1
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Schwach V, Slaats RH, Cofiño-Fabres C, ten Den SA, Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Dannenberg M, van Boheemen C, Ribeiro MC, van der Zanden SY, Nollet EE, van der Velden J, Neefjes J, Cao L, Passier R. A safety screening platform for individualized cardiotoxicity assessment. iScience 2024; 27:109139. [PMID: 38384853 PMCID: PMC10879698 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity remains a major cause of drug withdrawal, partially due to lacking predictability of animal models. Additionally, risk of cardiotoxicity following treatment of cancer patients is treatment limiting. It is unclear which patients will develop heart failure following therapy. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes present an unlimited cell source and may offer individualized solutions to this problem. We developed a platform to predict molecular and functional aspects of cardiotoxicity. Our platform can discriminate between the different cardiotoxic mechanisms of existing and novel anthracyclines Doxorubicin, Aclarubicin, and Amrubicin. Doxorubicin and Aclarubicin unlike Amrubicin substantially affected the transcriptome, mitochondrial membrane integrity, contractile force and transcription factor availability. Cardiomyocytes recovered fully within two or three weeks, corresponding to the intermittent clinical treatment regimen. Our system permits the study of hPSC-cardiomyocyte recovery and the effects of accumulated dose after multiple dosing, allowing individualized cardiotoxicity evaluation, which effects millions of cancer patients treated annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf H. Slaats
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Simone A. ten Den
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - José M. Rivera-Arbeláez
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Maureen Dannenberg
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Chiara van Boheemen
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sabina Y. van der Zanden
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar E. Nollet
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lu Cao
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Universiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2333 CA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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2
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Cofiño-Fabres C, Boonen T, Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Rijpkema M, Blauw L, Rensen PCN, Schwach V, Ribeiro MC, Passier R. Micro-Engineered Heart Tissues On-Chip with Heterotypic Cell Composition Display Self-Organization and Improved Cardiac Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2303664. [PMID: 38471185 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models that recapitulate the structural organization and function of the human heart are highly needed for accurate disease modeling, more predictable drug screening, and safety pharmacology. Conventional 3D Engineered Heart Tissues (EHTs) lack heterotypic cell complexity and culture under flow, whereas microfluidic Heart-on-Chip (HoC) models in general lack the 3D configuration and accurate contractile readouts. In this study, an innovative and user-friendly HoC model is developed to overcome these limitations, by culturing human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial (ECs)- and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), together with human cardiac fibroblasts (FBs), underflow, leading to self-organized miniaturized micro-EHTs (µEHTs) with a CM-EC interface reminiscent of the physiological capillary lining. µEHTs cultured under flow display enhanced contractile performance and conduction velocity. In addition, the presence of the EC layer altered drug responses in µEHT contraction. This observation suggests a potential barrier-like function of ECs, which may affect the availability of drugs to the CMs. These cardiac models with increased physiological complexity, will pave the way to screen for therapeutic targets and predict drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Boonen
- River BioMedics B.V, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - José M Rivera-Arbeláez
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Minke Rijpkema
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Blauw
- River BioMedics B.V, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- River BioMedics B.V, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
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van Loo B, Ten Den SA, Araújo-Gomes N, de Jong V, Snabel RR, Schot M, Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Veenstra GJC, Passier R, Kamperman T, Leijten J. Mass production of lumenogenic human embryoid bodies and functional cardiospheres using in-air-generated microcapsules. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6685. [PMID: 37865642 PMCID: PMC10590445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are engineered 3D miniature tissues that are defined by their organ-like structures, which drive a fundamental understanding of human development. However, current organoid generation methods are associated with low production throughputs and poor control over size and function including due to organoid merging, which limits their clinical and industrial translation. Here, we present a microfluidic platform for the mass production of lumenogenic embryoid bodies and functional cardiospheres. Specifically, we apply triple-jet in-air microfluidics for the ultra-high-throughput generation of hollow, thin-shelled, hydrogel microcapsules that can act as spheroid-forming bioreactors in a cytocompatible, oil-free, surfactant-free, and size-controlled manner. Uniquely, we show that microcapsules generated by in-air microfluidics provide a lumenogenic microenvironment with near 100% efficient cavitation of spheroids. We demonstrate that upon chemical stimulation, human pluripotent stem cell-derived spheroids undergo cardiomyogenic differentiation, effectively resulting in the mass production of homogeneous and functional cardiospheres that are responsive to external electrical stimulation. These findings drive clinical and industrial adaption of stem cell technology in tissue engineering and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van Loo
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Ten Den
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Applied Stem Cell Technology, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nuno Araújo-Gomes
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent de Jong
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca R Snabel
- Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maik Schot
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - José M Rivera-Arbeláez
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Applied Stem Cell Technology, Enschede, The Netherlands
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan C Veenstra
- Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Applied Stem Cell Technology, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Kamperman
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Enschede, The Netherlands
- IamFluidics B.V., De Veldmaat 17, 7522NM, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- University of Twente, TechMed Centre, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Cofiño-Fabres C, Passier R, Schwach V. Towards Improved Human In Vitro Models for Cardiac Arrhythmia: Disease Mechanisms, Treatment, and Models of Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2355. [PMID: 37760796 PMCID: PMC10525681 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rhythm disorders, arrhythmias, place a huge economic burden on society and have a large impact on the quality of life of a vast number of people. Arrhythmias can have genetic causes but primarily arise from heart tissue remodeling during aging or heart disease. As current therapies do not address the causes of arrhythmias but only manage the symptoms, it is of paramount importance to generate innovative test models and platforms for gaining knowledge about the underlying disease mechanisms which are compatible with drug screening. In this review, we outline the most important features of atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common cardiac arrhythmia. We will discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, underlying causes, and present therapies of AFib, as well as the shortcomings and opportunities of current models for cardiac arrhythmia, including animal models, in silico and in vitro models utilizing human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
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Conte F, Sam JE, Lefeber DJ, Passier R. Metabolic Cardiomyopathies and Cardiac Defects in Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108632. [PMID: 37239976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive chronic disease that remains a primary cause of death worldwide, affecting over 64 million patients. HF can be caused by cardiomyopathies and congenital cardiac defects with monogenic etiology. The number of genes and monogenic disorders linked to development of cardiac defects is constantly growing and includes inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Several IMDs affecting various metabolic pathways have been reported presenting cardiomyopathies and cardiac defects. Considering the pivotal role of sugar metabolism in cardiac tissue, including energy production, nucleic acid synthesis and glycosylation, it is not surprising that an increasing number of IMDs linked to carbohydrate metabolism are described with cardiac manifestations. In this systematic review, we offer a comprehensive overview of IMDs linked to carbohydrate metabolism presenting that present with cardiomyopathies, arrhythmogenic disorders and/or structural cardiac defects. We identified 58 IMDs presenting with cardiac complications: 3 defects of sugar/sugar-linked transporters (GLUT3, GLUT10, THTR1); 2 disorders of the pentose phosphate pathway (G6PDH, TALDO); 9 diseases of glycogen metabolism (GAA, GBE1, GDE, GYG1, GYS1, LAMP2, RBCK1, PRKAG2, G6PT1); 29 congenital disorders of glycosylation (ALG3, ALG6, ALG9, ALG12, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1E1, B3GALTL, B3GAT3, COG1, COG7, DOLK, DPM3, FKRP, FKTN, GMPPB, MPDU1, NPL, PGM1, PIGA, PIGL, PIGN, PIGO, PIGT, PIGV, PMM2, POMT1, POMT2, SRD5A3, XYLT2); 15 carbohydrate-linked lysosomal storage diseases (CTSA, GBA1, GLA, GLB1, HEXB, IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, ARSB, GUSB, ARSK). With this systematic review we aim to raise awareness about the cardiac presentations in carbohydrate-linked IMDs and draw attention to carbohydrate-linked pathogenic mechanisms that may underlie cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conte
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Juda-El Sam
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Rivera‐Arbeláez JM, Keekstra D, Cofiño‐Fabres C, Boonen T, Dostanic M, ten Den SA, Vermeul K, Mastrangeli M, van den Berg A, Segerink LI, Ribeiro MC, Strisciuglio N, Passier R. Automated assessment of human engineered heart tissues using deep learning and template matching for segmentation and tracking. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10513. [PMID: 37206226 PMCID: PMC10189437 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rate of drug withdrawal from the market due to cardiovascular toxicity or lack of efficacy, the economic burden, and extremely long time before a compound reaches the market, have increased the relevance of human in vitro models like human (patient-derived) pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived engineered heart tissues (EHTs) for the evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of compounds at the early phase in the drug development pipeline. Consequently, the EHT contractile properties are highly relevant parameters for the analysis of cardiotoxicity, disease phenotype, and longitudinal measurements of cardiac function over time. In this study, we developed and validated the software HAARTA (Highly Accurate, Automatic and Robust Tracking Algorithm), which automatically analyzes contractile properties of EHTs by segmenting and tracking brightfield videos, using deep learning and template matching with sub-pixel precision. We demonstrate the robustness, accuracy, and computational efficiency of the software by comparing it to the state-of-the-art method (MUSCLEMOTION), and by testing it with a data set of EHTs from three different hPSC lines. HAARTA will facilitate standardized analysis of contractile properties of EHTs, which will be beneficial for in vitro drug screening and longitudinal measurements of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rivera‐Arbeláez
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid DynamicsUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | - Danjel Keekstra
- Data Management & Biometrics (DMB) GroupUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | - Carla Cofiño‐Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simone A. ten Den
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | - Kim Vermeul
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | | | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid DynamicsUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | - Loes I. Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, TechMed Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid DynamicsUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | | | - Nicola Strisciuglio
- Data Management & Biometrics (DMB) GroupUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenthe Netherlands
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Mostert D, Groenen B, Klouda L, Passier R, Goumans MJ, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes align under cyclic strain when guided by cardiac fibroblasts. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:046108. [PMID: 36567768 PMCID: PMC9771596 DOI: 10.1063/5.0108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The myocardium is a mechanically active tissue typified by anisotropy of the resident cells [cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs)] and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Upon ischemic injury, the anisotropic tissue is replaced by disorganized scar tissue, resulting in loss of coordinated contraction. Efforts to re-establish tissue anisotropy in the injured myocardium are hampered by a lack of understanding of how CM and/or cFB structural organization is affected by the two major physical cues inherent in the myocardium: ECM organization and cyclic mechanical strain. Herein, we investigate the singular and combined effect of ECM (dis)organization and cyclic strain in a two-dimensional human in vitro co-culture model of the myocardial microenvironment. We show that (an)isotropic ECM protein patterning can guide the orientation of CMs and cFBs, both in mono- and co-culture. Subsequent application of uniaxial cyclic strain-mimicking the local anisotropic deformation of beating myocardium-causes no effect when applied parallel to the anisotropic ECM. However, when cultured on isotropic substrates, cFBs, but not CMs, orient away from the direction of cyclic uniaxial strain (strain avoidance). In contrast, CMs show strain avoidance via active remodeling of their sarcomeres only when co-cultured with at least 30% cFBs. Paracrine signaling or N-cadherin-mediated communication between CMs and cFBs was no contributing factor. Our findings suggest that the mechanoresponsive cFBs provide structural guidance for CM orientation and elongation. Our study, therefore, highlights a synergistic mechanobiological interplay between CMs and cFBs in shaping tissue organization, which is of relevance for regenerating functionally organized myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Groenen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leda Klouda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Center for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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van der Velden J, Asselbergs FW, Bakkers J, Batkai S, Bertrand L, Bezzina CR, Bot I, Brundel BJJM, Carrier L, Chamuleau S, Ciccarelli M, Dawson D, Davidson SM, Dendorfer A, Duncker DJ, Eschenhagen T, Fabritz L, Falcão-Pires I, Ferdinandy P, Giacca M, Girao H, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Gyongyosi M, Guzik TJ, Hamdani N, Heymans S, Hilfiker A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Hoekstra AG, Hulot JS, Kuster DWD, van Laake LW, Lecour S, Leiner T, Linke WA, Lumens J, Lutgens E, Madonna R, Maegdefessel L, Mayr M, van der Meer P, Passier R, Perbellini F, Perrino C, Pesce M, Priori S, Remme CA, Rosenhahn B, Schotten U, Schulz R, Sipido KR, Sluijter JPG, van Steenbeek F, Steffens S, Terracciano CM, Tocchetti CG, Vlasman P, Yeung KK, Zacchigna S, Zwaagman D, Thum T. Animal models and animal-free innovations for cardiovascular research: current status and routes to be explored. Consensus document of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function and the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:3016-3051. [PMID: 34999816 PMCID: PMC9732557 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality, necessitating research to improve diagnostics, and to discover and test novel preventive and curative therapies, all of which warrant experimental models that recapitulate human disease. The translation of basic science results to clinical practice is a challenging task, in particular for complex conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, which often result from multiple risk factors and comorbidities. This difficulty might lead some individuals to question the value of animal research, citing the translational 'valley of death', which largely reflects the fact that studies in rodents are difficult to translate to humans. This is also influenced by the fact that new, human-derived in vitro models can recapitulate aspects of disease processes. However, it would be a mistake to think that animal models do not represent a vital step in the translational pathway as they do provide important pathophysiological insights into disease mechanisms particularly on an organ and systemic level. While stem cell-derived human models have the potential to become key in testing toxicity and effectiveness of new drugs, we need to be realistic, and carefully validate all new human-like disease models. In this position paper, we highlight recent advances in trying to reduce the number of animals for cardiovascular research ranging from stem cell-derived models to in situ modelling of heart properties, bioinformatic models based on large datasets, and state-of-the-art animal models, which show clinically relevant characteristics observed in patients with a cardiovascular disease. We aim to provide a guide to help researchers in their experimental design to translate bench findings to clinical routine taking the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3R) as a guiding concept.
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Grants
- R01 HL150359 NHLBI NIH HHS
- RG/16/14/32397 British Heart Foundation
- FS/18/37/33642 British Heart Foundation
- PG/17/64/33205 British Heart Foundation
- PG/15/88/31780 British Heart Foundation
- FS/RTF/20/30009, NH/19/1/34595, PG/18/35/33786, CS/17/4/32960, PG/15/88/31780, and PG/17/64/33205 British Heart Foundation
- NC/T001488/1 National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research
- PG/18/44/33790 British Heart Foundation
- CH/16/3/32406 British Heart Foundation
- FS/RTF/20/30009 British Heart Foundation
- NWO-ZonMW
- ZonMW and Heart Foundation for the translational research program
- Dutch Cardiovascular Alliance (DCVA)
- Leducq Foundation
- Dutch Research Council
- Association of Collaborating Health Foundations (SGF)
- UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the DCVA
- Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative CVON
- Stichting Hartekind and the Dutch Research Counsel (NWO) (OCENW.GROOT.2019.029)
- National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium and Action de Recherche Concertée de la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles, Belgium
- Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative CVON (PREDICT2 and CONCOR-genes projects), the Leducq Foundation
- ERA PerMed (PROCEED study)
- Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative
- Dutch Heart Foundation
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHH)
- Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland
- Tenovus Scotland
- Friends of Anchor and Grampian NHS-Endowments
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research
- European Research Council (ERC-AG IndivuHeart), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- European Union Horizon 2020 (REANIMA and TRAINHEART)
- German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
- European Union Horizon 2020
- DFG
- National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary
- Research Excellence Program—TKP; National Heart Program
- Austrian Science Fund
- European Union Commission’s Seventh Framework programme
- CVON2016-Early HFPEF
- CVON She-PREDICTS
- CVON Arena-PRIME
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Volkswagenstiftung
- French National Research Agency
- ERA-Net-CVD
- Fédération Française de Cardiologie, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- French PIA Project
- University Research Federation against heart failure
- Netherlands Heart Foundation
- Dekker Senior Clinical Scientist
- Health Holland TKI-LSH
- TUe/UMCU/UU Alliance Fund
- south African National Foundation
- Cancer Association of South Africa and Winetech
- Netherlands Heart Foundation/Applied & Engineering Sciences
- Dutch Technology Foundation
- Pie Medical Imaging
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
- Dr. Dekker Program
- Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation
- Dutch Federation of University Medical Centres
- Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences for the GENIUS-II project
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (VICI grant); the European Research Council
- Incyte s.r.l. and from Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università e Ricerca Scientifica
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (Junior Research Group & Translational Research Project), the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant NORVAS),
- Swedish Heart-Lung-Foundation
- Swedish Research Council
- National Institutes of Health
- Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care through the research project DigiMed Bayern
- ERC
- ERA-CVD
- Dutch Heart Foundation, ZonMw
- the NWO Gravitation project
- Ministero dell'Istruzione, Università e Ricerca Scientifica
- Regione Lombardia
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
- ITN Network Personalize AF: Personalized Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation: a translational network
- MAESTRIA: Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Early Detection Stroke Atrial Fibrillation
- REPAIR: Restoring cardiac mechanical function by polymeric artificial muscular tissue
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)
- European Union H2020 program to the project TECHNOBEAT
- EVICARE
- BRAV3
- ZonMw
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiac Regeneration
- British Heart Foundation studentship
- NC3Rs
- Interreg ITA-AUS project InCARDIO
- Italian Association for Cancer Research
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandor Batkai
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilze Bot
- Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Dana Dawson
- Department of Cardiology, Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
- University Center of Cardiovascular Sciences and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Ines Falcão-Pires
- UnIC - Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic Research Group and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Centre for Translational Cardiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Henrique Girao
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Mariann Gyongyosi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Instutute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Division Cardiology, Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplant, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Department for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnancy and in Oncologic Therapies, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfons G Hoekstra
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75015 Paris, France
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Diederik W D Kuster
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W van Laake
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27B, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Joost Lumens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Department of Pathology, Cardiology Division, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Priori
- Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bodo Rosenhahn
- Institute for information Processing, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karin R Sipido
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory Health Laboratory, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Steenbeek
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Cardio-Oncology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Interdepartmental Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Patricia Vlasman
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kak Khee Yeung
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Surgery, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Centre for Translational Cardiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Dayenne Zwaagman
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Thum
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Trikalitis VD, Kroese NJJ, Kaya M, Cofiño-Fabres C, Ten Den S, Khalil ISM, Misra S, Koopman BFJM, Passier R, Schwach V, Rouwkema J. Embedded 3D printing of dilute particle suspensions into dense complex tissue fibers using shear thinning xanthan baths. Biofabrication 2022; 15. [PMID: 36347040 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aca124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to fabricate functional organoids and microtissues, a high cell density is generally required. As such, the placement of cell suspensions in molds or microwells to allow for cell concentration by sedimentation is the current standard for the production of organoids and microtissues. Even though molds offer some level of control over the shape of the resulting microtissue, this control is limited as microtissues tend to compact towards a sphere after sedimentation of the cells. 3D bioprinting on the other hand offers complete control over the shape of the resulting structure. Even though the printing of dense cell suspensions in the ink has been reported, extruding dense cellular suspensions is challenging and generally results in high shear stresses on the cells and a poor shape fidelity of the print. As such, additional materials such as hydrogels are added in the bioink to limit shear stresses, and to improve shape fidelity and resolution. The maximum cell concentration that can be incorporated in a hydrogel-based ink before the ink's rheological properties are compromised, is significantly lower than the concentration in a tissue equivalent. Additionally, the hydrogel components often interfere with cellular self-assembly processes. To circumvent these limitations, we report a simple and inexpensive xanthan bath based embedded printing method to 3D print dense functional linear tissues using dilute particle suspensions consisting of cells, spheroids, hydrogel beads, or combinations thereof. Using this method, we demonstrated the self-organization of functional cardiac tissue fibers with a layer of epicardial cells surrounding a body of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios D Trikalitis
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Vascularization Lab, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J J Kroese
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mert Kaya
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, TechMed Center, MESA+ Institute, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.,Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Ten Den
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Islam S M Khalil
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, TechMed Center, MESA+ Institute, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sarthak Misra
- Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, TechMed Center, MESA+ Institute, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.,Surgical Robotics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart F J M Koopman
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Vascularization Lab, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Rouwkema
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Vascularization Lab, University of Twente, Technical Medical Centre, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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10
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Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Cofiño-Fabres C, Schwach V, Boonen T, ten Den SA, Vermeul K, van den Berg A, Segerink LI, Ribeiro MC, Passier R. Contractility analysis of human engineered 3D heart tissues by an automatic tracking technique using a standalone application. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266834. [PMID: 35421132 PMCID: PMC9009597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Engineered Heart Tissues (EHT) as in vitro model for disease modeling and drug screening has increased, as they provide important insight into the genetic mechanisms, cardiac toxicity or drug responses. Consequently, this has highlighted the need for a standardized, unbiased, robust and automatic way to analyze hallmark physiological features of EHTs. In this study we described and validated a standalone application to analyze physiological features of EHTs in an automatic, robust, and unbiased way, using low computational time. The standalone application “EHT Analysis” contains two analysis modes (automatic and manual) to analyzes the contractile properties and the contraction kinetics of EHTs from high speed bright field videos. As output data, the graphs of displacement, contraction force and contraction kinetics per file will be generated together with the raw data. Additionally, it also generates a summary file containing all the data from the analyzed files, which facilitates and speeds up the post analysis. From our study we highlight the importance of analyzing the axial stress which is the force per surface area (μN/mm2). This allows to have a readout overtime of tissue compaction, axial stress and leave the option to calculate at the end point of an experiment the physiological cross-section area (PSCA). We demonstrated the utility of this tool by analyzing contractile properties and compaction over time of EHTs made out of a double reporter human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) line (NKX2.5EGFP/+-COUP-TFIImCherry/+) and different ratios of human adult cardiac fibroblasts (HCF). Our standalone application “EHT Analysis” can be applied for different studies where the physiological features of EHTs needs to be analyzed under the effect of a drug compound or in a disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rivera-Arbeláez
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Boonen
- River BioMedics, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A. ten Den
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Vermeul
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Loes I. Segerink
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C. Ribeiro
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- River BioMedics, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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11
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Schwach V, Cofiño-Fabres C, ten Den SA, Passier R. Improved Atrial Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Activation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARα). J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040628. [PMID: 35455744 PMCID: PMC9032956 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes have proven valuable for modeling disease and as a drug screening platform. Here, we depict an optimized protocol for the directed differentiation of hPSCs toward cardiomyocytes with an atrial identity by modulating the retinoic acid signaling cascade in spin embryoid bodies. The crucial steps of the protocol, including hPSC maintenance, embryoid body (EB) differentiation, the induction of cardiac mesoderm, direction toward the atrial phenotype, as well as molecular and functional characterization of the cardiomyocytes, are described. Atrial cardiomyocytes (AMs) can be generated within 14 days. Most importantly, we show that induction of the specific retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) increased the efficiency of atrial differentiation to 72% compared with 45% after modulating the retinoic acid (RA) pathway with all-trans RA (atRA). In contrast, the induction of RARβ signaling only had a minor impact on the efficiency of atrial differentiation (from about 45% to 50%). Similarly, the total yield of AM per EB of 5000 hPSCs was increased from 10,350 (2.07 per hPSC) to 16,120 (3.22 per hPSC) while selectively modulating RARα signaling. For further purification of the AMs, we describe a metabolic selection procedure that enhanced the AM percentage to more than 90% without compromising the AM yield (15,542 per EB, equal to 3.11 per hPSC) or functionality of the AMs as evaluated by RNAseq, immunostaining, and optical action potential measurement. Cardiomyocytes with distinct atrial and ventricular properties can be applied for selective pharmacology, such as the development of novel atrial-specific anti-arrhythmic agents, and disease modeling, including atrial fibrillation, which is the most common heart rhythm disorder. Moreover, fully characterized and defined cardiac subtype populations are of the utmost importance for potential cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (C.C.-F.); (S.A.t.D.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (C.C.-F.); (S.A.t.D.)
| | - Simone A. ten Den
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (C.C.-F.); (S.A.t.D.)
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (C.C.-F.); (S.A.t.D.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (V.S.); (R.P.)
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12
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Bouten CVC, Cheng C, Vermue IM, Gawlitta D, Passier R. Cardiovascular tissue engineering and regeneration: A plead for further knowledge convergence. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:525-541. [PMID: 35382591 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue engineering and regeneration strive to provide long-term, effective solutions for a growing group of patients in need of myocardial repair, vascular (access) grafts, heart valves, and regeneration of organ microcirculation. In the past two decades, ongoing convergence of disciplines and multidisciplinary collaborations between cardiothoracic surgeons, cardiologists, bioengineers, material scientists, and cell biologists have resulted in better understanding of the problems at hand and novel regenerative approaches. As a side effect, however, the field has become strongly organized and differentiated around topical areas at risk of reinvention of technologies and repetition of approaches and across the areas. A better integration of knowledge and technologies from the individual topical areas and regenerative approaches and technologies may pave the way towards faster and more effective treatments to cure the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the evolution of research and regenerative approaches in the areas of myocardial regeneration, heart valve and vascular tissue engineering, and regeneration of microcirculations and discusses previous and potential future integration of these individual areas and developed technologies for improved clinical impact. Finally, it provides a perspective on the further integration of research organization, knowledge implementation, and valorization as a contributor to advancing cardiovascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn V C Bouten
- Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Cheng
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ijsbrand M Vermue
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Vivas A, van den Berg A, Passier R, Odijk M, van der Meer AD. Fluidic circuit board with modular sensor and valves enables stand-alone, tubeless microfluidic flow control in organs-on-chips. Lab Chip 2022; 22:1231-1243. [PMID: 35178541 PMCID: PMC8922413 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00999k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are a unique class of microfluidic in vitro cell culture models, in which the in vivo tissue microenvironment is mimicked. Unfortunately, their widespread use is hampered by their operation complexity and incompatibility with end-user research settings. To address these issues, many commercial and non-commercial platforms have been developed for semi-automated culture of organs-on-chips. However, these organ-on-chip culture platforms each represent a closed ecosystem, with very little opportunity to interchange and integrate components from different platforms or to develop new ones. The translational organ-on-chip platform (TOP) is a multi-institutional effort to develop an open platform for automated organ-on-chip culture and integration of components from various developers. Central to TOP is the fluidic circuit board (FCB), a microfluidic plate with the form factor of a typical well plate. The FCB enables microfluidic control of multiple components like sensors or organ-on-chip devices through an interface based on openly available standards. Here, we report an FCB to integrate commercial and in-house developed components forming a stand-alone flow control system for organs-on-chips. The control system is able to achieve constant and pulsatile flow recirculation through a connected organ-on-chip device. We demonstrate that this system is able to automatically perfuse a heart-on-chip device containing co-cultures of cardiac tissues derived from human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and monolayers of endothelial cells for five days. Altogether, we conclude that open technology platforms allow the integration of components from different sources to form functional and fit-for-purpose organ-on-chip systems. We anticipate that open platforms will play a central role in catalyzing and maturing further technological development of organ-on-chip culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisen Vivas
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
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14
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Ribeiro MC, Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Cofiño-Fabres C, Schwach V, Slaats RH, ten Den SA, Vermeul K, van den Berg A, Pérez-Pomares JM, Segerink LI, Guadix JA, Passier R. A New Versatile Platform for Assessment of Improved Cardiac Performance in Human-Engineered Heart Tissues. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020214. [PMID: 35207702 PMCID: PMC8877418 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs) hold a great potential as human in vitro models for studying heart disease and for drug safety screening. Nevertheless, their associated immaturity relative to the adult myocardium limits their utility in cardiac research. In this study, we describe the development of a platform for generating three-dimensional engineered heart tissues (EHTs) from hPSC-CMs for the measurement of force while under mechanical and electrical stimulation. The modular and versatile EHT platform presented here allows for the formation of three tissues per well in a 12-well plate format, resulting in 36 tissues per plate. We compared the functional performance of EHTs and their histology in three different media and demonstrated that tissues cultured and maintained in maturation medium, containing triiodothyronine (T3), dexamethasone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (TDI), resulted in a higher force of contraction, sarcomeric organization and alignment, and a higher and lower inotropic response to isoproterenol and nifedipine, respectively. Moreover, in this study, we highlight the importance of integrating a serum-free maturation medium in the EHT platform, making it a suitable tool for cardiovascular research, disease modeling, and preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C. Ribeiro
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
- River BioMedics, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - José M. Rivera-Arbeláez
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (A.v.d.B.); (L.I.S.)
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Rolf H. Slaats
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Simone A. ten Den
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Kim Vermeul
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (A.v.d.B.); (L.I.S.)
| | - José M Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (J.M.P.-P.); (J.A.G.)
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Loes I. Segerink
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (A.v.d.B.); (L.I.S.)
| | - Juan A. Guadix
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (J.M.P.-P.); (J.A.G.)
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.C.R.); (J.M.R.-A.); (C.C.-F.); (V.S.); (R.H.S.); (S.A.t.D.); (K.V.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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15
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Vollertsen AR, Den SAT, Schwach V, van den Berg A, Passier R, van der Meer AD, Odijk M. Highly parallelized human embryonic stem cell differentiation to cardiac mesoderm in nanoliter chambers on a microfluidic chip. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:30. [PMID: 34059973 PMCID: PMC8166733 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived cells and tissues hold considerable potential for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and drug discovery. The generation, culture and differentiation of stem cells in low-volume, automated and parallelized microfluidic chips hold great promise to accelerate the research in this domain. Here, we show that we can differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to early cardiac mesodermal cells in microfluidic chambers that have a volume of only 30 nanoliters, using discontinuous medium perfusion. 64 of these chambers were parallelized on a chip which contained integrated valves to spatiotemporally isolate the chambers and automate cell culture medium exchanges. To confirm cell pluripotency, we tracked hESC proliferation and immunostained the cells for pluripotency markers SOX2 and OCT3/4. During differentiation, we investigated the effect of different medium perfusion frequencies on cell reorganization and the expression of the early cardiac mesoderm reporter MESP1mCherry by live-cell imaging. Our study demonstrates that microfluidic technology can be used to automatically culture, differentiate and study hESC in very low-volume culture chambers even without continuous medium perfusion. This result is an important step towards further automation and parallelization in stem cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke R Vollertsen
- BIOS Lab On a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Simone A Ten Den
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab On a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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16
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Arık YB, de Sa Vivas A, Laarveld D, van Laar N, Gemser J, Visscher T, van den Berg A, Passier R, van der Meer AD. Collagen I Based Enzymatically Degradable Membranes for Organ-on-a-Chip Barrier Models. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2998-3005. [PMID: 33625834 PMCID: PMC8278385 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are microphysiological in vitro models of human organs and tissues that rely on culturing cells in a well-controlled microenvironment that has been engineered to include key physical and biochemical parameters. Some systems contain a single perfused microfluidic channel or a patterned hydrogel, whereas more complex devices typically employ two or more microchannels that are separated by a porous membrane, simulating the tissue interface found in many organ subunits. The membranes are typically made of synthetic and biologically inert materials that are then coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to enhance cell attachment. However, the majority of the material remains foreign and fails to recapitulate the native microenvironment of the barrier tissue. Here, we study microfluidic devices that integrate a vitrified membrane made of collagen-I hydrogel (VC). The biocompatibility of this membrane was confirmed by growing a healthy population of stem cell derived endothelial cells (iPSC-EC) and immortalized retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) on it and assessing morphology by fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, VC membranes were subjected to biochemical degradation using collagenase II. The effects of this biochemical degradation were characterized by the permeability changes to fluorescein. Topographical changes on the VC membrane after enzymatic degradation were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Altogether, we present a dynamically bioresponsive membrane integrated in an organ-on-chip device with which disease-related ECM remodeling can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf B Arık
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.,BIOS Lab on a Chip group, Technical Medical Centre, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Aisen de Sa Vivas
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.,BIOS Lab on a Chip group, Technical Medical Centre, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Laarveld
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Neri van Laar
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Gemser
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Visscher
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, Technical Medical Centre, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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17
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Middelkamp HHT, Verboven AHA, De Sá Vivas AG, Schoenmaker C, Klein Gunnewiek TM, Passier R, Albers CA, 't Hoen PAC, Nadif Kasri N, van der Meer AD. Cell type-specific changes in transcriptomic profiles of endothelial cells, iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes cultured on microfluidic chips. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2281. [PMID: 33500551 PMCID: PMC7838281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro neuronal models are essential for studying neurological physiology, disease mechanisms and potential treatments. Most in vitro models lack controlled vasculature, despite its necessity in brain physiology and disease. Organ-on-chip models offer microfluidic culture systems with dedicated micro-compartments for neurons and vascular cells. Such multi-cell type organs-on-chips can emulate neurovascular unit (NVU) physiology, however there is a lack of systematic data on how individual cell types are affected by culturing on microfluidic systems versus conventional culture plates. This information can provide perspective on initial findings of studies using organs-on-chip models, and further optimizes these models in terms of cellular maturity and neurovascular physiology. Here, we analysed the transcriptomic profiles of co-cultures of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and rat astrocytes, as well as one-day monocultures of human endothelial cells, cultured on microfluidic chips. For each cell type, large gene expression changes were observed when cultured on microfluidic chips compared to conventional culture plates. Endothelial cells showed decreased cell division, neurons and astrocytes exhibited increased cell adhesion, and neurons showed increased maturity when cultured on a microfluidic chip. Our results demonstrate that culturing NVU cell types on microfluidic chips changes their gene expression profiles, presumably due to distinct surface-to-volume ratios and substrate materials. These findings inform further NVU organ-on-chip model optimization and support their future application in disease studies and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H T Middelkamp
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A H A Verboven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A G De Sá Vivas
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - C Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T M Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C A Albers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P A C 't Hoen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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18
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Tanumihardja E, Slaats RH, van der Meer AD, Passier R, Olthuis W, van den Berg A. Measuring Both pH and O 2 with a Single On-Chip Sensor in Cultures of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Track Induced Changes in Cellular Metabolism. ACS Sens 2021; 6:267-274. [PMID: 33371688 PMCID: PMC7836059 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies which focus on cellular metabolism can benefit from time-resolved readouts from the living cells. pH and O2 concentration are fundamental parameters upon which cellular metabolism is often inferred. This work demonstrates a novel use of a ruthenium oxide (RuOx) electrode for in vitro studies. The RuOx electrode was characterized to measure both pH and O2 using two different modes. When operated potentiometrically, continuous pH reading can be obtained, and O2 concentration can be measured chronoamperometrically. In this work, we demonstrate the use of the RuOx electrodes in inferring two different types of metabolism of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We also show and discuss the interpretation of the measurements into meaningful extracellular acidification rates and oxygen consumption rates of the cells. Overall, we present the RuOx electrode as a versatile and powerful tool in in vitro cell metabolism studies, especially in comparative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Tanumihardja
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf H. Slaats
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D. van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Centre for Complex Fluid Dynamics and Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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19
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Arık YB, Buijsman W, Loessberg-Zahl J, Cuartas-Vélez C, Veenstra C, Logtenberg S, Grobbink AM, Bergveld P, Gagliardi G, den Hollander AI, Bosschaart N, van den Berg A, Passier R, van der Meer AD. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip model of the outer blood-retinal barrier with clinically relevant read-outs for tissue permeability and vascular structure. Lab Chip 2021; 21:272-283. [PMID: 33346294 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00639d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The outer blood-retinal barrier (oBRB) tightly controls the transport processes between the neural tissue of the retina and the underlying blood vessel network. The barrier is formed by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), its basal membrane and the underlying choroidal capillary bed. Realistic three-dimensional cell culture based models of the oBRB are needed to study mechanisms and potential treatments of visual disorders such as age-related macular degeneration that result from dysfunction of the barrier tissue. Ideally, such models should also include clinically relevant read-outs to enable translation of experimental findings in the context of pathophysiology. Here, we report a microfluidic organ-on-a-chip model of the oBRB that contains a monolayer of human immortalized RPE and a microvessel of human endothelial cells, separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Confluent monolayers of both cell types were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. The three-dimensional vascular structures within the chip were imaged by optical coherence tomography: a medical imaging technique, which is routinely applied in ophthalmology. Differences in diameters and vessel density could be readily detected. Upon inducing oxidative stress by treating with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a dose dependent increase in barrier permeability was observed by using a dynamic assay for fluorescence tracing, analogous to the clinically used fluorescence angiography. This organ-on-a-chip of the oBRB will allow future studies of complex disease mechanisms and treatments for visual disorders using clinically relevant endpoints in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf B Arık
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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20
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Schwach V, Gomes Fernandes M, Maas S, Gerhardt S, Tsonaka R, van der Weerd L, Passier R, Mummery CL, Birket MJ, Salvatori DCF. Expandable human cardiovascular progenitors from stem cells for regenerating mouse heart after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:545-553. [PMID: 31287499 PMCID: PMC7252440 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular diseases caused by loss of functional cardiomyocytes (CMs) are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide due in part to the low regenerative capacity of the adult human heart. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) are a potential cell source for cardiac repair. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of extensive remuscularization and coincident revascularization on cardiac remodelling and function in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) by transplanting doxycycline (DOX)-inducible (Tet-On-MYC) hPSC-derived CPCs in vivo and inducing proliferation and cardiovascular differentiation in a drug-regulated manner. METHODS AND RESULTS CPCs were injected firstly at a non-cardiac site in Matrigel suspension under the skin of immunocompromised mice to assess their commitment to the cardiovascular lineage and ability to self-renew or differentiate in vivo when instructed by systemically delivered factors including DOX and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). CPCs in Matrigel were then injected intra-myocardially in mice subjected to MI to assess whether expandable CPCs could mediate cardiac repair. Transplanted CPCs expanded robustly both subcutis and in the myocardium using the same DOX/growth factor inducing regime. Upon withdrawal of these cell-renewal factors, CPCs differentiated with high efficiency at both sites into the major cardiac lineages including CMs, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. After MI, engraftment of CPCs in the heart significantly reduced fibrosis in the infarcted area and prevented left ventricular remodelling, although cardiac function determined by magnetic resonance imaging was unaltered. CONCLUSION Replacement of large areas of muscle may be required to regenerate the heart of patients following MI. Our human/mouse model demonstrated that proliferating hPSC-CPCs could reduce infarct size and fibrosis resulting in formation of large grafts. Importantly, the results suggested that expanding transplanted cells in situ at the progenitor stage maybe be an effective alternative causing less tissue damage than injection of very large numbers of CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Pathology Unit, Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Einthovenweg, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Maas
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Pathology Unit, Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Einthovenweg, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Gerhardt
- Pathology Unit, Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Einthovenweg, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roula Tsonaka
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Einthovenweg, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Human Genetics and Radiology, Einthovenweg, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Birket
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela C F Salvatori
- Pathology Unit, Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Einthovenweg, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Anatomy and Physiology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Allijn I, Ribeiro M, Poot A, Passier R, Stamatialis D. Membranes for Modelling Cardiac Tissue Stiffness In Vitro Based on Poly(trimethylene carbonate) and Poly(ethylene glycol) Polymers. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:membranes10100274. [PMID: 33022962 PMCID: PMC7650615 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increased expenditure of the pharmaceutical industry on research and development, the number of drugs for cardiovascular diseases that reaches the market is decreasing. A major issue is the limited ability of the current in vitro and experimental animal models to accurately mimic human heart disease, which hampers testing of the efficacy of potential cardiac drugs. Moreover, many non-heart-related drugs have severe adverse cardiac effects, which is a major cause of drugs’ retraction after approval. A main hurdle of current in vitro models is their inability to mimic the stiffness of in vivo cardiac tissue. For instance, poly(styrene) petri dishes, which are often used in these models, have a Young’s modulus in the order of GPa, while the stiffness of healthy human heart tissue is <50 kPa. In pathological conditions, such as scarring and fibrosis, the stiffness of heart tissue is in the >100 kPa range. In this study, we focus on developing new membranes, with a set of properties for mimicry of cardiac tissue stiffness in vitro, based on methacrylate-functionalized macromers and triblock-copolymers of poly(trimethylene carbonate) and poly(ethylene glycol). The new membranes have Young’s moduli in the hydrated state ranging from 18 kPa (healthy tissue) to 2.5 MPa (pathological tissue), and are suitable for cell contraction studies using human pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes. The membranes with higher hydrophilicity have low drug adsorption and low Young’s moduli and could be suitable for drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Allijn
- Bioartificial Organs, Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - André Poot
- Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- Bioartificial Organs, Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
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22
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Slaats RH, Schwach V, Passier R. Metabolic environment in vivo as a blueprint for differentiation and maturation of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165881. [PMID: 32562698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) are increasingly being used for disease modeling, drug screening and regenerative medicine. However, to date, an immature, fetal-like, phenotype of hPSC-CMs restrains their full potential. Increasing evidence suggests that the metabolic state, particularly important for provision of sufficient energy in highly active contractile CMs and anabolic and regulatory processes, plays an important role in CM maturation, which affects crucial functional aspects of CMs, such as contractility and electrophysiology. During embryonic development the heart is subjected to metabolite concentrations that differ substantially from that of hPSC-derived cardiac cell cultures. A deeper understanding of the environmental and metabolic cues during embryonic heart development and how these change postnatally, will provide a framework for optimizing cell culture conditions and maturation of hPSC-CMs. Maturation of hPSC-CMs will improve the predictability of disease modeling, drug screening and drug safety assessment and broadens their applicability for personalized and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf H Slaats
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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23
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Cao L, der Meer ADV, Verbeek FJ, Passier R. Automated image analysis system for studying cardiotoxicity in human pluripotent stem cell-Derived cardiomyocytes. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:187. [PMID: 32408861 PMCID: PMC7222481 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiotoxicity, characterized by severe cardiac dysfunction, is a major problem in patients treated with different classes of anticancer drugs. Development of predictable human-based models and assays for drug screening are crucial for preventing potential drug-induced adverse effects. Current animal in vivo models and cell lines are not always adequate to represent human biology. Alternatively, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) show great potential for disease modelling and drug-induced toxicity screenings. Fully automated high-throughput screening of drug toxicity on hiPSC-CMs by fluorescence image analysis is, however, very challenging, due to clustered cell growth patterns and strong intracellular and intercellular variation in the expression of fluorescent markers. RESULTS In this paper, we report on the development of a fully automated image analysis system for quantification of cardiotoxic phenotypes from hiPSC-CMs that are treated with various concentrations of anticancer drugs doxorubicin or crizotinib. This high-throughput system relies on single-cell segmentation by nuclear signal extraction, fuzzy C-mean clustering of cardiac α-actinin signal, and finally nuclear signal propagation. When compared to manual segmentation, it generates precision and recall scores of 0.81 and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that our fully automated image analysis system can reliably segment cardiomyocytes even with heterogeneous α-actinin signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Imaging and Bioinformatics group, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, Leiden, 2333 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Dept of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Fons J Verbeek
- Imaging and Bioinformatics group, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, Leiden, 2333 CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Passier
- Dept of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands. .,Dept of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
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24
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Schwach V, Slaats RH, Passier R. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Assessment of Anticancer Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:50. [PMID: 32322588 PMCID: PMC7156610 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a major cause of high attrition rates among newly developed drugs. Moreover, anti-cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity is one of the leading reasons of mortality in cancer survivors. Cardiotoxicity screening in vitro may improve predictivity of cardiotoxicity by novel drugs, using human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived-cardiomyocytes. Anthracyclines, including Doxorubicin, are widely used and highly effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of different forms of malignancies. Unfortunately, anthracyclines cause many cardiac complications early or late after therapy. Anthracyclines exhibit their potent anti-cancer effect primarily via induction of DNA damage during the DNA replication phase in proliferative cells. In contrast, studies in animals and hPSC-cardiomyocytes have revealed that cardiotoxic effects particularly arise from (1) the generation of oxidative stress inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, (2) disruption of calcium homeostasis, and (3) changes in transcriptome and proteome, triggering apoptotic cell death. To increase the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic Doxorubicin therapy several protective strategies have been developed or are under development, such as (1) reducing toxicity through modification of Doxorubicin (analogs), (2) targeted delivery of anthracyclines specifically to the tumor tissue or (3) cardioprotective agents that can be used in combination with Doxorubicin. Despite continuous progress in the field of cardio-oncology, cardiotoxicity is still one of the major complications of anti-cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on current hPSC-cardiomyocyte models for assessing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and strategies for cardioprotection. In addition, we discuss latest developments toward personalized advanced pre-clinical models that are more closely recapitulating the human heart, which are necessary to support in vitro screening platforms with higher predictivity. These advanced models have the potential to reduce the time from bench-to-bedside of novel antineoplastic drugs with reduced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Rolf H Slaats
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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25
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Ribeiro MC, Slaats RH, Schwach V, Rivera-Arbelaez JM, Tertoolen LGJ, van Meer BJ, Molenaar R, Mummery CL, Claessens MMAE, Passier R. A cardiomyocyte show of force: A fluorescent alpha-actinin reporter line sheds light on human cardiomyocyte contractility versus substrate stiffness. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:54-64. [PMID: 32205183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is often associated with cardiac remodeling, including cardiac fibrosis, which may lead to increased stiffness of the heart wall. This stiffness in turn may cause subsequent failure of cardiac myocytes, however the response of these cells to increased substrate stiffness is largely unknown. To investigate the contractile response of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) to increased substrate stiffness, we generated a stable transgenic human pluripotent stem cell line expressing a fusion protein of α-Actinin and fluorescent mRubyII in a previously characterized NKX2.5-GFP reporter line. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from this line were subjected to a substrate with stiffness ranging from 4 kPa to 101 kPa, while contraction of sarcomeres and bead displacement in the substrate were measured for each single cardiomyocyte. We found that sarcomere dynamics in hPSC-CMs on polyacrylamide gels of increasing stiffness are not affected above physiological levels (21 kPa), but that contractile force increases up to a stiffness of 90 kPa, at which cell shortening, deducted from bead displacement, is significantly reduced compared to physiological stiffness. We therefore hypothesize that this discrepancy may be the cause of intracellular stress that leads to hypertrophy and consequent heart failure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf H Slaats
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - José M Rivera-Arbelaez
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Leon G J Tertoolen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Berend J van Meer
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Molenaar
- NanoBioPhysics Group, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille M A E Claessens
- NanoBioPhysics Group, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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26
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Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) generally have an immature fetal-like phenotype when directly compared to isolated CMs from human hearts, despite significant advance in differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to multiple cardiac lineages. Therefore, hPSC-CMs may not accurately mimic all facets of healthy and diseased human adult CMs. During embryonic development, the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) experiences a gradual assembly of matrix proteins that transits along the maturation of CMs. Mimicking these dynamic stages may contribute to hPSC-CMs maturation in vitro. Thus, in this review, we describe the progressive build-up of the cardiac ECM during embryonic development, the ECM of the adult human heart and the application of natural and synthetic biomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering with hPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Dept of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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27
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Vollertsen AR, de Boer D, Dekker S, Wesselink BAM, Haverkate R, Rho HS, Boom RJ, Skolimowski M, Blom M, Passier R, van den Berg A, van der Meer AD, Odijk M. Modular operation of microfluidic chips for highly parallelized cell culture and liquid dosing via a fluidic circuit board. Microsyst Nanoeng 2020; 6:107. [PMID: 34567716 PMCID: PMC8433198 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems enable automated and highly parallelized cell culture with low volumes and defined liquid dosing. To achieve this, systems typically integrate all functions into a single, monolithic device as a "one size fits all" solution. However, this approach limits the end users' (re)design flexibility and complicates the addition of new functions to the system. To address this challenge, we propose and demonstrate a modular and standardized plug-and-play fluidic circuit board (FCB) for operating microfluidic building blocks (MFBBs), whereby both the FCB and the MFBBs contain integrated valves. A single FCB can parallelize up to three MFBBs of the same design or operate MFBBs with entirely different architectures. The operation of the MFBBs through the FCB is fully automated and does not incur the cost of an extra external footprint. We use this modular platform to control three microfluidic large-scale integration (mLSI) MFBBs, each of which features 64 microchambers suitable for cell culturing with high spatiotemporal control. We show as a proof of principle that we can culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for multiple days in the chambers of this MFBB. Moreover, we also use the same FCB to control an MFBB for liquid dosing with a high dynamic range. Our results demonstrate that MFBBs with different designs can be controlled and combined on a single FCB. Our novel modular approach to operating an automated microfluidic system for parallelized cell culture will enable greater experimental flexibility and facilitate the cooperation of different chips from different labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Vollertsen
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D. de Boer
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - S. Dekker
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - B. A. M. Wesselink
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - R. Haverkate
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - H. S. Rho
- Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R. J. Boom
- Micronit Microtechnologies, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - M. Blom
- Micronit Microtechnologies, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - R. Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A. van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A. D. van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M. Odijk
- BIOS Lab on Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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28
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Albers HJ, Passier R, van den Berg A, van der Meer AD. Automated Analysis of Platelet Aggregation on Cultured Endothelium in a Microfluidic Chip Perfused with Human Whole Blood. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E781. [PMID: 31739604 PMCID: PMC6915557 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip models with incorporated vasculature are becoming more popular to study platelet biology. A large variety of image analysis techniques are currently used to determine platelet coverage, ranging from manually setting thresholds to scoring platelet aggregates. In this communication, an automated methodology is introduced, which corrects misalignment of a microfluidic channel, automatically defines regions of interest and utilizes a triangle threshold to determine platelet coverages and platelet aggregate size distributions. A comparison between the automated methodology and manual identification of platelet aggregates shows a high accuracy of the triangle methodology. Furthermore, the image analysis methodology can determine platelet coverages and platelet size distributions in microfluidic channels lined with either untreated or activated endothelium used for whole blood perfusion, proving the robustness of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J. Albers
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D. van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies Group, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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29
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Devalla HD, Passier R. Cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and implications for modeling the heart in health and disease. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/435/eaah5457. [PMID: 29618562 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular models comprising cardiac cell types derived from human pluripotent stem cells are valuable for studying heart development and disease. We discuss transcriptional differences that define cellular identity in the heart, current methods for generating different cardiomyocyte subtypes, and implications for disease modeling, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands. .,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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30
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Cochrane A, Albers HJ, Passier R, Mummery CL, van den Berg A, Orlova VV, van der Meer AD. Advanced in vitro models of vascular biology: Human induced pluripotent stem cells and organ-on-chip technology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:68-77. [PMID: 29944904 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system is one of the first to develop during embryogenesis and is essential for all organs and tissues in our body to develop and function. It has many essential roles including controlling the absorption, distribution and excretion of compounds and therefore determines the pharmacokinetics of drugs and therapeutics. Vascular homeostasis is under tight physiological control which is essential for maintaining tissues in a healthy state. Consequently, disruption of vascular homeostasis plays an integral role in many disease processes, making cells of the vessel wall attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Experimental models of blood vessels can therefore contribute significantly to drug development and aid in predicting the biological effects of new drug entities. The increasing availability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) derived from healthy individuals and patients have accelerated advances in developing experimental in vitro models of the vasculature: human endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), can now be generated with high efficiency from hiPSC and used in 'microfluidic chips' (also known as 'organ-on-chip' technology) as a basis for in vitro models of blood vessels. These near physiological scaffolds allow the controlled integration of fluid flow and three-dimensional (3D) co-cultures with perivascular cells to mimic tissue- or organ-level physiology and dysfunction in vitro. Here, we review recent multidisciplinary developments in these advanced experimental models of blood vessels that combine hiPSC with microfluidic organ-on-chip technology. We provide examples of their utility in various research areas and discuss steps necessary for further integration in biomedical applications so that they can be contribute effectively to the evaluation and development of new drugs and other therapeutics as well as personalized (patient-specific) treatments.
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31
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van den Berg A, Mummery CL, Passier R, van der Meer AD. Personalised organs-on-chips: functional testing for precision medicine. Lab Chip 2019; 19:198-205. [PMID: 30506070 PMCID: PMC6336148 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are microfluidic systems with controlled, dynamic microenvironments in which cultured cells exhibit functions that emulate organ-level physiology. They can in principle be 'personalised' to reflect individual physiology, for example by including blood samples, primary human tissue, and cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, as well as by tuning key physico-chemical parameters of the cell culture microenvironment based on personal health data. The personalised nature of such systems, combined with physiologically relevant read-outs, provides new opportunities for person-specific assessment of drug efficacy and safety, as well as personalised strategies for disease prevention and treatment; together, this is known as 'precision medicine'. There are multiple reports of how to personalise organs-on-chips, with examples including airway-on-a-chip systems containing primary patient alveolar epithelial cells, vessels-on-chips with shapes based on personal biomedical imaging data and lung-on-a-chip systems that can be exposed to various regimes of cigarette smoking. In addition, multi-organ chip systems even allow the systematic and dynamic integration of more complex combinations of personalised cell culture parameters. Current personalised organs-on-chips have not yet been used for precision medicine as such. The major challenges that affect the implementation of personalised organs-on-chips in precision medicine are related to obtaining access to personal samples and corresponding health data, as well as to obtaining data on patient outcomes that can confirm the predictive value of personalised organs-on-chips. We argue here that involving all biomedical stakeholders from clinicians and patients to pharmaceutical companies will be integral to transition personalised organs-on-chips to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert van den Berg
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip
, University of Twente
,
The Netherlands
- Max Planck - University of Twente Center for Complex Fluids
,
The Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies
, University of Twente
,
Zuidhorst ZH127
, PO Box 217
, 7500 AE Enschede
, The Netherlands
.
; Tel: +31 53 489 8064
- Anatomy and Embryology
, Leiden University Medical Center
,
The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies
, University of Twente
,
Zuidhorst ZH127
, PO Box 217
, 7500 AE Enschede
, The Netherlands
.
; Tel: +31 53 489 8064
| | - Andries D. van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies
, University of Twente
,
Zuidhorst ZH127
, PO Box 217
, 7500 AE Enschede
, The Netherlands
.
; Tel: +31 53 489 8064
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32
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Quirós-Solano WF, Gaio N, Stassen OMJA, Arik YB, Silvestri C, Van Engeland NCA, Van der Meer A, Passier R, Sahlgren CM, Bouten CVC, van den Berg A, Dekker R, Sarro PM. Microfabricated tuneable and transferable porous PDMS membranes for Organs-on-Chips. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13524. [PMID: 30202042 PMCID: PMC6131253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel and highly reproducible process to fabricate transferable porous PDMS membranes for PDMS-based Organs-on-Chips (OOCs) using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technologies. Porous PDMS membranes with pore sizes down to 2.0 μm in diameter and a wide porosity range (2-65%) can be fabricated. To overcome issues normally faced when using replica moulding and extend the applicability to most OOCs and improve their scalability and reproducibility, the process includes a sacrificial layer to easily transfer the membranes from a silicon carrier to any PDMS-based OOC. The highly reliable fabrication and transfer method does not need of manual handling to define the pore features (size, distribution), allowing very thin (<10 μm) functional membranes to be transferred at chip level with a high success rate (85%). The viability of cell culturing on the porous membranes was assessed by culturing two different cell types on transferred membranes in two different OOCs. Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) and MDA-MB-231 (MDA) cells were successfully cultured confirming the viability of cell culturing and the biocompatibility of the membranes. The results demonstrate the potential of controlling the porous membrane features to study cell mechanisms such as transmigrations, monolayer formation, and barrier function. The high control over the membrane characteristics might consequently allow to intentionally trigger or prevent certain cellular responses or mechanisms when studying human physiology and pathology using OOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Quirós-Solano
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Microelectronics, Electronic Components, Technology and Materials (ECTM), Delft, 2628, CD, The Netherlands.
| | - N Gaio
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Microelectronics, Electronic Components, Technology and Materials (ECTM), Delft, 2628, CD, The Netherlands
- BIOND Solutions B.V., Delft, 2628, CD, The Netherlands
| | - O M J A Stassen
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology (STEM), Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
| | - Y B Arik
- University of Twente, Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Enschede, 7500, AE, The Netherlands
- University of Twente, BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA and MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, 7500, AE, The Netherlands
| | - C Silvestri
- BIOND Solutions B.V., Delft, 2628, CD, The Netherlands
| | - N C A Van Engeland
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology (STEM), Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
- Abo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Molecular Biosciences, Turku, FI-20500, Finland
| | - A Van der Meer
- University of Twente, Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Enschede, 7500, AE, The Netherlands
| | - R Passier
- University of Twente, Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Enschede, 7500, AE, The Netherlands
| | - C M Sahlgren
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology (STEM), Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
- Abo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Molecular Biosciences, Turku, FI-20500, Finland
| | - C V C Bouten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology (STEM), Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven, 5600, MB, The Netherlands
| | - A van den Berg
- University of Twente, BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MIRA and MESA, Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, 7500, AE, The Netherlands
| | - R Dekker
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Microelectronics, Electronic Components, Technology and Materials (ECTM), Delft, 2628, CD, The Netherlands
- Phillips, Philips Research, Eindhoven, 5656, AE, The Netherlands
| | - P M Sarro
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Microelectronics, Electronic Components, Technology and Materials (ECTM), Delft, 2628, CD, The Netherlands
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33
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Sutton K, El Haou S, Williams S, Devalla H, Stoelzle-Feix S, Juhasz K, Doerr L, Beckler M, Haarmann C, George M, Passier R, Fertig N, Rogers M. Differentiation and validation of human iPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.01.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arık YB, van der Helm MW, Odijk M, Segerink LI, Passier R, van den Berg A, van der Meer AD. Barriers-on-chips: Measurement of barrier function of tissues in organs-on-chips. Biomicrofluidics 2018; 12:042218. [PMID: 30018697 PMCID: PMC6019329 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of tissue barriers formed by cells is an integral part of the pathophysiology of many diseases. Therefore, a thorough understanding of tissue barrier function is essential when studying the causes and mechanisms of disease as well as when developing novel treatments. In vitro methods play an integral role in understanding tissue barrier function, and several techniques have been developed in order to evaluate barrier integrity of cultured cell layers, from microscopy imaging of cell-cell adhesion proteins to measuring ionic currents, to flux of water or transport of molecules across cellular barriers. Unfortunately, many of the current in vitro methods suffer from not fully recapitulating the microenvironment of tissues and organs. Recently, organ-on-chip devices have emerged to overcome this challenge. Organs-on-chips are microfluidic cell culture devices with continuously perfused microchannels inhabited by living cells. Freedom of changing the design of device architecture offers the opportunity of recapitulating the in vivo physiological environment while measuring barrier function. Assessment of barriers in organs-on-chips can be challenging as they may require dedicated setups and have smaller volumes that are more sensitive to environmental conditions. But they do provide the option of continuous, non-invasive sensing of barrier quality, which enables better investigation of important aspects of pathophysiology, biological processes, and development of therapies that target barrier tissues. Here, we discuss several techniques to assess barrier function of tissues in organs-on-chips, highlighting advantages and technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marinke W van der Helm
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D van der Meer
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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Pamies D, Bal-Price A, Chesné C, Coecke S, Dinnyes A, Eskes C, Grillari R, Gstraunthaler G, Hartung T, Jennings P, Leist M, Martin U, Passier R, Schwamborn JC, Stacey GN, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Daneshian M. Advanced Good Cell Culture Practice for human primary, stem cell-derived and organoid models as well as microphysiological systems. ALTEX 2018; 35:353-378. [PMID: 29697851 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1710081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A major reason for the current reproducibility crisis in the life sciences is the poor implementation of quality control measures and reporting standards. Improvement is needed, especially regarding increasingly complex in vitro methods. Good Cell Culture Practice (GCCP) was an effort from 1996 to 2005 to develop such minimum quality standards also applicable in academia. This paper summarizes recent key developments in in vitro cell culture and addresses the issues resulting for GCCP, e.g. the development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and gene-edited cells. It further deals with human stem-cell-derived models and bioengineering of organo-typic cell cultures, including organoids, organ-on-chip and human-on-chip approaches. Commercial vendors and cell banks have made human primary cells more widely available over the last decade, increasing their use, but also requiring specific guidance as to GCCP. The characterization of cell culture systems including high-content imaging and high-throughput measurement technologies increasingly combined with more complex cell and tissue cultures represent a further challenge for GCCP. The increasing use of gene editing techniques to generate and modify in vitro culture models also requires discussion of its impact on GCCP. International (often varying) legislations and market forces originating from the commercialization of cell and tissue products and technologies are further impacting on the need for the use of GCCP. This report summarizes the recommendations of the second of two workshops, held in Germany in December 2015, aiming map the challenge and organize the process or developing a revised GCCP 2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Andras Dinnyes
- Biotalentum Ltd, Godollo, Hungary.,Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent Istvan University, Godollo, Hungary
| | - Chantra Eskes
- Services & Consultations on Alternative Methods (SeCAM), Magliaso, Switzerland
| | - Regina Grillari
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria.,Evercyte GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Glyn N Stacey
- National Institute for Biological Standardization and Control, a center of the Medicines and Health-care Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK
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Anderson DJ, Kaplan DI, Bell KM, Koutsis K, Haynes JM, Mills RJ, Phelan DG, Qian EL, Leitoguinho AR, Arasaratnam D, Labonne T, Ng ES, Davis RP, Casini S, Passier R, Hudson JE, Porrello ER, Costa MW, Rafii A, Curl CL, Delbridge LM, Harvey RP, Oshlack A, Cheung MM, Mummery CL, Petrou S, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Elliott DA. NKX2-5 regulates human cardiomyogenesis via a HEY2 dependent transcriptional network. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1373. [PMID: 29636455 PMCID: PMC5893543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects can be caused by mutations in genes that guide cardiac lineage formation. Here, we show deletion of NKX2-5, a critical component of the cardiac gene regulatory network, in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), results in impaired cardiomyogenesis, failure to activate VCAM1 and to downregulate the progenitor marker PDGFRα. Furthermore, NKX2-5 null cardiomyocytes have abnormal physiology, with asynchronous contractions and altered action potentials. Molecular profiling and genetic rescue experiments demonstrate that the bHLH protein HEY2 is a key mediator of NKX2-5 function during human cardiomyogenesis. These findings identify HEY2 as a novel component of the NKX2-5 cardiac transcriptional network, providing tangible evidence that hESC models can decipher the complex pathways that regulate early stage human heart development. These data provide a human context for the evaluation of pathogenic mutations in congenital heart disease. A gene regulatory network, including the transcription factor Nkx2-5, regulates cardiac development. Here, the authors show that on deletion of NKX2-5 from human embryonic stem cells, there is impaired cardiomyogenesis and changes in action potentials, and that this is regulated via HEY2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Anderson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - David I Kaplan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Katrina M Bell
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Katerina Koutsis
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John M Haynes
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dean G Phelan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Qian
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ana Rita Leitoguinho
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Deevina Arasaratnam
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Tanya Labonne
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth S Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Casini
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James E Hudson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Arash Rafii
- Stem Cell and Microenvironment Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare L Curl
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lea M Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2052, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael M Cheung
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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37
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Sala L, van Meer BJ, Tertoolen LGJ, Bakkers J, Bellin M, Davis RP, Denning C, Dieben MAE, Eschenhagen T, Giacomelli E, Grandela C, Hansen A, Holman ER, Jongbloed MRM, Kamel SM, Koopman CD, Lachaud Q, Mannhardt I, Mol MPH, Mosqueira D, Orlova VV, Passier R, Ribeiro MC, Saleem U, Smith GL, Burton FL, Mummery CL. MUSCLEMOTION: A Versatile Open Software Tool to Quantify Cardiomyocyte and Cardiac Muscle Contraction In Vitro and In Vivo. Circ Res 2017; 122:e5-e16. [PMID: 29282212 PMCID: PMC5805275 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: There are several methods to measure cardiomyocyte and muscle contraction, but these require customized hardware, expensive apparatus, and advanced informatics or can only be used in single experimental models. Consequently, data and techniques have been difficult to reproduce across models and laboratories, analysis is time consuming, and only specialist researchers can quantify data. Objective: Here, we describe and validate an automated, open-source software tool (MUSCLEMOTION) adaptable for use with standard laboratory and clinical imaging equipment that enables quantitative analysis of normal cardiac contraction, disease phenotypes, and pharmacological responses. Methods and Results: MUSCLEMOTION allowed rapid and easy measurement of movement from high-speed movies in (1) 1-dimensional in vitro models, such as isolated adult and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes; (2) 2-dimensional in vitro models, such as beating cardiomyocyte monolayers or small clusters of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes; (3) 3-dimensional multicellular in vitro or in vivo contractile tissues, such as cardiac “organoids,” engineered heart tissues, and zebrafish and human hearts. MUSCLEMOTION was effective under different recording conditions (bright-field microscopy with simultaneous patch-clamp recording, phase contrast microscopy, and traction force microscopy). Outcomes were virtually identical to the current gold standards for contraction measurement, such as optical flow, post deflection, edge-detection systems, or manual analyses. Finally, we used the algorithm to quantify contraction in in vitro and in vivo arrhythmia models and to measure pharmacological responses. Conclusions: Using a single open-source method for processing video recordings, we obtained reliable pharmacological data and measures of cardiac disease phenotype in experimental cell, animal, and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sala
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Berend J van Meer
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Leon G J Tertoolen
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Milena Bellin
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Richard P Davis
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Chris Denning
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Michel A E Dieben
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Elisa Giacomelli
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Catarina Grandela
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Arne Hansen
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Eduard R Holman
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Sarah M Kamel
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Charlotte D Koopman
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Quentin Lachaud
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Ingra Mannhardt
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Mervyn P H Mol
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Diogo Mosqueira
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Robert Passier
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Umber Saleem
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Francis L Burton
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.)
| | - Christine L Mummery
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (L.S., B.J.v.M., L.G.J.T., M.B., R.P.D., M.A.E.D., E.G., C.G., M.R.M.J., M.P.H.M., V.V.O., R.P., C.L.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Science, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (Q.L., G.L.S., F.L.B.); Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom (C.D., D.M.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck (T.E., A.H., I.M., U.S.); Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (U.S.); Hart Long Centrum, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (E.R.H., M.R.M.J.); Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (R.P., M.C.R., C.L.M.).; Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.B., S.M.K., C.D.K.); and Clyde Biosciences, Ltd, BioCity Scotland, United Kingdom (G.L.S., F.L.B.).
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van Eldik W, den Adel B, Monshouwer-Kloots J, Salvatori D, Maas S, van der Made I, Creemers EE, Frank D, Frey N, Boontje N, van der Velden J, Steendijk P, Mummery C, Passier R, Beqqali A. Z-disc protein CHAPb induces cardiomyopathy and contractile dysfunction in the postnatal heart. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189139. [PMID: 29206857 PMCID: PMC5716575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The Z-disc is a crucial structure of the sarcomere and is implicated in mechanosensation/transduction. Dysregulation of Z-disc proteins often result in cardiomyopathy. We have previously shown that the Z-disc protein Cytoskeletal Heart-enriched Actin-associated Protein (CHAP) is essential for cardiac and skeletal muscle development. Furthermore, the CHAP gene has been associated with atrial fibrillation in humans. Here, we studied the misregulated expression of CHAP isoforms in heart disease. Methods and results Mice that underwent transverse aortic constriction and calcineurin transgenic (Tg) mice, both models of experimental heart failure, displayed a significant increase in cardiac expression of fetal isoform CHAPb. To investigate whether increased expression of CHAPb postnatally is sufficient to induce cardiomyopathy, we generated CHAPb Tg mice under the control of the cardiac-specific αMHC promoter. CHAPb Tg mice displayed cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis and enlargement of the left atrium at three months, which was more pronounced at the age of six months. Hypertrophy and fibrosis were confirmed by evidence of activation of the hypertrophic gene program (Nppa, Nppb, Myh7) and increased collagen expression, respectively. Connexin40 and 43 were downregulated in the left atrium, which was associated with delayed atrioventricular conduction. Tg hearts displayed both systolic and diastolic dysfunction partly caused by impaired sarcomere function evident from a reduced force generating capacity of single cardiomyocytes. This co-incided with activation of the actin signalling pathway leading to the formation of stress fibers. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the fetal isoform CHAPb initiates progression towards cardiac hypertrophy, which is accompanied by delayed atrioventricular conduction and diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, CHAP may be a novel therapeutic target or candidate gene for screening in cardiomyopathies and atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn van Eldik
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brigit den Adel
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniela Salvatori
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Maas
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg van der Made
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E. Creemers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derk Frank
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicky Boontje
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Steendijk
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abdelaziz Beqqali
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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39
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Schwach V, Verkerk AO, Mol M, Monshouwer-Kloots JJ, Devalla HD, Orlova VV, Anastassiadis K, Mummery CL, Davis RP, Passier R. A COUP-TFII Human Embryonic Stem Cell Reporter Line to Identify and Select Atrial Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1765-1779. [PMID: 29173897 PMCID: PMC5785710 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter cell lines have already proven valuable in identifying, tracking, and purifying cardiac subtypes and progenitors during differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We previously showed that chick ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) is highly enriched in human atrial cardiomyocytes (CMs), but not ventricular. Here, we targeted mCherry to the COUP-TFII genomic locus in hPSCs expressing GFP from the NKX2.5 locus. This dual atrial NKX2.5EGFP/+-COUP-TFIImCherry/+ reporter line allowed identification and selection of GFP+ (G+)/mCherry+ (M+) CMs following cardiac differentiation. These cells exhibited transcriptional and functional properties of atrial CMs, whereas G+/M− CMs displayed ventricular characteristics. Via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout, we demonstrated that COUP-TFII is not required for atrial specification in hPSCs. This new tool allowed selection of human atrial and ventricular CMs from mixed populations, of relevance for studying cardiac specification, developing human atrial disease models, and examining distinct effects of drugs on the atrium versus ventricle. Dual NKX2.5EGFP/+-COUP-TFIImCherry/+ hPSCs to identify atrial cardiomyocytes COUP-TFII is not required for atrial specification of hPSCs in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mervyn Mol
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Valeria V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Twente, the Netherlands.
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40
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Rogers M, Ridley J, El Haou S, Williams S, Webdale L, Sutton K, Stoelzle-Feix S, Thomas U, Fertig N, Zwetsloot T, Devalla H, Passier R. Human Ventricular Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes: Validating In Vitro Assays and Screening Platforms for Pro-arrhythmia Risk Prediction. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.09.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Costa PF, Albers HJ, Linssen JEA, Middelkamp HHT, van der Hout L, Passier R, van den Berg A, Malda J, van der Meer AD. Mimicking arterial thrombosis in a 3D-printed microfluidic in vitro vascular model based on computed tomography angiography data. Lab Chip 2017; 17:2785-2792. [PMID: 28717801 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the main instigating factor of heart attacks and strokes, which result in over 14 million deaths worldwide every year. The mechanism of thrombosis involves factors from the blood and the vessel wall, and it also relies strongly on 3D vessel geometry and local blood flow patterns. Microfluidic chip-based vascular models allow controlled in vitro studies of the interaction between vessel wall and blood in thrombosis, but until now, they could not fully recapitulate the 3D geometry and blood flow patterns of real-life healthy or diseased arteries. Here we present a method for fabricating microfluidic chips containing miniaturized vascular structures that closely mimic architectures found in both healthy and stenotic blood vessels. By applying stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of computed tomography angiography (CTA) data, 3D vessel constructs were produced with diameters of 400 μm, and resolution as low as 25 μm. The 3D-printed templates in turn were used as moulds for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based soft lithography to create microfluidic chips containing miniaturized replicates of in vivo vessel geometries. By applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling a correlation in terms of flow fields and local wall shear rate was found between the original and miniaturized artery. The walls of the microfluidic chips were coated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) which formed a confluent monolayer as confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The endothelialised microfluidic devices, with healthy and stenotic geometries, were perfused with human whole blood with fluorescently labeled platelets at physiologically relevant shear rates. After 15 minutes of perfusion the healthy geometries showed no sign of thrombosis, while the stenotic geometries did induce thrombosis at and downstream of the stenotic area. Overall, the novel methodology reported here, overcomes important design limitations found in typical 2D wafer-based soft lithography microfabrication techniques and shows great potential for controlled studies of the role of 3D vessel geometries and blood flow patterns in arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Costa
- Utrecht Biofabrication Facility, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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42
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Tertoolen LGJ, Braam SR, van Meer BJ, Passier R, Mummery CL. Interpretation of field potentials measured on a multi electrode array in pharmacological toxicity screening on primary and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 497:1135-1141. [PMID: 28153730 PMCID: PMC5854265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multi electrode arrays (MEAs) are increasingly used to detect external field potentials in electrically active cells. Recently, in combination with cardiomyocytes derived from human (induced) pluripotent stem cells they have started to become a preferred tool to examine newly developed drugs for potential cardiac toxicity in pre-clinical safety pharmacology. The most important risk parameter is proarrhythmic activity in cardiomyocytes which can cause sudden cardiac death. Whilst MEAs can provide medium- to high- throughput noninvasive assay platform, the translation of a field potential to cardiac action potential (normally measured by low-throughput patch clamp) is complex so that accurate assessment of drug risk to the heart is in practice still challenging. To address this, we used computational simulation to study the theoretical relationship between aspects of the field potential and the underlying cardiac action potential. We then validated the model in both primary mouse- and human pluripotent (embryonic) stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes showing that field potentials measured in MEAs could be converted to action potentials that were essentially identical to those determined directly by electrophysiological patch clamp. The method significantly increased the amount of information that could be extracted from MEA measurements and thus combined the advantages of medium/high throughput with more informative readouts. We believe that this will benefit the analysis of drug toxicity screening of cardiomyocytes using in time and accuracy. Computational model for the translation of field potential to action potential. Validation of the model using patch clamp and multi electrode array. Quantification of INA modulation, prolongation and triangulation from MEA data. Validation of the correlations by measurements with known cardioactive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G J Tertoolen
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - S R Braam
- Pluriomics B.V., Biopartner Building 3, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B J van Meer
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - R Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - C L Mummery
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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43
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Devalla HD, Gélinas R, Aburawi EH, Beqqali A, Goyette P, Freund C, Chaix MA, Tadros R, Jiang H, Le Béchec A, Monshouwer-Kloots JJ, Zwetsloot T, Kosmidis G, Latour F, Alikashani A, Hoekstra M, Schlaepfer J, Mummery CL, Stevenson B, Kutalik Z, de Vries AA, Rivard L, Wilde AA, Talajic M, Verkerk AO, Al-Gazali L, Rioux JD, Bhuiyan ZA, Passier R. TECRL, a new life-threatening inherited arrhythmia gene associated with overlapping clinical features of both LQTS and CPVT. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:1390-1408. [PMID: 27861123 PMCID: PMC5167130 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic causes of many familial arrhythmia syndromes remain elusive. In this study, whole‐exome sequencing (WES) was carried out on patients from three different families that presented with life‐threatening arrhythmias and high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Two French Canadian probands carried identical homozygous rare variant in TECRL gene (p.Arg196Gln), which encodes the trans‐2,3‐enoyl‐CoA reductase‐like protein. Both patients had cardiac arrest, stress‐induced atrial and ventricular tachycardia, and QT prolongation on adrenergic stimulation. A third patient from a consanguineous Sudanese family diagnosed with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) had a homozygous splice site mutation (c.331+1G>A) in TECRL. Analysis of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) dynamics in human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) generated from this individual (TECRLHom‐hiPSCs), his heterozygous but clinically asymptomatic father (TECRLHet‐hiPSCs), and a healthy individual (CTRL‐hiPSCs) from the same Sudanese family, revealed smaller [Ca2+]i transient amplitudes as well as elevated diastolic [Ca2+]i in TECRLHom‐hiPSC‐CMs compared with CTRL‐hiPSC‐CMs. The [Ca2+]i transient also rose markedly slower and contained lower sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium stores, evidenced by the decreased magnitude of caffeine‐induced [Ca2+]i transients. In addition, the decay phase of the [Ca2+]i transient was slower in TECRLHom‐hiPSC‐CMs due to decreased SERCA and NCX activities. Furthermore, TECRLHom‐hiPSC‐CMs showed prolonged action potentials (APs) compared with CTRL‐hiPSC‐CMs. TECRL knockdown in control human embryonic stem cell‐derived CMs (hESC‐CMs) also resulted in significantly longer APs. Moreover, stimulation by noradrenaline (NA) significantly increased the propensity for triggered activity based on delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) in TECRLHom‐hiPSC‐CMs and treatment with flecainide, a class Ic antiarrhythmic drug, significantly reduced the triggered activity in these cells. In summary, we report that mutations in TECRL are associated with inherited arrhythmias characterized by clinical features of both LQTS and CPVT. Patient‐specific hiPSC‐CMs recapitulated salient features of the clinical phenotype and provide a platform for drug screening evidenced by initial identification of flecainide as a potential therapeutic. These findings have implications for diagnosis and treatment of inherited cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roselle Gélinas
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elhadi H Aburawi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelaziz Beqqali
- Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christian Freund
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center hiPSC Core Facility, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-A Chaix
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Jiang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genomics, Shenzhen, China.,The Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, Shenzhen, China
| | - Antony Le Béchec
- Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tom Zwetsloot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maaike Hoekstra
- Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurg Schlaepfer
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Stevenson
- Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Af de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Léna Rivard
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arthur Am Wilde
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Talajic
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lihadh Al-Gazali
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - John D Rioux
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada .,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahurul A Bhuiyan
- Laboratoire Génétiqué Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands .,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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44
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van Meer B, Ribeiro M, Tertoolen L, Birket M, Passier R, Mummery C. Organ-on-Chip: A synthetic mimic for human myocardium. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Middelkamp HH, van der Meer AD, Hummel JM, Stamatialis DF, Mummery CL, Passier R, IJzerman MJ. Organs-on-Chips in Drug Development: The Importance of Involving Stakeholders in Early Health Technology Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H.T. Middelkamp
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries D. van der Meer
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J. Marjan Hummel
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios F. Stamatialis
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L. Mummery
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. IJzerman
- Department of Health Technology and Services Research, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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den Hartogh SC, Wolstencroft K, Mummery CL, Passier R. A comprehensive gene expression analysis at sequential stages of in vitro cardiac differentiation from isolated MESP1-expressing-mesoderm progenitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19386. [PMID: 26783251 PMCID: PMC4726039 DOI: 10.1038/srep19386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) closely recapitulates in vivo embryonic heart development, and therefore, provides an excellent model to study human cardiac development. We recently generated the dual cardiac fluorescent reporter MESP1mCherry/wNKX2-5eGFP/w line in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), allowing the visualization of pre-cardiac MESP1+ mesoderm and their further commitment towards the cardiac lineage, marked by activation of the cardiac transcription factor NKX2-5. Here, we performed a comprehensive whole genome based transcriptome analysis of MESP1-mCherry derived cardiac-committed cells. In addition to previously described cardiac-inducing signalling pathways, we identified novel transcriptional and signalling networks indicated by transient activation and interactive network analysis. Furthermore, we found a highly dynamic regulation of extracellular matrix components, suggesting the importance to create a versatile niche, adjusting to various stages of cardiac differentiation. Finally, we identified cell surface markers for cardiac progenitors, such as the Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), belonging to the same subfamily of LGR5, and LGR6, established tissue/cancer stem cells markers. We provide a comprehensive gene expression analysis of cardiac derivatives from pre-cardiac MESP1-progenitors that will contribute to a better understanding of the key regulators, pathways and markers involved in human cardiac differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C den Hartogh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Wolstencroft
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied Stem cell Technologies. MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine. University of Twente, P.O.Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
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47
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Devalla HD, Schwach V, Ford JW, Milnes JT, El-Haou S, Jackson C, Gkatzis K, Elliott DA, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Mummery CL, Verkerk AO, Passier R. Atrial-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells are a robust preclinical model for assessing atrial-selective pharmacology. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:394-410. [PMID: 25700171 PMCID: PMC4403042 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting atrial-specific ion channels, Kv1.5 or Kir3.1/3.4, are being developed as new therapeutic strategies for atrial fibrillation. However, current preclinical studies carried out in non-cardiac cell lines or animal models may not accurately represent the physiology of a human cardiomyocyte (CM). In the current study, we tested whether human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived atrial CMs could predict atrial selectivity of pharmacological compounds. By modulating retinoic acid signaling during hESC differentiation, we generated atrial-like (hESC-atrial) and ventricular-like (hESC-ventricular) CMs. We found the expression of atrial-specific ion channel genes, KCNA5 (encoding Kv1.5) and KCNJ3 (encoding Kir 3.1), in hESC-atrial CMs and further demonstrated that these ion channel genes are regulated by COUP-TF transcription factors. Moreover, in response to multiple ion channel blocker, vernakalant, and Kv1.5 blocker, XEN-D0101, hESC-atrial but not hESC-ventricular CMs showed action potential (AP) prolongation due to a reduction in early repolarization. In hESC-atrial CMs, XEN-R0703, a novel Kir3.1/3.4 blocker restored the AP shortening caused by CCh. Neither CCh nor XEN-R0703 had an effect on hESC-ventricular CMs. In summary, we demonstrate that hESC-atrial CMs are a robust model for pre-clinical testing to assess atrial selectivity of novel antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Schwach
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Konstantinos Gkatzis
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arie O Verkerk
- Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Birket MJ, Ribeiro MC, Kosmidis G, Ward D, Leitoguinho AR, van de Pol V, Dambrot C, Devalla HD, Davis RP, Mastroberardino PG, Atsma DE, Passier R, Mummery CL. Contractile Defect Caused by Mutation in MYBPC3 Revealed under Conditions Optimized for Human PSC-Cardiomyocyte Function. Cell Rep 2015; 13:733-745. [PMID: 26489474 PMCID: PMC4644234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximizing baseline function of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) is essential for their effective application in models of cardiac toxicity and disease. Here, we aimed to identify factors that would promote an adequate level of function to permit robust single-cell contractility measurements in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A simple screen revealed the collaborative effects of thyroid hormone, IGF-1 and the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone on the electrophysiology, bioenergetics, and contractile force generation of hPSC-CMs. In this optimized condition, hiPSC-CMs with mutations in MYBPC3, a gene encoding myosin-binding protein C, which, when mutated, causes HCM, showed significantly lower contractile force generation than controls. This was recapitulated by direct knockdown of MYBPC3 in control hPSC-CMs, supporting a mechanism of haploinsufficiency. Modeling this disease in vitro using human cells is an important step toward identifying therapeutic interventions for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Birket
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dorien Ward
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Leitoguinho
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vera van de Pol
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Dambrot
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Douwe E Atsma
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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49
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Kosmidis G, Bellin M, Ribeiro MC, van Meer B, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Passier R, Tertoolen LGJ, Mummery CL, Casini S. Altered calcium handling and increased contraction force in human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes following short term dexamethasone exposure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:998-1005. [PMID: 26456652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One limitation in using human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) for disease modeling and cardiac safety pharmacology is their immature functional phenotype compared with adult cardiomyocytes. Here, we report that treatment of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) with dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, activated glucocorticoid signaling which in turn improved their calcium handling properties and contractility. L-type calcium current and action potential properties were not affected by dexamethasone but significantly faster calcium decay, increased forces of contraction and sarcomeric lengths, were observed in hESC-CMs after dexamethasone exposure. Activating the glucocorticoid pathway can thus contribute to mediating hPSC-CMs maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo C Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend van Meer
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; MIRA, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Leon G J Tertoolen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Casini
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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50
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Den Hartogh SC, Passier R. Concise Review: Fluorescent Reporters in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Contributions to Cardiac Differentiation and Their Applications in Cardiac Disease and Toxicity. Stem Cells 2015; 34:13-26. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C. Den Hartogh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem cell Technologies. MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente, P.O.Box 217; Enschede The Netherlands
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