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Jadhav SB, Amore BM, Bockbrader H, Crass RL, Chapel S, Sasiela WJ, Emery MG. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of bempedoic acid and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy subjects and patients with dyslipidemia. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2023; 50:351-364. [PMID: 37243877 PMCID: PMC10460718 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Population pharmacokinetics (popPK) of bempedoic acid and the popPK/pharmacodynamic (popPK/PD) relationship between bempedoic acid concentrations and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from baseline were characterized. A two-compartment disposition model with a transit absorption compartment and linear elimination best described bempedoic acid oral pharmacokinetics (PK). Multiple covariates, including renal function, sex, and weight, had statistically significant effects on the predicted steady-state area under the curve. Mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 60 to < 90 mL/min vs. ≥ 90 mL/min) and moderate (eGFR 30 to < 60 mL/min vs. ≥ 90 mL/min) renal impairment, female sex, low (< 70 kg vs. 70-100 kg) and high (> 100 kg vs. 70-100 kg) body weight were predicted to have a 1.36-fold (90% confidence interval (CI) 1.32, 1.41), 1.85-fold (90% CI 1.74, 2.00), 1.39-fold (90% CI 1.34, 1.47), 1.35-fold (90% CI 1.30, 1.41), and 0.75-fold (90% CI 0.72, 0.79) exposure difference relative to their reference populations, respectively. An indirect response model described changes in serum LDL-C with a model-predicted 35% maximal reduction and bempedoic acid IC50 of 3.17 µg/mL. A 28% reduction from LDL-C baseline was predicted for a steady-state average concentration of 12.5 µg/mL after bempedoic acid (180 mg/day) dosing, accounting for approximately 80% of the predicted maximal LDL-C reduction. Concurrent statin therapy, regardless of intensity, reduced the maximal effect of bempedoic acid but resulted in similar steady-state LDL-C levels. While multiple covariates had statistically significant effects on PK and LDL-C lowering, none were predicted to warrant bempedoic acid dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyawan B Jadhav
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Benny M Amore
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA.
| | - Howard Bockbrader
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Ryan L Crass
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Sunny Chapel
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - William J Sasiela
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Maurice G Emery
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
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2
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Jadhav SB, Crass RL, Chapel S, Kerschnitzki M, Sasiela WJ, Emery MG, Amore BM, Barrett PHR, Watts GF, Catapano AL. Pharmacodynamic effect of bempedoic acid and statin combinations: predictions from a dose-response model. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy 2022; 8:578-586. [PMID: 34448822 PMCID: PMC9440868 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Many patients are unable to achieve guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) targets, despite taking maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy. Bempedoic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, significantly lowers LDL-C with or without background statin therapy in diverse populations. Because pharmacodynamic interaction between statins and bempedoic acid is complex, a dose-response model was developed to predict LDL-C pharmacodynamics following administration of statins combined with bempedoic acid. METHODS AND RESULTS Bempedoic acid and statin dosing and LDL-C data were pooled from 14 phase 1-3 clinical studies. Dose-response models were developed for bempedoic acid monotherapy and bempedoic acid-statin combinations using previously published statin parameters. Simulations were performed using these models to predict change in LDL-C levels following treatment with bempedoic acid combined with clinically relevant doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin. Dose-response models predicted that combining bempedoic acid with the lowest statin dose of commonly used statins would achieve a similar degree of LDL-C lowering as quadrupling that statin dose; for example, the predicted LDL-C lowering was 54% with atorvastatin 80 mg compared with 54% with atorvastatin 20 mg + bempedoic acid 180 mg, and 42% with simvastatin 40 mg compared with 46% with simvastatin 10 mg + bempedoic acid 180 mg. CONCLUSION These findings suggest bempedoic acid combined with lower statin doses offers similar LDL-C lowering compared with statin monotherapy at higher doses, potentially sparing patients requiring additional lipid-lowering therapies from the adverse events associated with higher statin doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyawan B Jadhav
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Ryan L Crass
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Sunny Chapel
- Ann Arbor Pharmacometrics Group, 900 Victors Way #328, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | | | - William J Sasiela
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., 3891 Ranchero Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Maurice G Emery
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., 3891 Ranchero Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Benny M Amore
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., 3891 Ranchero Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Medical Research Foundation Building, Rear 50 Murray Street, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan and IRCCS Multimedica, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Khaowroongrueng V, Jadhav SB, Syed M, Akbar M, Gertz M, Otteneder MB, Fueth M, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetics and Determination of Tumor Interstitial Distribution of a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Using Large-Pore Microdialysis. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3061-3068. [PMID: 33819461 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
R7072 is a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) exerting anti-tumor activity via blockade of insulin like growth factor 1 receptor. The tumoral interstitial concentrations are anticipated to be better surrogates of active site concentrations than commonly used serum concentrations for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation of anti-tumor mAbs. Previously, a large-pore microdialysis technique for measuring tissue interstitial concentrations of R7072 in non-tumor bearing mice was established. In the current studies, the serum pharmacokinetics of R7072 were assessed and tissue interstitial concentrations were measured by large-pore microdialysis following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of R7072 in tumor bearing mice. R7072 exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics in the studied dose range. Tumor and subcutaneous interstitial concentration data suggested some delay in tissue distribution after dosing. A dose-dependent increase in the ratio of tumor interstitial to serum concentration was observed indicating target-mediated drug disposition in tumor tissue. However, subcutaneous interstitial to serum concentration ratios were similar across the doses as observed previously in non-tumor bearing mice. A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model with subcutaneous and tumor as open-loop compartments comprising of parallel linear and non-linear elimination from serum, linear disposition from subcutaneous interstitium and non-linear disposition from tumor interstitium was developed to simultaneously describe the pharmacokinetic data from all matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipada Khaowroongrueng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Satyawan B Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Muzeeb Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mohammad Akbar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael Gertz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Otteneder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Fueth
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Science, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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4
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Muthukaman N, Deshmukh S, Tondlekar S, Tambe M, Pisal D, Sarode N, Mhatre S, Chakraborti S, Shah D, Bhosale VM, Kulkarni A, Mahat MYA, Jadhav SB, Gudi GS, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Gharat LA. Discovery of 5-(2-chloro-4'-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole as potent and orally efficacious S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) inhibitors for the potential treatment of COPD. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3766-3773. [PMID: 30340896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous nitrosothiols (SNOs) including S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) serve as reservoir for bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) and mediate NO-based signaling, inflammatory status and smooth muscle function in the lung. GSNOR inhibition increases pulmonary GSNO and induces bronchodilation while reducing inflammation in lung diseases. In this letter, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel imidazole-biaryl-tetrazole based GSNOR inhibitors are described. Many potent inhibitors (30, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45 and 58) were identified with low nanomolar activity (IC50s: <15 nM) along with adequate metabolic stability. Lead compounds 30 and 58 exhibited good exposure and oral bioavailability in mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) study. Compound 30 was selected for further profiling and revealed comparable mouse and rat GSNOR potency, high selectivity against alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and carbonyl reductase (CBR1) family of enzymes, low efflux ratio and permeability in PAMPA, a high permeability in CALU-3 assay, significantly low hERG activity and minimal off-target activity. Further, an in vivo efficacy of compound 30 is disclosed in cigarette smoke (CS) induced mouse model for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Muthukaman
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Sanjay Deshmukh
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Shital Tondlekar
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Macchindra Tambe
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Dnyandeo Pisal
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelam Sarode
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Siddharth Mhatre
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Samitabh Chakraborti
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Daisy Shah
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Vikram M Bhosale
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Abhay Kulkarni
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Mahamad Yunnus A Mahat
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Satyawan B Jadhav
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Girish S Gudi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelima Khairatkar-Joshi
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Laxmikant A Gharat
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India.
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5
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Muthukaman N, Deshmukh S, Tambe M, Pisal D, Tondlekar S, Shaikh M, Sarode N, Kattige VG, Sawant P, Pisat M, Karande V, Honnegowda S, Kulkarni A, Behera D, Jadhav SB, Sangana RR, Gudi GS, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Gharat LA. Alleviating CYP and hERG liabilities by structure optimization of dihydrofuran-fused tricyclic benzo[d]imidazole series - Potent, selective and orally efficacious microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors: Part-2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29519738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify CYP and hERG clean mPGES-1 inhibitors from the dihydrofuran-fused tricyclic benzo[d]imidazole series lead 7, an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed. Optimization of A, D and E-rings in 7 afforded many potent compounds with human whole blood potency in the range of 160-950 nM. Selected inhibitors 21d, 21j, 21m, 21n, 21p and 22b provided selectivity against COX-enzymes and mPGES-1 isoforms (mPGES-2 and cPGES) along with sufficient selectivity against prostanoid synthases. Most of the tested analogs demonstrated required metabolic stability in liver microsomes, low hERG and CYP liability. Oral pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of lead compounds 21j, 21m and 21p are discussed in multiple species like rat, guinea pig, dog, and cynomolgus monkey. Besides, these compounds revealed low to moderate activity against human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). The selected lead 21j further demonstrated in vivo efficacy in acute hyperalgesia (ED50: 39.6 mg/kg) and MIA-induced osteoarthritic pain models (ED50: 106 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Muthukaman
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Sanjay Deshmukh
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Macchindra Tambe
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Dnyandeo Pisal
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Shital Tondlekar
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Mahamadhanif Shaikh
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelam Sarode
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Vidya G Kattige
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Pooja Sawant
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Monali Pisat
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Vikas Karande
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Srinivasa Honnegowda
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Abhay Kulkarni
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Dayanidhi Behera
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Satyawan B Jadhav
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Ramchandra R Sangana
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Girish S Gudi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelima Khairatkar-Joshi
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Laxmikant A Gharat
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India.
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6
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Muthukaman N, Tambe M, Deshmukh S, Pisal D, Tondlekar S, Shaikh M, Sarode N, Kattige VG, Pisat M, Sawant P, Honnegowda S, Karande V, Kulkarni A, Behera D, Jadhav SB, Sangana RR, Gudi GS, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Gharat LA. Discovery of furan and dihydrofuran-fused tricyclic benzo[d]imidazole derivatives as potent and orally efficacious microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors: Part-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5131-5138. [PMID: 29100801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This letter describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of furan and dihydrofuran-fused tricyclic benzo[d]imidazole derivatives as novel mPGES-1 inhibitors, capable of inhibiting an increased PGE2 production in the disease state. Structure-activity optimization afforded many potent mPGES-1 inhibitors having <50 nM potencies in the A549 cellular assay and adequate metabolic stability in liver microsomes. Lead compounds 8l and 8m demonstrated reasonable in vitro pharmacology and pharmacokinetic properties over other compounds. In particular, 8m revealed satisfactory oral pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in multiple species like rat, guinea pig, dog and cynomolgus monkey. In addition, the representative compound 8m showed in vivo efficacy by inhibiting LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia with an ED50 of 14.3 mg/kg in guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Muthukaman
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Macchindra Tambe
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Sanjay Deshmukh
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Dnyandeo Pisal
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Shital Tondlekar
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Mahamadhanif Shaikh
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelam Sarode
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Vidya G Kattige
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Monali Pisat
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Pooja Sawant
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Srinivasa Honnegowda
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Vikas Karande
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Abhay Kulkarni
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Dayanidhi Behera
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Satyawan B Jadhav
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Ramchandra R Sangana
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Girish S Gudi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelima Khairatkar-Joshi
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Laxmikant A Gharat
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India.
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7
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Deitchman AN, Heinrichs MT, Khaowroongrueng V, Jadhav SB, Derendorf H. Utility of Microdialysis in Infectious Disease Drug Development and Dose Optimization. AAPS J 2016; 19:334-342. [PMID: 27943149 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adequate drug penetration to a site of infection is absolutely imperative to ensure sufficient antimicrobial treatment. Microdialysis is a minimally invasive, versatile technique, which can be used to study the penetration of an antiinfective agent in virtually any tissue of interest. It has been used to investigate drug distribution and pharmacokinetics in variable patient populations, as a tool in dose optimization, a potential utility in therapeutic drug management, and in the study of biomarkers of disease progression. While all of these applications have not been fully explored in the field of antiinfectives, this review provides an overview of how microdialysis has been applied in various phases of drug development, a focus on the specific applications in the subspecialties of infectious disease (treatment of bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, and mycobacterial infections), and developing applications (biomarkers and therapeutic drug management).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia N Deitchman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - M Tobias Heinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Vipada Khaowroongrueng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Satyawan B Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, PO Box 100494, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
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8
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Lingam VSP, Dahale DH, Rathi VE, Shingote YB, Thakur RR, Mindhe AS, Kummari S, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Bajpai M, Shah DM, Sapalya RS, Gullapalli S, Gupta PK, Gudi GS, Jadhav SB, Pattem R, Thomas A. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8292-308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Prasadarao Lingam
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar H. Dahale
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Vijay E. Rathi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Yogesh B. Shingote
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Rajni R. Thakur
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Ajit S. Mindhe
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Srinivas Kummari
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Neelima Khairatkar-Joshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Malini Bajpai
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Daisy M. Shah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Ratika S. Sapalya
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Srinivas Gullapalli
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Praveen K. Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Girish S. Gudi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Satyawan B. Jadhav
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Rambabu Pattem
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Abraham Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
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9
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Das S, Shelke DE, Harde RL, Avhad VB, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Gullapalli S, Gupta PK, Gandhi MN, Bhateja DK, Bajpai M, Joshi AA, Marathe MY, Gudi GS, Jadhav SB, Mahat MYA, Thomas A. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel polycyclic heteroarene ethers as PDE10A inhibitors: Part II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3238-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Lindsley CW, Bates BS, Menon UN, Jadhav SB, Kane AS, Jones CK, Rodriguez AL, Conn PJ, Olsen CM, Winder DG, Emmitte KA. (3-Cyano-5-fluorophenyl)biaryl negative allosteric modulators of mGlu(5): Discovery of a new tool compound with activity in the OSS mouse model of addiction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:471-482. [PMID: 21927650 DOI: 10.1021/cn100099n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter in the mammalian CNS, exerting its effects through both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) belong to family C of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The eight mGlus identified to date are classified into three groups based on their structure, preferred signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacology (Group I: mGlu(1) and mGlu(5); Group II: mGlu(2) and mGlu(3); Group III: mGlu(4), mGlu(6), mGlu(7), and mGlu(8)). Non-competitive antagonists, also known as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), of mGlu(5) offer potential therapeutic applications in diseases such as pain, anxiety, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Parkinson's disease (PD), fragile X syndrome, and addiction. The development of SAR in a (3-cyano-5-fluorophenyl)biaryl series using our functional cell-based assay is described in this communication. Further characterization of a selected compound, 3-fluoro-5-(2-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-5-yl)benzonitrile, in additional cell based assays as well as in vitro assays designed to measure its metabolic stability and protein binding indicated its potential utility as an in vivo tool. Subsequent evaluation of the same compound in a pharmacokinetic study using intraperitoneal dosing in mice showed good exposure in both plasma and brain samples. The compound was efficacious in a mouse marble burying model of anxiety, an assay known to be sensitive to mGlu(5) antagonists. A new operant model of addiction termed operant sensation seeking (OSS) was chosen as a second behavioral assay. The compound also proved efficacious in the OSS model and constitutes the first reported example of efficacy with a small molecule mGlu(5) NAM in this novel assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carrie K. Jones
- Tennesse Valley Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
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11
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Patil PS, Phugare SS, Jadhav SB, Jadhav JP. Communal action of microbial cultures for Red HE3B degradation. J Hazard Mater 2010; 181:263-270. [PMID: 20510505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The consortium PMB11 consisting of three bacterial species, originally isolated from dye contaminated soil was identified as Bacillus odysseyi SUK3, Morganella morganii SUK5 and Proteus sp. SUK7. The consortium possessed the ability to decolorize various textile dyes as well as mixtures of dyes. PMB11 could decolorize Red HE3B (50 mg l(-1)) with 99% of decolorization within 12 h in nutrient broth, while in mineral medium it could decolorize up to 97% within 24h. Induction in the activities of various oxidative and reductive enzymes indicates the involvement of these enzymes in decolorization. Biodegradation of the dye was monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, HPLC and FTIR analysis. The Red HE3B degradation pathway was proposed by GC-MS analysis. Various metabolites formed after the degradation were identified as 2,5-diaminobenzene 6-aminotriazine, aniline 2-sulfate, aniline 3-sulfate, 2-amino 5-chlorotriazine and naphthalene. Phytotoxicity studies revealed that metabolites formed after degradation were significantly less toxic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Patil
- Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India
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12
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Lebois EP, Bridges TM, Lewis LM, Dawson ES, Kane AS, Xiang Z, Jadhav SB, Yin H, Kennedy JP, Meiler J, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Weaver CD, Lindsley CW. Discovery and characterization of novel subtype-selective allosteric agonists for the investigation of M(1) receptor function in the central nervous system. ACS Chem Neurosci 2009; 1:104-121. [PMID: 21961051 DOI: 10.1021/cn900003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic transmission in the forebrain is mediated primarily by five subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), termed M(1)-M(5). Of the mAChR subtypes, M(1) is among the most heavily expressed in regions that are critical for learning and memory, and has been viewed as the most critical mAChR subtype for memory and attention mechanisms. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to develop selective activators of M(1) and other individual mAChR subtypes, which has prevented detailed studies of the functional roles of selective activation of M(1). Using a functional HTS screen and subsequent diversity-oriented synthesis approach we have discovered a novel series of highly selective M(1) allosteric agonists. These compounds activate M(1) with EC(50) values in the 150 nM to 500 nM range and have unprecedented, clean ancillary pharmacology (no substantial activity at 10μM across a large panel of targets). Targeted mutagenesis revealed a potentially novel allosteric binding site in the third extracellular loop of the M(1) receptor for these allosteric agonists. Optimized compounds, such as VU0357017, provide excellent brain exposure after systemic dosing and have robust in vivo efficacy in reversing scopolamine-induced deficits in a rodent model of contextual fear conditioning. This series of selective M(1) allosteric agonists provides critical research tools to allow dissection of M(1)-mediated effects in the CNS and potential leads for novel treatments for Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Michelle Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
| | - Eric S Dawson
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology
| | | | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | | | - Huiyong Yin
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
| | | | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology
| | | | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - C David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology
- Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
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13
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Bridges TM, Marlo JE, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Jadhav SB, Gentry PR, Plumley HC, Weaver CD, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Discovery of the first highly M5-preferring muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand, an M5 positive allosteric modulator derived from a series of 5-trifluoromethoxy N-benzyl isatins. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3445-8. [PMID: 19438238 DOI: 10.1021/jm900286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the discovery and initial characterization of the first positive allosteric modulator of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 (mAChR5 or M5). Functional HTS, identified VU0119498, which displayed micromolar potencies for potentiation of acetylcholine at M1, M3, and M5 receptors in cell-based Ca(2+) mobilization assays. Subsequent optimization led to the discovery of VU0238429, which possessed an EC(50) of approximately 1.16 microM at M5 with >30-fold selectivity versus M1 and M3, with no M2 or M4 potentiator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bridges
- Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
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14
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Lebois EP, Bridges TM, Kennedy JP, Xiang Z, Jadhav SB, Yin H, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Weaver CD, Lindsley CW. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Subtype‐Selective M1 Allosteric Agonist for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.756.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | | | - Huiyong Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
| | - C David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery
- Vanderbilt Specialized Chemistry Center for Accelerated Probe Development (MLPCN)Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTN
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15
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Brady AE, Jones CK, Bridges TM, Kennedy JP, Thompson AD, Heiman JU, Breininger ML, Gentry PR, Yin H, Jadhav SB, Shirey JK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Centrally active allosteric potentiators of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:941-53. [PMID: 18772318 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.140350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous clinical and animal studies suggest that selective activators of M(1) and/or M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have potential as novel therapeutic agents for treatment of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. However, highly selective centrally penetrant activators of either M(1) or M(4) have not been available, making it impossible to determine the in vivo effects of selective activation of these receptors. We previously identified VU10010 [3-amino-N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4, 6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide] as a potent and selective allosteric potentiator of M(4) mAChRs. However, unfavorable physiochemical properties prevented use of this compound for in vivo studies. We now report that chemical optimization of VU10010 has afforded two centrally penetrant analogs, VU0152099 [3-amino-N-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine carboxamide] and VU0152100 [3-amino-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine carboxamide], that are potent and selective positive allosteric modulators of M(4). VU0152099 and VU0152100 had no agonist activity but potentiated responses of M(4) to acetylcholine. Both compounds were devoid of activity at other mAChR subtypes or at a panel of other GPCRs. The improved physiochemical properties of VU0152099 and VU0152100 allowed in vivo dosing and evaluation of behavioral effects in rats. Interestingly, these selective allosteric potentiators of M(4) reverse amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats, a model that is sensitive to known antipsychotic agents and to nonselective mAChR agonists. This is consistent with the hypothesis that M(4) plays an important role in regulating midbrain dopaminergic activity and raises the possibility that positive allosteric modulation of M(4) may mimic some of the antipsychotic-like effects of less selective mAChR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Brady
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6600, USA
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16
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Abstract
Statins, the widely used lipid-lowering drugs, are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which catalyses a rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Many previous reports show that statins can act both as bone anabolic and as anti-resorptive agents but their beneficial effects on bone turnover are still controversial. Considering their high liver specificity and low oral bioavailability, the distribution of statins to the bone microenvironment is questionable. In this study, the distribution of lovastatin and its active metabolites to bone, with respect to plasma and liver compartments, was examined after oral and intravenous administration in female rats. As compared with oral administration, the distribution of lovastatin to the bone compartment was significantly enhanced after intravenous administration. Further, the effect of lovastatin on bone turnover was studied in-vitro and in-vivo to assess its anti-osteoporotic potential. Lovastatin acid but not lovastatin was found to inhibit parathyroid-hormone-induced bone resorption in an in-vitro chick embryo bone assay. Oral, as well as intravenous, short-term lovastatin treatment significantly reduced the serum total cholesterol, serum total alkaline phosphatase and urinary crosslinks in ovariectomized rats. In accordance with its increased distribution to the bone compartment, intravenously administered lovastatin was more effective in reducing the ovariectomy-induced increase in markers of bone metabolism, especially urinary crosslinks. The findings of this study suggest that statins inhibit bone resorption and that their anti-resorptive efficacy can be increased by administering them by routes other than oral so as to achieve their enhanced concentration in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyawan B Jadhav
- Division of Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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17
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease, affecting millions of people worldwide and leading to significant morbidity and high expenditure. Most of the current therapies available for its treatment are limited to the prevention or slowing down of bone loss rather than enhancing bone formation. Recent discovery of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) as bone anabolic agents has spurred a great deal of interest among both basic and clinical bone researchers. In-vitro and some animal studies suggest that statins increase the bone mass by enhancing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-mediated osteoblast expression. Although a limited number of case-control studies suggest that statins may have the potential to reduce the risk of fractures by increasing bone formation, other studies have failed to show a benefit in fracture reduction. Randomized, controlled clinical trials are needed to resolve this conflict. One possible reason for the discrepancy in the results of preclinical, as well as clinical, studies is the liver-specific nature of statins. Considering their high liver specificity and low oral bioavailability, distribution of statins to the bone microenvironment in optimum concentration is questionable. To unravel their exact mechanism and confirm beneficial action on bone, statins should reach the bone microenvironment in optimum concentration. Dose optimization and use of novel controlled drug delivery systems may help in increasing the bioavailability and distribution of statins to the bone microenvironment. Discovery of bone-specific statins or their bone-targeted delivery offers great potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. In this review, we have summarized various preclinical and clinical studies of statins and their action on bone. We have also discussed the possible mechanism of action of statins on bone. Finally, the role of drug delivery systems in confirming and assessing the actual potential of statins as anti-osteoporotic agents is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyawan B Jadhav
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Central Drug Research Institute, P.O. Box 173, Chattar Manzil Palace, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226 001, India
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