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Renu K, Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Veeraraghavan VP, Vinayagam S, Paz-Montelongo S, George A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H. Protective effects of macromolecular polyphenols, metals (zinc, selenium, and copper) - Polyphenol complexes, and different organs with an emphasis on arsenic poisoning: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126715. [PMID: 37673136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
For the potential health benefits and nutritional value, polyphenols are one of the secondary metabolites of plants that have received extensive research. It has anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity-reducing properties in addition to a high antioxidant content. Macromolecular polyphenols and polysaccharides are biologically active natural polymers with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Arsenic is an ecologically toxic metalloid. Arsenic in drinking water is the most common way people come into contact with this metalloid. While arsenic is known to cause cancer, it is also used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The treatment's effectiveness is hampered by the adverse effects it can cause on the body. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and the inability to regulate cell death cause the most adverse effects. Polyphenols and other macromolecules like polysaccharides act as neuroprotectants by mitigating free radical damage, inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production, lowering A42 fibril formation, boosting antioxidant levels, and controlling apoptosis and inflammation. To prevent the harmful effects of toxins, polyphenols and pectin lower oxidative stress, boost antioxidant levels, improve mitochondrial function, control apoptosis, and suppress inflammation. Therefore, it prevents damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, and reproductive system. This review aims to identify the effects of the polyphenols in conjugation with polysaccharides as an ameliorative strategy for arsenic-induced toxicity in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sathishkumar Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Centre for Postgraduate and Research Studies, Dharmapuri 635205, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Soraya Paz-Montelongo
- Area de Toxicologia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Grupo interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889 1692, Japan.
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2
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Murali R, Gopalakrishnan AV. Molecular insight into renal cancer and latest therapeutic approaches to tackle it: an updated review. Med Oncol 2023; 40:355. [PMID: 37955787 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal genitourinary cancers, with the highest mortality rate, and may remain undetected throughout its development. RCC can be sporadic or hereditary. Exploring the underlying genetic abnormalities in RCC will have important implications for understanding the origins of nonhereditary renal cancers. The treatment of RCC has evolved over centuries from the era of cytokines to targeted therapy to immunotherapy. A surgical cure is the primary treatment modality, especially for organ-confined diseases. Furthermore, the urologic oncology community focuses on nephron-sparing surgical approaches and ablative procedures when small renal masses are detected incidentally in conjunction with interventional radiologists. In addition to new combination therapies approved for RCC treatment, several trials have been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of certain drugs. This may lead to durable responses and more extended survival benefits for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Several approved drugs have reduced the mortality rate of patients with RCC by targeting VEGF signaling and mTOR. This review better explains the signaling pathways involved in the RCC progression, oncometabolites, and essential biomarkers in RCC that can be used for its diagnosis. Further, it provides an overview of the characteristics of RCC carcinogenesis to assist in combating treatment resistance, as well as details about the current management and future therapeutic options. In the future, multimodal and integrated care will be available, with new treatment options emerging as we learn more about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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3
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Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Gopalakrishnan AV, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Namachivayam A, George A, Dey A, Vellingiri B. Novel biomolecules in targeted cancer therapy: a new approach towards precision medicine. Med Oncol 2023; 40:323. [PMID: 37804361 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human life around the globe, and the discovery of novel biomolecules continue to be an urgent therapeutic need that is still unmet. Precision medicine relies on targeted therapeutic strategies. Researchers are better equipped to develop therapies that target proteins as they understand more about the genetic alterations and molecules that cause progression of cancer. There has been a recent diversification of the sorts of targets exploited in treatment. Therapeutic antibody and biotechnology advancements enabled curative treatments to reach previously inaccessible sites. New treatment strategies have been initiated for several undruggable targets. The application of tailored therapy has been proven to have efficient results in controlling cancer progression. Novel biomolecules like SMDCs, ADCs, mABs, and PROTACS has gained vast attention in the recent years. Several studies have shown that using these novel technology helps in reducing the drug dosage as well as to overcome drug resistance in different cancer types. Therefore, it is crucial to fully untangle the mechanism and collect evidence to understand the significance of these novel drug targets and strategies. This review article will be discussing the importance and role of these novel biomolecules in targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Medical Services, MGM Cancer Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600029, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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Thankamony AP, Ramkomuth S, Ramesh ST, Murali R, Chakraborty P, Karthikeyan N, Varghese BA, Jaikumar VS, Jolly MK, Swarbrick A, Nair R. Phenotypic heterogeneity drives differential disease outcome in a mouse model of triple negative breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1230647. [PMID: 37841442 PMCID: PMC10570535 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype is one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancer that has poor clinical outcome and is an unmet clinical challenge. Accumulating evidence suggests that intratumoral heterogeneity or the presence of phenotypically distinct cell populations within a tumor play a crucial role in chemoresistance, tumor progression and metastasis. An increased understanding of the molecular regulators of intratumoral heterogeneity is crucial to the development of effective therapeutic strategies in TNBC. To this end, we used an unbiased approach to identify a molecular mediator of intratumoral heterogeneity in breast cancer by isolating two tumor cell populations (T1 and T2) from the 4T1 TNBC model. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the cells are different in terms of their morphology, proliferation and self-renewal ability in vitro as well as primary tumor formation and metastatic potential in vivo. Bioinformatic analysis followed by Kaplan Meier survival analysis in TNBC patients identified Metastasis associated colon cancer 1 (Macc1) as one of the top candidate genes mediating the aggressive phenotype in the T1 tumor cells. The role of Macc1 in regulating the proliferative phenotype was validated and taken forward in a therapeutic context with Lovastatin, a small molecule transcriptional inhibitor of Macc1 to target the T1 cell population. This study increases our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of intratumoral heterogeneity in breast cancer that is critical to improve the treatment of women currently living with the highly aggressive TNBC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana P. Thankamony
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonny Ramkomuth
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Shikha T. Ramesh
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Radhika Nair
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Centre for Human Genetics, Bangalore, India
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5
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Mukherjee AG, Ramesh Wanjari U, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A, Jayaraj R, Katturajan R, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Evan Prince S, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Renu K. HPV-associated cancers: insights into the mechanistic scenario and latest updates. Med Oncol 2023; 40:212. [PMID: 37358816 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and related diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. The human papillomavirus (HPV) is an infectious agent that can be spread mainly through sexual contact and has been linked to several malignancies in both sexes. HPV is linked to almost all cases of cervical cancer. It is also linked to many head and neck cancer (HNC) cases, especially oropharyngeal cancer. Also, some HPV-related cancers, like vaginal, vulvar, penile, and anal cancers, are related to the anogenital area. Over the past few decades, testing for and preventing cervical cancer has improved, but anogenital cancers are still harder to confirm. HPV16 and HPV18 have been extensively researched due to their significant carcinogenic potential. The products of two early viral genes, E6 and E7, have been identified as playing crucial roles in cellular transformation, as emphasized by biological investigations. The complete characterization of numerous mechanisms employed by E6 and E7 in undermining the regulation of essential cellular processes has significantly contributed to our comprehension of HPV-induced cancer progression. This review focuses on the various types of cancers caused by HPV infection and also sheds light on the signaling cascades involved in the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, 28, Sonipat, 131001, India
- Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Ramkumar Katturajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
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Das S, Babu A, Medha T, Ramanathan G, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Murali R, Kannampuzha S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Renu K, Sinha D, George Priya Doss C. Molecular mechanisms augmenting resistance to current therapies in clinics among cervical cancer patients. Med Oncol 2023; 40:149. [PMID: 37060468 PMCID: PMC10105157 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death (~ 324,000 deaths annually) among women internationally, with 85% of these deaths reported in developing regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the major driver of CC, and with the availability of the prophylactic vaccine, HPV-associated CC is expected to be eliminated soon. However, female patients with advanced-stage cervical cancer demonstrated a high recurrence rate (50-70%) within two years of completing radiochemotherapy. Currently, 90% of failures in chemotherapy are during the invasion and metastasis of cancers related to drug resistance. Although molecular target therapies have shown promising results in the lab, they have had little success in patients due to the tumor heterogeneity fueling resistance to these therapies and bypass the targeted signaling pathway. The last two decades have seen the emergence of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, as an effective treatment against metastatic tumors. Unfortunately, only a small subgroup of patients (< 20%) have benefited from this approach, reflecting disease heterogeneity and manifestation with primary or acquired resistance over time. Thus, understanding the mechanisms driving drug resistance in CC could significantly improve the quality of medical care for cancer patients and steer them to accurate, individualized treatment. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning has also been a pivotal factor in cancer drug discovery. With the advancement in such technology, cervical cancer screening and diagnosis are expected to become easier. This review will systematically discuss the different tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms CC cells to adapt to resist current treatments and scheme novel strategies to overcome cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Das
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Achsha Babu
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Tamma Medha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | | | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debottam Sinha
- Faculty of Medicine, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Prabakaran DS. Insights into the Scenario of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Male Reproductive Toxicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030510. [PMID: 36992094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a significant public health concern that has catastrophic consequences for society. Some preliminary evidence suggests that the male reproductive system may be an infection target for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted sexually, according to preliminary research. Testicular cells exhibit a high level of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which enhances the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Some instances of COVID-19 have been documented to exhibit hypogonadism during the acute stage. Furthermore, systemic inflammatory reactions triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause oxidative stress (OS), which has been shown to have profoundly deleterious consequences on testicular functioning. This work gives a clear picture of how COVID-19 may affect male reproductive systems and calls attention to the many unanswered questions about the mechanisms by which this virus can be linked to men’s health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - D S Prabakaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1 Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, India
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Murali R, Wanjari UR, Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kannampuzha S, Namachivayam A, Madhyastha H, Renu K, Ganesan R. Crosstalk between COVID-19 Infection and Kidney Diseases: A Review on the Metabolomic Approaches. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020489. [PMID: 36851366 PMCID: PMC9959335 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a respiratory disorder. Various organ injuries have been reported in response to this virus, including kidney injury and, in particular, kidney tubular injury. It has been discovered that infection with the virus does not only cause new kidney disease but also increases treatment difficulty and mortality rates in people with kidney diseases. In individuals hospitalized with COVID-19, urinary metabolites from several metabolic pathways are used to distinguish between patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and those without. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, treatment strategies, and role of metabolomics in relation to AKI in COVID-19 patients. Metabolomics is likely to play a greater role in predicting outcomes for patients with kidney disease and COVID-19 with varying levels of severity in the near future as data on metabolic profiles expand rapidly. Here, we also discuss the correlation between COVID-19 and kidney diseases and the available metabolomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (A.V.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMMAND), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.V.G.); (R.G.)
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9
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Kannampuzha S, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H, Ganesan R. A Systematic Role of Metabolomics, Metabolic Pathways, and Chemical Metabolism in Lung Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020381. [PMID: 36851259 PMCID: PMC9960365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is considered as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortalities. Cancer cells' reprogrammed metabolism results in changes in metabolite concentrations, which can be utilized to identify a distinct metabolic pattern or fingerprint for cancer detection or diagnosis. By detecting different metabolic variations in the expression levels of LC patients, this will help and enhance early diagnosis methods as well as new treatment strategies. The majority of patients are identified at advanced stages after undergoing a number of surgical procedures or diagnostic testing, including the invasive procedures. This could be overcome by understanding the mechanism and function of differently regulated metabolites. Significant variations in the metabolites present in the different samples can be analyzed and used as early biomarkers. They could also be used to analyze the specific progression and type as well as stages of cancer type making it easier for the treatment process. The main aim of this review article is to focus on rewired metabolic pathways and the associated metabolite alterations that can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in lung cancer diagnosis as well as treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
- Correspondence: (A.V.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.V.G.); (R.G.)
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Wanjari UR, Mukherjee AG, Gopalakrishnan AV, Murali R, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Ganesan R. Role of Metabolism and Metabolic Pathways in Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2023; 13:183. [PMID: 36837801 PMCID: PMC9962346 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the common cause of death in men. The pathophysiological factors contributing to PCa are not well known. PCa cells gain a protective mechanism via abnormal lipid signaling and metabolism. PCa cells modify their metabolism in response to an excessive intake of nutrients to facilitate advancement. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is inextricably linked to the carcinogenic progression of PCa, which heightens the severity of the disease. It is hypothesized that changes in the metabolism of the mitochondria contribute to the onset of PCa. The studies of particular alterations in the progress of PCa are best accomplished by examining the metabolome of prostate tissue. Due to the inconsistent findings written initially, additional epidemiological research is required to identify whether or not MetS is an aspect of PCa. There is a correlation between several risk factors and the progression of PCa, one of which is MetS. The metabolic symbiosis between PCa cells and the tumor milieu and how this type of crosstalk may aid in the development of PCa is portrayed in this work. This review focuses on in-depth analysis and evaluation of the metabolic changes that occur within PCa, and also aims to assess the effect of metabolic abnormalities on the aggressiveness status and metabolism of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Das S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Ramanathan G, Doss C GP, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The pathophysiological and immunological background of the monkeypox virus infection: An update. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28206. [PMID: 36217803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the COVID-19 waves, the globe is facing global monkeypox (MPX) outbreak. MPX is an uncommon zoonotic infection characterized by symptoms similar to smallpox. It is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPXV, which causes human disease, has been confined to Africa for many years, with only a few isolated cases in other areas. Outside of Africa, the continuing MPXV outbreak in multiple countries in 2022 is the greatest in recorded history. The current outbreak, with over 10 000 confirmed cases in over 50 countries between May and July 2022, demonstrates that MPXV may travel rapidly among humans and pose a danger to human health worldwide. The rapid spread of such outbreaks in recent times has elevated MPX to the status of a rising zoonotic disease with significant epidemic potential. While the MPXV is not as deadly or contagious as the variola virus that causes smallpox, it poses a threat because it could evolve into a more potent human pathogen. This review assesses the potential threat to the human population and provides a brief overview of what is currently known about this reemerging virus. By analyzing the biological effects of MPXV on human health, its shifting epidemiological footprint, and currently available therapeutic options, this review has presented the most recent insights into the biology of the virus. This study also clarifies the key potential causes that could be to blame for the present MPX outbreak and draw attention to major research questions and promising new avenues for combating the current MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Katturajan R, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Prince SE. Exploring the Regulatory Role of ncRNA in NAFLD: A Particular Focus on PPARs. Cells 2022; 11:3959. [PMID: 36552725 PMCID: PMC9777112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are responsible for global mortality and morbidity and are a significant cause of death worldwide. Consequently, the advancement of new liver disease targets is of great interest. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), such as microRNA (miRNA) and long ncRNA (lncRNA), has been proven to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of virtually all acute and chronic liver disorders. Recent studies demonstrated the medical applications of miRNA in various phases of hepatic pathology. PPARs play a major role in regulating many signaling pathways involved in various metabolic disorders. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of chronic liver disease in the world, encompassing a spectrum spanning from mild steatosis to severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PPARs were found to be one of the major regulators in the progression of NAFLD. There is no recognized treatment for NAFLD, even though numerous clinical trials are now underway. NAFLD is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its frequency increases as obesity and diabetes become more prevalent. Reprogramming anti-diabetic and anti-obesity drugs is an effective therapy option for NAFLD and NASH. Several studies have also focused on the role of ncRNAs in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. The regulatory effects of these ncRNAs make them a primary target for treatments and as early biomarkers. In this study, the main focus will be to understand the regulation of PPARs through ncRNAs and their role in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramkumar Katturajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Famurewa AC, Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Sukumar A, Murali R, Renu K, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Repurposing FDA-approved drugs against the toxicity of platinum-based anticancer drugs. Life Sci 2022; 305:120789. [PMID: 35817170 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs (PADs), mainly cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, are widely used efficacious long-standing anticancer agents for treating several cancer types. However, clinicians worry about PAD chemotherapy and its induction of severe non-targeted organ toxicity. Compelling evidence has shown that toxicity of PAD on delicate body organs is associated with free radical generation, DNA impairment, endocrine and mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative inflammation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activation of regulator signaling proteins, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and pathways. The emerging trend is the repurposing of FDA-approved non-anticancer drugs (FNDs) for combating the side effects toxicity of PADs. Thus, this review chronicled the mechanistic preventive and therapeutic effects of FNDs against PAD organ toxicity in preclinical studies. FNDs are potential clinical drugs for the modulation of toxicity complications associated with PAD chemotherapy. Therefore, FNDs may be suggested as non-natural agent inhibitors of unpalatable side effects of PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike lkwo, Nigeria.
| | - Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Aarthi Sukumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Namachivayam A, Murali R, Prabakaran DS, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Ramanathan G, Doss C. GP, Gopalakrishnan AV. Role of Immune Cells and Receptors in Cancer Treatment: An Immunotherapeutic Approach. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091493. [PMID: 36146572 PMCID: PMC9502517 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy moderates the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. Due to its extreme complexity, scientists are working to put together all the puzzle pieces to get a clearer picture of the immune system. Shreds of available evidence show the connection between cancer and the immune system. Immune responses to tumors and lymphoid malignancies are influenced by B cells, γδT cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Cancer immunotherapy, which encompasses adoptive cancer therapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), immune checkpoint therapy, and CART cells, has revolutionized contemporary cancer treatment. This article reviews recent developments in immune cell regulation and cancer immunotherapy. Various options are available to treat many diseases, particularly cancer, due to the progress in various immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, vaccinations (both preventative and curative), cellular immunotherapies, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. S. Prabakaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C.
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence:
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15
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Bradu P, Patil M, Biswas A, Murali R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Raja G, Iyer M, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Elimination of microplastics from the aquatic milieu: A dream to achieve. Chemosphere 2022; 303:135232. [PMID: 35671819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have become a significant source of concern as they have emerged as a widespread pollutant that harms the aquatic environment. It has become an enormous challenge, having the capacity to biomagnify and eventually affect human health, biodiversity, aquatic animals, and the environment. This review provides in-depth knowledge of how MPs interact with different toxic organic chemicals, antibiotics, and heavy metals in the aquatic environment and its consequences. Membrane technologies like ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), microfiltration (MF), and dynamic membranes can be highly effective techniques for the removal of MPs. Also, hybrid membrane techniques like advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), membrane fouling, electrochemical processes, and adsorption processes can be incorporated for superior efficiency. The review also focuses on the reactor design and performance of several membrane-based filters and bioreactors to develop practical, feasible, and sustainable membrane technologies. The main aim of this work is to throw light on the alarming scenario of microplastic pollution in the aquatic milieu and strategies that can be adopted to tackle it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Pragya Bradu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Megha Patil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Antara Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesan Raja
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Livestock Farming & Bioresources Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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16
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Goutam Mukherjee A, Ramesh Wanjari U, Murali R, Chaudhary U, Renu K, Madhyastha H, Iyer M, Vellingiri B, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. Omicron variant infection and the associated immunological scenario. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152222. [PMID: 35533536 PMCID: PMC9065598 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The million-dollar question that has been the talk of the day is how effective the COVID 19 vaccines are against the Omicron variant. Still, there is no clear-cut answer to this question but several studies have concluded that this Variant of Concern (VOC) successfully weakens the neutralizing capability of the antibodies acquired from the COVID 19 vaccines and prior infections, which indicates that Omicron can easily bypass an individual’s humoral immune response. However, the most significant confusion revolves around cell-mediated immunity tackling the Omicron variant. This paper aims to provide a clear idea about the status of the body’s immune surveillance concerning the infection caused by the Omicron variant by producing the effectivity of the humoral and cell-mediated immunity in handling the same. This work also provides complete detail of the various characteristics of the Omicron variant and how it may be a blessing in disguise. The effectiveness of the current vaccines, the transmissibility rate of the variant compared to the other variants, and the importance of administering a booster dose to prevent the spread of this variant are also discussed. Finally, this work aims to bridge the gap between the past and the current status of the Omicron infection and sheds light on the hypothetical idea that herd immunity developed from the SARS-COV2 infection may help tackle other dangerous variants.
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17
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Edderkaoui M, Chheda C, Lim A, Pandol SJ, Murali R. Co-Variation of Serum Osteoprotegerin and Pigment-Epithelial Derived Factor as Biomarker of Pancreatic Cancer. Austin J Gastroenterol 2022; 9:1118. [PMID: 35571223 PMCID: PMC9104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic cancer is one the most lethal cancers. Currently, there are reliable predictive markers to assess cancer development. Widely used CA19-9 molecular marker has been less effective in the diagnosis of early stages of cancer. OBJECTIVE To study if the soluble Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and pigment-epithelial derived factor (PEDF) levels in serum will be an indicator of cancer progression. METHODS Soluble OPG and PEDF were measured from human pancreatic cancer patients by ELISA. RESULTS We show that while OPG has been less predictive features, PEDF is more sensitive than CA19-9 in cancer detection. More importantly, PEDF and CA19-9 as combined markers showed higher sensitivity in stratifying early stages of pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSION Results from the pilot studies suggest that PEDF is useful biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Edderkaoui
- Departments of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - C Chheda
- Departments of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - A Lim
- Departments of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - S J Pandol
- Departments of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
| | - R Murali
- Departments of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
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18
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Kumar KVS, Thomas N, Bhat B, Krishnan R, Murali R. Congenital Colonic Stenosis Manifested after Foreign-Body (Button Battery) Ingestion in a Child. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2021; 26:65-66. [PMID: 33953519 PMCID: PMC8074825 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_95_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K V Satish Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Baptist Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen Thomas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Baptist Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Balachandra Bhat
- Department of Pathology, Baptist Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Department of General Surgery, Baptist Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of General Surgery, Baptist Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Moukarzel L, Ferrando L, Paula A, Brown D, Geyer F, Pareja F, Piscuoglio S, Papanastasiou A, Fusco N, Marchio C, Abu-Rustum N, Murali R, Brogi E, Wen H, Norton L, Soslow R, Vincent-Salomon A, Reis-Filho J, Weigelt B. Uterine carcinosarcomas and metaplastic breast carcinomas: Genetically related cancers? Gynecol Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.05.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Pavithran VK, Murali R, Krishna M, Shamala A, Yalamalli M, Kumar AV, Raina R. Impact of oral diseases on daily activities among 12- to 15-year-old institutionalized orphan and non-orphan children in Bengaluru city: A cross-sectional analytical study. Indian J Dent Res 2020; 31:396-402. [PMID: 32769273 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_260_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective As parents are the primary decision-makers of child's health, a study was conducted to assess and compare the oral health status and impact of oral diseases on daily activities among 12- to 15-year-old institutionalized orphan and non-orphan children in Bengaluru city. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 210 orphans and 210 government school children living with parents. Data with regard to the impact of oral diseases on daily activities were collected by means of Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (C-OIDP) index, and oral health status was determined using WHO Oral Health Assessment Form 1997. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics of the key variables were reported and data were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U-test, One-way analysis of variance and Step-wise multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 for this study. Results Common oral health problems perceived by orphans and non-orphans were bleeding gums (16.8% and 12.4%) and toothache (12.7% and 13.7%), respectively. The daily performances most affected were cleaning mouth (33.3%; orphans 5.35 ± 4.22; non-orphans 7.05 ± 7.55; P = 0.000) and eating (33.1%; orphans 6.91 ± 6.09; non-orphans 7.07 ± 6.78; P = 0.003). Oral mucosal condition, dental fluorosis, dentofacial anomalies, and calculus showed significant difference among orphans and non-orphans (P = 0.000). Conclusion C-OIDP score was high in orphans. Age, dental fluorosis, and decayed teeth were the significant factors for determining C-OIDP score. More than half of the study subjects were suffering from oral diseases which required treatment to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha K Pavithran
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Murali
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan Krishna
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Career Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A Shamala
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Maanasi Yalamalli
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Vinod Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Royal Dental College and Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Romshi Raina
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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21
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Teo WS, Holliday H, Karthikeyan N, Cazet AS, Roden DL, Harvey K, Konrad CV, Murali R, Varghese BA, Thankamony AP, Chan CL, McFarland A, Junankar S, Ye S, Yang J, Nikolic I, Shah JS, Baker LA, Millar EKA, Naylor MJ, Ormandy CJ, Lakhani SR, Kaplan W, Mellick AS, O'Toole SA, Swarbrick A, Nair R. Id Proteins Promote a Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype in Mouse Models of Triple Negative Breast Cancer via Negative Regulation of Robo1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:552. [PMID: 32766238 PMCID: PMC7380117 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers display phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and several lines of evidence support the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in certain breast cancers, a minor population of cells capable of tumor initiation and metastatic dissemination. Identifying factors that regulate the CSC phenotype is therefore important for developing strategies to treat metastatic disease. The Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 1 (Id1) and its closely related family member Inhibitor of Differentiation 3 (Id3) (collectively termed Id) are expressed by a diversity of stem cells and are required for metastatic dissemination in experimental models of breast cancer. In this study, we show that ID1 is expressed in rare neoplastic cells within ER-negative breast cancers. To address the function of Id1 expressing cells within tumors, we developed independent murine models of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) in which a genetic reporter permitted the prospective isolation of Id1+ cells. Id1+ cells are enriched for self-renewal in tumorsphere assays in vitro and for tumor initiation in vivo. Conversely, depletion of Id1 and Id3 in the 4T1 murine model of TNBC demonstrates that Id1/3 are required for cell proliferation and self-renewal in vitro, as well as primary tumor growth and metastatic colonization of the lung in vivo. Using combined bioinformatic analysis, we have defined a novel mechanism of Id protein function via negative regulation of the Roundabout Axon Guidance Receptor Homolog 1 (Robo1) leading to activation of a Myc transcriptional programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee S. Teo
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly Holliday
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nitheesh Karthikeyan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Aurélie S. Cazet
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Roden
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Harvey
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Reshma Murali
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Binitha Anu Varghese
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Archana P. Thankamony
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Chia-Ling Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea McFarland
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Junankar
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunny Ye
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Yang
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Iva Nikolic
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaynish S. Shah
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura A. Baker
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ewan K. A. Millar
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Naylor
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Ormandy
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sunil R. Lakhani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, School of Medicine and Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Warren Kaplan
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Peter Wills Bioinformatics Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Albert S. Mellick
- UNSW Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Medical Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School UNSW & CONCERT Translational Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra A. O'Toole
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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22
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Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a major ongoing challenge in the effective therapeutic targeting of cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that a fraction of cells within a tumor termed Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are primarily responsible for this diversity resulting in therapeutic resistance and metastasis. Adding to this complexity, recent studies have shown that there can be different subpopulations of CSCs with varying biochemical and biophysical traits resulting in varied dissemination and drug-resistance potential. Moreover, cancer cells can exhibit a high level of plasticity or the ability to dynamically switch between CSC and non-CSC states or among different subsets of CSCs. In addition, CSCs also display extensive metabolic plasticity. The molecular mechanisms underlying these different interconnected axes of plasticity has been under extensive investigation and the trans-differentiation process of Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been identified as a major contributing factor. Besides genetic and epigenetic factors, CSC plasticity is also shaped by non-cell-autonomous effects such as the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss the latest developments in decoding mechanisms and implications of CSC plasticity in tumor progression at biochemical and biophysical levels, and the latest in silico approaches being taken for characterizing cancer cell plasticity. These efforts can help improve existing therapeutic approaches by taking into consideration the contribution of cellular plasticity/heterogeneity in enabling drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana P. Thankamony
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kritika Saxena
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Laperle AH, Sances S, Yucer N, Dardov VJ, Garcia VJ, Ho R, Fulton AN, Jones MR, Roxas KM, Avalos P, West D, Banuelos MG, Shu Z, Murali R, Maidment NT, Van Eyk JE, Tagliati M, Svendsen CN. iPSC modeling of young-onset Parkinson's disease reveals a molecular signature of disease and novel therapeutic candidates. Nat Med 2020; 26:289-299. [PMID: 31988461 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD), defined by onset at <50 years, accounts for approximately 10% of all Parkinson's disease cases and, while some cases are associated with known genetic mutations, most are not. Here induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from control individuals and from patients with YOPD with no known mutations. Following differentiation into cultures containing dopamine neurons, induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with YOPD showed increased accumulation of soluble α-synuclein protein and phosphorylated protein kinase Cα, as well as reduced abundance of lysosomal membrane proteins such as LAMP1. Testing activators of lysosomal function showed that specific phorbol esters, such as PEP005, reduced α-synuclein and phosphorylated protein kinase Cα levels while increasing LAMP1 abundance. Interestingly, the reduction in α-synuclein occurred through proteasomal degradation. PEP005 delivery to mouse striatum also decreased α-synuclein production in vivo. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic cultures reveal a signature in patients with YOPD who have no known Parkinson's disease-related mutations, suggesting that there might be other genetic contributions to this disorder. This signature was normalized by specific phorbol esters, making them promising therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Laperle
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sances
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Yucer
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V J Dardov
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V J Garcia
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Ho
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A N Fulton
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M R Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K M Roxas
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Avalos
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D West
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M G Banuelos
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Z Shu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J E Van Eyk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Tagliati
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C N Svendsen
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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24
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Viswanadhapalli S, Luo Y, Sareddy GR, Santhamma B, Zhou M, Li M, Pratap UP, Altwegg KA, Li X, Srinivasan U, Ma S, Chang A, Riveros AC, Zhang KY, Dileep KV, Pan X, Murali R, Bajda M, Raj G, Brenner A, Manthati V, Rao M, Tekmal RR, Nair HB, Nickisch KJ, Vadlamudi RK. Abstract P2-06-02: Development of a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor (EC359) targeting oncogenic LIF/LIFR signaling for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p2-06-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its receptor LIFR are over-expressed in multiple solid tumors and play a key role in tumor growth, progression, and resistance to standard anti-cancer treatments. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targeted therapies and represents a disproportional share of breast cancer (BCa) mortality. TNBC exhibits autocrine stimulation of the LIF/LIFR axis and overexpression of LIF is associated with poorer relapse-free survival in BCa patients. LIF signaling also promotes maintenance of stem cells. Therefore, targeting the LIF/LIFR axis may have therapeutic utility in TNBC.
Methods: We rationally designed a small organic molecule (EC359) that emulates the LIF/LIFR binding site and functions as a LIFR inhibitor from a library of compounds. In silico docking studies were used to identify the putative interaction of the EC359 and LIF/LIFR complex. Direct binding of EC359 to LIFR was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and microscale thermophoresis technique (MST) assays. In vitro activity was tested using Cell-Titer Glo, MTT, invasion, and apoptosis assays. Mechanistic studies were conducted using Western blot, reporter gene assays, and RNA-seq analysis. Xenograft, patient-derived xenograft (PDX), and patient-derived explant (PDEX) models were used for preclinical evaluation and toxicity.
Results: Molecular docking studies showed that EC359 interacts at the LIF/LIFR binding interface. SPR and MST studies confirmed direct interaction of EC359 to LIFR. EC359 reduced the growth of TNBC cells with high potency (IC50 50-100nM) and promoted apoptosis. Further, EC359 treatment reduced invasion and stemness of TNBC cells. EC359 activity is dependent on the expression levels of LIFR and showed little or no activity on TNBC cells that have low levels of LIFR or ER+ve BCa cells. Further, EC359 significantly reduced the viability of cisplatin and taxane-resistant TNBC cells and enhanced the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors. Mechanistic and biochemical studies showed that EC359 interacts with LIFR and effectively blocking LIF/LIFR interactions. EC359 also blocked LIFR interactions with other LIFR ligands such as oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1. EC359 treatment attenuated the activation of LIF/LIFR driven pathways including STAT3, mTOR, AKT, and MAPK. RNA-seq analysis identified regulation of apoptosis as one of the important pathway modulated by EC359. In TNBC xenograft and PDX assays, EC359 significantly reduced tumor progression. Further, using human primary BCa PDEX cultures, we demonstrated that EC359 has the potential to substantially reduce the proliferation of human BCa. Pharmacologically, EC359 exhibited high oral bioavailability and long half-life with a wide therapeutic window.
Conclusions: EC359 is a novel targeted therapeutic agent that inhibits LIF/LIFR oncogenic signaling in TNBC via a unique mechanism of action. EC359 has the distinct pharmacologic advantages of oral bioavailability, in vivo stability, and is associated with minimal systemic side effects. (DOD BCRP grant #BC170312)
Citation Format: Viswanadhapalli S, Luo Y, Sareddy GR, Santhamma B, Zhou M, Li M, Pratap UP, Altwegg KA, Li X, Srinivasan U, Ma S, Chang A, Riveros AC, Zhang KY, Dileep KV, Pan X, Murali R, Bajda M, Raj G, Brenner A, Manthati V, Rao M, Tekmal RR, Nair HB, Nickisch KJ, Vadlamudi RK. Development of a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor (EC359) targeting oncogenic LIF/LIFR signaling for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-02.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viswanadhapalli
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - Y Luo
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - GR Sareddy
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - B Santhamma
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - M Zhou
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - M Li
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - UP Pratap
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - KA Altwegg
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - X Li
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - U Srinivasan
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - S Ma
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - A Chang
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - AC Riveros
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - KY Zhang
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - KV Dileep
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - X Pan
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - R Murali
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - M Bajda
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - G Raj
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - A Brenner
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - V Manthati
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - M Rao
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - RR Tekmal
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - HB Nair
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - KJ Nickisch
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
| | - RK Vadlamudi
- UT Health and Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio; Evestra, Inc., San Antonio; Instituto de Química, Ciudad de, Mexico; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan; Cidars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles; Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; UT Southwestern, Dallas
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Kumar MK, Ahmed SS, Murali R. Domination in 3rd dimensional product of vertex measurable graphs. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/02522667.2017.1400748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kamal Kumar
- Department of the Mathematics, Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saad Salman Ahmed
- Department of the Mathematics, Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - R. Murali
- Department of the Mathematics, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560056, Karnataka, India
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Shetty P, Shamala A, Murali R, Mansi Y, Srivastava R, Debnath A. Dental fluorosis and oral health status of 13–15-Year-Old school children of Chikkaballapur District: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_45_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cancer is a heterogenous disease displaying marked inter- and intra-tumoral diversity. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been experimentally demonstrated in a number of cancer types as a subpopulation of tumor cells that drives the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of the entire cancer. Thus, eradication of the CSC population is critical for the complete ablation of a tumor. This is, however, confounded by the inherent resistance of CSCs to standard anticancer therapies, eventually leading to the outgrowth of resistant tumor cells and relapse in patients. The cellular mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs are ascribed to several factors including a state of quiescence, an enhanced DNA damage response and active repair mechanisms, up-regulated expression of drug efflux transporters, as well as the activation of pro-survival signaling pathways and inactivation of apoptotic signaling. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of resistance to therapy may hold the key to targeting the CSC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Valbirk Konrad
- Cancer Research Division & Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Reshma Murali
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
| | | | - Radhika Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Kerala, India
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Uehara T, Mise-Omata S, Matsui M, Tabata Y, Murali R, Miyashin M, Aoki K. Delivery of RANKL-Binding Peptide OP3-4 Promotes BMP-2-Induced Maxillary Bone Regeneration. J Dent Res 2016; 95:665-72. [PMID: 27006466 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516633170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is known to stimulate osteogenesis, there is evidence that high doses of BMP-2 can lead to side effects, including inflammation and carcinogenesis. The supplementation of other bone-augmenting agents is considered helpful in preventing such side effects by reducing the amount of BMP-2 required to obtain a sufficient amount of bone. We recently showed that a receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-binding peptide promotes osteoblast differentiation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether OP3-4, a RANKL-binding peptide, promotes BMP-2-induced bone formation in the murine maxilla using an injectable gelatin hydrogel (GH) carrier. A GH carrier containing OP3-4 with BMP-2 was subperiosteally injected into the murine maxillary right diastema between the incisor and the first molar. The mice were sacrificed 28 d after the injections. The local bone formation in the OP3-4-BMP-2-injected group was analyzed in comparison to the carrier-injected, BMP-2-injected, and control-peptide-BMP-2-injected groups. The GH carrier containing OP3-4 with BMP-2 enlarged the radio-opaque area and increased the bone mineral content and density in the radiological analyses in comparison to the other experimental groups. Interestingly, fluorescence-based histological analyses revealed that the mineralization had started from the outside, then proceeded inward, suggesting that the size of the newly formed bone had already been set before calcification started and that the effects of OP3-4 might be involved in accelerating the early steps of osteogenesis. Actually, OP3-4 enhanced the BMP-2-induced 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cell numbers at the injected site on day 7 and the expression of Runx2 and Col1a1, which are early osteogenic cell markers, on day 10 after the subperiosteal injections. In summary, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the application of OP3-4 by subperiosteal injection promoted BMP-2-induced bone formation, which could lead to the development of an easy and noninvasive means of promoting alveolar ridge formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uehara
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Mise-Omata
- Department of Bio-Matrix (Pharmacology), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Matsui
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Miyashin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Aoki
- Department of Bio-Matrix (Pharmacology), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Shetty P, Shamala A, Murali R, Yalamalli M, Kumar AV. Dermatoglyphics as a genetic marker for oral submucous fibrosis: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/2319-5932.178730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Thermo-physically stable magnetic leathers were prepared using iron oxide nanoparticles by a conventional surface coating technique for advanced applications such as adhesive-free wall covering and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thanikaivelan
- Advanced Materials Laboratory
- Centre for Leather Apparel & Accessories Development
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)
- Chennai 600020
- India
| | - R. Murali
- Advanced Materials Laboratory
- Centre for Leather Apparel & Accessories Development
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)
- Chennai 600020
- India
| | - K. Krishnaraj
- Advanced Materials Laboratory
- Centre for Leather Apparel & Accessories Development
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)
- Chennai 600020
- India
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Kathiriya D, Murali R, Krishna M, Shamala Y, Yalamalli M, Kumar AV. Assessment of periodontal status in smokeless tobacco chewers and nonchewers among industrial workers in North Bengaluru. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/2319-5932.195848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Srivastava R, Murali R, Shamala A, Yalamalli M, Kumar AV. Effectiveness of two oral health education intervention strategies among 12-year-old school children in North Bengaluru: A field trial. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2016. [DOI: 10.4103/2319-5932.181895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Pavithran VK, Murali R, Krishna M, Shamala A, Yalamalli M, Kumar AV. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of needle stick and sharps injuries among dental professionals of Bangalore, India. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:406-12. [PMID: 26539394 PMCID: PMC4606606 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.165932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A needle stick injury (NSI) is an accidental skin-penetrating stab wound from a hollow-bore needle containing another person's blood or body fluid. Healthcare workers (HCWs) including dental professionals are at an occupational risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens following NSIs and sharps injuries (SIs). A thorough understanding of the safe practices while handling needles and sharps is crucial for HCWs to create a risk-free work place environment. Aims and Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, practice, and prevalence of NSIs and SIs among dental professionals in a dental college at Bangalore. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2012 using a structured, pretested, guided interview-based questionnaire that was administered to 200 dental professionals in a dental college at Bangalore to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, and self-report information of NSIs. Results: In the present study, 81.5% of dental professionals were vaccinated against hepatitis B. A total of 27.5% participants had an NSI during the previous 12 months. About 41.80% of NSIs occurred during device recapping. Most common reason for failure to report the incidents of NSIs, as declared by 29.09% of the participants, included the fear of being blamed or getting into trouble for having an NSI. Conclusion: The knowledge of dental professionals on NSIs and their preventive measures are inadequate; however, training on Universal Precaution Guidelines, protocols regarding post-exposure prophylaxis, and safety devices has to be provided to prevent such injuries in future among the dental professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha K Pavithran
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R Murali
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - A Shamala
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Maanasi Yalamalli
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - A Vinod Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Raina R, Krishna M, Murali R, Shamala A, Yalamalli M, Kumar AV. Knowledge, attitude and behavioral determinants of tobacco use among 13-15 year old school children. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:321-6. [PMID: 26310970 PMCID: PMC4547448 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.161764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The epidemic of tobacco use is one of the greatest threats to global health today. Tobacco attributable deaths in India currently range from 800,000 to 900,000 per year. Adolescents are among the most vulnerable group to start tobacco use. Information on tobacco use among the youth is necessary to establish control measures against it. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavioral determinants of tobacco use among high school students (age13–15 years) in Bangalore. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 3 weeks in the month of September 2012. A structured, pretested questionnaire was administered randomly to 500 high school students in Bangalore to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavioral determinants of tobacco use. Results: Majority of the study population [94.4% (472/500)] believed that smoking is definitely harmful to our health. Also, 39.0% of the participants of age 13 years believed that smoking does not help in socializing and 92.2% of study subjects had negative attitude toward starting the habit. Most of them (83.9%) had a negative perception about smokers that they lack confidence. However, less than 1% of the study population had a habit of smoking at this young age. Conclusion: Awareness of the harmful effects of smoking was high among the study population. The study provides insight into the factors to consider while planning adolescent anti-smoking programs in this and similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romshi Raina
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhusudan Krishna
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - R Murali
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - A Shamala
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Maanasi Yalamalli
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - A Vinod Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Ducie J, Murali R, Hyman D, Hensley M, Soslow R, Zivanovic O. Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) of the gynecologic tract: A single institution clinicopathologic review. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vasudevan V, Manjunath V, Devaraju D, Murali R. Chordoma arising from cranial base extending to oropharynx: an unusual presentation. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2015; 14:103-7. [PMID: 25838681 PMCID: PMC4379273 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-012-0345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordoma is a relatively rare tumor of the skull base thought to originate from embryonic remnants of the notochord. Chordomas arising from the skull base/clivus are typically locally aggressive with lytic bone destruction. When chordomas occur in an extraosseous location, they may mimic other lesions of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. We present a case of primarily extraosseous chordoma involving the oropharynx in an effort to improve the preoperative diagnosis of this rare tumor among the dental fraternity. In addition, we review regional notochordal embryology to explain this variant tumor location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijeev Vasudevan
- />Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - V. Manjunath
- />Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - D. Devaraju
- />Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - R. Murali
- />Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Bangalore, India
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Murali R, Nagar P, Rajendran H, Viswanath D. Parental and family influences on dental treatment need among school children from north Bengaluru: A cross-sectional study. J Indian Assoc Public Health Dent 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/2319-5932.153565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Bala Dash
- Mother Theresa Postgraduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences, Pondicherry, 605006, India,
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41
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Cheirmadurai K, Biswas S, Murali R, Thanikaivelan P. Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles and conducting nanobiocomposites using plant and animal sources. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01414f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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42
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Murali R, Scolyer R, Thompson J. Completion lymph node dissection in melanoma patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 39:1164-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Palaskar JN, Murali R, Bansal S. Centric relation definition: a historical and contemporary prosthodontic perspective. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2013; 13:149-54. [PMID: 24431728 PMCID: PMC3732724 DOI: 10.1007/s13191-012-0209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centric relation (CR) is a core topic of dentistry in general and prosthodontics in particular. The term CR has become thoroughly confusing because of many conflicting definitions. Unfortunately definition of CR changed repeatedly over past ten decades. All the existing definitions in the dental literature, for the past 81 years, are segregated into definitions from 1929 to 1970, 1970-1980, and 1980-2010 and are critically analyzed. Both PubMed (key words: centric relation/centric jaw relation) and hand searches were employed, from citation in other publications, to identify relevant articles in English language peer reviewed PubMed journals from 1956 to 2010; although the review is from 1929. Numerous definitions for CR have been given, however, no consensus exists and the definition given by a current glossary of prosthodontic terms is confusing. It relates CR to many clinically invisible parts and cannot guide a dental surgeon to record the CR following its description. The purpose of this article is not only to review all the definitions critically but to propose a self explanatory definition to minimize the confusion in the minds of dental practitioners and students for better understanding of the concept of CR. Centric relation is clinically significant since it is the only clinically repeatable jaw relation and the logical position to fabricate prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant N. Palaskar
- />Department of Prosthodontics, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital, Pune, 411041 Maharashtra India
| | - R. Murali
- />Lamya Dental Clinic, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Sanjay Bansal
- />Department of Prosthodontics, MM College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana India
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Griewank KG, Murali R, Schilling B, Scholz S, Sucker A, Song M, Süsskind D, Grabellus F, Zimmer L, Hillen U, Steuhl KP, Schadendorf D, Westekemper H, Zeschnigk M. TERT promoter mutations in ocular melanoma distinguish between conjunctival and uveal tumours. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:497-501. [PMID: 23799844 PMCID: PMC3721405 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, activating mutations in the TERT promoter were identified in cutaneous melanoma. We tested a cohort of ocular melanoma samples for similar mutations. METHODS The TERT promoter region was analysed by Sanger sequencing in 47 uveal (ciliary body or choroidal) melanomas and 38 conjunctival melanomas. RESULTS Mutations of the TERT promoter were not identified in uveal melanomas, but were detected in 12 (32%) conjunctival melanomas. Mutations had a UV signature and were identical to those found in cutaneous melanoma. CONCLUSION Mutations of TERT promoter with UV signatures are frequent in conjunctival melanomas and favour a pathogenetic kinship with cutaneous melanomas. Absence of these mutations in uveal melanomas emphasises their genetic distinction from cutaneous and conjunctival melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Griewank
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, Germany.
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Murali R, Krishna M, Yellamalli M, Kumar V, Koshy S. Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Musculoskeletal Pain among a Group of Dentists in Bengaluru. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 2013. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-1363.161047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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Ormond DR, Dressler A, Kim S, Ronecker J, Murali R. Lumbar drains may reduce the need for permanent CSF diversion in spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2012.743971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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47
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Wevers KP, Murali R, Bastiaannet E, Scolyer RA, Suurmeijer AJ, Thompson JF, Hoekstra HJ. Assessment of a new scoring system for predicting non-sentinel node positivity in sentinel node-positive melanoma patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012; 39:179-84. [PMID: 23137997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When completion lymph node dissection (CLND) is performed in sentinel node (SN)-positive melanoma patients, a positive non-sentinel node (NSN) is found in approximately 20% of them. Recently, Murali et al. proposed a new scoring system (non-sentinel node risk score, N-SNORE) to predict the risk of NSN positivity in SN-positive patients. The objectives of the current study were to identify factors predicting NSN positivity and to assess the validity of the N-SNORE in an independent patient cohort. METHODS All SN-positive patients who underwent CLND at a single institution between 1995 and 2010 were analyzed. Characteristics of the patient, primary melanoma, and SN(s) were tested for association with NSN positivity. Missing values were reconstructed using multiple imputation to enable multivariable analysis. RESULTS CLND revealed positive NSNs in 30 (23%) of 130 SN-positive patients. Primary melanoma regression (p = 0.03) was independently associated with NSN positivity. After adjustment because of missing data on perinodal lymphatic invasion, N-SNORE proved to be a significant stratification model in our patient cohort (p = 0.003): 5.9% NSN positivity in the very low risk category and 75.0% NSN positivity in the very high risk category. CONCLUSIONS Presence of regression in the primary melanoma was independently associated with a higher risk of NSN positivity. The slightly modified N-SNORE scoring system provided useful stratification of the risk for NSN positivity. However, lack of perinodal lymphatic invasion data may have reduced its predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Wevers
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Thomas Nainan M, Koshy S, Naveen DN, Benjamin S, Murali R, Guru R, Ashok KB. CBCT in Diagnosis of Vertical Root Fracture. JIAOMR 2012. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kumar V, Murali R, Madhusudan K, Narasimhamurthy N, Yalamalli M, Hampanavar P. Efficacy of Finger Toothbrush in Plaque Removal in a Group of Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Study. JIAOMR 2012. [DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Huynh KT, Takei Y, Kuo C, Scolyer RA, Murali R, Chong K, Takeshima L, Sim MS, Morton DL, Turner RR, Thompson JF, Hoon DSB. Aberrant hypermethylation in primary tumours and sentinel lymph node metastases in paediatric patients with cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:1319-26. [PMID: 22293026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debate on how to manage paediatric patients with cutaneous melanoma continues, particularly in those with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases who are at higher risk of poor outcomes. Management is often based on adult algorithms, although differences in clinical outcomes between paediatric and adult patients suggest that melanoma in paediatric patients differs biologically. Yet, there are no molecular prognostic studies identifying these differences. OBJECTIVES We investigated the epigenetic (methylation) regulation of several tumour-related genes (TRGs) known to be significant in adult melanoma progression in histopathology(+) SLN metastases (n = 17) and primary tumours (n = 20) of paediatric patients with melanoma to determine their clinical relevance. METHODS Paediatric patients (n = 37; ≤ 21 years at diagnosis) with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I-III cutaneous melanoma were analysed. Gene promoter methylation of the TRGs RASSF1A, RARβ2, WIF1 and APC was evaluated. RESULTS Hypermethylation of RASSF1A, RARβ2, WIF1 and APC was found in 29% (5/17), 25% (4/16), 25% (4/16) and 19% (3/16) of histopathology(+) SLNs, respectively. When matched to adult cutaneous melanomas by Breslow thickness and ulceration, hypermethylation of all four TRGs in SLN(+) paediatric patients with melanoma was equivalent to or less than in adults. With a median follow-up of 55 months, SLN(+) paediatric patients with melanoma with hypermethylation of > 1 TRG vs. ≤ 1 TRG had worse disease-free (P = 0·02) and overall survival (P = 0·02). CONCLUSIONS Differences in the methylation status of these TRGs in SLN(+) paediatric and adult patients with melanoma may account for why SLN(+) paediatric patients have different clinical outcomes. SLN biopsy should continue to be performed; within SLN(+) paediatric patients with melanoma, hypermethylation of TRGs can be used to identify a subpopulation at highest risk for poor outcomes who warrant vigilant clinical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Huynh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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