1
|
Morris RP, Montoya T, Price N, Nicklin B, Hogarth PJ, Mayers J, Sawyer J, McGoldrick A. Development and validation of a one-tube, nested real-time PCR method suitable for routine detection of Mycobacterium bovis in animal tissue. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:7055946. [PMID: 36822626 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Development and validation of a real-time PCR test for high-throughput routine screening of animal tissue for Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members. METHODS AND RESULTS A preliminary study compared the results of a combination of five tissue preparation/DNA extraction methods and nine PCR assays on a panel of 92 cattle tissue samples of known M. bovis culture status (55 positive and 37 negative). The combination of DNA extraction and PCR was found to be important in achieving optimal detection of M. bovis. The optimal combination of a simple tissue preparation/DNA extraction method and a one-tube, nested real-time PCR to maximize the sensitivity of detection of an M. bovis-specific RD4 deletion and an IS1081 MTBC-specific target was selected for further evaluation. In total, tissue samples collected from 981 cattle and 366 non-bovine animals and submitted for routine TB culture were parallel tested with the selected method, as well as tissue samples obtained from 156 animals in certified TB-free cattle herds. CONCLUSION For cattle, the optimized RD4-IS1081 PCR test exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity of 96% (95% CI: 94-97%) and specificity of 97% (95% CI: 95-98%) compared to culture. Specificity was 100% when testing the 156 samples from known TB-free cattle. For non-bovine species, the PCR had a diagnostic sensitivity of 93% (95% CI: 83-98%) and a specificity of 99% (95% CI: 97-100%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan P Morris
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Montoya
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Price
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE, United Kingdom
| | - Babita Nicklin
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, The Elms, College Road, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Mayers
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian McGoldrick
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter, Devon EX6 8PE, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Emerson MA, Montoya T. Confronting Legacies of Structural Racism and Settler Colonialism to Understand COVID-19 Impacts on the Navajo Nation. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1465-1469. [PMID: 34464207 PMCID: PMC8489652 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Emerson
- Marc A. Emerson is with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Teresa Montoya is with the Department of Anthropology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Both coauthors are Diné and members of the Navajo Nation
| | - Teresa Montoya
- Marc A. Emerson is with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Teresa Montoya is with the Department of Anthropology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Both coauthors are Diné and members of the Navajo Nation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castejón ML, Montoya T, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C, González-Benjumea A, Vázquez-Román MV, Sánchez-Hidalgo M. Dietary oleuropein and its acyl derivative ameliorate inflammatory response in peritoneal macrophages from pristane-induced SLE mice via canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasomes pathway. Food Funct 2021; 11:6622-6631. [PMID: 32656558 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease without an effective and safe treatment. Besides, macrophages are the major components of the innate immune system and play a critical role in the inflammation process in SLE. Secoiridoids from olive tree are phenolic compounds which have shown important pharmacological effects. Particularly, oleuropein (OL) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties suggesting a potential application in a large number of inflammatory and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated diseases. In addition, different studies have shown the importance of acyl derivatives of natural phenols due to their better hydrophilic/lipophilic balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Castejón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - T Montoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | | | - A González-Benjumea
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M V Vázquez-Román
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castejon ML, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Aparicio-Soto M, Montoya T, Martín-LaCave I, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C. Dietary oleuropein and its new acyl-derivate attenuate murine lupus nephritis through HO-1/Nrf2 activation and suppressing JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 74:108229. [PMID: 31698204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease which can affect multiple organ systems, without an effective and safe treatment. Olive leaf extracts are of special interest for their therapeutic effects. Oleuropein (OL) is the most abundant constituents of olive leaf extract and possesses many beneficial properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary OL and its new derivate, peracetylated oleuropein (Per-OL), in a pristane-induced SLE model. Mice received an injection of pristane or saline solution and were fed with experimental diets: enriched with OL and Per-OL. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and markers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1, heme oxygenase (HO-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inflammasome nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) pathways activation were determined in kidneys by Western blot. OL and Per-OL significantly reduced renal damage and decreased serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 and prostaglandine E2 kidneys levels. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant protein expressions were up-regulated in mice fed with OL and Per-OL diets, whereas the activation of JAK/STAT, MAPK, NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways was significantly ameliorated. These results suggest that OL and Per-OL supplementation might provide a new alternative approach as a preventive/palliative treatment of nephritis in SLE management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Castejon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Sánchez-Hidalgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Aparicio-Soto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - T Montoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - I Martín-LaCave
- Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - J G Fernández-Bolaños
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raysoni AU, Stock TH, Sarnat JA, Chavez MC, Sarnat SE, Montoya T, Holguin F, Li WW. Evaluation of VOC concentrations in indoor and outdoor microenvironments at near-road schools. Environ Pollut 2017; 231:681-693. [PMID: 28850936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A 14-week air quality study, characterizing the indoor and outdoor concentrations of 18 VOCs at four El Paso, Texas elementary schools, was conducted in Spring 2010. Three schools were in an area of high traffic density and the fourth school, considered as a background school, was situated in an area affected minimally by stationary and mobile sources of air pollution. Passive samplers were deployed for monitoring and analyzed by GC/MS. Differences in the concentration profiles of the BTEX species between the high and low traffic density schools confirmed the pre-defined exposure patterns. Toluene was the predominant compound within the BTEX group and the 96-hr average outdoor concentrations varied from 1.16 to 4.25 μg/m3 across the four schools. Outdoor BTEX species were strongly correlated with each other (0.63 < r < 1.00, p < 0.05) suggesting a common source: vehicular traffic emissions. As expected, the strength of the associations between these compounds was more intense at each of the three high-exposure schools in contrast to the low-exposure school. This was further corroborated by the results obtained from the BTEX inter-species ratios (toluene: benzene and m, p- xylenes: ethylbenzene). Certain episodic events during the study period resulted in very elevated concentrations of some VOCs such as n-pentane. Indoor concentration of compounds with known indoor sources such as α -pinene, d-limonene, p-dichlorobenzene, and chloroform were generally higher than their corresponding outdoor concentrations. Cleaning agents, furniture polishes, materials used in arts and crafts activities, hot-water usage, and deodorizing cakes used in urinal pots were the likely major sources for these high indoor concentrations. Finally, retrospective assessment of average ambient BTEX concentrations over the last twenty years suggest a gradual decrement in this border region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Raysoni
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | - Thomas H Stock
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mayra C Chavez
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Teresa Montoya
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Fernando Holguin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Wen-Whai Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raysoni AU, Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Montoya T, Eschanique P, Racines M, Li WW. Assessment of indoor and outdoor PM species at schools and residences in a high-altitude Ecuadorian urban center. Environ Pollut 2016; 214:668-679. [PMID: 27149144 PMCID: PMC4893982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An air monitoring campaign to assess children's environmental exposures in schools and residences, both indoors and outdoors, was conducted in 2010 in three low-income neighborhoods in Z1 (north), Z2 (central), and Z3 (southeast) zones of Quito, Ecuador - a major urban center of 2.2 million inhabitants situated 2850 m above sea level in a narrow mountainous basin. Z1 zone, located in northern Quito, historically experienced emissions from quarries and moderate traffic. Z2 zone was influenced by heavy traffic in contrast to Z3 zone which experienced low traffic densities. Weekly averages of PM samples were collected at schools (one in each zone) and residences (Z1 = 47, Z2 = 45, and Z3 = 41) every month, over a twelve-month period at the three zones. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 10.6 ± 4.9 μg/m(3) (Z1 school) to 29.0 ± 30.5 μg/m(3) (Z1 residences) and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations varied from 10.9 ± 3.2 μg/m(3) (Z1 school) to 14.3 ± 10.1 μg/m(3) (Z2 residences), across the three zones. The lowest values for PM10-2.5 for indoor and outdoor microenvironments were recorded at Z2 school, 5.7 ± 2.8 μg/m(3) and 7.9 ± 2.2 μg/m(3), respectively. Outdoor school PM concentrations exhibited stronger associations with corresponding indoor values making them robust proxies for indoor exposures in naturally ventilated Quito public schools. Correlation analysis between the school and residential PM size fractions and the various pollutant and meteorological parameters from central ambient monitoring (CAM) sites suggested varying degrees of temporal relationship. Strong positive correlation was observed for outdoor PM2.5 at Z2 school and its corresponding CAM site (r = 0.77) suggesting common traffic related emissions. Spatial heterogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations between CAM network and sampled sites was assessed using Coefficient of Divergence (COD) analysis. COD values were lower when CAM sites were paired with outdoor measurements (<0.2) and higher when CAM and indoor values were compared (>0.2), suggesting that CAM network in Quito may not represent actual indoor exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Raysoni
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Rodrigo X Armijos
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Proyecto Prometeo, Secretaria de Education Superior, Ciencia y Tecnologia (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - M Margaret Weigel
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Proyecto Prometeo, Secretaria de Education Superior, Ciencia y Tecnologia (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Teresa Montoya
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | | | - Marcia Racines
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Wen-Whai Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uribe Barreto A, Jave O, Alegre J, Valladares M, Díaz H, Hernández A, Salas A, Montoya T, Álvarez E. Evaluación de la prueba de Elisa para anticuerpos contra el antígeno micobacterial P-90 en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis. An Fac med 2014. [DOI: 10.15381/anales.v62i3.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad del diagnóstico serológico mediante la detección de IgA específica para tuberculosis (TB). DISEÑO: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, de casos y controles. LUGAR: Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, en el período de octubre de 1998 hasta marzo de 1999. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluó 81 casos de tuberculosis demostrados mediante frotis y cultivo y/o biopsia positiva para bacilo de Koch (BK) y 86 controles demostrados sanos. Se utilizó la prueba de diagnóstico serológico de TB mediante la respuesta de IgA al antígeno P-90, con la prueba de enzima inmunoabsorbente (kit Kreatech EIA-TB, Amsterdam, Holanda), preparada a partir del BCG. RESULTADOS: La sensibilidad de la prueba es 96,3%, la especificidad 77,9%. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de inmunoglobulina A mediante el antígeno clase Kp-90 Im CRAC del Mycobacterium tuberculosis no es de utilidad complementaria en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis, especialmente en el gran porcentaje de pacientes que es tratado como BK negativo.
Collapse
|
8
|
Barat R, Montoya T, Seco A, Ferrer J. Modelling biological and chemically induced precipitation of calcium phosphate in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems. Water Res 2011; 45:3744-3752. [PMID: 21565382 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The biologically induced precipitation processes can be important in wastewater treatment, in particular treating raw wastewater with high calcium concentration combined with Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal. Currently, there is little information and experience in modelling jointly biological and chemical processes. This paper presents a calcium phosphate precipitation model and its inclusion in the Activated Sludge Model No 2d (ASM2d). The proposed precipitation model considers that aqueous phase reactions quickly achieve the chemical equilibrium and that aqueous-solid change is kinetically governed. The model was calibrated using data from four experiments in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) operated for EBPR and finally validated with two experiments. The precipitation model proposed was able to reproduce the dynamics of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation and later crystallization to hydroxyapatite (HAP) under different scenarios. The model successfully characterised the EBPR performance of the SBR, including the biological, physical and chemical processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barat
- Instituto de Ingenieria del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n. 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montoya T, Guijarro G, Elvira R, Olivar J. Virilización en una mujer posmenopáusica. Consideraciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:422-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)72713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Galada HC, Gurian PL, Corella-Barud V, Pérez FG, Velázquez-Angulo G, Flores S, Montoya T. Applying the mental models framework to carbon monoxide risk in northern Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2009; 25:242-53. [PMID: 19454152 DOI: 10.1590/s1020-49892009000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-income residents of northern Mexico rely on unvented heaters during the winter, a practice that puts them at elevated risk for carbon monoxide intoxication. The goal of this study is to develop a communication protocol for carbon monoxide intoxication risks among the primarily low socioeconomic status population of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. METHODS The mental models risk communication approach was used to identify important gaps in public understanding. This approach consists of step-by-step assessment of information needs and effectiveness of risk communication efforts by using interviews and surveys. RESULTS The mental models process uncovered a key technical misunderstanding, the subject population's belief that carbon monoxide can be seen or smelled, which may result in a risk-prone behavior: failure to use a carbon monoxide detector. A communication protocol was designed to address this and other knowledge gaps, and it produced significant improvements in subjects' knowledge in a pretest/posttest evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The mental models process was successful in developing a communication instrument capable of improving knowledge in the subject population. Future research needs include assessing the extent to which this instrument succeeds in changing behavior and reducing the risk of carbon monoxide intoxication. Future interventional efforts may focus on encouraging people to use carbon monoxide detectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Galada
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Aguado D, Ribes J, Montoya T, Ferrer J, Seco A. A methodology for sequencing batch reactor identification with artificial neural networks: A case study. Comput Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Barat R, Montoya T, Borrás L, Ferrer J, Seco A. Interactions between calcium precipitation and the polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria metabolism. Water Res 2008; 42:3415-3424. [PMID: 18538819 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A sequencing batch reactor that is operated for biological phosphorus removal has been operated under different influent calcium concentrations to study the precipitation process and the possible effects of phosphorus precipitation in the biological phosphorus removal process. Four experiments were carried out under different influent calcium concentrations ranging from 10 to 90 g Ca m(-3). The experimental results and the equilibrium study, which are based on the saturation index calculation, confirm that the process controlling the calcium behaviour is the calcium phosphate precipitation. This precipitation takes place at two stages: initially, precipitation of the amorphous calcium phosphate, and later crystallization of hydroxyapatite. Also the accumulation of phosphorus precipitated was observed when the influent calcium concentration was increased. In all the experiments, the influent wastewater ratio P/COD was kept constant. It has been observed that, at high calcium concentration, the ratio between phosphate release and acetate uptake (P(rel)/Ac(uptake)) decreases. Changes in the polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAO) population and in the glycogen-accumulating organism (GAO) population during the experimental period were ruled out by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. These results could suggest that PAO are able to change their metabolic pathways based on external conditions, such as influent calcium concentration. The accumulation of phosphorus precipitated as calcium phosphate at high influent calcium concentration throughout the experimental period confirmed that phosphate precipitation is a process that can affect the PAO metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barat
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barat R, Montoya T, Borras L, Ferrer J, Seco A. Calcium phosphate precipitation in a SBR operated for EBPR: interactions with the biological process. Water Sci Technol 2008; 58:427-433. [PMID: 18701796 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the precipitation process in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated for EBPR (enhanced biological phosphorus removal) and the possible effects of this phosphorus precipitation in the biological process. Four experiments were carried out under different influent calcium concentration. The experimental results and the equilibrium study, based on the Saturation Index calculation, confirm that the process controlling the calcium behaviour in a SBR operated for EBPR is the calcium phosphate precipitation. This precipitation takes place at two stages initially precipitation of the ACP and later crystallization of HAP. Also the accumulation of phosphorus precipitated was observed when the influent Ca concentration was increased. In all the experiments the influent wastewater ratio P/COD was kept constant. It has been observed that at high Ca concentration the amount of poly-P granules decrease, decreasing the ratio between phosphate release and acetate uptake (P(rel)/Ac(uptake)). Changes on PAO and GAO populations during the experimental period were ruled out by means of methilene blue stains for poly-P detection. These results confirmed the phosphate precipitation as a process that can affect to the PAO metabolism and the EBPR performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barat
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environment, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Montoya T, Borrás L, Aguado D, Ferrer J, Seco A. Detection and prevention of enhanced biological phosphorus removal deterioration caused by Zoogloea overabundance. Environ Technol 2008; 29:35-42. [PMID: 18610543 DOI: 10.1080/09593330802008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A sequencing batch reactor was operated in the conventional anaerobic-aerobic mode for enhanced biological phosphorus removal using acetate as the sole substrate. Despite the nutrients concentrations in the influent being high enough to satisfy the biological requirements, Zoogloea ramigera managed to grow in the system until it had negative effects on the process performance. The excess of exocellular polymeric material produced by this microorganism contributed to a viscous bulking phenomenon and caused important settling problems. The examination of the sludge under the microscope was a valuable tool to diagnose the cause of the imbalance in the process. The strategy adopted to avoid the deterioration of the process (changing key operational factors affecting the Z. ramigera development) allowed the successful recovery the enhanced biological phosphorus removal system. The effectiveness of this approach was confirmed by analyzing several parameters along the operational period (SVI, Y(PO4), TSS, %VSS...) together with microbiological examinations of the sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Montoya
- Dpto Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n. 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holton N, Caño-Delgado A, Harrison K, Montoya T, Chory J, Bishop GJ. Tomato BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 is required for systemin-induced root elongation in Solanum pimpinellifolium but is not essential for wound signaling. Plant Cell 2007; 19:1709-17. [PMID: 17513502 PMCID: PMC1913732 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.047795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Leu-rich repeat receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) has been implicated in both peptide (systemin) and steroid (brassinosteroid [BR]) hormone perception. In an attempt to dissect these signaling pathways, we show that transgenic expression of BRI1 can restore the dwarf phenotype of the tomato curl3 (cu3) mutation. Confirmation that BRI1 is involved in BR signaling is highlighted by the lack of BR binding to microsomal fractions made from cu3 mutants and the restoration of BR responsiveness following transformation with BRI1. In addition, wound and systemin responses in the cu3 mutants are functional, as assayed by proteinase inhibitor gene induction and rapid alkalinization of culture medium. However, we observed BRI1-dependent root elongation in response to systemin in Solanum pimpinellifolium. In addition, ethylene perception is required for normal systemin responses in roots. These data taken together suggest that cu3 is not defective in systemin-induced wound signaling and that systemin perception can occur via a non-BRI1 mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Holton
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AN, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Montoya T, Gurian PL, Velázquez-Angulo G, Corella-Barud V, Rojo A, Graham JP. Carbon monoxide exposure in households in Ciudad Juárez, México. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007; 211:40-9. [PMID: 17336583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed exposure to carbon monoxide from gas and wood heater emissions in a sample of 64 households in peri-urban residential areas in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. Indoor and outdoor carbon monoxide concentrations and temperatures were monitored for a continuous period of 1 week at 1 and 6-min intervals, respectively. The moving average carbon monoxide concentrations were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for carbon monoxide. Sixty-seven percent of households with gas heaters and 60% of households with wood heaters exceeded a health-based standard at some point during the monitoring. The difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures was modestly correlated with average carbon monoxide exposure (r=0.35, p-value <0.01). Heater type may be a stronger determinant of exposure, as households with a particular heater model (the El Sol FM-210) were significantly more likely to be among the more highly exposed households (odds ratio of 4.8, p-value of 0.02). A variety of health effects were pooled and found at elevated frequency in the households that exceeded the 8-h standard of 9ppm (odds ratio=5.1, p-value=0.031). These results highlight the need for further efforts to identify and mitigate potentially hazardous carbon monoxide exposures, particularly in moderate-income countries with cooler climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Montoya
- Center for Environmental Resource Management, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bishop G, Nomura T, Yokota T, Montoya T, Castle J, Harrison K, Kushiro T, Kamiya Y, Yamaguchi S, Bancos S, Szatmári AM, Szekeres M. Dwarfism and cytochrome P450-mediated C-6 oxidation of plant steroid hormones. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34:1199-201. [PMID: 17073784 DOI: 10.1042/bst0341199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BRs (brassinosteroids) are plant steroid hormones that are essential for normal plant development. The dramatic dwarfism exhibited by mutants in the CYP (cytochrome P450) enzymes involved in BR biosynthesis indicates a role for these hormones in plant growth and development. Since the mid-1990s, collaborative research has been geared towards developing a better understanding of the CYP85 class of CYPs involved in BR biosynthesis in both Arabidopsis and tomato. Some of the most recent observations include the fact that certain CYP85 CYPs catalyse the synthesis of the most bioactive BR, BL (brassinolide). Current evidence suggests that evolution of this function may have occurred independently in different dicotyledonous species. Interestingly, BL accumulates in tomato fruits, highlighting a key role for this hormone in fruit development. At the same time as developing a better understanding of the enzymatic function of these CYPs, we have also carried out experiments towards characterizing where and when these genes are expressed and mechanisms of their regulation. As expected for a hormone involved in growth and development, biosynthetic gene promoter activity is associated with young rapidly growing cells and with fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bishop
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Wye Campus, Kent TN25 5AH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The role of calcium (Ca) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal and its possible implications on the metabolic pathway have been studied. The experience has been carried out in an SBR under anaerobic-aerobic conditions for biological phosphorus removal during 8 months. The variations of influent Ca concentration showed a clear influence on the EBPR process, detecting significant changes in Y(PO4). These Y(PO4) variations were not due to influent P/COD ratio, pH, denitrification and calcium phosphate formation. The Y(PO4) has been found to be highly dependent on the Ca concentration, increasing as Ca concentration decreases. The results suggest that high Ca concentrations produce "inert" granules of polyphosphate with Ca as a counterion that are not involved in P release and uptake. Furthermore, microbiological observations confirmed that appreciable changes in PAO and GAO populations were not observed. This behaviour could suggest a change in the bacterial metabolic pathway, with prevailing polyphosphate-accumulating metabolism (PAM) at low influent Ca concentration and glycogen-accumulating metabolism (GAM) at high concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barat
- Dpto Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Barat R, Montoya T, Seco A, Ferrer J. The role of potassium, magnesium and calcium in the Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal treatment plants. Environ Technol 2005; 26:983-92. [PMID: 16196407 DOI: 10.1080/09593332608618485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cations as potassium and magnesium play an important role in maintaining the stability of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) process. In this paper potassium, magnesium and calcium behaviour in EBPR treatment plants has been studied. An ASM2d model extension which takes into account the role of potassium and magnesium in the EBPR process has been developed. Finally, a simulation of the effect on P removal of a shortage of K and Mg was studied. The experimental results showed that K and Mg play an important role in the EBPR process being cotransported with P into and out of bacterial cells. It has been observed that calcium is not involved in P release and uptake. The values of the molar ratios K/P (0.28 mol K mol P(-1)) and Mg/P (0.36 mol Mg mol P(-1)) were obtained accomplishing the charge balance, with different K/Mg mass ratios and without phosphorus precipitation. Model predictions accurately reproduced experimental data. The simulations carried out showed the important effect of the K and Mg influent concentration for P removal efficiency. The results illustrate that the proposed ASM2d model extension must be considered in order to accurately simulate the phosphorus removal process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barat
- Dpto Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Montoya T, Nomura T, Yokota T, Farrar K, Harrison K, Jones JDG, Kaneta T, Kamiya Y, Szekeres M, Bishop GJ. Patterns of Dwarf expression and brassinosteroid accumulation in tomato reveal the importance of brassinosteroid synthesis during fruit development. Plant J 2005; 42:262-9. [PMID: 15807787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for many physiological functions in plants, however little is known concerning where and when they are synthesized. This is especially true during flower and fruit production. To address this we have used a promoter-GUS reporter fusion and RT-PCR to determine the relative expression levels of the tomato Dwarf (D) gene that encodes a BR C-6 oxidase. In young seedlings GUS reporter activity was observed mainly in apical and root tissues undergoing expansion. In flowers GUS activity was observed in the pedicel joints and ovaries, whereas in fruits it was strongest during early seed development and was associated with the locular jelly and seeds. RT-PCR analysis showed that tissue-specific expression of Dwarf mRNA was consistent with that of the Dwarf:GUS fusion. In good correlation with the high local Dwarf activity, quantitative measurements of endogenous BRs indicated intense biosynthesis in developing tomato fruits, which were also found to contain high amounts of brassinolide. Grafting experiments showed the lack of BR transport indicating that BR action occurs at the site of synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Montoya
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Armstead IP, Turner LB, Farrell M, Skøt L, Gomez P, Montoya T, Donnison IS, King IP, Humphreys MO. Synteny between a major heading-date QTL in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and the Hd3 heading-date locus in rice. Theor Appl Genet 2004; 108:822-8. [PMID: 14634728 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The genetic control of induction to flowering has been studied extensively in both model and crop species because of its fundamental biological and economic significance. An ultimate aim of many of these studies has been the application of the understanding of control of flowering that can be gained from the study of model species, to the improvement of crop species. The present study identifies a region of genetic synteny between rice and Lolium perenne, which contains the Hd3 heading-date QTL in rice and a major QTL, accounting for up to 70% of the variance associated with heading date in L. perenne. The identification of synteny between rice and L. perenne in this region demonstrates the direct applicability of the rice genome to the understanding of biological processes in other species. Specifically, this syntenic relationship will greatly facilitate the genetic dissection of aspects of heading-date induction by enabling the magnitude of the genetic component of the heading-date QTL in L. perenne to be combined with the sequencing and annotation information from the rice genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I P Armstead
- Plant Genetics and Breeding Department., Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, SY23 3 EB, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Montoya T, Nomura T, Farrar K, Kaneta T, Yokota T, Bishop GJ. Cloning the tomato curl3 gene highlights the putative dual role of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase tBRI1/SR160 in plant steroid hormone and peptide hormone signaling. Plant Cell 2002; 14:3163-76. [PMID: 12468734 PMCID: PMC151209 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.006379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 09/27/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that are essential for normal plant development. To gain better understanding of the conservation of BR signaling, the partially BR-insensitive tomato mutant altered brassinolide sensitivity1 (abs1) was identified and found to be a weak allele at the curl3 (cu3) locus. BR content is increased in both of these mutants and is associated with increased expression of DWARF: The tomato homolog of the Arabidopsis Brassinosteroid Insensitive1 Leu-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinase, named tBri1, was isolated using degenerate primers. Sequence analysis of tBRI1 in the mutants cu3 and abs1 revealed that cu3 is a nonsense mutant and that abs1 is a missense mutant. A comparison of BRI1 homolog sequences highlights conserved features of BRI1 sequences, with the LRRs in close proximity to the island domain showing more conservation than N-terminal LRRs. The most homologous sequences were found in the kinase and transmembrane regions. tBRI1 (SR160) also has been isolated as the putative receptor for systemin, a plant peptide hormone. This finding suggests a possible dual role for tBRI1 in steroid hormone and peptide hormone signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Montoya
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
G??mez J, Mart??nez J, Bab??n F, Montoya T, Espejo J. A Working-Day Evaluation of Dyslipidaemia in a Spanish Population (JADE Study). Clin Drug Investig 2000. [DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200019020-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
26
|
López Martínez D, Gil A, Porres A, Blázquez E, Montoya T, Vivanco F, Alvarez-Sala L, Gómez Gerique JA, de Oya M. [Lipoprotein profile in children and adolescents of the Autonomous Community of Madrid]. Med Clin (Barc) 1996; 107:366-70. [PMID: 9036239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of study was to know the lipoproteins distribution in children and adolescents from the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain, and to compare with other studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS The sample included 3,635 children and adolescents (1,853 males and 1,782 females), 4 to 18 years of age. We measured total cholesterol and triglyceride levels with enzymatic methods, the HDL-cholesterol concentration in the supernatant after precipitation of the rest of the lipoproteins, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were calculated by Friedewald formula. RESULTS Total cholesterol levels were 174 +/- 25 mg/dl (4.50 +/- 0.64 mmol/l), triglycerides 60 +/- 24 mg/dl (0.67 +/- 0.28 mmol/l), LDL-cholesterol 100 +/- 22 mg/dl (2.59 +/- 0.58 mmol/l), HDL-cholesterol 61 +/- 13 mg/dl (1.6 +/- 0.34 mmol/l). 19.23% of the children studied had cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl (> 5.18 mmol/l), and 41.5% of them had levels higher than 180 mg/dl (> 4.66 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS The cholesterol levels as well as the HDL-cholesterol levels in the student population of Madrid, Spain, were higher when compared to other studies. Less variation was found in the LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
Collapse
|
27
|
Go´mez-Gerique J, Gutie´rrez J, Porres A, Lo´pez D, Montoya T. The Spanish Diet and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Study (DRECE), I: Lipid profiles. Atherosclerosis 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(94)93074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Pallavicini MG, Flake AW, Madden D, Bethel C, Duncan B, Gonzalgo ML, Haendel S, Montoya T, Roberts L. Hemopoietic chimerism in rodents transplanted in utero with fetal human hemopoietic cells. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:542-3. [PMID: 1348887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Pallavicini
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pallavicini MG, Langlois RG, Reitsma M, Gonzalgo M, Sudar D, Montoya T, Weier HU, Haendel S. Comparison of strategies to detect and quantitate uniquely marked cells in intra- and inter-species hemopoietic chimeras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 13:356-67. [PMID: 1356084 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990130405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the outcome of successful bone marrow transplantation and indepth studies of transplantation biology rely increasingly upon detection and enumeration of donor hemopoietic cells in the transplanted recipients. The ability to detect and enumerate low levels of donor engraftment in interphase cell subpopulations in hemopoietic chimeras is particularly important for studies of mixed lineage chimerism, early relapse manifestations, and engraftment of subpopulations present at low frequency. We describe and compare the sensitivity and specificity of DNA-based detection strategies (fluorescence in situ hybridization, in vitro DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction) and flow cytometric analysis of cell surface markers to detect cells carrying marker DNA or proteins in syngeneic (mouse-to-mouse) and xenogeneic (mouse-to-human, monkey, sheep) backgrounds. DNA-based detection strategies offer advantages of rapid analysis and enumeration of target cell frequencies with detection sensitivities approximating 10(-4). The sensitivity of immunofluorescence-linked flow cytometric-based detection of nucleated leukocytes approached 10(-3), whereas flow cytometric-based detection of fixed human erythrocytes was feasible at cell frequencies of 10(-5). Data described in this manuscript should facilitate selection of appropriate methodologies for assessment of hemopoietic chimerism following transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Pallavicini
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94550
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|