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Wang X, Zhou Y, Chai X, Foster TM, Deng CH, Wu T, Zhang X, Han Z, Wang Y. miR164-MhNAC1 regulates apple root nitrogen uptake under low nitrogen stress. New Phytol 2024; 242:1218-1237. [PMID: 38481030 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth and serves as a signaling molecule to regulate gene expression inducing physiological, growth and developmental responses. An excess or deficiency of nitrogen may have adverse effects on plants. Studying nitrogen uptake will help us understand the molecular mechanisms of utilization for targeted molecular breeding. Here, we identified and functionally validated an NAC (NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC2) transcription factor based on the transcriptomes of two apple rootstocks with different nitrogen uptake efficiency. NAC1, a target gene of miR164, directly regulates the expression of the high-affinity nitrate transporter (MhNRT2.4) and citric acid transporter (MhMATE), affecting root nitrogen uptake. To examine the role of MhNAC1 in nitrogen uptake, we produced transgenic lines that overexpressed or silenced MhNAC1. Silencing MhNAC1 promoted nitrogen uptake and citric acid secretion in roots, and enhanced plant tolerance to low nitrogen conditions, while overexpression of MhNAC1 or silencing miR164 had the opposite effect. This study not only revealed the role of the miR164-MhNAC1 module in nitrogen uptake in apple rootstocks but also confirmed that citric acid secretion in roots affected nitrogen uptake, which provides a research basis for efficient nitrogen utilization and molecular breeding in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofen Chai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Toshi M Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Motueka, 7198, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia H Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural (Nutrition and Physiology), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
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2
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Li W, Chu C, Li H, Zhang H, Sun H, Wang S, Wang Z, Li Y, Foster TM, López-Girona E, Yu J, Li Y, Ma Y, Zhang K, Han Y, Zhou B, Fan X, Xiong Y, Deng CH, Wang Y, Xu X, Han Z. Near-gapless and haplotype-resolved apple genomes provide insights into the genetic basis of rootstock-induced dwarfing. Nat Genet 2024; 56:505-516. [PMID: 38347217 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Dwarfing rootstocks have transformed the production of cultivated apples; however, the genetic basis of rootstock-induced dwarfing remains largely unclear. We have assembled chromosome-level, near-gapless and haplotype-resolved genomes for the popular dwarfing rootstock 'M9', the semi-vigorous rootstock 'MM106' and 'Fuji', one of the most commonly grown apple cultivars. The apple orthologue of auxin response factor 3 (MdARF3) is in the Dw1 region of 'M9', the major locus for rootstock-induced dwarfing. Comparing 'M9' and 'MM106' genomes revealed a 9,723-bp allele-specific long terminal repeat retrotransposon/gypsy insertion, DwTE, located upstream of MdARF3. DwTE is cosegregated with the dwarfing trait in two segregating populations, suggesting its prospective utility in future dwarfing rootstock breeding. In addition, our pipeline discovered mobile mRNAs that may contribute to the development of dwarfed scion architecture. Our research provides valuable genomic resources and applicable methodology, which have the potential to accelerate breeding dwarfing rootstocks for apple and other perennial woody fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Chu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haochen Sun
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyao Wang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Toshi M Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Elena López-Girona
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jiaxin Yu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation; Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yongming Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingqiang Fan
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cecilia H Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Lee Y, Hoang NV, Do VG, Foster TM, McGhie TK, Kim S, Yang SJ, Park JH, Park J, Lee JY. Identification of genes associated with the regulation of cold tolerance and the RNA movement in the grafted apple. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11583. [PMID: 37463950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In grafted apple, rootstock-derived signals influence scion cold tolerance by initiating physiological changes to survive over the winter. To understand the underlying molecular interactions between scion and rootstock responsive to cold, we developed transcriptomics and metabolomics data in the stems of two scion/rootstock combinations, 'Gala'/'G202' (cold resistant rootstock) and 'Gala'/'M9' (cold susceptible rootstock). Outer layers of scion and rootstock stem, including vascular tissues, were collected from the field-grown grafted apple during the winter. The clustering of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and gene ontology enrichment indicated distinct expression dynamics in the two graft combinations, which supports the dependency of scion cold tolerance on the rootstock genotypes. We identified 544 potentially mobile mRNAs of DEGs showing highly-correlated seasonal dynamics between scion and rootstock. The mobility of a subset of 544 mRNAs was validated by translocated genome-wide variants and the measurements of selected RNA mobility in tobacco and Arabidopsis. We detected orthologous genes of potentially mobile mRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, which belong to cold regulatory networks with RNA mobility. Together, our study provides a comprehensive insight into gene interactions and signal exchange between scion and rootstock responsive to cold. This will serve for future research to enhance cold tolerance of grafted tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of National Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 107, Soboangye-Ro, Gunwi, 39000, South Korea.
| | - Nam V Hoang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of National Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Van Giap Do
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 107, Soboangye-Ro, Gunwi, 39000, South Korea
| | - Toshi M Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 55 Old Mill Road, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Seonae Kim
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 107, Soboangye-Ro, Gunwi, 39000, South Korea
| | - Sang Jin Yang
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 107, Soboangye-Ro, Gunwi, 39000, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Park
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 107, Soboangye-Ro, Gunwi, 39000, South Korea
| | - Jongsung Park
- School of Biological Sciences, College of National Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of National Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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4
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Popowski E, Thomson SJ, Knäbel M, Tahir J, Crowhurst RN, Davy M, Foster TM, Schaffer RJ, Tustin DS, Allan AC, McCallum J, Chagné D. Construction of a high density genetic map for hexaploid kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa) using genotyping by sequencing. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:6261761. [PMID: 34009255 PMCID: PMC8495948 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Commercially grown kiwifruit (genus Actinidia) are generally of two sub-species which have a base haploid genome of 29 chromosomes. The yellow-fleshed Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis, is either diploid (2n = 2x = 58) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 116) and the green-fleshed cultivar A. chinensis var. deliciosa “Hayward,” is hexaploid (2n = 6x = 174). Advances in breeding green kiwifruit could be greatly sped up by the use of molecular resources for more efficient and faster selection, for example using marker-assisted selection (MAS). The key genetic marker that has been implemented for MAS in hexaploid kiwifruit is for gender testing. The limited marker-trait association has been reported for other polyploid kiwifruit for fruit and production traits. We have constructed a high-density linkage map for hexaploid green kiwifruit using genotyping-by-sequence (GBS). The linkage map obtained consists of 3686 and 3940 markers organized in 183 and 176 linkage groups for the female and male parents, respectively. Both parental linkage maps are co-linear with the A. chinensis “Red5” reference genome of kiwifruit. The linkage map was then used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and successfully identified QTLs for king flower number, fruit number and weight, dry matter accumulation, and storage firmness. These are the first QTLs to be reported and discovered for complex traits in hexaploid kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Popowski
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), Te Puke, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Davy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), Te Puke, New Zealand
| | | | - Robert J Schaffer
- Plant & Food Research, Motueka, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew C Allan
- Plant & Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - David Chagné
- Plant & Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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5
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Jibran R, Spencer J, Fernandez G, Monfort A, Mnejja M, Dzierzon H, Tahir J, Davies K, Chagné D, Foster TM. Two Loci, RiAF3 and RiAF4, Contribute to the Annual-Fruiting Trait in Rubus. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1341. [PMID: 31708950 PMCID: PMC6824294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most Rubus species have a biennial cycle of flowering and fruiting with an intervening period of winter dormancy, in common with many perennial fruit crops. Annual-fruiting (AF) varieties of raspberry (Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis L.) and blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) are able to flower and fruit in one growing season, without the intervening dormant period normally required in biennial-fruiting (BF) varieties. We used a red raspberry (R. idaeus) population segregating for AF obtained from a cross between NC493 and 'Chilliwack' to identify genetic factors controlling AF. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to generate saturated linkage maps in both parents. Trait mapping in this population indicated that AF is controlled by two newly identified loci (RiAF3 and RiAF4) located on Rubus linkage groups (LGs) 3 and 4. The location of these loci was analyzed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on independent red raspberry and blackberry populations segregating for the AF trait. This confirmed that AF in Rubus is regulated by loci on LG 3 and 4, in addition to a previously reported locus on LG 7. Comparative RNAseq analysis at the time of floral bud differentiation in an AF and a BF variety revealed candidate genes potentially regulating the trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Spencer
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gina Fernandez
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Amparo Monfort
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca I Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mourad Mnejja
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca I Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helge Dzierzon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jibran Tahir
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Toshi M. Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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6
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Foster TM, Bassil NV, Dossett M, Leigh Worthington M, Graham J. Genetic and genomic resources for Rubus breeding: a roadmap for the future. Hortic Res 2019; 6:116. [PMID: 31645970 PMCID: PMC6804857 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rubus fruits are high-value crops that are sought after by consumers for their flavor, visual appeal, and health benefits. To meet this demand, production of red and black raspberries (R. idaeus L. and R. occidentalis L.), blackberries (R. subgenus Rubus), and hybrids, such as Boysenberry and marionberry, is growing worldwide. Rubus breeding programmes are continually striving to improve flavor, texture, machine harvestability, and yield, provide pest and disease resistance, improve storage and processing properties, and optimize fruits and plants for different production and harvest systems. Breeders face numerous challenges, such as polyploidy, the lack of genetic diversity in many of the elite cultivars, and until recently, the relative shortage of genetic and genomic resources available for Rubus. This review will highlight the development of continually improving genetic maps, the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)s controlling key traits, draft genomes for red and black raspberry, and efforts to improve gene models. The development of genetic maps and markers, the molecular characterization of wild species and germplasm, and high-throughput genotyping platforms will expedite breeding of improved cultivars. Fully sequenced genomes and accurate gene models facilitate identification of genes underlying traits of interest and enable gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M. Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research (PFR) Ltd, 55 Old Mill Road, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Nahla V. Bassil
- USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR), 33447 Peoria Rd., Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Michael Dossett
- Blueberry Council (in Partnership with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Agassiz Food Research Centre, Columbia, BC V0M 1A0 Canada
| | - Margaret Leigh Worthington
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, 316 Plant Science Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Julie Graham
- The James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA Scotland
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7
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Foster TM, Aranzana MJ. Attention sports fans! The far-reaching contributions of bud sport mutants to horticulture and plant biology. Hortic Res 2018; 5:44. [PMID: 30038785 PMCID: PMC6046048 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A bud sport is a lateral shoot, inflorescence or single flower/fruit with a visibly different phenotype from the rest of the plant. The new phenotype is often caused by a stable somatic mutation in a single cell that is passed on to its clonal descendants and eventually populates part or all of a meristem. In many cases, a bud sport can be vegetatively propagated, thereby preserving the novel phenotype without sexual reproduction. Bud sports provide new characteristics while retaining the desirable qualities of the parent plant, which is why many bud sports have been developed into popular cultivars. We present an overview of the history of bud sports, the causes and methods of detecting somaclonal variation, and the types of mutant phenotypes that have arisen spontaneously. We focus on examples where the molecular or cytological changes causing the phenotype have been identified. Analysis of these sports has provided valuable insight into developmental processes, gene function and regulation, and in some cases has revealed new information about layer-specific roles of some genes. Examination of the molecular changes causing a phenotype and in some cases reversion back to the original state has contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that drive genomic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M. Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Maria José Aranzana
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Foster TM, Ledger SE, Janssen BJ, Luo Z, Drummond RSM, Tomes S, Karunairetnam S, Waite CN, Funnell KA, van Hooijdonk BM, Saei A, Seleznyova AN, Snowden KC. Expression of MdCCD7 in the scion determines the extent of sylleptic branching and the primary shoot growth rate of apple trees. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:2379-2390. [PMID: 29190381 PMCID: PMC5913623 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Branching has a major influence on the overall shape and productivity of a plant. Strigolactones (SLs) have been identified as plant hormones that have a key role in suppressing the outgrowth of axillary meristems. CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE (CCD) genes are integral to the biosynthesis of SLs and are well characterized in annual plants, but their role in woody perennials is relatively unknown. We identified CCD7 and CCD8 orthologues from apple and demonstrated that MdCCD7 and MdCCD8 are able to complement the Arabidopsis branching mutants max3 and max4 respectively, indicating conserved function. RNAi lines of MdCCD7 show reduced gene expression and increased branching in apple. We performed reciprocal grafting experiments with combinations of MdCCD7 RNAi and wild-type 'Royal Gala' as rootstocks and scion. Unexpectedly, wild-type roots were unable to suppress branching in MdCCD7 RNAi scions. Another key finding was that MdCCD7 RNAi scions initiated phytomers at an increased rate relative to the wild type, resulting in a greater node number and primary shoot length. We suggest that localized SL biosynthesis in the shoot, rather than roots, controls axillary bud outgrowth and shoot growth rate in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Susan E Ledger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart J Janssen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Revel S M Drummond
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Chethi N Waite
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Keith A Funnell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ben M van Hooijdonk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Havelock North Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Ali Saei
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Kerikeri, New Zealand
| | - Alla N Seleznyova
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kimberley C Snowden
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Pilkington SM, Crowhurst R, Hilario E, Nardozza S, Fraser L, Peng Y, Gunaseelan K, Simpson R, Tahir J, Deroles SC, Templeton K, Luo Z, Davy M, Cheng C, McNeilage M, Scaglione D, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Datson P, De Silva N, Gardiner SE, Bassett H, Chagné D, McCallum J, Dzierzon H, Deng C, Wang YY, Barron L, Manako K, Bowen J, Foster TM, Erridge ZA, Tiffin H, Waite CN, Davies KM, Grierson EP, Laing WA, Kirk R, Chen X, Wood M, Montefiori M, Brummell DA, Schwinn KE, Catanach A, Fullerton C, Li D, Meiyalaghan S, Nieuwenhuizen N, Read N, Prakash R, Hunter D, Zhang H, McKenzie M, Knäbel M, Harris A, Allan AC, Gleave A, Chen A, Janssen BJ, Plunkett B, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Voogd C, Leif D, Lafferty D, Souleyre EJF, Varkonyi-Gasic E, Gambi F, Hanley J, Yao JL, Cheung J, David KM, Warren B, Marsh K, Snowden KC, Lin-Wang K, Brian L, Martinez-Sanchez M, Wang M, Ileperuma N, Macnee N, Campin R, McAtee P, Drummond RSM, Espley RV, Ireland HS, Wu R, Atkinson RG, Karunairetnam S, Bulley S, Chunkath S, Hanley Z, Storey R, Thrimawithana AH, Thomson S, David C, Testolin R, Huang H, Hellens RP, Schaffer RJ. A manually annotated Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis (kiwifruit) genome highlights the challenges associated with draft genomes and gene prediction in plants. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:257. [PMID: 29661190 PMCID: PMC5902842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most published genome sequences are drafts, and most are dominated by computational gene prediction. Draft genomes typically incorporate considerable sequence data that are not assigned to chromosomes, and predicted genes without quality confidence measures. The current Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) ‘Hongyang’ draft genome has 164 Mb of sequences unassigned to pseudo-chromosomes, and omissions have been identified in the gene models. Results A second genome of an A. chinensis (genotype Red5) was fully sequenced. This new sequence resulted in a 554.0 Mb assembly with all but 6 Mb assigned to pseudo-chromosomes. Pseudo-chromosomal comparisons showed a considerable number of translocation events have occurred following a whole genome duplication (WGD) event some consistent with centromeric Robertsonian-like translocations. RNA sequencing data from 12 tissues and ab initio analysis informed a genome-wide manual annotation, using the WebApollo tool. In total, 33,044 gene loci represented by 33,123 isoforms were identified, named and tagged for quality of evidential support. Of these 3114 (9.4%) were identical to a protein within ‘Hongyang’ The Kiwifruit Information Resource (KIR v2). Some proportion of the differences will be varietal polymorphisms. However, as most computationally predicted Red5 models required manual re-annotation this proportion is expected to be small. The quality of the new gene models was tested by fully sequencing 550 cloned ‘Hort16A’ cDNAs and comparing with the predicted protein models for Red5 and both the original ‘Hongyang’ assembly and the revised annotation from KIR v2. Only 48.9% and 63.5% of the cDNAs had a match with 90% identity or better to the original and revised ‘Hongyang’ annotation, respectively, compared with 90.9% to the Red5 models. Conclusions Our study highlights the need to take a cautious approach to draft genomes and computationally predicted genes. Our use of the manual annotation tool WebApollo facilitated manual checking and correction of gene models enabling improvement of computational prediction. This utility was especially relevant for certain types of gene families such as the EXPANSIN like genes. Finally, this high quality gene set will supply the kiwifruit and general plant community with a new tool for genomics and other comparative analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4656-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Pilkington
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ross Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Elena Hilario
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simona Nardozza
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lena Fraser
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yongyan Peng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kularajathevan Gunaseelan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert Simpson
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jibran Tahir
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Kerry Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marcus Davy
- PFR, 412 No 1 Road, Te Puke, Bay of Plenty, 3182, New Zealand
| | - Canhong Cheng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark McNeilage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Davide Scaglione
- IGA Technology Services, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico, Udine, Italy
| | - Yifei Liu
- South China Botanic Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul Datson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nihal De Silva
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | - David Chagné
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - John McCallum
- PFR, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Helge Dzierzon
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yen-Yi Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lorna Barron
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kelvina Manako
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Judith Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Toshi M Foster
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Zoe A Erridge
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Heather Tiffin
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Chethi N Waite
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Rebecca Kirk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marion Wood
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mirco Montefiori
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Christina Fullerton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Niels Nieuwenhuizen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Read
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Don Hunter
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Huaibi Zhang
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Mareike Knäbel
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Alastair Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Gleave
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Angela Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bart J Janssen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Blue Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Davin Leif
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Declan Lafferty
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edwige J F Souleyre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Erika Varkonyi-Gasic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Gambi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joey Cheung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Karine M David
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ben Warren
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ken Marsh
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kimberley C Snowden
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lara Brian
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Marcela Martinez-Sanchez
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nadeesha Ileperuma
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nikolai Macnee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert Campin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Revel S M Drummond
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rongmei Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sakuntala Karunairetnam
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sean Bulley
- PFR, 412 No 1 Road, Te Puke, Bay of Plenty, 3182, New Zealand
| | - Shayhan Chunkath
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zac Hanley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roy Storey
- PFR, 412 No 1 Road, Te Puke, Bay of Plenty, 3182, New Zealand
| | - Amali H Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Susan Thomson
- PFR, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Charles David
- PFR, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Raffaele Testolin
- IGA Technology Services, Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico, Udine, Italy.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Hongwen Huang
- South China Botanic Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Roger P Hellens
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Jibran R, Dzierzon H, Bassil N, Bushakra JM, Edger PP, Sullivan S, Finn CE, Dossett M, Vining KJ, VanBuren R, Mockler TC, Liachko I, Davies KM, Foster TM, Chagné D. Chromosome-scale scaffolding of the black raspberry ( Rubus occidentalis L.) genome based on chromatin interaction data. Hortic Res 2018; 5:8. [PMID: 29423238 PMCID: PMC5802725 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-017-0013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) is a niche fruit crop valued for its flavor and potential health benefits. The improvement of fruit and cane characteristics via molecular breeding technologies has been hindered by the lack of a high-quality reference genome. The recently released draft genome for black raspberry (ORUS 4115-3) lacks assembly of scaffolds to chromosome scale. We used high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) and Proximity-Guided Assembly (PGA) to cluster and order 9650 out of 11,936 contigs of this draft genome assembly into seven pseudo-chromosomes. The seven pseudo-chromosomes cover ~97.2% of the total contig length (~223.8 Mb). Locating existing genetic markers on the physical map resolved multiple discrepancies in marker order on the genetic map. Centromeric regions were inferred from recombination frequencies of genetic markers, alignment of 303 bp centromeric sequence with the PGA, and heat map showing the physical contact matrix over the entire genome. We demonstrate a high degree of synteny between each of the seven chromosomes of black raspberry and a high-quality reference genome for strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) assembled using only PacBio long-read sequences. We conclude that PGA is a cost-effective and rapid method of generating chromosome-scale assemblies from Illumina short-read sequencing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Jibran
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Helge Dzierzon
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Nahla Bassil
- USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA
| | - Jill M. Bushakra
- USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Road, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA
| | - Patrick P. Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-2604 USA
| | | | - Chad E. Finn
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA
| | - Michael Dossett
- B.C. Blueberry Council (in Partnership with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Agassiz Food Research Centre, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0 Canada
| | - Kelly J. Vining
- B.C. Blueberry Council (in Partnership with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Agassiz Food Research Centre, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0 Canada
| | - Robert VanBuren
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-2604 USA
| | - Todd C. Mockler
- The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Ivan Liachko
- Phase Genomics, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Toshi M. Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
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11
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Foster TM, McAtee PA, Waite CN, Boldingh HL, McGhie TK. Apple dwarfing rootstocks exhibit an imbalance in carbohydrate allocation and reduced cell growth and metabolism. Hortic Res 2017; 4:17009. [PMID: 28435686 PMCID: PMC5381684 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Apple dwarfing rootstocks cause earlier shoot termination and reduced root and shoot mass. To identify physiological factors responsible for rootstock-induced growth restriction, we compared vascular-enriched gene expression between two dwarfing rootstocks ('M27' and 'M9') and the vigorous rootstock 'M793' using RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Differentially expressed genes common to both dwarfing rootstocks belonged to five main biological processes: (1) primary metabolism, (2) cell wall synthesis and modification, (3) secondary metabolism, (4) hormone signalling and response and (5) redox homeostasis. Genes promoting the biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids and cell walls were downregulated in dwarfing rootstocks, whereas genes promoting the breakdown of these compounds were upregulated. The only exception to this trend was the upregulation of starch synthesis genes in dwarfing rootstocks. Non-structural carbohydrate analysis demonstrated that starch concentrations in 'M9' roots, stems and grafted 'Royal Gala' ('RG') scions were double that of equivalent tissues from 'RG' homo-grafted trees ('RG'/'RG'). Fructose and glucose concentrations were much lower in all three tissues of the 'RG'/'M9' trees. Together, these data indicate that dwarfing rootstocks are in a state of sugar depletion and reduced cellular activity despite having large starch reserves. Another significant finding was the over-accumulation of flavonoids and the downregulation of auxin influx transporters MdAUX1 and MdLAX2 in dwarfing rootstocks. We propose that both factors reduce polar auxin transport. The results of this study contribute novel information about the physiological state of dwarfing rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- ()
| | - Peter A McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chethi N Waite
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Boldingh
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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12
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Foster TM, Celton JM, Chagné D, Tustin DS, Gardiner SE. Two quantitative trait loci, Dw1 and Dw2, are primarily responsible for rootstock-induced dwarfing in apple. Hortic Res 2015; 2:15001. [PMID: 26504562 PMCID: PMC4595989 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The apple dwarfing rootstock 'Malling9' ('M9') has been used worldwide both to reduce scion vigour and as a genetic source for breeding new rootstocks. Progeny of 'M9' segregate for rootstock-induced dwarfing of the scion, indicating that this trait is controlled by one or more genetic factors. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of a rootstock population derived from the cross between 'M9' × 'Robusta5' (non-dwarfing) and grafted with 'Braeburn' scions identified a major QTL (Dw1) on linkage group (LG) 5, which exhibits a significant influence on dwarfing of the scion. A smaller-effect QTL affecting dwarfing (Dw2) was identified on LG11, and four minor-effect QTLs were found on LG6, LG9, LG10 and LG12. Phenotypic analysis indicates that the combination of Dw1 and Dw2 has the strongest influence on rootstock-induced dwarfing, and that Dw1 has a stronger effect than Dw2. Genetic markers linked to Dw1 and Dw2 were screened over 41 rootstock accessions that confer a range of effects on scion growth. The majority of the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing rootstock accessions screened carried marker alleles linked to Dw1 and Dw2. This suggests that most apple dwarfing rootstocks have been derived from the same genetic source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- INRA UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - David Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - D Stuart Tustin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Havelock North Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4175, New Zealand
| | - Susan E Gardiner
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Palmerston North Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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13
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Abstract
This article demonstrates that there is a role for behavior-analytic techniques in the area of farm animal welfare and provides examples of the kinds of work that can be done. Behavior-analytic procedures, specifically those used in the study of psychophysics, preference, and demand, can provide answers to three questions people concerned with the welfare of farm animals are likely to ask: What can the animals detect? What do they like and dislike? What will they work to attain or preserve? Such information certainly is necessary for making reasonable decisions about animal welfare, although it is not sufficient in and of itself.
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14
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15
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Guerin B, Foster TM. Attitudes, beliefs, and behavior: Saying you like, saying you believe, and doing. Behav Anal 2012; 17:127-9. [PMID: 22478177 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The performance of 6 domestic hens on a visual acuity task was studied using a spatial discrete-trial conditional discrimination procedure. Gray stimuli and vertical square-wave gratings, ranging in spatial frequency from 1 to 10 cycles per millimeter, were presented in a descending and ascending series of probes. On each trial, either a grating or gray stimulus was presented. Only one spatial frequency of grating was presented during each session. Between probe sessions, training continued at the coarsest grating value. Stimulus discriminability, measured as values of log d, changed with changes in grating spatial frequency for both probe series. Fitted lines described the linear portion of the psychometric functions. Thresholds estimated from the lines generally ranged from four to six cycles per degree, with slightly greater estimates from data from the descending probe series. There were no systematic changes in response bias as a function of grating spatial frequency.
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17
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Foster TM, Temple W, Mackenzie C, Demello LR, Poling A. Delayed matching-to-sample performance of hens: Effects of sample duration and response requirements during the sample. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 64:19-31. [PMID: 16812761 PMCID: PMC1349834 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1995.64-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Six domestic hens were trained under a delayed matching-to-sample procedure with red and green keylights as sample and comparison stimuli and a 1.5-s delay interval. The hens were trained to stop pecking the sample stimuli when a tone sounded. Duration of the sample stimuli (2 to 10 s) and the number of pecks required on the key on which these stimuli were presented (0 to 10) were altered across conditions. Both the response requirement on the sample key and the duration of sample presentations affected accuracy. These findings are in agreement with those of earlier studies using other species and somewhat different procedures.
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18
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Abstract
Six hens were exposed to several concurrent (second-order) variable-interval schedules in which the response requirements on the alternatives were varied. The response requirements were one key peck versus five key pecks, one key peck versus one door push, and five key pecks versus one door push. Response- and time-allocation ratios undermatched the obtained reinforcement ratios but were well described by the generalized matching law. Time and response bias estimates from two pairs of response requirements were used to predict bias in the third pairing. The predicted values were close to those obtained; this result supports the notion that both numerically and topographically different responses act as constant sources of bias within the generalized matching law. The differences between the response and time biases could be accounted for by the different times needed to complete each response requirement. The results also suggest that the door push is a useful operant for research with domestic hens.
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Abstract
Four hens worked under independent multiple concurrent variable-interval schedules with an overlaid aversive stimulus (sound of hens in a poultry shed at 100dBA) activated by the first peck on a key. The sound remained on until a response was made on the other key. The key that activated the sound in each component was varied over a series of conditions. When the sound was activated by the left (or right) key in one component, it was activated by the right (or left) key in the other component. Bias was examined under a range of different variable-interval schedules, and the applicability of the generalized matching law was examined. It was found that the hens' behavior was biased away from the sound independently of the schedule in effect and that this bias could be quantified using a modified version of the generalized matching law. Behavior during the changeover delays was not affected by the presence of the noise or by changes in reinforcement rate, even though the total response measures were. Insensitivity shown during the delay suggests that behavior after the changeover delay may be more appropriate as a measure of preference (or aversiveness) of stimuli than are overall behavior measures.
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Ruddle HV, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E, Foster TM. Performance of humans in concurrent avoidance/positive-reinforcement schedules. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 38:51-61. [PMID: 16812284 PMCID: PMC1347827 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1982.38-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Performance maintained under concurrent schedules consisting of a variable-interval avoidance component and a variable-interval positive-reinforcement component was studied in three human subjects using points exchangeable for money as the reinforcer. The rate of responding in the avoidance component increased, and the rate of responding in the positive-reinforcement component declined, as a function of the frequency of point-losses avoided in the avoidance component. The performance of all three subjects conformed to equations proposed by Herrnstein to describe behavior in concurrent schedules. The logarithms of the ratios of the response rates in the two components, and the logarithms of the ratios of the times spent in the two components, were linearly related to the logarithms of the ratios of the frequency of loss avoidance in the avoidance component to the frequency of reinforcement in the positive-reinforcement component. When a changeover delay of 5.0 sec was imposed, the slopes of the linear functions were close to 1.0 in the case of two subjects, whereas the third subject exhibited significant undermatching. For two subjects the changeover delay was then reduced to 2.0 sec; in both cases the slopes of the linear functions were lower than under the 5.0-sec condition. One subject participated in a third phase, in which no changeover delay was imposed; there was a further reduction in the slopes of the linear functions.
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Abstract
Six domestic hens were exposed to a series of five pairs of two-key concurrent variable-interval schedules with a range of changeover delays from no delay to 15 s. Times spent responding on each alternative and total, within_, and post-changeover-delay response ratios were analyzed in terms of the generalized matching law. The sensitivity parameters, a, for response and time data were generally low when no changeover delay was programmed but were not 0.0. They were higher for all other changeover-delay values, with some tendency to increase as the changeover delay lengthened at very short delays. Within-delay responding was insensitive to reinforcement-rate differences at all changeover delays (a values close to 0.0). As a result of this insensitivity, post-changeover-delay responding was more sensitive to reinforcement-rate changes than was total responding. Interchangeover intervals increased systematically with changeover-delay duration. Responding, particularly after the changeover delay, was well predicted by an equation based on a reinforcer-loss model.
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Foster TM, Lee MG, McGaw CD, Frankson MA. Prevalence of needlestick injuries and other high risk exposures among healthcare workers in Jamaica. W INDIAN MED J 2010; 59:153-158. [PMID: 21275118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of needlestick injuries (NSIs) and other high risk exposures among healthcare workers at two hospitals in Jamaica. METHODS Employing a cross-sectional study design, medical personnel (physicians, nurses) at two hospitals in Jamaica, were studied, utilizing a structured questionnaire consisting of 14 items to collect data on needle stick injuries and other injuries. RESULTS There were 67 needlestick injuries in 47 persons. Of those sustaining an injury, 52% of physicians and 40% of nurses had NSIs. Re-capping needles accounted for 21% of injuries, various minor procedures, 21%, injury during surgery, 19.4% and taking blood, 12%. In those sustaining NSIs, 47% were reported and 26% of reported cases received counselling. Appropriate blood tests were performed on 34% and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV was administered to 30%. Hollow bore needles caused 47.8% of injuries, 25.4% occurred with suture needles and 19.4% with intravenous branulas. Other occupational exposure was reported by 31%, including blood on hands and other body parts 39%, blood to face and eyes, 18%, splashed with liquor, 18%, splashed with bloody fluid, 11% and contact with vomitus and urine in eye, 4%. CONCLUSION Needlestick injuries and other high risk exposures were high; incident reporting and post exposure management were inadequate. A comprehensive programme to address factors that contribute to the occurrence of NSIs and other occupational exposures is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Foster
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
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Foster TM, Lee MG, McGaw CD, Frankson MA. Knowledge and practice of occupational infection control among healthcare workers in Jamaica. W INDIAN MED J 2010; 59:147-152. [PMID: 21275117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge, compliance and practice among healthcare workers of occupational infection control at two hospitals in Jamaica. METHODS Employing a cross-sectional study design, medical personnel (physicians and nurses) at two hospitals in Jamaica, were studied, utilizing a structured questionnaire consisting of 14 items to collect the data. RESULTS Participants considered the following fluids, not blood stained, high risk for HIV transmission: breast milk (79%), saliva (14%), urine (27%), pleural fluid (53%), CSF (55%), synovial fluid (37%), faeces (27%), peritoneal fluid (53%) and vomitus (21%). The respondents estimated the risk of transmission of infection after a needlestick injury from a patient with: HIV, mean 22.5%, HB, 34% and HCV, 26%. Needles for drawing blood were identified as having the highest risk for transmission of infections in 63%. The following precautions were adhered to all the time: wearing gloves (38%), not re-sheathing needles (22%), not passing needles directly to others (70%), properly disposing of sharps (86%) and regarding patients' blood and other high risk fluid as potentially infected (62%). Post exposure, 43% indicated bleeding/squeezing the NSI site as the initial first-aid procedure, washing with soap and water (29%) and irrigating the area with water (20%). CONCLUSIONS Healthcare workers are aware of the risk of transmission of infection, however compliance with universal precautions was inadequate. An improvement in knowledge and practice with clear guidelines are needed and a comprehensive programme to educate HCWs regarding compliance with universal precautions is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Foster
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies
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Blackmore TL, Foster TM, Sumpter CE, Temple W. An investigation of colour discrimination with horses (Equus caballus). Behav Processes 2008; 78:387-96. [PMID: 18359171 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of four horses (Equus caballus) to discriminate coloured (three shades of blue, green, red, and yellow) from grey (neutral density) stimuli, produced by back projected lighting filters, was investigated in a two response forced-choice procedure. Pushes of the lever in front of a coloured screen were occasionally reinforced, pushes of the lever in front of a grey screen were never reinforced. Each colour shade was randomly paired with a grey that was brighter, one that was dimmer, and one that approximately matched the colour in terms of brightness. Each horse experienced the colours in a different order, a new colour was started after 85% correct responses over five consecutive sessions or if accuracy showed no trend over sessions. All horses reached the 85% correct with blue versus grey, three horses did so with both yellow and green versus grey. All were above chance with red versus grey but none reached criterion. Further analysis showed the wavelengths of the green stimuli used overlapped with the yellow. The results are consistent with histological and behavioural studies that suggest that horses are dichromatic. They differ from some earlier data in that they indicate horses can discriminate yellow and blue, but that they may have deficiencies in discriminating red and green.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND While the use of stimulant medication as a treatment for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been the most studied therapy in child psychiatry, there is debate about its use with young children. This study describes a series of cases seen in a normal clinical context, treated with one of four different treatment programmes. METHODS Sixteen pre-school children diagnosed with ADHD and their parents were randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments: (1) 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, parent training programme; (2) 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate, parent support programme; (3) placebo medication, parent training; and (4) placebo medication, parent support. Changes were assessed at the individual level, using clinical observations, parent and teacher rating scales and measures of parenting and family factors. RESULTS Children were more likely to improve when the treatment involved at least one active component (medication or parent training). However, there was notable variability in individual parental and child participants' responses to all treatment conditions, indicating the importance of interactions between treatment variables and other factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings are discussed within the framework of a transactional model, and inferences are drawn about the limitations of the idea that there is a 'best treatment' that is universally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Heriot
- MH-Kids, John Hunter Hospital, NSW, Australia.
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Foster TM, Seleznyova AN, Barnett AM. Independent control of organogenesis and shoot tip abortion are key factors to developmental plasticity in kiwifruit (Actinidia). Ann Bot 2007; 100:471-81. [PMID: 17650513 PMCID: PMC2533607 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In kiwifruit (Actinidia), the number of nodes per shoot is highly variable and is influenced by genotype and environmental conditions. To understand this developmental plasticity, three key processes were studied: organogenesis by the shoot apical meristem during shoot growth; expansion of phytomers; and shoot tip abortion. METHODS Studies were made of organogenesis and shoot tip abortion using light and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of temperature on shoot growth cessation was investigated using temperature indices over the budbreak period, and patterns of shoot tip abortion were quantified using stochastic modelling. KEY RESULTS All growing buds began organogenesis before budbreak. During shoot development, the number of phytomers initiated by the shoot apical meristem is correlated with the number of expanding phytomers and the mean internode length. Shoot tip abortion is preceded by growth cessation and is not brought about by the death of the shoot apical meristem, but occurs by tissue necrosis in the sub-apical zone. For most genotypes studied, the probability of shoot tip abortion is higher during expansion of the preformed part of the shoot. Lower temperatures during early growth result in a higher probability of shoot tip abortion. CONCLUSIONS Organogenesis and shoot tip abortion are controlled independently. All buds have the potential to become long shoots. Conditions that increase early growth rate postpone shoot tip abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M Foster
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd, Palmerston North Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
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Signal TD, Foster TM, Temple W, Chandler J. Establishing and maintaining an operant research facility with brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Behav Res Methods 2005; 37:182-5. [PMID: 16097359 DOI: 10.3758/bf03206413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a readily accessible marsupial that has been shown to adapt relatively well to captivity. The aim of this paper is to outline the husbandry procedures, experimental equipment, and methodologies used successfully within our possum colony since 1995.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Signal
- School of Psychology and Sociology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia.
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Foster TM, Lough TJ, Emerson SJ, Lee RH, Bowman JL, Forster RLS, Lucas WJ. A surveillance system regulates selective entry of RNA into the shoot apex. Plant Cell 2002; 14:1497-508. [PMID: 12119370 PMCID: PMC150702 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2002] [Accepted: 03/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-mobile endogenous RNA is trafficked selectively into the shoot apex. In contrast, most viruses and long-distance post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) signals are excluded from the shoot apex. These observations suggest the operation of an underlying regulatory mechanism. To examine this possibility, a potexvirus movement protein, known to modify cell-to-cell trafficking and PTGS, was expressed ectopically in transgenic plants. These plants were found to be compromised in their capacity to exclude both viral RNA and silencing signals from the shoot apex. The transgenic plants also displayed various degrees of abnormal leaf polarity depending on transgene expression level. Normal patterns of organ development were restored by either virus- or Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated induction of PTGS. This revealed the presence of an RNA signal surveillance system that acts to allow the selective entry of RNA into the shoot apex. We propose that this surveillance system regulates signaling and protects the shoot apex, in particular the cells that give rise to reproductive structures, from viral invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M Foster
- Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11030, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
The auditory abilities of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) have been measured by cochlear potential readings, but no behavioural determinations of their auditory abilities have been published. Six experimentally naive possums were trained to perform a two-response conditional discrimination between the presence and absence of an 880-Hz tone (at 80 dB). All six possums readily learned this task. The behavioural threshold for this tone was determined using a modified tracking procedure and found to be similar to that reported using cochlear microphonic potentials. One concern with the current method was the communal nature of the experimental environment so a further threshold determination in a sound-attenuating chamber was conducted. No substantial difference was noted between the results obtained in the two threshold determinations. The success of the current method means that a full, behavioural audiogram for the brushtail possum, which would complement the existing cochlear potential data, is now possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Signal
- Psychology Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Five domestic hens were exposed to a delayed matching-to-sample task. Conditions 1, 5, and 8 were variable-delay conditions in which five delays (0.25, 1, 2, 4, and 8 s) from the red or green sample to the presentation of the red and green comparison stimuli were presented a number of times during each session. In the fixed-delay condition (Condition 3), each delay was presented for 15 sessions under a Latin square design across birds. When improvements in accuracy across the variable-delay conditions are taken into account, the data were similar under both the variable and fixed delays. In Conditions 2, 4, 6, and 7 sample-reinforcer intervals were held at 8, 8, 4, and 2 s, respectively, while sample-choice intervals were varied within these during each session. With increasing sample-reinforcer interval, both initial discriminability (i.e., with sample-choice delay = 0) and rate of decrement in discriminability decreased. Although the former would be predicted if accuracy depends of the average sample-reinforcer interval, the latter would not. These data show that increasing the sample-choice interval had less effect on matching accuracy than increasing the sample-reinforcer interval did.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weavers
- Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Abstract
Performance of dairy cows responding under concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food delivery was examined, with results analyzed in terms of the generalized matching equation. In Experiment 1, bias measures indicated that crushed barley was preferred over meatmeal when these foods were available under the alternative schedules. For whole-session data, substantial undermatching of response and time-allocation ratios to obtained reinforcement ratios was evident. Postreinforcement pause time ratios approximately matched obtained reinforcement rates. Subtracting these times from total time-allocation values yielded net time-allocation ratios that undermatched obtained reinforcement ratios to a greater degree than did whole-session time-allocation ratios. In Experiment 2, substantial undermatching was evident when the same foods (hay for 2 cows, crushed barley for 2 others) were available under the alternative schedules. Food-related activities and other defined behavior not related to food were quantified by direct observation, and were found to occupy a substantial proportion (roughly 40% to 80%) of experimental sessions. Subtracting the time spent in these activities from the time allocated to each component schedule did not reduce the degree of undermatching obtained. Across all conditions in both experiments, slopes of regression lines relating behavioral outputs to environmental inputs characteristically were below 0.6, which agrees with prior findings and suggests that, contrary to suggestions in the literature, undermatching in dairy cows is not the result of using different foods under alternative schedules or differential pausing under those schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Foster
- Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Foster TM. An organizing worksheet for the traveling lecturer. J Emerg Nurs 1995; 21:350-2. [PMID: 7658638 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-1767(05)80074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Foster TM. Emergency nurse encounters man with seizure at 20,000 feet. J Emerg Nurs 1995; 21:181-3. [PMID: 7776617 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-1767(05)80037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Vrkljan M, Foster TM, Powers ME, Henkin J, Porter WR, Staack H, Carpenter JF, Manning MC. Thermal stability of low molecular weight urokinase during heat treatment. II. Effect of polymeric additives. Pharm Res 1994; 11:1004-8. [PMID: 7937540 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018935420680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Turbidimetric or light scattering assays can be used to determine the extent of aggregation in protein formulations. Using low molecular weight urokinase (LMW-UK) as a model protein, the effect of polymeric additives on heat-induced aggregation was evaluated. Previous work has shown that under 60 degrees C heat treatment, LMW-UK initially denatures and the unfolded protein associates to form soluble aggregates. Eventually, these aggregates associate to form a precipitate. The effects of polymers on the initial aggregation phase was examined. Hydroxyethyl (heta) starch, polyethylene glycol 4000, and gelatin were found to be effective, concentration-dependent inhibitors of aggregation, whereas polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol 300 were ineffective. Overall, the effect of polymeric additives on the stability of thermally-stressed LMW-UK can be accounted for by preferential exclusion of the solute from the surface of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vrkljan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Foster TM. EMS meets grunge. EMS coverage of Lollapalooza 1993. JEMS 1993; 18:47-51, 53. [PMID: 10130624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T M Foster
- St. Clare's Riverside Medical Center, Denville, NJ
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DeMello LR, Foster TM, Temple W. The effect of increased response requirements on discriminative performance of the domestic hen in a visual acuity task. J Exp Anal Behav 1993; 60:595-609. [PMID: 8283151 PMCID: PMC1322168 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1993.60-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Six domestic hens were trained in a spatial discrimination task. A controlled reinforcement procedure insured that the ratio of scheduled and obtained reinforcement remained equal. Gray stimuli and gratings ranging in spatial frequency from 1 to 10 cycles per millimeter were presented in seven descending series of probes. The response requirement to the sample key was varied from fixed ratio 1 to fixed ratio 40 in seven experimental conditions. An increase in response requirements from fixed ratio 1 to fixed ratio 5 and fixed ratio 10 resulted in significantly higher accuracy at discriminable grating values. Further increases in response requirements did not consistently improve performance. Generally, response biases increased and occasionally became extreme for probes at finer gratings with increased response requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R DeMello
- Department of Psychology, Ballarat University College, Victoria, Australia
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Foster TM. More on team approach to psychiatric patients. J Emerg Nurs 1993; 19:377-8. [PMID: 8277645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Six hens were trained in a trial-by-trial auditory discrimination in which trials were signalled by the lighting of two key lights. Correct responses (left-key pecks when a tone was presented and right-key pecks when it was not) produced intermittent deliveries of food. Following training at one tone frequency and intensity, testing sessions at lower intensities were carried out. Training and testing were repeated for 10 frequencies between 260 Hz and 8000 Hz. Derived measures of detection performance allowed estimates of the intensities at which no discrimination would have occurred. The threshold measures are presented and suggest that the range of most sensitive hearing was between 3000 and 5000 Hz.
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