for urban and urban slum area infants of Varanasi. Indian Pediatr 1978; 15:301-9. [PMID: 711297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gupta N, Yadav RC. Gunshot injury neck: an amazing case. Bangladesh J of Otorhinolaryngology 1970. [DOI: 10.3329/bjo.v17i2.8857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In this era use of firearms has become more prevalent in society. There is increase in numbers of firearm homicidal and suicidal victims. Injuries from gunshot wounds of head and neck vary in extant and significance, forming a spectrum from trivial to life threatening lesions. The head and neck have many vital structures confined to a small area of body, and hence in the event of head and neck trauma, there is greater potential of leading to a fatality. Case report: We report a case of homicidal gunshot injury (close range) sustained in the neck region, with the bullet having travelled through the neck without causing any mortality and little morbidity to the victim. Conclusion: Penetrating through and through, gunshot injury neck without causing any mortality and any significant morbidity is a very amazing incidence. Key words: Firearm; Gunshot; Bullet; Homicidal; Close range injury DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v17i2.8857 BJO 2011; 17(2): 144-146
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