1
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Freshwater C, Anderson SC, Huff DD, Smith JM, Jackson D, Hendriks B, Hinch SG, Johnston S, Trites AW, King J. Chinook salmon depth distributions on the continental shelf are shaped by interactions between location, season, and individual condition. Mov Ecol 2024; 12:21. [PMID: 38491373 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-024-00464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological and physical conditions vary with depth in aquatic ecosystems, resulting in gradients of habitat suitability. Although variation in vertical distributions among individuals provides evidence of habitat selection, it has been challenging to disentangle how processes at multiple spatio-temporal scales shape behaviour. METHODS We collected thousands of observations of depth from > 300 acoustically tagged adult Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, spanning multiple seasons and years. We used these data to parameterize a machine-learning model to disentangle the influence of spatial, temporal, and dynamic oceanographic variables while accounting for differences in individual condition and maturation stage. RESULTS The top performing machine learning model used bathymetric depth ratio (i.e., individual depth relative to seafloor depth) as a response. We found that bathymetry, season, maturation stage, and spatial location most strongly influenced Chinook salmon depth. Chinook salmon bathymetric depth ratios were deepest in shallow water, during winter, and for immature individuals. We also identified non-linear interactions among covariates, resulting in spatially-varying effects of zooplankton concentration, lunar cycle, temperature and oxygen concentration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest Chinook salmon vertical habitat use is a function of ecological interactions, not physiological constraints. Temporal and spatial variation in depth distributions could be used to guide management decisions intended to reduce fishery impacts on Chinook salmon. More generally, our findings demonstrate how complex interactions among bathymetry, seasonality, location, and life history stage regulate vertical habitat selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Freshwater
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
| | - Sean C Anderson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - David D Huff
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph M Smith
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Brian Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Johnston
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew W Trites
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jackie King
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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2
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Stackhouse LA, Coops NC, Kuiper SD, Hinch SG, White JC, Tompalski P, Nonis A, Gergel SE. Modeling instream temperature from solar insolation under varying timber harvesting intensities using RPAS laser scanning. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169459. [PMID: 38123099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Stream temperatures are influenced by the amount of solar insolation they receive. Increasing stream temperatures associated with climate warming pose detrimental health risks to freshwater ecosystems. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, timber harvesting along forested streams is managed using riparian buffer zones of varying widths and designations. Within buffer zones, depending on distance from the stream, selective thinning may be permitted or harvest may be forbidden. In this study, we used airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud data acquired via a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) to derive forest canopy characteristics that were then used to estimate daily incoming summer and fall solar insolation for five stream reaches in coastal conifer-dominated temperate forests in Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. We then examined empirical relationships between estimated insolation and actual instream temperature measurements. Based on these empirical relationships, the potential effects of timber harvest on instream temperatures were simulated by comparing scenarios of different riparian forest harvest intensities. Our results indicated that modeled solar insolation explained 43-90 % of the variation in observed stream reach temperatures, and furthermore, when a single cold-water stream reach was excluded explained an overall 81 % of variation. Simulated harvesting scenarios generally projected increases in maximum stream reach temperatures 1-2 °C in summer and early fall months. However, in a full clearcut scenario (i.e. where all trees were removed), maximum stream reach temperatures increased as much as 5.8 °C. Our results emphasize the importance of retaining riparian vegetation for the maintenance of habitable temperatures for freshwater-reliant fish with thermal restrictions. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of RPAS-based monitoring of stream reach shading and canopy cover, enabling detailed assessment of environmental stressors faced by fish populations under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna A Stackhouse
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Spencer Dakin Kuiper
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne C White
- Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre), Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piotr Tompalski
- Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre), Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alyssa Nonis
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah E Gergel
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Ekström A, Hendriks B, Van Wert JC, Gilbert MJH, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Impairing cardiac oxygen supply in swimming coho salmon compromises their heart function and tolerance to acute warming. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21204. [PMID: 38040741 PMCID: PMC10692232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Climatic warming elevates mortality for many salmonid populations during their physically challenging up-river spawning migrations, yet, the mechanisms underlying the increased mortality remain elusive. One hypothesis posits that a cardiac oxygen insufficiency impairs the heart's capacity to pump sufficient oxygen to body tissues to sustain up-river swimming, especially in warm water when oxygen availability declines and cardiac and whole-animal oxygen demand increases. We tested this hypothesis by measuring cardiac and metabolic (cardiorespiratory) performance, and assessing the upper thermal tolerance of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during sustained swimming and acute warming. By surgically ligating the coronary artery, which naturally accumulates arteriosclerotic lesions in migrating salmon, we partially impaired oxygen supply to the heart. Coronary ligation caused drastic cardiac impairment during swimming, even at benign temperatures, and substantially constrained cardiorespiratory performance during swimming and progressive warming compared to sham-operated control fish. Furthermore, upper thermal tolerance during swimming was markedly reduced (by 4.4 °C) following ligation. While the cardiorespiratory capacity of female salmon was generally lower at higher temperatures compared to males, upper thermal tolerance during swimming was similar between sexes within treatment groups. Cardiac oxygen supply is a crucial determinant for the migratory capacity of salmon facing climatic environmental warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 463, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Brian Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jacey C Van Wert
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9620, USA
| | - Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9620, USA
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4
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Little AG, Dressler T, Kraskura K, Hardison E, Hendriks B, Prystay T, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Maxed Out: Optimizing Accuracy, Precision, and Power for Field Measures of Maximum Metabolic Rate in Fishes. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 93:243-254. [PMID: 32293978 DOI: 10.1086/708673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Both laboratory and field respirometry are rapidly growing techniques to determine animal performance thresholds. However, replicating protocols to estimate maximum metabolic rate (MMR) between species, populations, and individuals can be difficult, especially in the field. We therefore evaluated seven different exercise treatments-four laboratory methods involving a swim tunnel (critical swim speed [Ucrit], Ucrit postswim fatigue, maximum swim speed [Umax], and Umax postswim fatigue) and three field-based chasing methods (3-min chase with 1-min air exposure, 3-min chase with no air exposure, and chase to exhaustion)-in adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as a case study to determine best general practices for measuring and quantifying MMR in fish. We found that all seven methods were highly comparable and that chase treatments represent a valuable field alternative to swim tunnels. Moreover, we caution that the type of test and duration of measurement windows used to calculate MMR can have significant effects on estimates of MMR and statistical power for each approach.
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5
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Wang Y, Bass AL, Hinch SG, Li S, Di Cicco E, Kaukinen KH, Ferguson H, Ming TJ, Patterson DA, Miller KM. Infectious agents and their physiological correlates in early marine Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coad031. [PMID: 37701371 PMCID: PMC10494280 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The early marine life of Pacific salmon is believed to be a critical period limiting population-level survival. Recent evidence suggests that some infectious agents are associated with survival but linkages with underlying physiological mechanisms are lacking. While challenge studies can demonstrate cause and effect relationships between infection and pathological change or mortality, in some cases pathological change may only manifest in the presence of environmental stressors; thus, it is important to gain context from field observations. Herein, we examined physiological correlates with infectious agent loads in Chinook salmon during their first ocean year. We measured physiology at the molecular (gene expression), metabolic (plasma chemistry) and cellular (histopathology) levels. Of 46 assayed infectious agents, 27 were detected, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. This exploratory study identified. a strong molecular response to viral disease and pathological change consistent with jaundice/anemia associated with Piscine orthoreovirus,strong molecular signals of gill inflammation and immune response associated with gill agents `Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola' and Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola,a general downregulation of gill immune response associated with Parvicapsula minibicornis complementary to that of P. pseudobranchicola.Importantly, our study provides the first evidence that the molecular activation of viral disease response and the lesions observed during the development of the PRV-related disease jaundice/anemia in farmed Chinook salmon are also observed in wild juvenile Chinook salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, 1682 W 7th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V6J 4S6, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Hugh Ferguson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, University Centre Grenada, W. Indies, Grenada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Mangement, Simon Fraser University, Science Branch, 643A Science Rd, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
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6
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Lawrence MJ, Prystay TS, Dick M, Eliason EJ, Elvidge CK, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Cooke SJ. Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade-off between physiological recovery and anti-predator responses in adult sockeye salmon. J Fish Biol 2023. [PMID: 37102404 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non-maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade-offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free-swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase, etc.) trumps anti-predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Bass AL, Bateman AW, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Ming T, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Miller KM. The spatial distribution of infectious agents in wild Pacific salmon along the British Columbia coast. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5473. [PMID: 37016008 PMCID: PMC10071257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although infectious agents can act as strong population regulators, knowledge of their spatial distributions in wild Pacific salmon is limited, especially in the marine environment. Characterizing pathogen distributions during early marine residence, a period considered a survival bottleneck for Pacific salmon, may reveal where salmon populations are exposed to potentially detrimental pathogens. Using high-throughput qPCR, we determined the prevalence of 56 infectious agents in 5719 Chinook, 2032 Coho and 4062 Sockeye salmon, sampled between 2008 and 2018, in their first year of marine residence along coastal Western Canada. We identified high prevalence clusters, which often shifted geographically with season, for most of the 41 detected agents. A high density of infection clusters was found in the Salish Sea along the east coast of Vancouver Island, an important migration route and residence area for many salmon populations, some experiencing chronically poor marine survival. Maps for each infectious agent taxa showing clusters across all host species are provided. Our novel documentation of salmon pathogen distributions in the marine environment contributes to the ecological knowledge regarding some lesser known pathogens, identifies salmon populations potentially impacted by specific pathogens, and pinpoints priority locations for future research and remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Bass
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, V6J 4S6, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Tobi Ming
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
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8
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Van Wert JC, Hendriks B, Ekström A, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Population variability in thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon. Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coad022. [PMID: 37152448 PMCID: PMC10157787 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing large declines in many Pacific salmon populations. In particular, warm rivers are associated with high levels of premature mortality in migrating adults. The Fraser River watershed in British Columbia, Canada, supports some of the largest Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs in the world. However, the Fraser River is warming at a rate that threatens these populations at critical freshwater life stages. A growing body of literature suggests salmonids are locally adapted to their thermal migratory experience, and thus, population-specific thermal performance information can aid in management decisions. We compared the thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon from two populations, a coastal fall-run from the Chilliwack River (125 km cooler migration) and an interior summer-run from the Shuswap River (565 km warmer migration). We acutely exposed fish to temperatures reflecting current (12°C, 18°C) and future projected temperatures (21°C, 24°C) in the Fraser River and assessed survival, aerobic capacity (resting and maximum metabolic rates, absolute aerobic scope (AAS), muscle and ventricle citrate synthase), anaerobic capacity (muscle and ventricle lactate dehydrogenase) and recovery capacity (post-exercise metabolism, blood physiology, tissue lactate). Chilliwack Chinook salmon performed worse at high temperatures, indicated by elevated mortality, reduced breadth in AAS, enhanced plasma lactate and potassium levels and elevated tissue lactate concentrations compared with Shuswap Chinook salmon. At water temperatures exceeding the upper pejus temperatures (Tpejus, defined here as 80% of maximum AAS) of Chilliwack (18.7°C) and Shuswap (20.2°C) Chinook salmon populations, physiological performance will decline and affect migration and survival to spawn. Our results reveal population differences in pre-spawning Chinook salmon performance across scales of biological organization at ecologically relevant temperatures. Given the rapid warming of rivers, we show that it is critical to consider the intra-specific variation in thermal physiology to assist in the conservation and management of Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Corresponding author: Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
| | - Brian Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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9
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Little AG, Prystay TS, Hardison E, Dressler T, Kraskura K, Cooke S, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason E. EVALUATING CARDIAC OXYGEN LIMITATION AS A MECHANISM FOR FEMALE-BIASED MORTALITY IN COHO SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH). CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Female-biased mortality has been consistently reported in Pacific salmon during their adult upriver migration. We collected coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum 1792)) upon arrival at their spawning grounds to test whether females are more prone to cardiac oxygen limitations following exercise stress. We used a surgical approach to periodically sample arterial and venous blood over 48 h following recovery from a chase protocol to induce maximum metabolic rate. We found no significant differences in arterial or venous partial pressures of O2 between males and females. Female salmon had significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels but there were no effects of sex on either plasma lactate or K+. Our data show that female coho salmon do not suffer oxygen limitations to the spongy myocardium after a single exercise event at moderate temperatures (14°C) — at least not when arriving to their spawning grounds. This study found no clear support for a cardiac oxygen limitation underlying elevated female mortality in Pacific salmon. Neither, however, does our study design and specific findings allow us to rule out cardiac limitations in these fish. Future work should address whether potential oxygen limitations to the spongy myocardium at high temperatures or oxygen limitations to the compact myocardium via coronary blood flow contribute to female-biased mortality earlier on the migratory route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. S. Prystay
- Carleton University, 6339, Department of Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - E.A. Hardison
- University of California Santa Barbara, 8786, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - T. Dressler
- University of California Santa Barbara, 8786, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - K Kraskura
- University of California Santa Barbara, 8786, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - S.J. Cooke
- Carleton University, 6339, Department of Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E.J. Eliason
- University of California Santa Barbara, 8786, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, United States
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Chalifour L, Holt C, Camaclang AE, Bradford MJ, Dixon R, Finn RJR, Hemming V, Hinch SG, Levings CD, MacDuffee M, Nishimura DJH, Pearson M, Reynolds JD, Scott DC, Spremberg U, Stark S, Stevens J, Baum JK, Martin TG. Identifying a pathway towards recovery for depleted wild Pacific salmon populations in a large watershed under multiple stressors. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Chalifour
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Cassandra Holt
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Abbey E. Camaclang
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Michael J. Bradford
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Science Enterprise Centre West Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ross Dixon
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - Riley J. R. Finn
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Victoria Hemming
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Colin D. Levings
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Misty MacDuffee
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
| | - Derek J. H. Nishimura
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Fish and Fish Habitat Protection Program, Integrated Planning Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - David C. Scott
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British Columbia Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Uwe Spremberg
- Lower Fraser Fisheries Alliance Abbotsford British Columbia Canada
| | - Steven Stark
- Tsawwassen Shuttles Incorporated Tsawwassen British Columbia Canada
| | - John Stevens
- United Fishermen and Allied Workers Union and T. Buck Suzuki Environmental Foundation Prince Rupert British Columbia Canada
| | - Julia K. Baum
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Tara G. Martin
- The Conservation Decisions Lab, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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11
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Bass AL, Bateman AW, Connors BM, Staton BA, Rondeau EB, Mordecai GJ, Teffer AK, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Tabata AM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Identification of infectious agents in early marine Chinook and Coho salmon associated with cohort survival. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen an increased appreciation for the role infectious diseases can play in mass mortality events across a diversity of marine taxa. At the same time many Pacific salmon populations have declined in abundance as a result of reduced marine survival. However, few studies have explicitly considered the potential role pathogens could play in these declines. Using a multi-year dataset spanning 59 pathogen taxa in Chinook and Coho salmon sampled along the British Columbia coast, we carried out an exploratory analysis to quantify evidence for associations between pathogen prevalence and cohort survival and between pathogen load and body condition. While a variety of pathogens had moderate to strong negative correlations with body condition or survival for one host species in one season, we found that Tenacibaculum maritimum and Piscine orthoreovirus had consistently negative associations with body condition in both host species and seasons and were negatively associated with survival for Chinook salmon collected in the fall and winter. Our analyses, which offer the most comprehensive examination of associations between pathogen prevalence and Pacific salmon survival to date, suggest that pathogens in Pacific salmon warrant further attention, especially those whose distribution and abundance may be influenced by anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L. Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew W. Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC V6J 4S6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Brendan M. Connors
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 5T5, Canada
| | - Benjamin A. Staton
- Fisheries Science Department, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Eric B. Rondeau
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Mordecai
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Amy K. Teffer
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karia H. Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Amy M. Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Science Branch, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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12
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Reid AJ, Young N, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ. Learning from Indigenous knowledge holders on the state and future of wild Pacific salmon. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to colonial research paradigms that have subjugated Indigenous Peoples, knowledges, lands, and waters, Indigenous research methodologies have emerged to center Indigenous visions and voices in research practice. Here, we employ such methodologies to improve collective understanding of the state and future of wild Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) and fish–people–place relationships across British Columbia’s three largest salmon-producing rivers: the Fraser, Skeena, and Nass. Through partnerships with 18 communities of “Salmon People” and semi-structured interviews with 48 knowledge holders (i.e., Elders), we learned that, on average, Elders spent more than half of a century actively engaged in salmon fishing and processing. Modern salmon catches are reported to be approximately one-sixth of what they were estimated to be five to seven decades ago, and the top five threats to salmon identified by Elders included ( i) aquaculture, ( ii) climate change, ( iii) contaminants, ( iv) industrial development, and ( v) infectious diseases. Threat priorities varied regionally, reflecting distinct lived experiences and regional variation in the prevalence and impact of different threats. Elders perceived threats to salmon equally as threats to aquatic health and human well-being, with evidence that the relationships between people and water, and salmon and people, are being profoundly transformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Reid
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Indigenous Fisheries, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathan Young
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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13
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Kraskura K, Hardison EA, Little AG, Dressler T, Prystay TS, Hendriks B, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Corrigendum to: Sex-specific differences in swimming, aerobic metabolism and recovery from exercise in adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) across ecologically relevant temperatures. Conserv Physiol 2022; 10:coab100. [PMID: 35035977 PMCID: PMC8754485 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab016.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E J Eliason
- Corresponding author: School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science,
Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA. Tel: +1
847 322 2724.
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14
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Teffer AK, Hinch SG, Miller KM, Patterson DA, Bass AL, Cooke SJ, Farrell AP, Beacham TD, Chapman JM, Juanes F. Host-pathogen-environment interactions predict survival outcomes of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) released from fisheries. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:134-160. [PMID: 34614262 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating host-pathogen(s)-environment axes into management and conservation planning is critical to preserving species in a warming climate. However, the role pathogens play in host stress resilience remains largely unexplored in wild animal populations. We experimentally characterized how independent and cumulative stressors (fisheries handling, high water temperature) and natural infections affected the health and longevity of released wild adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in British Columbia, Canada. Returning adults were collected before and after entering the Fraser River, yielding marine- and river-collected groups, respectively (N = 185). Fish were exposed to a mild (seine) or severe (gill net) fishery treatment at collection, and then held in flow-through freshwater tanks for up to four weeks at historical (14°C) or projected migration temperatures (18°C). Using weekly nonlethal gill biopsies and high-throughput qPCR, we quantified loads of up to 46 pathogens with host stress and immune gene expression. Marine-collected fish had less severe infections than river-collected fish, a short migration distance (100 km, 5-7 days) that produced profound infection differences. At 14°C, river-collected fish survived 1-2 weeks less than marine-collected fish. All fish held at 18°C died within 4 weeks unless they experienced minimal handling. Gene expression correlated with infections in river-collected fish, while marine-collected fish were more stressor-responsive. Cumulative stressors were detrimental regardless of infections or collection location, probably due to extreme physiological disturbance. Because river-derived infections correlated with single stressor responses, river entry probably decreases stressor resilience of adult salmon by altering both physiology and pathogen burdens, which redirect host responses toward disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Terry D Beacham
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Finn RJR, Chalifour L, Gergel SE, Hinch SG, Scott DC, Martin TG. Quantifying lost and inaccessible habitat for Pacific salmon in Canada’s Lower Fraser River. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riley J. R. Finn
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry The Conservation Decisions Lab University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British ColumbiaV8L 3Y3Canada
| | - Lia Chalifour
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry The Conservation Decisions Lab University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British ColumbiaV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Sarah E. Gergel
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - David C. Scott
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British ColumbiaV8L 3Y3Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Tara G. Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry The Conservation Decisions Lab University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
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16
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Kraskura K, Hardison EA, Little AG, Dressler T, Prystay TS, Hendriks B, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Sex-specific differences in swimming, aerobic metabolism and recovery from exercise in adult coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) across ecologically relevant temperatures. Conserv Physiol 2021; 9:coab016. [PMID: 34840800 PMCID: PMC8611523 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult female Pacific salmon can have higher migration mortality rates than males, particularly at warm temperatures. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain a mystery. Given the importance of swimming energetics on fitness, we measured critical swim speed, swimming metabolism, cost of transport, aerobic scope (absolute and factorial) and exercise recovery in adult female and male coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) held for 2 days at 3 environmentally relevant temperatures (9°C, 14°C, 18°C) in fresh water. Critical swimming performance (U crit) was equivalent between sexes and maximal at 14°C. Absolute aerobic scope was sex- and temperature-independent, whereas factorial aerobic scope decreased with increasing temperature in both sexes. The full cost of recovery from exhaustive exercise (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) was higher in males compared to females. Immediately following exhaustive exercise (i.e. 1 h), recovery was impaired at 18°C for both sexes. At an intermediate time scale (i.e. 5 h), recovery in males was compromised at 14°C and 18°C compared to females. Overall, swimming, aerobic metabolism, and recovery energetics do not appear to explain the phenomenon of increased mortality rates in female coho salmon. However, our results suggest that warming temperatures compromise recovery following exhaustive exercise in both male and female salmon, which may delay migration progression and could contribute to en route mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - E A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A G Little
- Department of Biology Biosciences Complex, Queens
University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - T S Prystay
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary
Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - B Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and
Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary
Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, School of Resource
and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,
British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and
Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of
California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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17
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Furey NB, Bass AL, Miller KM, Li S, Lotto AG, Healy SJ, Drenner SM, Hinch SG. Infected juvenile salmon can experience increased predation during freshwater migration. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:201522. [PMID: 33959321 PMCID: PMC8074935 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Predation risk for animal migrants can be impacted by physical condition. Although size- or condition-based selection is often observed, observing infection-based predation is rare due to the difficulties in assessing infectious agents in predated samples. We examined predation of outmigrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts by bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in south-central British Columbia, Canada. We used a high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) platform to screen for the presence of 17 infectious agents found in salmon and assess 14 host genes associated with viral responses. In one (2014) of the two years assessed (2014 and 2015), the presence of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNv) resulted in 15-26 times greater chance of predation; in 2015 IHNv was absent among all samples, predated or not. Thus, we provide further evidence that infection can impact predation risk in migrants. Some smolts with high IHNv loads also exhibited gene expression profiles consistent with a virus-induced disease state. Nine other infectious agents were observed between the two years, none of which were associated with increased selection by bull trout. In 2014, richness of infectious agents was also associated with greater predation risk. This is a rare demonstration of predator consumption resulting in selection for prey that carry infectious agents. The mechanism by which this selection occurs is not yet determined. By culling infectious agents from migrant populations, fish predators could provide an ecological benefit to prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Arthur L. Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kristi M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, Canada
| | - Andrew G. Lotto
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Healy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, 4160 Marine Dr., West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S. Matthew Drenner
- Stillwater Sciences, 555 W. Fifth St, 35th floor, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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18
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Little AG, Hardison E, Kraskura K, Dressler T, Prystay TS, Hendriks B, Pruitt JN, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity in the heart and suppressed sex hormone levels are associated with female-biased mortality during thermal stress in Pacific salmon. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb214841. [PMID: 32561626 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Female-biased mortality has been repeatedly reported in Pacific salmon during their upriver migration in both field studies and laboratory holding experiments, especially in the presence of multiple environmental stressors, including thermal stress. Here, we used coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to test whether females exposed to elevated water temperatures (18°C) (i) suppress circulating sex hormones (testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone and estradiol), owing to elevated cortisol levels, (ii) have higher activities of enzymes supporting anaerobic metabolism (e.g. lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), (iii) have lower activities of enzymes driving oxidative metabolism (e.g. citrate synthase, CS) in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and (iv) have more oxidative stress damage and reduced capacity for antioxidant defense [lower catalase (CAT) activity]. We found no evidence that a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress contributes to female-biased mortality at warm temperatures. We did, however, find that females had significantly lower cardiac LDH and that 18°C significantly reduced plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol, especially in females. We also found that relative gonad size was significantly lower in the 18°C treatment regardless of sex, whereas relative liver size was significantly lower in females held at 18°C. Further, relative spleen size was significantly elevated in the 18°C treatments across both sexes, with larger warm-induced increases in females. Our results suggest that males may better tolerate bouts of cardiac hypoxia at high temperature, and that thermal stress may also disrupt testosterone- and estradiol-mediated protein catabolism, and the immune response (larger spleens), in migratory female salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Little
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - E Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - K Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - T Dressler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - T S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - B Hendriks
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - J N Pruitt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - A P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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19
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Chapman JM, Teffer AK, Bass AL, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Miller KM, Cooke SJ. Handling, infectious agents and physiological condition influence survival and post-release behaviour in migratory adult coho salmon after experimental displacement. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa033. [PMID: 32440351 PMCID: PMC7233283 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For Pacific salmon captured and released by fisheries, post-release behaviour and survival may be influenced by their health and condition at time of capture. We sought to characterize the interactions between infectious agent burden, fish immune and stress physiology and fisheries stressors to investigate the potential for capture-mediated pathogen-induced mortality in adult coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. We used radio-telemetry paired with high-throughput qPCR of non-lethal gill biopsies for infectious agents and host biomarkers from 200 tagged fish experimentally displaced and exposed to various experimental fisheries treatments (gill net entanglement, recreational angling and recreational angling with air exposure vs. non-sampled control). We characterized relationships among post-release behaviour and survival, infectious agent presence and loads, physiological parameters and transcription profiles of stress and immune genes. All infectious agents detected were endemic and in loads consistent with previous adult Pacific salmon monitoring. Individuals exposed to fisheries treatments were less likely to reach spawning habitat compared to controls, and handling duration independent of fisheries gear had a negative effect on survival. High infectious agent burden was associated with accelerated migration initiation post-release, revealing behavioural plasticity in response to deteriorating condition in this semelparous species. Prevalence and load of infectious agents increased post-migration as well as transcription signatures reflected changes in immune and stress profiles consistent with senescence. Results from this study further our understanding of factors associated with fisheries that increase risk of post-release mortality and characterize some physiological mechanisms that underpin migratory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - A K Teffer
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6 Canada
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20
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Banet AI, Healy SJ, Eliason EJ, Roualdes EA, Patterson DA, Hinch SG. Erratum to: Simulated maternal stress reduces offspring aerobic swimming performance in Pacific salmon. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa004. [PMID: 32042426 PMCID: PMC7001111 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz095.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I Banet
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen J Healy
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Edward A Roualdes
- Department of Math and Statistics, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Co-operative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Young N, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, DiGiovanni C, Corriveau M, Fortin S, Nguyen VM, Solås AM. "Consulted to death": Personal stress as a major barrier to environmental co-management. J Environ Manage 2020; 254:109820. [PMID: 31733471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Co-management is widely seen as a way of improving environmental governance and empowering communities. When successful, co-management enhances the validity and legitimacy of decision-making, while providing stakeholders with influence over processes and outcomes that directly impact them. However, our research with participants in co-management across several cases leads us to argue that many of the individuals who contribute to co-management are subject to significant personal stress arising from both the logistical and social/emotional demands of participation in these processes. We argue that the literature on co-management has touched on this only indirectly, and that personal stress is a major challenge for participants that ought to be integrated into research agendas and addressed by policy-makers. In this article, we review the contours of the personal stress issue as it has appeared in our observations of co-management events and interviews with participants. While these findings are partial and preliminary, we argue that personal stress has theoretical and practical significance to the broader literature and process design. We conclude the article with recommendations for participants, researchers and policy-makers about how to consider and respond to problems of personal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Young
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science and Department of Biology, Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Celeste DiGiovanni
- Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, 60 University Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marianne Corriveau
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Samuel Fortin
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, 55 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vivian M Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Ann-Magnhild Solås
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima AS), Muninbakken 9, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
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Prystay TS, de Bruijn R, Peiman KS, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Eliason EJ, Cooke SJ. Cardiac Performance of Free-Swimming Wild Sockeye Salmon during the Reproductive Period. Integr Org Biol 2019; 2:obz031. [PMID: 33791582 PMCID: PMC7671112 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have surmised that the ability to obtain dominance during reproduction is related to an individual’s ability to better sequester the energy required for reproductive behaviors and develop secondary sexual characteristics, presumably through enhanced physiological performance. However, studies testing this idea are limited. Using sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), we explored the relationship between heart rate and dominance behavior during spawning. We predicted that an individual’s reproductive status and energy requirements associated with dominance can be assessed by relating routine heart rate to changes in spawning status over time (i.e., shifts among aggregation, subordinance, and dominance). Thus, we used routine heart rate as a proxy of relative energy expenditure. Heart rate increased with temperature, as expected, and was higher during the day than at night, a known diel pattern that became less pronounced as the spawning period progressed. Routine heart rate did not differ between sexes and average heart rate of the population did not differ among reproductive behaviors. At the individual level, heart rate did not change as behavior shifted from one state to another (e.g., dominance versus aggregation). No other trends existed between routine heart rate and sex, secondary sexual characteristics, survival duration or spawning success (for females only). Therefore, while our study revealed the complexity of the relationships between cardiac performance and reproductive behaviors in wild fish and demonstrated the importance of considering environmental factors when exploring individual heart rate, we found no support for heart rate being related to specific spawning behavioral status or secondary sexual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R de Bruijn
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - K S Peiman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A P Farrell
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Banet AI, Healy SJ, Eliason EJ, Roualdes EA, Patterson DA, Hinch SG. Simulated maternal stress reduces offspring aerobic swimming performance in Pacific salmon. Conserv Physiol 2019; 7:coz095. [PMID: 31867107 PMCID: PMC6919300 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pacific salmon routinely encounter stressors during their upriver spawning migration, which have the potential to influence offspring through hormonally-mediated maternal effects. To disentangle genetic vs. hormonal effects on offspring swimming performance, we collected gametes from three species of Pacific salmon (Chinook, pink and sockeye) at the end of migration and exposed a subset of eggs from each female to cortisol baths to simulate high levels of maternal stress. Fertilised eggs were reared to fry and put through a series of aerobic swim trials. Results show that exposure to cortisol early in development reduces maximum oxygen consumption while swimming, and decreases aerobic scope in all three species. Resting oxygen consumption did not differ between cortisol and control treatment groups. We also examined several metrics that could influence aerobic performance, and found no differences between treatment groups in haematocrit%, haemoglobin concentration, heart mass, citrate synthase activity or lactate dehydrogenase activity. Though it was not the focus of this study, an interesting discovery was that pink salmon had a higher MO2max and aerobic scope relative to the other species, which was supported by a greater haematocrit, haemoglobin, a larger heart and higher CS activity. Some management and conservation practices for Pacific salmon focus efforts primarily on facilitating adult spawning. However, if deleterious effects of maternal stress acquired prior to spawning persist into the next generation, consideration will need to be given to sub-lethal effects that could be imparted onto offspring from maternal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I Banet
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, 400 W. First Street, Chico, CA 95929, USA
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen J Healy
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Edward A Roualdes
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Chico, 400 W. First Street, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Co-operative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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McLean MF, Litvak MK, Stoddard EM, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Welch DW, Crossin GT. Linking environmental factors with reflex action mortality predictors, physiological stress, and post-release movement behaviour to evaluate the response of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836) to catch-and-release angling. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 240:110618. [PMID: 31726105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
White sturgeon are the largest freshwater fish in North America and are the focus of an intense catch-and-release (C&R) fishery; the effects are largely unknown. We assessed the effect of fight and handling time, water temperature, river discharge rate, and fish size on physiological and reflex impairment responses of wild white sturgeon to angling. Sixty of these fish were tagged with acoustic transmitters to assess survival and post-release behaviour. Survival was high (100%). Water temperature and discharge influenced post-capture blood physiology. Specifically, lactate, chloride, and cortisol concentrations were elevated in individuals fought longer, and captured at higher water temperatures and river discharge. Cortisol was affected by fish size, with lower concentrations found in larger individuals. Only lactate and chloride were positively related to reflex impairment scores. Post-release movements were correlated with physiological state, fight characteristics and the environment. Specifically, higher blood lactate and chloride and those with longer fight times moved shorter distances after release. Contrastingly, higher levels of circulating glucose and potassium, as well as larger fish captured during periods of high discharge moved longer distances. Sturgeon tended to move shorter distances and at slower rates when reflex impairment was high, although reflex impairment in general did not explain a significant proportion of the variance in any movement metric. Our results show intriguing variance in the physiological and behavioural response of individual white sturgeon to C&R angling, with some degree of environmental dependence, and highlights the importance of understanding drivers of such variation when managing fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana F McLean
- Evolutionary Physiology and Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1J8, Canada.
| | - Matthew K Litvak
- Fish Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1E4, Canada
| | - Erin M Stoddard
- Resource Management Division, South Coast, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Surrey, British Columbia V3R 1E1, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David W Welch
- Kintama Research Services Ltd., 4737 Vista View Cr., Nanaimo, British Columbia V9V 1N8, Canada
| | - Glenn T Crossin
- Evolutionary Physiology and Animal Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1J8, Canada
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Houde ALS, Günther OP, Strohm J, Ming TJ, Li S, Kaukinen KH, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Discovery and validation of candidate smoltification gene expression biomarkers across multiple species and ecotypes of Pacific salmonids. Conserv Physiol 2019; 7:coz051. [PMID: 31620289 PMCID: PMC6788492 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Early marine survival of juvenile salmon is intimately associated with their physiological condition during smoltification and ocean entry. Smoltification (parr-smolt transformation) is a developmental process that allows salmon to acquire seawater tolerance in preparation for marine living. Traditionally, this developmental process has been monitored using gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity or plasma hormones, but gill gene expression offers the possibility of another method. Here, we describe the discovery of candidate genes from gill tissue for staging smoltification using comparisons of microarray studies with particular focus on the commonalities between anadromous Rainbow trout and Sockeye salmon datasets, as well as a literature comparison encompassing more species. A subset of 37 candidate genes mainly from the microarray analyses was used for TaqMan quantitative PCR assay design and their expression patterns were validated using gill samples from four groups, representing three species and two ecotypes: Coho salmon, Sockeye salmon, stream-type Chinook salmon and ocean-type Chinook salmon. The best smoltification biomarkers, as measured by consistent changes across these four groups, were genes involved in ion regulation, oxygen transport and immunity. Smoltification gene expression patterns (using the top 10 biomarkers) were confirmed by significant correlations with NKA activity and were associated with changes in body brightness, caudal fin darkness and caudal peduncle length. We incorporate gene expression patterns of pre-smolt, smolt and de-smolt trials from acute seawater transfers from a companion study to develop a preliminary seawater tolerance classification model for ocean-type Chinook salmon. This work demonstrates the potential of gene expression biomarkers to stage smoltification and classify juveniles as pre-smolt, smolt or de-smolt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Lee S Houde
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Oliver P Günther
- Günther Analytics, 402-5775 Hampton Place, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2G6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Strohm
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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26
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Houde ALS, Akbarzadeh A, Günther OP, Li S, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Salmonid gene expression biomarkers indicative of physiological responses to changes in salinity and temperature, but not dissolved oxygen. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb198036. [PMID: 31209112 PMCID: PMC6633282 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An organism's ability to respond effectively to environmental change is critical to its survival. Yet, life stage and overall condition can dictate tolerance thresholds to heightened environmental stressors, such that stress may not be equally felt across individuals and at all times. Also, the transcriptional responses induced by environmental changes can reflect both generalized responses as well as others that are highly specific to the type of change being experienced. Thus, if transcriptional biomarkers specific to a stressor, even under multi-stressor conditions, can be identified, the biomarkers could then be applied in natural environments to determine when and where an individual experiences such a stressor. Here, we experimentally challenged juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to validate candidate gill gene expression biomarkers. A sophisticated experimental design manipulated salinity (freshwater, brackish water and seawater), temperature (10, 14 and 18°C) and dissolved oxygen (normoxia and hypoxia) in all 18 possible combinations for 6 days using separate trials for three smolt statuses (pre-smolt, smolt and de-smolt). In addition, changes in juvenile behaviour, plasma variables, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, body size, body morphology and skin pigmentation supplemented the gene expression responses. We identified biomarkers specific to salinity and temperature that transcended the multiple stressors, smolt status and mortality (live, dead and moribund). Similar biomarkers for dissolved oxygen were not identified. This work demonstrates the unique power of gene expression biomarkers to identify a specific stressor even under multi-stressor conditions, and we discuss our next steps for hypoxia biomarkers using an RNA-seq study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Lee S Houde
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, PO Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Oliver P Günther
- Günther Analytics, 402-5775 Hampton Place, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 2G6
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
| | - David A Patterson
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada, V9T 6N7
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Furey NB, Armstrong JB, Beauchamp DA, Hinch SG. Migratory coupling between predators and prey. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1846-1853. [PMID: 30467414 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal migrations act to couple ecosystems and are undertaken by some of the world's most endangered taxa. Predators often exploit migrant prey, but the movements taken by these consumers are rarely studied or understood. We define such movements, where migrant prey induce large-scale movements of predators, as migratory coupling. Migratory coupling can have ecological consequences for the participating prey, predators and the communities they traverse across the landscape. We review examples of migratory coupling in the literature and provide hypotheses regarding conditions favourable for their occurrence. We also provide a framework for interactions induced by migratory coupling and demonstrate their potential community-level impacts by examining other forms of spatial shifts in predators. Migratory coupling integrates the fields of landscape, movement, food web and community ecologies, and represents an understudied frontier in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. .,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jonathan B Armstrong
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David A Beauchamp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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28
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Houde ALS, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Strohm J, Patterson DA, Beacham TD, Farrell AP, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Transcriptional shifts during juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) life stage changes in freshwater and early marine environments. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2018; 29:32-42. [PMID: 30419481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information on the physiological changes that occur over the course of salmon early marine migration. Here we aim to provide insight on juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) physiology using the changes in gene expression (cGRASP 44K microarray) of four tissues (brain, gill, muscle, and liver) across the parr to smolt transition in freshwater and through the first eight months of ocean residence. We also examined transcriptome changes with body size as a covariate. The strongest shift in the transcriptome for brain, gill, and muscle occurred between summer and fall in the ocean, representing physiological changes that we speculate may be associated with migration preparation to feeding areas. Metabolic processes in the liver were positively associated with body length, generally consistent with enhanced feeding opportunities. However, a notable exception to this metabolic pattern was for spring post-smolts sampled soon after entry into the ocean, which showed a pattern of gene expression more likely associated with depressed feeding or recent fasting. Overall, this study has revealed life stages that may be the most critical developmentally (fall post-smolt) and for survival (spring post-smolt) in the early marine environment. These life stages may warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Lee S Houde
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Strohm
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Terry D Beacham
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada.
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29
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Akbarzadeh A, Günther OP, Houde AL, Li S, Ming TJ, Jeffries KM, Hinch SG, Miller KM. Developing specific molecular biomarkers for thermal stress in salmonids. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:749. [PMID: 30326831 PMCID: PMC6192343 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) serve as good biological indicators of the breadth of climate warming effects on fish because their anadromous life cycle exposes them to environmental challenges in both marine and freshwater environments. Our study sought to mine the extensive functional genomic studies in fishes to identify robust thermally-responsive biomarkers that could monitor molecular physiological signatures of chronic thermal stress in fish using non-lethal sampling of gill tissue. Results Candidate thermal stress biomarkers for gill tissue were identified using comparisons among microarray datasets produced in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, six external, published microarray studies on chronic and acute temperature stress in salmon, and a comparison of significant genes across published studies in multiple fishes using deep literature mining. Eighty-two microarray features related to 39 unique gene IDs were selected as candidate chronic thermal stress biomarkers. Most of these genes were identified both in the meta-analysis of salmon microarray data and in the literature mining for thermal stress markers in salmonids and other fishes. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays for 32 unique genes with good efficiencies across salmon species were developed, and their activity in response to thermally challenged sockeye salmon (O. nerka) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) (cool, 13–14 °C and warm temperatures 18–19 °C) over 5–7 days was assessed. Eight genes, including two transcripts of each SERPINH1 and HSP90AA1, FKBP10, MAP3K14, SFRS2, and EEF2 showed strong and robust chronic temperature stress response consistently in the discovery analysis and both sockeye and Chinook salmon validation studies. Conclusions The results of both discovery analysis and gene expression showed that a panel of genes involved in chaperoning and protein rescue, oxidative stress, and protein biosynthesis were differentially activated in gill tissue of Pacific salmon in response to elevated temperatures. While individually, some of these biomarkers may also respond to other stressors or biological processes, when expressed in concert, we argue that a biomarker panel comprised of some or all of these genes could provide a reliable means to specifically detect thermal stress in field-caught salmon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5108-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Akbarzadeh
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada. .,Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box: 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | | | - Aimee Lee Houde
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Welch DW, Futia MH, Rinchard J, Teffer AK, Miller KM, Hinch SG, Honeyfield DC. Thiamine Levels in Muscle and Eggs of Adult Pacific Salmon from the Fraser River, British Columbia. J Aquat Anim Health 2018; 30:191-200. [PMID: 29799640 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species and stocks of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have experienced large declines in the number of returning adults over a wide region of the Pacific Northwest due to poor marine survival (low smolt-to-adult survival rates). One possible explanation for reduced survival is thiamine deficiency. Thiamine (vitamin B1 ) is an essential vitamin with an integral role in many metabolic processes, and thiamine deficiency is an important cause of salmonid mortality in the Baltic Sea and in the Laurentian Great Lakes. To assess this possibility, we (1) compared muscle thiamine content over time in a holding experiment using Fraser River (British Columbia) Sockeye Salmon O. nerka to establish whether adults that died during the holding period had lower thiamine levels than survivors, (2) measured infectious loads of multiple pathogens in held fish, and (3) measured egg thiamine content from four species of Pacific salmon collected on Fraser River spawning grounds. Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha had the lowest egg thiamine, followed by Sockeye Salmon; however, egg thiamine concentrations were above levels known to cause overt fry mortality. Thiamine vitamers in the muscle of Fraser River adult Sockeye Salmon shifted over a 13-d holding period, with a precipitous decline in thiamine pyrophosphate (the active form of thiamine used in enzyme reactions) in surviving fish. Survivors also carried lower loads of Flavobacterium psychrophilum than fish that died during in the holding period. Although there is no evidence of thiamine deficiency in the adults studied, questions remain about possible thiamine metabolism-fish pathogen relationships that influence survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Welch
- Kintama Research Services, Ltd., 4737 Vista View Crescent, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9V 1N8, Canada
| | - Matthew H Futia
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport-State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14420, USA
| | - Jacques Rinchard
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport-State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14420, USA
| | - Amy K Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristi M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Bett NN, Hinch SG, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Miller KM. Olfactory gene expression in migrating adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. J Fish Biol 2018; 92:2029-2038. [PMID: 29660137 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of 12 olfactory genes was analysed in adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka nearing spawning grounds and O. nerka that had strayed from their natal migration route. Variation was found in six of these genes, all of which were olfc olfactory receptors and had lower expression levels in salmon nearing spawning grounds. The results may reflect decreased sensitivity to natal water olfactory cues as these fish are no longer seeking the correct migratory route. The expression of olfactory genes during the olfactory-mediated spawning migration of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is largely unexplored and these findings demonstrate a link between migratory behaviours and olfactory plasticity that provides a basis for future molecular research on salmon homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Bett
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K H Kaukinen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - S Li
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada
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Brownscombe JW, Cooke SJ, Algera DA, Hanson KC, Eliason EJ, Burnett NJ, Danylchuk AJ, Hinch SG, Farrell AP. Ecology of Exercise in Wild Fish: Integrating Concepts of Individual Physiological Capacity, Behavior, and Fitness Through Diverse Case Studies. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:281-292. [PMID: 28859404 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SYNOPSIS Wild animals maximize fitness through certain behaviors (e.g., foraging, mating, predator avoidance) that incur metabolic costs and often require high levels of locomotor activity. Consequently, the ability of animals to achieve high fitness often relies on their physiological capacity for exercise (aerobic scope) and/or their ability to acquire and utilize energy judiciously. Here, we explore how environmental factors and physiological limitations influence exercise and metabolism in fish while foraging, migrating to spawning grounds, and providing parental care. We do so with three case studies that use a number of approaches to studying exercise in wild fish using biologging and biotelemetry platforms. Bonefish (Albula vulpes) selectively use shallow water tropical marine environments to forage when temperatures are near optimal for aerobic scope and exercise capacity. Bonefish energy expenditure at upper thermal extremes is maximal while activity levels diminish, likely caused by reduced aerobic scope. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) reproductive migrations frequently involve passage through hydraulically challenging areas, and their ability to successfully pass these regions is constrained by their physiological capacity for exercise. Aerobic scope and swim performance are correlated with migration difficulty among sockeye salmon (O. nerka) populations; however, depletion of endogenous energy stores can also limit migration success. In another example, male smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) allocate a significant amount of energy to nest-guarding behaviors to protect their developing brood. Smallmouth bass body size, endogenous energy reserves, and physiological state influence nest-guarding behaviors and reproductive success. We suggest that in some scenarios (e.g., bonefish foraging, Pacific salmon dam passage) metabolic capacity for exercise may be the strongest determinant of biological fitness, while in others (e.g., long distance salmon migration, smallmouth bass parental care) energy stores may be more important. Interactions among environmental and ecological factors, fish behavior, and fish physiology offer important avenues of mechanistic inquiry to explain ecological dynamics and demonstrate how exercise is fundamental to the ecology of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Brownscombe
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S, 5B6 Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S, 5B6 Canada
| | - Dirk A Algera
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S, 5B6 Canada
| | - Kyle C Hanson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 1211 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100, Vancouver, WA 98683, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Lennox RJ, Aarestrup K, Cooke SJ, Cowley PD, Deng ZD, Fisk AT, Harcourt RG, Heupel M, Hinch SG, Holland KN, Hussey NE, Iverson SJ, Kessel ST, Kocik JF, Lucas MC, Flemming JM, Nguyen VM, Stokesbury MJ, Vagle S, VanderZwaag DL, Whoriskey FG, Young N. Envisioning the Future of Aquatic Animal Tracking: Technology, Science, and Application. Bioscience 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bass AL, Hinch SG, Teffer AK, Patterson DA, Miller KM. A survey of microparasites present in adult migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in south-western British Columbia determined by high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:453-477. [PMID: 28188649 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microparasites play an important role in the demography, ecology and evolution of Pacific salmonids. As salmon stocks continue to decline and the impacts of global climate change on fish populations become apparent, a greater understanding of microparasites in wild salmon populations is warranted. We used high-throughput, quantitative PCR (HT-qRT-PCR) to rapidly screen 82 adult Chinook salmon from five geographically or genetically distinct groups (mostly returning to tributaries of the Fraser River) for 45 microparasite taxa. We detected 20 microparasite species, four of which have not previously been documented in Chinook salmon, and four of which have not been previously detected in any salmonids in the Fraser River. Comparisons of microparasite load to blood plasma variables revealed some positive associations between Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Cryptobia salmositica and Ceratonova shasta and physiological indices suggestive of morbidity. We include a comparison of our findings for each microparasite taxa with previous knowledge of its distribution in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bass
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A K Teffer
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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Abstract
While greater research on threatened species alone cannot ensure their protection, understanding taxonomic bias may be helpful to address knowledge gaps in order to identify research directions and inform policy. Using data for over 10 000 animal species listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we investigated taxonomic and geographic biodiversity conservation research trends worldwide. We found extreme bias in conservation research effort on threatened vertebrates compared with lesser-studied invertebrates in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats at a global scale. Based on an analysis of common threats affecting vertebrates and invertebrates, we suggest a path forward for narrowing the research gap between threatened vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Donaldson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Burnett
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Douglas C. Braun
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cory D. Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeremy T. Kerr
- Canadian Facility for Ecoinformatics Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Sopinka NM, Jeffrey JD, Burnett NJ, Patterson DA, Gilmour KM, Hinch SG. Maternal programming of offspring hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis in wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 242:30-37. [PMID: 26718080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In fishes, maternal exposure to a stressor can influence offspring size and behavior. However, less is known about how maternal stress influences physiological processes in offspring, such as function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. We examined the impact of chronic maternal exposure to an acute chase stressor on the stress response/HPI activity of progeny in wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Resting plasma cortisol and brain preoptic area (POA) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels did not vary between offspring reared from undisturbed, control females and offspring reared from females exposed to the stressor. However, resting levels of POA glucocorticoid receptors (GR1 and GR2), and head kidney melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) were elevated in offspring reared from stressor-exposed females. Offspring reared from stressor-exposed females had lower plasma cortisol levels 1-h after an acute chase stressor compared to cortisol levels in offspring reared from control females. In offspring reared from chased females, mRNA levels of genes associated with cortisol biosynthesis were reduced in the head kidney post-chase. In offspring reared from control females, mRNA levels in the head kidney did not vary pre- to post-chase. Together, the results of the present study suggest maternal programming of progeny with respect to baseline and stressor-induced mediators of HPI axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Sopinka
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - J D Jeffrey
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - N J Burnett
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - K M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Teffer AK, Hinch SG, Miller KM, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ, Bass AL, Szekeres P, Juanes F. Capture severity, infectious disease processes and sex influence post-release mortality of sockeye salmon bycatch. Conserv Physiol 2017; 5:cox017. [PMID: 28852514 PMCID: PMC5569998 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bycatch is a common occurrence in heavily fished areas such as the Fraser River, British Columbia, where fisheries target returning adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) en route to spawning grounds. The extent to which these encounters reduce fish survival through injury and physiological impairment depends on multiple factors including capture severity, river temperature and infectious agents. In an effort to characterize the mechanisms of post-release mortality and address fishery and managerial concerns regarding specific regulations, wild-caught Early Stuart sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were exposed to either mild (20 s) or severe (20 min) gillnet entanglement and then held at ecologically relevant temperatures throughout their period of river migration (mid-late July) and spawning (early August). Individuals were biopsy sampled immediately after entanglement and at death to measure indicators of stress and immunity, and the infection intensity of 44 potential pathogens. Biopsy alone increased mortality (males: 33%, females: 60%) when compared with non-biopsied controls (males: 7%, females: 15%), indicating high sensitivity to any handling during river migration, especially among females. Mortality did not occur until 5-10 days after entanglement, with severe entanglement resulting in the greatest mortality (males: 62%, females: 90%), followed by mild entanglement (males: 44%, females: 70%). Infection intensities of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Ceratonova shasta measured at death were greater in fish that died sooner. Physiological indicators of host stress and immunity also differed depending on longevity, and indicated anaerobic metabolism, osmoregulatory failure and altered immune gene regulation in premature mortalities. Together, these results implicate latent effects of entanglement, especially among females, resulting in mortality days or weeks after release. Although any entanglement is potentially detrimental, reducing entanglement durations can improve post-release survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristi M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology, Department of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Arthur L. Bass
- Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Petra Szekeres
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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Prystay TS, Eliason EJ, Lawrence MJ, Dick M, Brownscombe JW, Patterson DA, Crossin GT, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ. The influence of water temperature on sockeye salmon heart rate recovery following simulated fisheries interactions. Conserv Physiol 2017; 5:cox050. [PMID: 28928974 PMCID: PMC5597901 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Selective harvest policies have been implemented in North America to enhance the conservation of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks, which has led to an increase in the capture and release of fish by all fishing sectors. Despite the immediate survival benefits, catch-and-release results in capture stress, particularly at high water temperatures, and this can result in delayed post-release mortality minutes to days later. The objective of this study was to evaluate how different water temperatures influenced heart rate disturbance and recovery of wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) following fisheries interactions (i.e. exhaustive exercise). Heart rate loggers were implanted into Fraser River sockeye salmon prior to simulated catch-and-release events conducted at three water temperatures (16°C, 19°C and 21°C). The fisheries simulation involved chasing logger-implanted fish in tanks for 3 min, followed by a 1 min air exposure. Neither resting nor routine heart rate differed among temperature treatments. In response to the fisheries simulation, peak heart rate increased with temperature (16°C = 91.3 ± 1.3 beats min-1; 19°C = 104.9 ± 2.0 beats min-1 and 21°C = 117 ± 1.3 beats min-1). Factorial heart rate and scope for heart rate were highest at 21°C and lowest at 16°C, but did not differ between 19°C and 21°C. Temperature affected the initial rate of cardiac recovery but not the overall duration (~10 h) such that the rate of energy expenditure during recovery increased with temperature. These findings support the notion that in the face of climate change, efforts to reduce stress at warmer temperatures will be necessary if catch-and-release practices are to be an effective conservation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S. Prystay
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael J. Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jacob W. Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V2R 5B6, Canada
| | - Glenn T. Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
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Young N, Corriveau M, Nguyen VM, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG. How do potential knowledge users evaluate new claims about a contested resource? Problems of power and politics in knowledge exchange and mobilization. J Environ Manage 2016; 184:380-388. [PMID: 27745770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article examines how potential users of scientific and local/traditional/experiential knowledge evaluate new claims to knowing, using 67 interviews with government employees and non-governmental stakeholders involved in co-managing salmon fisheries in Canada's Fraser River. Research has consistently shown that there are major obstacles to moving new knowledge into policy, management, and public domains. New concepts such as Knowledge Exchange (KE) and Knowledge Mobilization (KMb) are being used to investigate these obstacles, but the processes by which potential users evaluate (sometimes competing) knowledge claims remain poorly understood. We use concepts from the sociology of science and find that potential users evaluate new knowledge claims based on three broad criteria: (1) the perceived merits of the claim, (2) perceptions of the character and motivation of the claimant, and (3) considerations of the social and political context of the claim. However, government employees and stakeholders have different interpretations of these criteria, leading to different knowledge preferences and normative expectations of scientists and other claimants. We draw both theoretical and practical lessons from these findings. With respect to theory, we argue that the sociology of science provides valuable insights into the political dimensions of knowledge and should be explicitly incorporated into KE/KMb research. With respect to practice, our findings underline the need for scientists and other claimants to make conscious decisions about whose expectations they hope to meet in their communications and engagement activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Young
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Marianne Corriveau
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vivian M Nguyen
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Bett NN, Hinch SG, Dittman AH, Yun SS. Evidence of Olfactory Imprinting at an Early Life Stage in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Sci Rep 2016; 6:36393. [PMID: 27827382 PMCID: PMC5101574 DOI: 10.1038/srep36393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) navigate towards spawning grounds using olfactory cues they imprinted on as juveniles. The timing at which imprinting occurs has been studied extensively, and there is strong evidence that salmon imprint on their natal water during the parr-smolt transformation (PST). Researchers have noted, however, that the life histories of some species of Pacific salmon could necessitate imprinting prior to the PST. Juvenile pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) spend less time in fresh water than any other species of Pacific salmon, and presumably must imprint on their natal water at a very young age. The time at which imprinting occurs in this species, however, has not been experimentally tested. We exposed juvenile pink salmon as alevins to phenethyl alcohol (PEA) or control water, reared these fish to adulthood, and then tested their behavioural responses to PEA to determine whether the fish successfully imprinted. We found that pink salmon exposed to PEA as alevins were attracted to the chemical as adults, suggesting that imprinting can occur during this stage. Our finding provides some of the first evidence to support the long-standing belief that imprinting can occur in pink salmon prior to the PST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan N Bett
- University of British Columbia, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- University of British Columbia, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew H Dittman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Sang-Seon Yun
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Taylor JJ, Sopinka NM, Wilson SM, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Willmore WG. Examining the relationships between egg cortisol and oxidative stress in developing wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 200:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Nguyen VM, Young N, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ. Getting past the blame game: Convergence and divergence in perceived threats to salmon resources among anglers and indigenous fishers in Canada's lower Fraser River. Ambio 2016; 45:591-601. [PMID: 26897007 PMCID: PMC4980314 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article examines threat perception as a potential dimension of inter-group conflict over salmon fisheries in Canada's Fraser River watershed. Environmental changes and the entry of new user groups are putting pressure on both the resource and regulators, as well as threatening to exacerbate conflicts, notably between First Nation (indigenous) fishers and non-indigenous recreational anglers. While resource conflicts are often superficially conceptualized as cases of competing interests, we build on recent studies suggesting that conflicts are associated with deeper cognitive and perceptual differences among user groups. We report findings from 422 riverbank interviews with First Nation fishers and recreational anglers focusing on perceptions of threat to the fisheries. Responses reveal both substantial agreement and disagreement in threat perceptions between the two groups. These patterns provide a potential roadmap for consensus building, and suggest possible avenues for policy-makers to defuse the "blame game" that often dominates this type of conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Nguyen
- Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
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McLean MF, Hanson KC, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Nettles TL, Litvak MK, Crossin GT. Physiological stress response, reflex impairment and delayed mortality of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus exposed to simulated fisheries stressors. Conserv Physiol 2016; 4:cow031. [PMID: 27766153 PMCID: PMC5070429 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) are the largest freshwater fish in North America and a species exposed to widespread fishing pressure. Despite the growing interest in recreational fishing for white sturgeon, little is known about the sublethal and lethal impacts of angling on released sturgeon. In summer (July 2014, mean water temperature 15.3°C) and winter (February 2015, mean water temperature 6.6°C), captive white sturgeon (n = 48) were exposed to a combination of exercise and air exposure as a method of simulating an angling event. After the stressor, sturgeon were assessed for a physiological stress response, and reflex impairments were quantified to determine overall fish vitality (i.e. capacity for survival). A physiological stress response occurred in all sturgeon exposed to a fishing-related stressor, with the magnitude of the response correlated with the duration of the stressor. Moreover, the stress from exercise was more pronounced in summer, leading to higher reflex impairment scores (mean ± SEM, 0.44 ± 0.07 and 0.25 ± 0.05 in summer and winter, respectively). Reflex impairment was also correlated with lactate concentrations (e.g. physiological stress measures related to exhaustive exercise; r = 0.53) and recovery time (r = 0.76). Two mortalities occurred >24 h after the cessation of treatment in the summer. Given that natural habitats for white sturgeon can reach much higher temperatures than those presented in our study, we caution the use of this mortality estimate for a summer season, because latent mortality could be much higher when temperatures exceed 16°C. This is the first experiment investigating the physiological disturbance and reflex impairment of capture and release at two temperatures on subadult/adult white sturgeon, and the results suggest that future research needs to examine the longer term and fitness consequences of extended play and air exposure times, because these are largely unknown for wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana F. McLean
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
| | - Kyle C. Hanson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Abernathy Fish Technology Center, Longview, Washington, USA 98632
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1S 5B6
| | - David A. Patterson
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Taylor L. Nettles
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Matt K. Litvak
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV5A 1S6
| | - Glenn T. Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CanadaB3H 4R2
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Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Robinson KA, Young N, Farrell AP, Miller KM. A perspective on physiological studies supporting the provision of scientific advice for the management of Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka). Conserv Physiol 2016; 4:cow026. [PMID: 27928508 PMCID: PMC5001150 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The inability of physiologists to effect change in fisheries management has been the source of frustration for many decades. Close collaboration between fisheries managers and researchers has afforded our interdisciplinary team an unusual opportunity to evaluate the emerging impact that physiology can have in providing relevant and credible scientific advice to assist in management decisions. We categorize the quality of scientific advice given to management into five levels based on the type of scientific activity and resulting advice (notions, observations, descriptions, predictions and prescriptions). We argue that, ideally, both managers and researchers have concomitant but separate responsibilities for increasing the level of scientific advice provided. The responsibility of managers involves clear communication of management objectives to researchers, including exact descriptions of knowledge needs and researchable problems. The role of the researcher is to provide scientific advice based on the current state of scientific information and the level of integration with management. The examples of scientific advice discussed herein relate to physiological research on the impact of high discharge and water temperature, pathogens, sex and fisheries interactions on in-river migration success of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the increased understanding and quality of scientific advice that emerges. We submit that success in increasing the quality of scientific advice is a function of political motivation linked to funding, legal clarity in management objectives, collaborative structures in government and academia, personal relationships, access to interdisciplinary experts and scientific peer acceptance. The major challenges with advancing scientific advice include uncertainty in results, lack of integration with management needs and institutional caution in adopting new research. We hope that conservation physiologists can learn from our experiences of providing scientific advice to management to increase the potential for this growing field of research to have a positive influence on resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kendra A. Robinson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7
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Furey NB, Hinch SG, Mesa MG, Beauchamp DA. Piscivorous fish exhibit temperature-influenced binge feeding during an annual prey pulse. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1307-17. [PMID: 27457279 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the limits of consumption is important for determining trophic influences on ecosystems and predator adaptations to inconsistent prey availability. Fishes have been observed to consume beyond what is sustainable (i.e. digested on a daily basis), but this phenomenon of hyperphagia (or binge-feeding) is largely overlooked. We expect hyperphagia to be a short-term (1-day) event that is facilitated by gut volume providing capacity to store consumed food during periods of high prey availability to be later digested. We define how temperature, body size and food availability influence the degree of binge-feeding by comparing field observations with laboratory experiments of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), a large freshwater piscivore that experiences highly variable prey pulses. We also simulated bull trout consumption and growth during salmon smolt outmigrations under two scenarios: 1) daily consumption being dependent upon bioenergetically sustainable rates and 2) daily consumption being dependent upon available gut volume (i.e. consumption is equal to gut volume when empty and otherwise 'topping off' based on sustainable digestion rates). One-day consumption by laboratory-held bull trout during the first day of feeding experiments after fasting exceeded bioenergetically sustainable rates by 12- to 87-fold at low temperatures (3 °C) and by ˜1·3-fold at 20 °C. The degree of binge-feeding by bull trout in the field was slightly reduced but largely in agreement with laboratory estimates, especially when prey availability was extremely high [during a sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolt outmigration and at a counting fence where smolts are funnelled into high densities]. Consumption by bull trout at other settings were lower and more variable, but still regularly hyperphagic. Simulations demonstrated the ability to binge-feed increased cumulative consumption (16-32%) and cumulative growth (19-110%) relative to only feeding at bioenergetically sustainable rates during the ˜1-month smolt outmigration period. Our results indicate the ability for predators to maximize short-term consumption when prey are available can be extreme and is limited primarily by gut volume, then mediated by temperature; thus, predator-prey relationships may be more dependent upon prey availability than traditional bioenergetic models suggest. Binge-feeding has important implications for energy budgets of consumers as well as acute predation impacts on prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Furey
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew G Mesa
- Columbia River Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Cook, WA, USA
| | - David A Beauchamp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Clark TD, Furey NB, Rechisky EL, Gale MK, Jeffries KM, Porter AD, Casselman MT, Lotto AG, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Farrell AP, Welch DW, Hinch SG. Tracking wild sockeye salmon smolts to the ocean reveals distinct regions of nocturnal movement and high mortality. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:959-978. [PMID: 27509741 DOI: 10.1890/15-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Few estimates of migration rates or descriptions of behavior or survival exist for wild populations of out-migrating Pacific salmon smolts from natal freshwater rearing areas to the ocean. Using acoustic transmitters and fixed receiver arrays across four years (2010-2013), we tracked the migration of > 1850 wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts from Chilko Lake, British Columbia, to the coastal Pacific Ocean (> 1000 km distance). Cumulative survival to the ocean ranged 3-10% among years, although this may be slightly underestimated due to technical limitations at the final receiver array. Distinct spatial patterns in both behavior and survival were observed through all years. In small, clear, upper-river reaches, downstream migration largely occurred at night at speeds up to 50 km/d and coincided with poor survival. Among years, only 57-78% of smolts survived the first 80 km. Parallel laboratory experiments revealed excellent short-term survival and unhindered swimming performance of dummy-tagged smolts, suggesting that predators rather than tagging effects were responsible for the initial high mortality of acoustic-tagged smolts. Migration speeds increased in the Fraser River mainstem (~220 km/d in some years), diel movement patterns ceased, and smolt survival generally exceeded 90% in this segment. Marine movement rates and survival were variable across years, with among-year segment-specific survival being the most variable and lowest (19-61%) during the final (and longest, 240 km) marine migration segment. Osmoregulatory preparedness was not expected to influence marine survival, as smolts could maintain normal levels of plasma chloride when experimentally exposed to saltwater (30 ppt) immediately upon commencing their migration from Chilko Lake. Transportation of smolts downstream generally increased survival to the farthest marine array. The act of tagging may have affected smolts in the marine environment in some years as dummy-tagged fish had poorer survival than control fish when transitioned to saltwater in laboratory-based experiments. Current fisheries models for forecasting the number of adult sockeye returning to spawn have been inaccurate in recent years and generally do not incorporate juvenile or smolt survival information. Our results highlight significant potential for early migration conditions to influence adult recruitment.
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47
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Clark TD, Furey NB, Rechisky EL, Gale MK, Jeffries KM, Porter AD, Casselman MT, Lotto AG, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Farrell AP, Welch DW, Hinch SG. Tracking wild sockeye salmon smolts to the ocean reveals distinct regions of nocturnal movement and high mortality. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:959-978. [PMID: 27509741 DOI: 10.14286/2015clarktchilko] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Few estimates of migration rates or descriptions of behavior or survival exist for wild populations of out-migrating Pacific salmon smolts from natal freshwater rearing areas to the ocean. Using acoustic transmitters and fixed receiver arrays across four years (2010-2013), we tracked the migration of > 1850 wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts from Chilko Lake, British Columbia, to the coastal Pacific Ocean (> 1000 km distance). Cumulative survival to the ocean ranged 3-10% among years, although this may be slightly underestimated due to technical limitations at the final receiver array. Distinct spatial patterns in both behavior and survival were observed through all years. In small, clear, upper-river reaches, downstream migration largely occurred at night at speeds up to 50 km/d and coincided with poor survival. Among years, only 57-78% of smolts survived the first 80 km. Parallel laboratory experiments revealed excellent short-term survival and unhindered swimming performance of dummy-tagged smolts, suggesting that predators rather than tagging effects were responsible for the initial high mortality of acoustic-tagged smolts. Migration speeds increased in the Fraser River mainstem (~220 km/d in some years), diel movement patterns ceased, and smolt survival generally exceeded 90% in this segment. Marine movement rates and survival were variable across years, with among-year segment-specific survival being the most variable and lowest (19-61%) during the final (and longest, 240 km) marine migration segment. Osmoregulatory preparedness was not expected to influence marine survival, as smolts could maintain normal levels of plasma chloride when experimentally exposed to saltwater (30 ppt) immediately upon commencing their migration from Chilko Lake. Transportation of smolts downstream generally increased survival to the farthest marine array. The act of tagging may have affected smolts in the marine environment in some years as dummy-tagged fish had poorer survival than control fish when transitioned to saltwater in laboratory-based experiments. Current fisheries models for forecasting the number of adult sockeye returning to spawn have been inaccurate in recent years and generally do not incorporate juvenile or smolt survival information. Our results highlight significant potential for early migration conditions to influence adult recruitment.
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48
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Furey NB, Hinch SG, Bass AL, Middleton CT, Minke-Martin V, Lotto AG. Predator swamping reduces predation risk during nocturnal migration of juvenile salmon in a high-mortality landscape. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:948-59. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Furey
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Arthur L. Bass
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Collin T. Middleton
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Vanessa Minke-Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Andrew G. Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2424 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Cooke SJ, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Broell F, Hinch SG, Clark TD, Semmens JM. Remote bioenergetics measurements in wild fish: Opportunities and challenges. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 202:23-37. [PMID: 27063208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The generalized energy budget for fish (i.e., Energy Consumed=Metabolism+Waste+Growth) is as relevant today as when it was first proposed decades ago and serves as a foundational concept in fish biology. Yet, generating accurate measurements of components of the bioenergetics equation in wild fish is a major challenge. How often does a fish eat and what does it consume? How much energy is expended on locomotion? How do human-induced stressors influence energy acquisition and expenditure? Generating answers to these questions is important to fisheries management and to our understanding of adaptation and evolutionary processes. The advent of electronic tags (transmitters and data loggers) has provided biologists with improved opportunities to understand bioenergetics in wild fish. Here, we review the growing diversity of electronic tags with a focus on sensor-equipped devices that are commercially available (e.g., heart rate/electrocardiogram, electromyogram, acceleration, image capture). Next, we discuss each component of the bioenergetics model, recognizing that most research to date has focused on quantifying the activity component of metabolism, and identify ways in which the other, less studied components (e.g., consumption, specific dynamic action component of metabolism, somatic growth, reproductive investment, waste) could be estimated remotely. We conclude with a critical but forward-looking appraisal of the opportunities and challenges in using existing and emerging electronic sensor-tags for the study of fish energetics in the wild. Electronic tagging has become a central and widespread tool in fish ecology and fisheries management; the growing and increasingly affordable toolbox of sensor tags will ensure this trend continues, which will lead to major advances in our understanding of fish biology over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Franziska Broell
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- University of Tasmania and CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, 3-4 Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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50
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Raby GD, Casselman MT, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Farrell AP, Clark TD. Aerobic scope increases throughout an ecologically relevant temperature range in coho salmon. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1922-31. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.137166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic scope (AS) has been proposed as a functional measurement that can be used to make predictions about the thermal niche of aquatic ectotherms and hence potential fitness outcomes under future warming scenarios. Some salmonid species and populations, for example, have been reported to exhibit different thermal profiles for their AS curves such that AS peaks around the modal river temperature encountered during the upriver spawning migration, suggesting species- and population-level adaptations to river temperature regimes. Interestingly, some other salmonid species and populations have been reported to exhibit AS curves that maintain an upwards trajectory throughout the ecologically-relevant temperature range rather than peaking at a modal temperature. To shed further light on this apparent dichotomy, we used adult coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) to test the prediction that peak AS coincides with population-specific, historically experienced river temperatures. We assessed AS at 10°C and 15°C, which represent a typical river migration temperature and the upper limit of the historically experienced temperature range, respectively. We also examined published data on AS in juvenile coho salmon in relation to new temperature data measured from their freshwater rearing environments. In both cases, AS was either maintained or increased modestly throughout the range of ecologically relevant temperatures. In light of existing evidence and the new data presented here, we suggest that when attempting to understand thermal optima for Pacific salmon and other species across life stages, AS is a useful metric of oxygen transport capacity but other thermally-sensitive physiological indices of performance and fitness should be considered in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D. Raby
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
- Current affiliation: Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, N9B 3P4
| | - Matthew T. Casselman
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland, Australia 4810
- Current affiliation: University of Tasmania and CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7000
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