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Macaulay VM, Lord S, Hussain S, Maroto JP, Jones RH, Climent MÁ, Cook N, Lin CC, Wang SS, Bianchini D, Bailey M, Schlieker L, Bogenrieder T, de Bono J. A Phase Ib/II study of IGF-neutralising antibody xentuzumab with enzalutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:965-973. [PMID: 37537253 PMCID: PMC10491782 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This multicentre, open-label, Phase Ib/II trial evaluated the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1/2 neutralising antibody xentuzumab plus enzalutamide in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). METHODS The trial included Phase Ib escalation and expansion parts and a randomised Phase II part versus enzalutamide alone. Primary endpoints in the Phase Ib escalation, Phase Ib expansion and Phase II parts were maximum tolerated dose (MTD), prostate-specific antigen response and investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS), respectively. Patients in the Phase Ib escalation and Phase II parts had progressed on/after docetaxel/abiraterone. RESULTS In the Phase Ib escalation (n = 10), no dose-limiting toxicities were reported, and xentuzumab 1000 mg weekly plus enzalutamide 160 mg daily (Xe1000 + En160) was defined as the MTD and recommended Phase 2 dose. In the Phase Ib expansion (n = 24), median PFS was 8.2 months, and one patient had a confirmed, long-term response. In Phase II (n = 86), median PFS for the Xe1000 + En160 and En160 arms was 7.4 and 6.2 months, respectively. Subgroup analysis suggested trends towards benefit with Xe1000 + En160 in patients whose tumours had high levels of IGF1 mRNA or PTEN protein. Overall, the combination was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Xentuzumab plus enzalutamide was tolerable but lacked antitumour activity in unselected patients with mCRPC. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT number 2013-004011-41.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Lord
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Syed Hussain
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Natalie Cook
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chia-Chi Lin
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Diletta Bianchini
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, London, UK
| | - Mark Bailey
- Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Laura Schlieker
- External Statistician on behalf of Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Staburo GmbH & Co. KG, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johann de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, London, UK.
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Harris BHL, Macaulay VM, Harris DA, Klenerman P, Karpe F, Lord SR, Harris AL, Buffa FM. Obesity: a perfect storm for carcinogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:491-515. [PMID: 36038791 PMCID: PMC9470699 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related cancers account for 40% of the cancer cases observed in the USA and obesity is overtaking smoking as the most widespread modifiable risk factor for carcinogenesis. Here, we use the hallmarks of cancer framework to delineate how obesity might influence the carcinogenic hallmarks in somatic cells. We discuss the effects of obesity on (a) sustaining proliferative signaling; (b) evading growth suppressors; (c) resisting cell death; (d) enabling replicative immortality; (e) inducing angiogenesis; (f) activating invasion and metastasis; (g) reprogramming energy metabolism; and (h) avoiding immune destruction, together with its effects on genome instability and tumour-promoting inflammation. We present the current understanding and controversies in this evolving field, and highlight some areas in need of further cross-disciplinary focus. For instance, the relative importance of the many potentially causative obesity-related factors is unclear for each type of malignancy. Even within a single tumour type, it is currently unknown whether one obesity-related factor consistently plays a predominant role, or if this varies between patients or, even in a single patient with time. Clarifying how the hallmarks are affected by obesity may lead to novel prevention and treatment strategies for the increasingly obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H L Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. .,St Anne's College, 56 Woodstock Rd, Oxford, OX2 6HS, UK.
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Simon R Lord
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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3
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Wu X, Seraia E, Hatch SB, Wan X, Ebner DV, Aroldi F, Jiang Y, Ryan AJ, Bogenrieder T, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Rieunier G, Macaulay VM. CHK1 inhibition exacerbates replication stress induced by IGF blockade. Oncogene 2022; 41:476-488. [PMID: 34773074 PMCID: PMC8782724 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) slows DNA replication and induces replication stress by downregulating the regulatory subunit RRM2 of ribonucleotide reductase, perturbing deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) supply. Aiming to exploit this effect in therapy we performed a compound screen in five breast cancer cell lines with IGF neutralising antibody xentuzumab. Inhibitor of checkpoint kinase CHK1 was identified as a top screen hit. Co-inhibition of IGF and CHK1 caused synergistic suppression of cell viability, cell survival and tumour growth in 2D cell culture, 3D spheroid cultures and in vivo. Investigating the mechanism of synthetic lethality, we reveal that CHK1 inhibition in IGF-1R depleted or inhibited cells further downregulated RRM2, reduced dNTP supply and profoundly delayed replication fork progression. These effects resulted in significant accumulation of unreplicated single-stranded DNA and increased cell death, indicative of replication catastrophe. Similar phenotypes were induced by IGF:WEE1 co-inhibition, also via exacerbation of RRM2 downregulation. Exogenous RRM2 expression rescued hallmarks of replication stress induced by co-inhibiting IGF with CHK1 or WEE1, identifying RRM2 as a critical target of the functional IGF:CHK1 and IGF:WEE1 interactions. These data identify novel therapeutic vulnerabilities and may inform future trials of IGF inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Seraia
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xiao Wan
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Yanyan Jiang
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
- AMAL Therapeutics, c/o Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Guillaume Rieunier
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Immunocore Ltd, Abingdon, UK.
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Mills JV, Osher E, Rieunier G, Mills IG, Macaulay VM. IGF-1R nuclear import and recruitment to chromatin involves both alpha and beta subunits. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:13. [PMID: 33969359 PMCID: PMC8084799 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF-1Rs) are heterotetrameric structures comprising two extracellular α-subunits disulphide-bonded to two transmembrane β-subunits with tyrosine kinase activity. IGF-1R is a well-known cell surface mediator of malignant growth, with an incompletely understood role upon nuclear import as a transcriptional regulator. Previous characterisation of nuclear IGF-1R focused on IGF-1Rβ. Here, we aimed to clarify the source of nuclear IGF-1R and investigate whether α-subunits contribute to nuclear IGF-1R function. Using prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and 22Rv1 we detected nuclear α- and β-subunits, with increase in nuclear signal upon IGF-treatment and reduction in response to IGF-1R inhibitor BMS-754807. Following biotinylation of cell surface proteins, biotinylated α- and β-subunits were detected in nuclear extracts of both cell lines. Furthermore, α- and β-subunits reciprocally co-precipitated from nuclear extract. Finally, we detected recruitment of both subunits to regulatory regions of chromatin, including the promoter of the oncogene JUN, that we previously identified in ChIP-seq as sites of IGF-1Rβ enrichment. These data confirm the cell surface origin of nuclear IGF-1R, suggest the presence of nuclear αβ complexes and reveal that both IGF-1Rα- and β-subunits contribute to pro-tumorigenic functions of nuclear IGF-1R. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-021-00407-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack V. Mills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Eliot Osher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Guillaume Rieunier
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valentine M. Macaulay
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ UK
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5
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Rieunier G, Wu X, Harris LE, Mills JV, Nandakumar A, Colling L, Seraia E, Hatch SB, Ebner DV, Folkes LK, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Bogenrieder T, Ryan AJ, Macaulay VM. Targeting IGF Perturbs Global Replication through Ribonucleotide Reductase Dysfunction. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2128-2141. [PMID: 33509941 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of IGF receptor (IGF1R) delays repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), prompting us to investigate whether IGF1R influences endogenous DNA damage. Here we demonstrate that IGF1R inhibition generates endogenous DNA lesions protected by 53BP1 bodies, indicating under-replicated DNA. In cancer cells, inhibition or depletion of IGF1R delayed replication fork progression accompanied by activation of ATR-CHK1 signaling and the intra-S-phase checkpoint. This phenotype reflected unanticipated regulation of global replication by IGF1 mediated via AKT, MEK/ERK, and JUN to influence expression of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit RRM2. Consequently, inhibition or depletion of IGF1R downregulated RRM2, compromising RNR function and perturbing dNTP supply. The resulting delay in fork progression and hallmarks of replication stress were rescued by RRM2 overexpression, confirming RRM2 as the critical factor through which IGF1 regulates replication. Suspecting existence of a backup pathway protecting from toxic sequelae of replication stress, targeted compound screens in breast cancer cells identified synergy between IGF inhibition and ATM loss. Reciprocal screens of ATM-proficient/deficient fibroblasts identified an IGF1R inhibitor as the top hit. IGF inhibition selectively compromised growth of ATM-null cells and spheroids and caused regression of ATM-null xenografts. This synthetic-lethal effect reflected conversion of single-stranded lesions in IGF-inhibited cells into toxic DSBs upon ATM inhibition. Overall, these data implicate IGF1R in alleviating replication stress, and the reciprocal IGF:ATM codependence we identify provides an approach to exploit this effect in ATM-deficient cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies regulation of ribonucleotide reductase function and dNTP supply by IGFs and demonstrates that IGF axis blockade induces replication stress and reciprocal codependence on ATM. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/8/2128/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Letitia E Harris
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jack V Mills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashwin Nandakumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Colling
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Seraia
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie B Hatch
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Qureishi A, Rieunier G, Shah KA, Aleksic T, Winter SC, Møller H, Macaulay VM. Radioresistant laryngeal cancers upregulate type 1 IGF receptor and exhibit increased cellular dependence on IGF and EGF signalling. Clin Otolaryngol 2019; 44:1026-1036. [PMID: 31536667 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients failing radiotherapy for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) often require salvage total laryngectomy which has major functional consequences, highlighting a need for biomarkers of radiotherapy resistance. In other tumour types, radioresistance has been linked to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R). Here, we evaluated IGF-1R and EGFR as predictors and mediators of LSCC radioresistance. DESIGN We compared IGF-1R and EGFR immunohistochemical scores in patients with LSCC achieving long-term remission post-radiotherapy (n = 23), patients treated with primary laryngectomy (n = 22) or salvage laryngectomy following radiotherapy recurrence (n = 18). To model radioresistance in vitro, two LSCC cell lines underwent clinically relevant irradiation to 55 Gy in 2.75 Gy fractions. RESULTS Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor expression was higher in pre-treatment biopsies of radiotherapy failures compared with those in long-term remission and was upregulated post-radiotherapy. Patients undergoing primary laryngectomy had more advanced T/N stage and greater tumour IGF-1R content than those achieving long-term remission. Pre-treatment EGFR did not associate with radiotherapy outcomes but showed a trend to upregulation post-irradiation. In vitro, radiosensitivity was enhanced by inhibition of EGFR but not IGF. Repeated irradiation upregulated IGF-1R in BICR18 and SQ20B cells and EGFR in SQ20B, and enhanced SQ20B radioresistance. Repeatedly irradiated SQ20B_55 cells were not radiosensitised by inhibition of IGF and/or EGFR, but IGF-1R:EGFR co-inhibition suppressed baseline cell survival more effectively than blockade of either pathway alone, and more effectively than in parental cells. CONCLUSIONS Radiation upregulates IGF-1R and may enhance IGF/EGFR dependence, suggesting that IGF/EGFR blockade may have activity in LSCCs that recur post-radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Qureishi
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ketan A Shah
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart C Winter
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Henrik Møller
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
The insulin like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a fundamental role in normal growth and development, and when deregulated makes an important contribution to disease. Here, we review the functions mediated by ligand-induced IGF axis activation, and discuss the evidence for the involvement of IGF signaling in the pathogenesis of cancer, endocrine disorders including acromegaly, diabetes and thyroid eye disease, skin diseases such as acne and psoriasis, and the frailty that accompanies aging. We discuss the use of IGF axis inhibitors, focusing on the different approaches that have been taken to develop effective and tolerable ways to block this important signaling pathway. We outline the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and discuss progress in evaluating these agents, including factors that contributed to the failure of many of these novel therapeutics in early phase cancer trials. Finally, we summarize grounds for cautious optimism for ongoing and future studies of IGF blockade in cancer and non-malignant disorders including thyroid eye disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Osher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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8
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Rieunier G, Wu X, Macaulay VM, Lee AV, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Bogenrieder T. Bad to the Bone: The Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Osseous Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3479-3485. [PMID: 30745299 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases are a frequent complication of cancer that are associated with considerable morbidity. Current treatments may temporarily palliate the symptoms of bone metastases but often fail to delay their progression. Bones provide a permissive environment because they are characterized by dynamic turnover, secreting factors required for bone maintenance but also stimulating the establishment and growth of metastases. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are the most abundant growth factors in bone and are required for normal skeletal development and function. Via activation of the IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1R) and variant insulin receptors, IGFs promote cancer progression, aggressiveness, and treatment resistance. Of specific relevance to bone biology, IGFs contribute to the homing, dormancy, colonization, and expansion of bone metastases. Furthermore, preclinical evidence suggests that tumor cells can be primed to metastasize to bone by a high IGF-1 environment in the primary tumor, suggesting that bone metastases may reflect IGF dependency. Therapeutic targeting of the IGF axis may therefore provide an effective method for treating bone metastases. Indeed, anti-IGF-1R antibodies, IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and anti-IGF-1/2 antibodies have demonstrated antitumor activity in preclinical models of prostate and breast cancer metastases, either alone or in combination with other agents. Several studies suggest that such treatments can inhibit bone metastases without affecting growth of the primary tumor. Although previous trials of anti-IGF-1R drugs have generated negative results in unselected patients, these considerations suggest that future clinical trials of IGF-targeted agents may be warranted in patients with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian V Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- RCV Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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9
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Aleksic T, Gray N, Wu X, Rieunier G, Osher E, Mills J, Verrill C, Bryant RJ, Han C, Hutchinson K, Lambert AG, Kumar R, Hamdy FC, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Sanderson MP, Bogenrieder T, Taylor S, Macaulay VM. Nuclear IGF1R Interacts with Regulatory Regions of Chromatin to Promote RNA Polymerase II Recruitment and Gene Expression Associated with Advanced Tumor Stage. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3497-3509. [PMID: 29735545 PMCID: PMC6031306 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Internalization of ligand-activated type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) is followed by recycling to the plasma membrane, degradation or nuclear translocation. Nuclear IGF1R reportedly associates with clinical response to IGF1R inhibitory drugs, yet its role in the nucleus is poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the significance of nuclear IGF1R in clinical cancers and cell line models. In prostate cancers, IGF1R was predominantly membrane localized in benign glands, while malignant epithelium contained prominent internalized (nuclear/cytoplasmic) IGF1R, and nuclear IGF1R associated significantly with advanced tumor stage. Using ChIP-seq to assess global chromatin occupancy, we identified IGF1R-binding sites at or near transcription start sites of genes including JUN and FAM21, most sites coinciding with occupancy by RNA polymerase II (RNAPol2) and histone marks of active enhancers/promoters. IGF1R was inducibly recruited to chromatin, directly binding DNA and interacting with RNAPol2 to upregulate expression of JUN and FAM21, shown to mediate tumor cell survival and IGF-induced migration. IGF1 also enriched RNAPol2 on promoters containing IGF1R-binding sites. These functions were inhibited by IGF1/II-neutralizing antibody xentuzumab (BI 836845), or by blocking receptor internalization. We detected IGF1R on JUN and FAM21 promoters in fresh prostate cancers that contained abundant nuclear IGF1R, with evidence of correlation between nuclear IGF1R content and JUN expression in malignant prostatic epithelium. Taken together, these data reveal previously unrecognized molecular mechanisms through which IGFs promote tumorigenesis, with implications for therapeutic evaluation of anti-IGF drugs.Significance: These findings reveal a noncanonical nuclear role for IGF1R in tumorigenesis, with implications for therapeutic evaluation of IGF inhibitory drugs. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3497-509. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eliot Osher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Mills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Han
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam G Lambert
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Computational Biology Research Group, University of Oxford, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Earwaker P, Anderson C, Willenbrock F, Harris AL, Protheroe AS, Macaulay VM. RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to resistance of renal cancer cells to PI3K-mTOR inhibition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191890. [PMID: 29389967 PMCID: PMC5794101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The outlook for patients with advanced renal cell cancer (RCC) has been improved by targeted agents including inhibitors of the PI3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mTOR axis, although treatment resistance is a major problem. Here, we aimed to understand how RCC cells acquire resistance to PI3K-mTOR inhibition. We used the RCC4 cell line to generate a model of in vitro resistance by continuous culture in PI3K-mTOR kinase inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 (BEZ235, Dactolisib). Resistant cells were cross-resistant to mTOR inhibitor AZD2014. Sensitivity was regained after 4 months drug withdrawal, and resistance was partially suppressed by HDAC inhibition, supporting an epigenetic mechanism. BEZ235-resistant cells up-regulated and/or activated numerous proteins including MET, ABL, Notch, IGF-1R, INSR and MEK/ERK. However, resistance was not reversed by inhibiting or depleting these pathways, suggesting that many induced changes were passengers not drivers of resistance. BEZ235 blocked phosphorylation of mTOR targets S6 and 4E-BP1 in parental cells, but 4E-BP1 remained phosphorylated in resistant cells, suggesting BEZ235-refractory mTORC1 activity. Consistent with this, resistant cells over-expressed mTORC1 component RAPTOR at the mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, BEZ235 resistance was suppressed by RAPTOR depletion, or allosteric mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. These data reveal that RAPTOR up-regulation contributes to PI3K-mTOR inhibitor resistance, and suggest that RAPTOR expression should be included in the pharmacodynamic assessment of mTOR kinase inhibitor trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian L. Harris
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Protheroe
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M. Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Aleksic T, Verrill C, Bryant RJ, Han C, Worrall AR, Brureau L, Larré S, Higgins GS, Fazal F, Sabbagh A, Haider S, Buffa FM, Cole D, Macaulay VM. IGF-1R associates with adverse outcomes after radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1600-1606. [PMID: 28972962 PMCID: PMC5729437 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF-1Rs) undergo internalisation and nuclear translocation, promoting cell survival. We previously reported that IGF-1R inhibition delays DNA damage repair, sensitising prostate cancer cells to ionising radiation. Here we tested the clinical relevance of these findings. METHODS We assessed associations between IGF-1R and clinical outcomes by immunohistochemistry in diagnostic biopsies of 136 men treated with 55-70 Gy external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer, comparing results with publicly available transcriptional data in surgically treated patients. RESULTS Following radiotherapy, overall recurrence-free survival was shorter in patients whose tumours contained high total, cytoplasmic and internalised (nuclear/cytoplasmic) IGF-1R. High total IGF-1R associated with high primary Gleason grade and risk of metastasis, and cytoplasmic and internalised IGF-1R with biochemical recurrence, which includes patients experiencing local recurrence within the radiation field indicating radioresistance. In multivariate analysis, cytoplasmic, internalised and total IGF-1R were independently associated with risk of overall recurrence, and cytoplasmic IGF-1R was an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence post radiotherapy. Insulin-like growth factor receptors expression did not associate with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal increased risk of post-radiotherapy recurrence in men whose prostate cancers contain high levels of total or cytoplasmic IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Richard J Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Cheng Han
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Andrew Ross Worrall
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Laurent Brureau
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephane Larré
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Geoff S Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Fahad Fazal
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Ahmad Sabbagh
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - David Cole
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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12
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Simpson A, Petnga W, Macaulay VM, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Bogenrieder T. Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Pathway Targeting in Cancer: Role of the IGF Axis and Opportunities for Future Combination Studies. Target Oncol 2017; 12:571-597. [PMID: 28815409 PMCID: PMC5610669 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a strong preclinical rationale for targeting the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in cancer, clinical studies of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)-targeted monotherapies have been largely disappointing, and any potential success has been limited by the lack of validated predictive biomarkers for patient enrichment. A large body of preclinical evidence suggests that the key role of the IGF axis in cancer is in driving treatment resistance, via general proliferative/survival mechanisms, interactions with other mitogenic signaling networks, and class-specific mechanisms such as DNA damage repair. Consequently, combining IGF-targeted agents with standard cytotoxic agents, other targeted agents, endocrine therapies, or immunotherapies represents an attractive therapeutic approach. Anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) do not inhibit IGF ligand 2 (IGF-2) activation of the insulin receptor isoform-A (INSR-A), which may limit their anti-proliferative activity. In addition, due to their lack of specificity, IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with hyperglycemia as a result of interference with signaling through the classical metabolic INSR-B isoform; this may preclude their use at clinically effective doses. Conversely, IGF-1/IGF-2 ligand-neutralizing mAbs inhibit proliferative/anti-apoptotic signaling via IGF-1R and INSR-A, without compromising the metabolic function of INSR-B. Therefore, combination regimens that include these agents may be more efficacious and tolerable versus IGF-1R-targeted combinations. Herein, we review the preclinical and clinical experience with IGF-targeted therapies to-date, and discuss the rationale for future combination approaches as a means to overcome treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Simpson
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, Dr. Boehringer Gasse 5-11, 1121, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Josa-Culleré L, Towers C, Willenbrock F, Macaulay VM, Christensen KE, Moloney MG. Synthesis and bioactivity of fused- and spiro-β-lactone-lactam systems. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5373-5379. [PMID: 28617490 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01148b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the formation of fused- and spiro-β-lactone annulate to γ-lactams has shown that the fused systems are formed preferentially, under standard conditions, but that spiro systems are accessible only when the formation of the fused system is blocked and require careful optimisation of reaction conditions. These systems display both weak antibacterial activity and proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Josa-Culleré
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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14
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Aleksic T, Browning L, Woodward M, Phillips R, Page S, Henderson S, Athanasou N, Ansorge O, Whitwell D, Pratap S, Hassan AB, Middleton MR, Macaulay VM. Durable Response of Spinal Chordoma to Combined Inhibition of IGF-1R and EGFR. Front Oncol 2016; 6:98. [PMID: 27200287 PMCID: PMC4852191 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare primary malignant bone tumors arising from embryonal notochord remnants of the axial skeleton. Chordomas commonly recur following surgery and radiotherapy, and there is no effective systemic therapy. Previous studies implicated receptor tyrosine kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), in chordoma biology. We report an adult female patient who presented in 2003 with spinal chordoma, treated with surgery and radiotherapy. She underwent further surgery for recurrent chordoma in 2008, with subsequent progression in pelvic deposits. In June 2009, she was recruited onto the Phase I OSI-906-103 trial of EGFR inhibitor erlotinib with linsitinib, a novel inhibitor of IGF-1R/insulin receptor (INSR). Treatment with 100 mg QD erlotinib and 50 mg QD linsitinib was well-tolerated, and after 18 months a partial response was achieved by RECIST criteria. From 43 months, a protocol modification allowed intra-patient linsitinib dose escalation to 50 mg BID. The patient remained stable on trial treatment for a total of 5 years, discontinuing treatment in August 2014. She subsequently experienced further disease progression for which she underwent pelvic surgery in April 2015. Analysis of DNA extracted from 2008 (pre-trial) tissue showed that the tumor harbored wild-type EGFR, and a PIK3CA mutation was detected in plasma, but not tumor DNA. The 2015 (post-trial) tumor harbored a mutation of uncertain significance in ATM, with no detectable mutations in other components of a 50 gene panel, including EGFR, PIK3CA, and TP53. By immunohistochemistry, the tumor was positive for brachyury, the molecular hallmark of chordoma, and showed weak–moderate membrane and cytoplasmic EGFR. IGF-1R was detected in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm and was expressed more strongly in recurrent tumor than the primary. We also noted heterogeneous nuclear IGF-1R, which has been linked with sensitivity to IGF-1R inhibition. Similar variation in IGF-1R expression and subcellular localization was noted in 15 further cases of chordoma. In summary, this exceptionally durable response suggests that there may be merit in evaluating combined IGF-1R/INSR and EGFR inhibition in patients with chordomas that recur following failure of local treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building , Oxford , UK
| | - Lisa Browning
- Department of Cellular Pathology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Martha Woodward
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Rachel Phillips
- Department of Radiology, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Suzanne Page
- BRC Oxford Molecular Diagnostic Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Shirley Henderson
- BRC Oxford Molecular Diagnostic Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Nicholas Athanasou
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Olaf Ansorge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK
| | - Duncan Whitwell
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre , Oxford , UK
| | - Sarah Pratap
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - A Bassim Hassan
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK; Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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15
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Macaulay VM, Middleton MR, Eckhardt SG, Rudin CM, Juergens RA, Gedrich R, Gogov S, McCarthy S, Poondru S, Stephens AW, Gadgeel SM. Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of Linsitinib (OSI-906) and Erlotinib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2897-907. [PMID: 26831715 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cross-talk between type I IGF receptor (IGF1R), insulin receptor (INSR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mediates resistance to individual receptor blockade. This study aimed to determine the MTD, safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary antitumor activity of linsitinib, a potent oral IGF1R/INSR inhibitor, with EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This open-label, dose-escalation study investigated linsitinib schedules S1: once daily intermittent (days 1-3 weekly); S2, once daily continuous; S3, twice-daily continuous; each with erlotinib 100-150 mg once daily; and a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expansion cohort. RESULTS Ninety-five patients were enrolled (S1, 44; S2, 24; S3, 12; expansion cohort, 15) and 91 treated. Seven experienced dose-limiting toxicities: QTc prolongation (3), abnormal liver function (2), hyperglycemia (1), and anorexia (1). Common adverse events included drug eruption (84%), diarrhea (73%), fatigue (68%), nausea (58%), vomiting (40%). MTDs for linsitinib/erlotinib were 450/150 mg (S1), 400/100 mg (S2). On the basis of prior monotherapy data, S3 dosing at 150 mg twice daily/150 mg once daily was the recommended phase II dose for the expansion cohort. There was no evidence of drug-drug interaction. Pharmacodynamic data showed IGF-1 elevation and reduced IGF1R/INSR phosphorylation, suggesting pathway inhibition. Across schedules, 5/75 (7%) evaluable patients experienced partial responses: spinal chordoma (268+ weeks), rectal cancer (36 weeks), three NSCLCs including 2 adenocarcinomas (16, 72 weeks), 1 squamous wild-type EGFR NSCLC (36 weeks). Disease control (CR+PR+SD) occurred in 38 of 75 (51%), and 28 of 91 (31%) patients were on study >12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The linsitinib/erlotinib combination was tolerable with preliminary evidence of activity, including durable responses in cases unlikely to respond to erlotinib monotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 2897-907. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine M Macaulay
- University Department of Oncology, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark R Middleton
- University Department of Oncology, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Ramcharan R, Aleksic T, Kamdoum WP, Gao S, Pfister SX, Tanner J, Bridges E, Asher R, Watson AJ, Margison GP, Woodcock M, Repapi E, Li JL, Middleton MR, Macaulay VM. IGF-1R inhibition induces schedule-dependent sensitization of human melanoma to temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39877-90. [PMID: 26497996 PMCID: PMC4741867 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies implicate type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) in mediating chemo-resistance. Here, we investigated whether IGF-1R influences response to temozolomide (TMZ), which generates DNA adducts that are removed by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), or persist causing replication-associated double-strand breaks (DSBs). Initial assessment in 10 melanoma cell lines revealed that TMZ resistance correlated with MGMT expression (r = 0.79, p = 0.009), and in MGMT-proficient cell lines, with phospho-IGF-1R (r = 0.81, p = 0.038), suggesting that TMZ resistance associates with IGF-1R activation. Next, effects of IGF-1R inhibitors (IGF-1Ri) AZ3801 and linsitinib (OSI-906) were tested on TMZ-sensitivity, cell cycle progression and DSB induction. IGF-1Ri sensitized BRAF wild-type and mutant melanoma cells to TMZ in vitro, an effect that was independent of MGMT. Cells harboring wild-type p53 were more sensitive to IGF-1Ri, and showed schedule-dependent chemo-sensitization that was most effective when IGF-1Ri followed TMZ. This sequence sensitized to clinically-achievable TMZ concentrations and enhanced TMZ-induced apoptosis. Simultaneous or prior IGF-1Ri caused less effective chemo-sensitization, associated with increased G1 population and reduced accumulation of TMZ-induced DSBs. Clinically relevant sequential (TMZ → IGF-1Ri) treatment was tested in mice bearing A375M (V600E BRAF, wild-type p53) melanoma xenografts, achieving peak plasma/tumor IGF-1Ri levels comparable to clinical Cmax, and inducing extensive intratumoral apoptosis. TMZ or IGF-1Ri caused minor inhibition of tumor growth (gradient reduction 13%, 25% respectively), while combination treatment caused supra-additive growth delay (72%) that was significantly different from control (p < 0.01), TMZ (p < 0.01) and IGF-1Ri (p < 0.05) groups. These data highlight the importance of scheduling when combining IGF-1Ri and other targeted agents with drugs that induce replication-associated DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ramcharan
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Shan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophia X. Pfister
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Jordan Tanner
- Biomedical Services, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther Bridges
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Asher
- Department of Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Amanda J. Watson
- Cancer Research UK Carcinogenesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
| | - Geoffrey P. Margison
- Cancer Research UK Carcinogenesis Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, UK
| | - Mick Woodcock
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Ji-Liang Li
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Valentine M. Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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17
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Pfister SX, Markkanen E, Jiang Y, Sarkar S, Woodcock M, Orlando G, Mavrommati I, Pai CC, Zalmas LP, Drobnitzky N, Dianov GL, Verrill C, Macaulay VM, Ying S, La Thangue NB, D'Angiolella V, Ryan AJ, Humphrey TC. Inhibiting WEE1 Selectively Kills Histone H3K36me3-Deficient Cancers by dNTP Starvation. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:557-568. [PMID: 26602815 PMCID: PMC4643307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is frequently lost in multiple cancer types, identifying it as an important therapeutic target. Here we identify a synthetic lethal interaction in which H3K36me3-deficient cancers are acutely sensitive to WEE1 inhibition. We show that RRM2, a ribonucleotide reductase subunit, is the target of this synthetic lethal interaction. RRM2 is regulated by two pathways here: first, H3K36me3 facilitates RRM2 expression through transcription initiation factor recruitment; second, WEE1 inhibition degrades RRM2 through untimely CDK activation. Therefore, WEE1 inhibition in H3K36me3-deficient cells results in RRM2 reduction, critical dNTP depletion, S-phase arrest, and apoptosis. Accordingly, this synthetic lethality is suppressed by increasing RRM2 expression or inhibiting RRM2 degradation. Finally, we demonstrate that WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 regresses H3K36me3-deficient tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X Pfister
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Enni Markkanen
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mick Woodcock
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Giulia Orlando
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ioanna Mavrommati
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Chen-Chun Pai
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Neele Drobnitzky
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Grigory L Dianov
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cytology and Genetics RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Vincenzo D'Angiolella
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Timothy C Humphrey
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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18
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Dale OT, Aleksic T, Shah KA, Han C, Mehanna H, Rapozo DCM, Sheard JDH, Goodyear P, Upile NS, Robinson M, Jones TM, Winter S, Macaulay VM. IGF-1R expression is associated with HPV-negative status and adverse survival in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:648-55. [PMID: 25896444 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are treated with surgery, radiotherapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but survival from locally-advanced disease remains poor, particularly in patients whose tumors are negative for Human papillomavirus (HPV). Type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) is known to promote tumorigenesis and resistance to cancer therapeutics. Here, we assessed IGF-1R immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 852 cores from 346 HNSCC patients with primary tumors in the oropharynx (n = 231), larynx (85), hypopharynx (28), oral cavity (2). Of these, 236 (68%) were HPV-negative, 110 (32%) positive. IGF-1R was detected in the cell membrane of 36% and cytoplasm of 92% of HNSCCs; in 64 cases with matched normal tonsillar epithelium, IGF-1R was overexpressed in the HNSCCs (P < 0.001). Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were reduced in patients whose tumors contained high membrane IGF-1R [OS: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.63, P = 0.006; DSS: HR = 1.63, P = 0.016], cytoplasmic IGF-1R (OS: HR = 1.58, P = 0.009; DSS: HR = 1.58, P = 0.024) and total IGF-1R (OS: HR = 2.02, P < 0.001; DSS: HR = 2.2, P < 0.001). High tumor IGF-1R showed significant association with high-tumor T-stage (P < 0.001) and HPV-negativity (P < 0.001), and was associated with shorter OS when considering patients with HPV-positive (P = 0.01) and negative (P = 0.006) tumors separately. IGF-1R was independently associated with survival in multivariate analysis including HPV, but not when lymphovascular invasion, perineural spread and T-stage were included. Of these factors, only IGF-1R can be manipulated; the association of IGF-1R with aggressive disease supports experimental incorporation of anti-IGF-1R agents into multimodality treatment programs for HPV-negative and high IGF-1R HPV-positive HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Dale
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK, The Blenheim Head and Neck Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK, Present address: ENT Department, University Hospital Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EG, UK
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Ketan A Shah
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Cheng Han
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (INHANSE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Davy C M Rapozo
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (INHANSE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jon D H Sheard
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Paul Goodyear
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK and
| | - Navdeep S Upile
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK and
| | - Max Robinson
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Terence M Jones
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK and
| | - Stuart Winter
- The Blenheim Head and Neck Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK,
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19
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Lodhia KA, Gao S, Aleksic T, Esashi F, Macaulay VM. Suppression of homologous recombination sensitizes human tumor cells to IGF-1R inhibition. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2961-6. [PMID: 25388513 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) sensitizes to DNA-damaging cancer treatments, and delays repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination (HR). In a recent screen for mediators of resistance to IGF-1R inhibitor AZ12253801, we identified RAD51, required for the strand invasion step of HR. These findings prompted us to test the hypothesis that IGF-1R-inhibited cells accumulate DSBs formed at endogenous DNA lesions, and depend on residual HR for their repair. Indeed, initial experiments showed time-dependent accumulation of γH2AX foci in IGF-1R -inhibited or -depleted prostate cancer cells. We then tested effects of suppressing HR, and found that RAD51 depletion enhanced AZ12253801 sensitivity in PTEN wild-type prostate cancer cells but not in cells lacking functional PTEN. Similar sensitization was induced in prostate cancer cells by depletion of BRCA2, required for RAD51 loading onto DNA, and in BRCA2(-/-) colorectal cancer cells, compared with isogenic BRCA2(+/-) cells. We also assessed chemical HR inhibitors, finding that RAD51 inhibitor BO2 blocked RAD51 focus formation and sensitized to AZ12253801. Finally, we tested CDK1 inhibitor RO-3306, which impairs HR by inhibiting CDK1-mediated BRCA1 phosphorylation. R0-3306 suppressed RAD51 focus formation consistent with HR attenuation, and sensitized prostate cancer cells to IGF-1R inhibition, with 2.4-fold reduction in AZ12253801 GI50 and 13-fold reduction in GI80. These data suggest that responses to IGF-1R inhibition are enhanced by genetic and chemical approaches to suppress HR, defining a population of cancers (PTEN wild-type, BRCA mutant) that may be intrinsically sensitive to IGF-1R inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal A Lodhia
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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Gao S, Bajrami I, Verrill C, Kigozi A, Ouaret D, Aleksic T, Asher R, Han C, Allen P, Bailey D, Feller S, Kashima T, Athanasou N, Blay JY, Schmitz S, Machiels JP, Upile N, Jones TM, Thalmann G, Ashraf SQ, Wilding JL, Bodmer WF, Middleton MR, Ashworth A, Lord CJ, Macaulay VM. Dsh homolog DVL3 mediates resistance to IGFIR inhibition by regulating IGF-RAS signaling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5866-77. [PMID: 25168481 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that inhibit insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI) receptor IGFIR were encouraging in early trials, but predictive biomarkers were lacking and the drugs provided insufficient benefit in unselected patients. In this study, we used genetic screening and downstream validation to identify the WNT pathway element DVL3 as a mediator of resistance to IGFIR inhibition. Sensitivity to IGFIR inhibition was enhanced specifically in vitro and in vivo by genetic or pharmacologic blockade of DVL3. In breast and prostate cancer cells, sensitization tracked with enhanced MEK-ERK activation and relied upon MEK activity and DVL3 expression. Mechanistic investigations showed that DVL3 is present in an adaptor complex that links IGFIR to RAS, which includes Shc, growth factor receptor-bound-2 (Grb2), son-of-sevenless (SOS), and the tumor suppressor DAB2. Dual DVL and DAB2 blockade synergized in activating ERKs and sensitizing cells to IGFIR inhibition, suggesting a nonredundant role for DVL3 in the Shc-Grb2-SOS complex. Clinically, tumors that responded to IGFIR inhibition contained relatively lower levels of DVL3 protein than resistant tumors, and DVL3 levels in tumors correlated inversely with progression-free survival in patients treated with IGFIR antibodies. Because IGFIR does not contain activating mutations analogous to EGFR variants associated with response to EGFR inhibitors, we suggest that IGF signaling achieves an equivalent integration at the postreceptor level through adaptor protein complexes, influencing cellular dependence on the IGF axis and identifying a patient population with potential to benefit from IGFIR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilirjana Bajrami
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Kigozi
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Djamila Ouaret
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Asher
- Department of Cellular Pathology and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng Han
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Bailey
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Feller
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Takeshi Kashima
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Athanasou
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Pathology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Centre Léon Bérard, Department of Medicine, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Schmitz
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nav Upile
- Liverpool CR-UK Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terry M Jones
- Liverpool CR-UK Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shazad Q Ashraf
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Wilding
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Walter F Bodmer
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Lord
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Ramcharan RN, Aleksic T, Gao S, Tanner J, Darvill N, Bridges E, Asher R, Watson AJ, Margison GP, Repapi E, Li JL, Middleton MR, Macaulay VM. Abstract 1741: Inhibition of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) influences processing of replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and induces schedule-dependent sensitization of human melanoma to temozolomide (TMZ). Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
IGF-1R is frequently up-regulated in cancers including melanoma, and is implicated in mediating resistance to chemotherapy and targeted agents via regulation of apoptosis. Here, we investigated responses to temozolomide (TMZ), a methylating agent that generates toxic O6-methylguanine (O6meG) adducts, which are removed by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Persistent O6meG adducts trigger futile cycles of mismatch repair, ultimately leading to formation of replication-associated DSBs. In a first approach to test links between IGF-1R and response to TMZ, we used a panel of 10 human melanoma cell lines in which we characterized MGMT expression, activation and expression of IGF axis components, and growth inhibitory effects of TMZ. We found that TMZ GI50 values correlated with MGMT levels (r=0.79, p=0.009), and in 7 MGMT-proficient cell lines, with phospho-IGF-1R (r=0.81, p=0.038) suggesting a link between TMZ resistance and IGF-1R activation. In a second approach we used IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) AZ12253801 and linsitinib (OSI-906), which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation, to assess effects of blocking IGF signaling. These IGF-1R TKIs were capable of sensitizing wild-type and mutant BRAF melanoma cells to TMZ; lack of correlation with apoptosis induction suggested that other factors contributed to this effect. IGF-1R inhibition did not influence MGMT expression or activity, was not epistatic with MGMT inhibition, and TMZ-sensitized MGMT-null cells, suggesting that chemo-sensitization was MGMT-independent. We found that IGF-1R TKI sensitized melanoma cells to inhibition of poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP), and influenced processing of TMZ-induced DSBs, with increased RPA focus formation within 24hr of TMZ application, and persistence of RAD51 foci at 72hr. These data suggest functional impairment of homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DSB repair. Compared with simultaneous or prior IGF-1R TKI, TMZ sensitization was greater when IGF-1R TKI followed TMZ, consistent with a model in which IGF-1R inhibitor pre-treatment reduces DSB yield. In mice bearing melanoma xenografts with a clinically relevant (V600E BRAF, wild-type p53) genotype, this sequential (TMZ→linsitinib) combination treatment was tolerable, and linsitinib achieved peak plasma levels comparable to clinical Cmax values. TMZ and linsitinib caused minor inhibition of tumor growth (gradient reduction of 13% and 25% respectively), while the combination caused supra-additive growth delay (72%) that was significantly different from control (p<0.01), TMZ (p<0.01) and linsitinib (p<0.05) groups. In summary, IGF-1R inhibition influences HR repair of TMZ-induced DSBs and sensitizes melanomas to TMZ using treatment schedules relevant to clinical practice.
Citation Format: Roger N. Ramcharan, Tamara Aleksic, Shan Gao, Jordan Tanner, Nicholas Darvill, Esther Bridges, Ruth Asher, Amanda J. Watson, Geoffrey P. Margison, Emmanouela Repapi, Ji-Liang Li, Mark R. Middleton, Valentine M. Macaulay. Inhibition of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) influences processing of replication-associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and induces schedule-dependent sensitization of human melanoma to temozolomide (TMZ). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1741. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1741
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shan Gao
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Asher
- 2John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Watson
- 3Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ji-Liang Li
- 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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King H, Aleksic T, Haluska P, Macaulay VM. Can we unlock the potential of IGF-1R inhibition in cancer therapy? Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:1096-105. [PMID: 25123819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IGF-1R inhibitors arrived in the clinic accompanied by optimism based on preclinical activity of IGF-1R targeting, and recognition that low IGF bioactivity protects from cancer. This was tempered by concerns about toxicity to normal tissue IGF-1R and cross-reactivity with insulin receptor (InsR). In fact, toxicity is not a show-stopper; the key issue is efficacy. While IGF-1R inhibition induces responses as monotherapy in sarcomas and with chemotherapy or targeted agents in common cancers, negative Phase 2/3 trials in unselected patients prompted the cessation of several Pharma programs. Here, we review completed and on-going trials of IGF-1R antibodies, kinase inhibitors and ligand antibodies. We assess candidate biomarkers for patient selection, highlighting the potential predictive value of circulating IGFs/IGFBPs, the need for standardized assays for IGF-1R, and preclinical evidence that variant InsRs mediate resistance to IGF-1R antibodies. We review hypothesis-led and unbiased approaches to evaluate IGF-1R inhibitors with other agents, and stress the need to consider sequencing with chemotherapy. The last few years were a tough time for IGF-1R therapeutics, but also brought progress in understanding IGF biology. Even failed studies include patients who derived benefit; they should be investigated to identify features distinguishing the tumors and host environment of responders from non-responders. We emphasize the importance of incorporating biospecimen collection into trial design, and wording patient consents to allow post hoc analysis of trial material as new data become available. Such information represents the key to unlocking the potential of this approach, to inform the next generation of trials of IGF signalling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen King
- St Catherine's College, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UJ, UK.
| | - Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Paul Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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Macaulay VM, Middleton MR, Protheroe AS, Tolcher A, Dieras V, Sessa C, Bahleda R, Blay JY, LoRusso P, Mery-Mignard D, Soria JC. Phase I study of humanized monoclonal antibody AVE1642 directed against the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), administered in combination with anticancer therapies to patients with advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:784-91. [PMID: 23104723 PMCID: PMC3574548 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) mediates resistance to chemotherapy and targeted agents. This study assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and tolerability of humanized IGF-1R antibody AVE1642 with other cancer treatments. PATIENTS Patients with advanced solid tumors received three weekly AVE1642 dosed at 6 mg/kg, chosen following previous study, with 75 (cohort A) or 100 mg/m(2) (B) docetaxel, 1250 mg/m(2) gemcitabine/100 mg erlotinib (C1), or 60 mg/m(2) doxorubicin (D1). Blood samples were assayed for PK, IGFs, and IGF-BP3. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients received 317 AVE1642 infusions. The commonest adverse events were diarrhea (37/58 patients), asthenia (34/58), nausea (30/58), and stomatitis (21/58). Dose-limiting toxic effects in cohorts C1 (diarrhea) and D1 (neutropenia) prompted addition of cohorts C2 (1000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine/75 mg erlotinib) and D2 (50 mg/m(2) doxorubicin). Grade 3-4 hyperglycemia (three cases) accompanied steroid premedication for docetaxel administration. No PK interactions were detected. There were three partial responses in cohorts B (melanoma) and C (leiomyosarcoma, two cases) and 22 stabilizations ≥12 weeks, giving a control rate of 25/57 (44%). On treatment IGF-II rose by 68 ± 25 ng/ml in patients discontinuing treatment <12 weeks, and fell by 55.5 ± 21 ng/ml with disease control (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION AVE1642 was tolerable with 75-100 mg/m(2) docetaxel and 1000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine/75 mg erlotinib, achieving durable disease control in 44%, with an association between IGF-II and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
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Fairfax BP, Pratap S, Roberts ISD, Collier J, Kaplan R, Meade AM, Ritchie AW, Eisen T, Macaulay VM, Protheroe A. Fatal case of sorafenib-associated idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in the adjuvant treatment of a patient with renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:590. [PMID: 23231599 PMCID: PMC3575366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sorafenib is an orally available kinase inhibitor with activity at Raf, PDGFβ and VEGF receptors that is licensed for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current evidence-based post-nephrectomy management of individuals with localized RCC consists of surveillance-based follow up. The SORCE trial is designed to investigate whether treatment with adjuvant sorafenib can reduce recurrence rates in this cohort. Case presentation Here we report an idiosyncratic reaction to sorafenib resulting in fatal hepatotoxicity and associated renal failure in a 62 year-old man treated with sorafenib within the SORCE trial. Conclusion This is the first reported case of sorafenib exposure associated fatal toxicity in the adjuvant setting and highlights the unpredictable adverse effects of novel adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Fairfax
- Department of Oncology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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Bardella C, El-Bahrawy M, Frizzell N, Adam J, Ternette N, Hatipoglu E, Howarth K, O'Flaherty L, Roberts I, Turner G, Taylor J, Giaslakiotis K, Macaulay VM, Harris AL, Chandra A, Lehtonen HJ, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA, Pugh CW, Mihai R, Trudgian D, Kessler B, Baynes JW, Ratcliffe PJ, Tomlinson IP, Pollard PJ. Aberrant succination of proteins in fumarate hydratase-deficient mice and HLRCC patients is a robust biomarker of mutation status. J Pathol 2011; 225:4-11. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Aleksic T, Chitnis MM, Perestenko OV, Gao S, Thomas PH, Turner GD, Protheroe AS, Howarth M, Macaulay VM. Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor translocates to the nucleus of human tumor cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6412-9. [PMID: 20710042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is a transmembrane glycoprotein composed of two extracellular alpha subunits and two beta subunits with tyrosine kinase activity. The IGF-1R is frequently upregulated in cancers and signals from the cell surface to promote proliferation and cell survival. Recent attention has focused on the IGF-1R as a target for cancer treatment. Here, we report that the nuclei of human tumor cells contain IGF-1R, detectable using multiple antibodies to alpha- and beta-subunit domains. Cell-surface IGF-1R translocates to the nucleus following clathrin-mediated endocytosis, regulated by IGF levels. The IGF-1R is unusual among transmembrane receptors that undergo nuclear import, in that both alpha and beta subunits traffic to the nucleus. Nuclear IGF-1R is phosphorylated in response to ligand and undergoes IGF-induced interaction with chromatin, suggesting direct engagement in transcriptional regulation. The IGF dependence of these phenomena indicates a requirement for the receptor kinase, and indeed, IGF-1R nuclear import and chromatin binding can be blocked by a novel IGF-1R kinase inhibitor. Nuclear IGF-1R is detectable in primary renal cancer cells, formalin-fixed tumors, preinvasive lesions in the breast, and nonmalignant tissues characterized by a high proliferation rate. In clear cell renal cancer, nuclear IGF-1R is associated with adverse prognosis. Our findings suggest that IGF-1R nuclear import has biological significance, may contribute directly to IGF-1R function, and may influence the efficacy of IGF-1R inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Aleksic
- Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Turney BW, Turner GDH, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM. Serial analysis of resected prostate cancer suggests up-regulation of type 1 IGF receptor with disease progression. BJU Int 2010; 107:1488-99. [PMID: 20840329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE • To compare immunostaining protocols using different antibodies for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) in channel transurethal resection of the prostate (chTURP) chips, and to investigate how IGF-1R expression varies with time in serial prostate cancer specimens from individual patients. METHODS • We studied IGF-1R expression in 44 prostate cancer specimens from 18 patients who had undergone serial chTURP at least 3 months apart. • Retrospective analysis of the hospital notes was undertaken to obtain clinical information, including age, Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, hormone treatment and metastatic disease status at the time of each operation. • After an optimization process using three commercially-available IGF-1R antibodies, we used two antibodies for semiquantititve immunostaining of serial chTURP chips. RESULTS • Santa Cruz antibody sc713 gave positive staining in IGF-1R null R- cells, and was not used further. Antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA) (CS) and NeoMarkers Inc. (Fremont, CA, USA) (NM) did not stain R- cells and, in prostate tissue, showed staining of the glandular epithelium, with negligible stromal staining. All 44 chTURP samples contained identifiable malignant tissue and, of these, 73% and 64% scored moderately or strongly (score 3 or 4) with the CS and NM antibodies respectively. • There was significant correlation of IGF-1R scores of malignant tissue between the two antibodies (P < 0.001). By contrast, staining of benign glands showed poor correlation between antibodies: CS gave significantly weaker staining than malignant epithelium in the same sections (P < 0.001), whereas NM showed poor discrimination between malignant and benign glands. IGF-1R staining scores generated by the CS antibody were used to analyze the clinical data. • Most patients (six of seven) with falling IGF-1R staining scores were responding to androgen deprivation therapy (confirmed by PSA response) between operations. Conversely, in seven of eight patients who had progression to androgen-independence between procedures, IGF-1R levels increased or remained high. Finally, seven of 11 patients who developed radiologically confirmed metastases between procedures showed stable or increasing IGF-1R staining scores. CONCLUSION • The present study is the first to assess changes in IGF-1R expression in serial prostate cancer samples. The results obtained indicate that IGF-1R expression usually remains high throughout the course of histologically-proven disease progression in serial specimens, suggesting that the IGF-1R remains a valid treatment target for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Turney
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Urology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, The Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Brierley GV, Macaulay SL, Forbes BE, Wallace JC, Cosgrove LJ, Macaulay VM. Silencing of the insulin receptor isoform A favors formation of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) homodimers and enhances ligand-induced IGF-IR activation and viability of human colon carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1418-27. [PMID: 20179263 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) overexpression is common in cancers, with expression of the A isoform (IR-A, exon 11-) predominating over the B isoform. The IR-A signals a proliferative, antiapoptotic response to IGF-II, which itself can be secreted by tumors to establish an autocrine proliferative loop. Therefore, IGF-II signaling via the IR-A could mediate resistance to type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-IR) inhibitory drugs that are currently in development. This study addressed the role of the IR-A, using a small interfering RNA-based approach in SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cells that coexpress the IGF-IR. Clonogenic survival was inhibited by depletion of the IGF-IR but not the IR-A, and dual receptor depletion had no greater effect than IGF-IR knockdown alone, suggesting that the IR-A could not compensate for IGF-IR loss. IGF-IR knockdown also resulted in a decrease in viability, whereas IR-A depletion resulted in increased viability. Consistent with this, upon IR-A depletion, we found a concomitant enhancement of IGF-IR activation by IGF-I and IGF-II, reduced formation of IGF-IR:IR-A hybrid receptors and increased IGF-IR homodimer formation. Together, these results suggest that IGF bioactivity is mediated more effectively by the IGF-IR than by the IR-A or receptor hybrids and that signaling via the IGF-IR is dominant to the IR-A in colon cancer cells that express both receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Brierley
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide Business Centre, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Yuen JSP, Akkaya E, Wang Y, Takiguchi M, Peak S, Sullivan M, Protheroe AS, Macaulay VM. Validation of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor as a therapeutic target in renal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1448-59. [PMID: 19509240 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) confers adverse prognosis in clear cell renal cell cancer (CC-RCC). We recently showed that IGF1R expression is inhibited by the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor, and the IGF1R is up-regulated in CC-RCC, in which VHL is frequently inactivated. We tested the hypothesis that IGF1R up-regulation mediates resistance to cancer therapeutics, evaluating the effects of IGF1R depletion on sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs, which are ineffective in RCC, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin, analogues of which have clinical activity in this tumor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This study used CC-RCC cells harboring mutant VHL, and isogenic cells expressing functional VHL. Cells were transfected with nonsilencing control small interfering RNA (siRNA), or with one of two different IGF1R siRNAs. The more potent siRNA was modified by 2'-O-methyl derivatization for in vivo administration. RESULTS CC-RCC cells expressing mutant VHL and higher IGF1R were more chemoresistant than cells expressing functional VHL. IGF1R depletion induced apoptosis, blocked cell survival, and sensitized to 5-fluorouracil and etoposide. These effects were significantly greater in CC-RCC cells expressing mutant VHL, supporting the hypothesis that IGF1R up-regulation makes a major contribution to the chemoresistance associated with VHL loss. IGF1R depletion also enhanced sensitivity to mTOR inhibition, at least in part due to suppression of rapamycin-induced Akt activation. Administration of stabilized IGF1R siRNA was shown to sensitize CC-RCC xenografts to rapamycin in vivo. CONCLUSION These data validate IGF1R as a therapeutic target in CC-RCC, and support the evaluation of IGF1R-inhibitory drugs in patients with renal cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Immunoblotting
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/genetics
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- John S P Yuen
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
Research conducted over the past two decades has shown the importance of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to existing forms of cancer therapy. The IGF1R itself has only recently been accepted as a credible treatment target, however, perhaps reflecting the potential problems for drug design posed by normal tissue IGF1R expression, and close homology with the insulin receptor. Currently approximately 12 anti-IGF1R therapeutics are undergoing clinical evaluation, including blocking antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review will summarize the principal signaling pathways activated by IGF1R and the preclinical data that validated this receptor as a treatment target. We will review clinical progress in the testing of IGF1R inhibitory drug candidates, the relative benefits and potential toxicities of coinhibition of the insulin receptor, and the rationale for combining IGF1R blockade with other cancer treatments. An understanding of IGF1R signaling is important because it will guide the incorporation of appropriate molecular markers into clinical trial design. This will be key to the identification of patients most likely to benefit, and so will influence the ability of IGF1R inhibition to make the transition from experimental intervention to clinical therapy.
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31
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) plays a critical role in transformation, invasion and apoptosis protection, and is an attractive cancer treatment target. OBJECTIVE To review IGF1R antibodies and kinase inhibitors that are in preclinical and clinical development, and to discuss questions that will influence the success of this approach in clinical practice. METHODS This review is drawn from published literature, meeting abstracts and online resources. RESULTS/CONCLUSION IGF1R blockade is generally well tolerated although it can induce hyperglycaemia. Single-agent activity has been documented in Ewing's sarcoma but not thus far in common solid tumours. Key issues include identification of factors that influence sensitivity to IGF1R blockade, and how most effectively to combine IGF1R inhibitors with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S P Yuen
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, IGF Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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32
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Rochester MA, Patel N, Turney BW, Davies DR, Roberts IS, Crew J, Protheroe A, Macaulay VM. The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is over-expressed in bladder cancer. BJU Int 2007; 100:1396-401. [PMID: 17645417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse bladder cancer biopsies and investigate the pattern of expression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates tumour cell proliferation, motility and protection from apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Formalin-fixed specimens of bladder cancer (40 whole-mount, 80 cores on a tumour microarray) and normal bladder (15 samples) were stained immunohistochemically for the IGF1R. The IGF1R expression was also measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) on RNA extracted from fresh frozen bladder cancers (61) and benign bladder (12). RESULTS Of the 15 samples of normal bladder, 14 showed negligible (1+) or light (2+) IGF1R immunostaining. By contrast moderate (3+) or heavy (4+) staining for IGF1R was detected in 89 (74%) of the 120 samples of malignant urothelium. Q-RT-PCR showed significantly higher levels of steady-state IGF1R mRNA in tumours (all cases, Ta-T4) than in normal bladder (P < 0.05), indicating up-regulation at the transcriptional level. This difference was particularly evident when comparing normal urothelium with superficial (Ta-T1) or invasive (T2-4) tumours; only the latter showed significant IGF1R over-expression at the RNA level (P < 0.05 vs normal bladder). CONCLUSION The IGF1R is up-regulated in bladder cancer compared with non-malignant bladder, and might contribute to a propensity for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rochester
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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33
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Yuen JSP, Cockman ME, Sullivan M, Protheroe A, Turner GDH, Roberts IS, Pugh CW, Werner H, Macaulay VM. The VHL tumor suppressor inhibits expression of the IGF1R and its loss induces IGF1R upregulation in human clear cell renal carcinoma. Oncogene 2007; 26:6499-508. [PMID: 17486080 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell cancer (CC-RCC) is a highly chemoresistant tumor characterized by frequent inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. The prognosis is reportedly worse in patients whose tumors express immunoreactive type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R), a key mediator of tumor cell survival. We aimed to investigate how IGF1R expression is regulated, and found that IGF1R protein levels were unaffected by hypoxia, but were higher in CC-RCC cells harboring mutant inactive VHL than in isogenic cells expressing wild-type (WT) VHL. IGF1R mRNA and promoter activities were significantly lower in CC-RCC cells expressing WT VHL, consistent with a transcriptional effect. In Sp1-null Drosophila Schneider cells, IGF1R promoter activity was dependent on exogenous Sp1, and was suppressed by full-length VHL protein (pVHL) but only partially by truncated VHL lacking the Sp1-binding motif. pVHL also reduced the stability of IGF1R mRNA via sequestration of HuR protein. Finally, IGF1R mRNA levels were significantly higher in CC-RCC biopsies than benign kidney, confirming the clinical relevance of these findings. Thus, we have identified a new hypoxia-independent role for VHL in suppressing IGF1R transcription and mRNA stability. VHL inactivation leads to IGF1R upregulation, contributing to renal tumorigenesis and potentially also to chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S P Yuen
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, and Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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34
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Riedemann J, Sohail M, Macaulay VM. Dual silencing of the EGF and type 1 IGF receptors suggests dominance of IGF signaling in human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:700-6. [PMID: 17320820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) confers resistance to EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. It is plausible that reciprocal EGFR compensation could mediate resistance to IGF1R inhibition, prompting us to investigate effects of IGF1R depletion on EGFR signaling in breast cancer cells expressing relatively high (MDA-MB-468) or low (MCF7) EGFR. Transient IGF1R knockdown induced enhanced phosphorylation of the EGFR and its effectors JNK, ERKs and STAT5, but this did not prevent apoptosis induction and inhibition of clonogenic survival following IGF1R knockdown. We used IGF1R shRNA to induce chronic IGF1R depletion, and achieved stable gene silencing in MCF-7 cells; here, EGFR overexpression led to EGFR hyperphosphorylation, again without abrogating survival inhibition after IGF1R knockdown. In both cell lines, dual receptor knockdown prevented EGFR hyperphosphorylation, but induced no greater inhibition of clonogenic survival than IGF1R knockdown alone. These results suggest that the EGFR cannot compensate for IGF1R depletion, and are encouraging for the strategy of IGF1R targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Riedemann
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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35
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Riedemann J, Takiguchi M, Sohail M, Macaulay VM. The EGF receptor interacts with the type 1 IGF receptor and regulates its stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:707-14. [PMID: 17307140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) require homo- and hetero-dimerisation with their own family members to acquire full function. We recently showed that IGF1R gene silencing led to EGFR hyper-phosphorylation in human breast cancer cells, and hypothesised that this crosstalk might be associated with direct IGF1R:EGFR interaction. Indeed we could detect reciprocal co-precipitation between the IGF1R and EGFR when overexpressed in SKUT-1 cells, and between endogenous IGF1R and EGFR in MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma cells, two squamous cancer cell lines, and clinical samples of breast cancer. Interaction was abolished by knockdown of either receptor, and we noted that EGFR knockdown also suppressed IGF1R protein levels. Further investigation revealed that EGFR depletion induced enhancement of IGF1R ubiquitylation and degradation. These results indicate novel evidence of crosstalk between two key cancer treatment targets, capable of modifying the stability of IGF1R protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Riedemann
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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36
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Abstract
The type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that is frequently overexpressed by tumours, and mediates proliferation and apoptosis protection. IGF signalling also influences hypoxia signalling, protease secretion, tumour cell motility and adhesion, and thus can affect the propensity for invasion and metastasis. Therefore, the IGF1R is now an attractive anti-cancer treatment target. This review outlines the effects of IGF1R activation in tumour cells, and will describe the strategies that are available to block IGF signalling, both as investigational tools and as novel anti-cancer therapeutics. Design of specific IGF1R inhibitors has been problematic due to close homology with the insulin receptor, but recently it has proved possible to design selective IGF1R inhibitors. These compounds and IGF1R antibodies are showing promise in preclinical models of human cancer, and several agents are now in early phase clinical trials. Both classes of agents affect insulin receptor signalling, either by direct kinase inhibition or antibody-induced insulin receptor downregulation. This effect may lead to clinical toxicity, but could be therapeutically beneficial in blocking signalling via variant insulin receptors capable of a mitogenic response to IGF-II. Specificity for IGF1R targeting can be achieved by antisense and siRNA-mediated IGF1R downregulation; these approaches have undoubted utility as research tools, and may in future generate nucleic-acid-based therapeutics. It will be important to use data from preclinical and early clinical trials to establish the molecular correlates of sensitivity to IGF1R blockade, and the optimum means of combining this new approach with standard treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Riedemann
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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37
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McVittie C, Khalaf S, Ogunkolade W, McCarthy K, Laban C, Macaulay VM, Carpenter R, Bustin SA, Jenkins P. Extended silencing of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene in MCF-7 cells by serial transfection with siRNA. Anal Biochem 2006; 357:305-7. [PMID: 16942747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare McVittie
- Department of Breast Surgery, St. Bartholomew's and the London Hospitals, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
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38
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Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is overexpressed by malignant melanomas compared with benign naevi, and mediates proliferation, motility and protection from apoptosis. However, the utility of IGF1R targeting as anti-cancer therapy may be limited by activating mutations in downstream signaling intermediates. We previously showed that IGF1R knockdown blocked survival of prostate cancer cells in which Akt activation was deregulated by PTEN loss. The current study investigated effects of IGF1R targeting in cells harboring activating RAS-RAF mutations, found in 70-80% of human melanomas. We assembled a panel of eight human melanoma cell lines: two expressing wild-type (WT) B-RAF and N-RAS, two with activating N-RAS mutations and four harboring V600E B-RAF. We also generated isogenic cell populations overexpressing WT or V600E B-RAF. Cells expressing V600E B-RAF were relatively resistant to apoptosis. However, IGF1R gene silencing was capable of inducing significant inhibition of survival, enhancement of apoptosis, and approximately two-fold sensitization to cisplatin and temozolomide. These effects were independent of mutation status and were associated with reduced activation of Akt and also, unexpectedly, of ERKs. These results support development of IGF1R targeting as therapy for melanoma, regardless of the presence of activating mutations in the RAS-RAF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Yeh
- IGF Group, Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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39
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Rochester MA, Riedemann J, Hellawell GO, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM. Silencing of the IGF1R gene enhances sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents in both PTEN wild-type and mutant human prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:90-100. [PMID: 15499378 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is overexpressed in prostate cancer, and mediates proliferation, motility, and survival. Many prostate cancers harbor inactivating PTEN mutations, enhancing Akt phosphorylation. This activates the principal antiapoptotic pathway downstream of the IGF1R, calling into question the value of IGF1R targeting in this tumor. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of IGF1R gene silencing in prostate cancer cells that lack functional PTEN protein. In human DU145, LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells, transfection with IGF1R small interfering RNA induced significant enhancement of apoptosis and inhibition of survival, not only in PTEN wild-type DU145 but also in PTEN mutant LNCaP and PC3. This was attributed to attenuation of IGF signaling via Akt, ERKs and p38. In both DU145 and PC3, IGF1R knockdown led to enhancement of sensitivity to mitoxantrone, etoposide, nitrogen mustard and ionizing radiation. There was no sensitization to paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil, which do not damage DNA, suggesting that chemosensitization results from impairment of the DNA damage response, in addition to removal of apoptosis protection. These results support the concept of IGF1R targeting in prostate cancer, and indicate that PTEN loss does not render tumor cells refractory to this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rochester
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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40
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Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is overexpressed by many tumors, and mediates growth, motility and protection from apoptosis. Inhibition of IGF1R expression or function has been shown to block tumor growth and metastasis, and enhance sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs and irradiation. Thus the IGF1R is a highly promising anti-cancer treatment target. This review describes approaches to target the IGF1R using antibodies, small molecule inhibitors of the IGF1R tyrosine kinase, and molecular agents such as antisense and small interfering RNAs. Problems for the clinical introduction of this approach may include toxicity due to normal tissue IGF1R expression and cross-reactivity with the insulin receptor. The next few years will see clinical trials of IGF1R targeting, which offers genuine potential to inhibit tumor growth and chemoresistance in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Bohula
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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41
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Macaulay VM. The IGF receptor as anticancer treatment target. Novartis Found Symp 2004; 262:235-43; discussion 243-6, 265-8. [PMID: 15562833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is overexpressed by many tumours and mediates proliferation, motility and apoptosis protection. Tumour growth and metastasis can be blocked by agents that inhibit IGF-1R expression or function, suggesting the IGF-1R as a promising treatment target. We showed that antisense-IGF-1R expression in melanoma cells leads to enhanced radiosensitivity and impaired activation of ATM, required for DNA double-strand break repair. Antisense and dominant negative strategies also enhance tumour cell chemosensitivity, and remarkably, immune protection can be induced by tumour cells killed in vivo by IGF-1R-antisense. However, antisense agents cause only modest IGF1R down-regulation, and can affect the insulin receptor. Specificity is an important issue for development of both kinase inhibitors and molecular reagents. Using an array-based screen to identify accessible regions of IGF1R mRNA, we designed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that induce potent IGF1R gene silencing without affecting the insulin receptor. These siRNAs block IGF signalling, enhance radio- and chemosensitivity, and show genuine therapeutic potential. The clinical efficacy of IGF-1R targeting will be determined by key factors including the role of the receptor in established tumours, the potency of inhibition achieved in vivo, and the extent to which other signalling pathways compensate for IGF-1R loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine M Macaulay
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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42
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Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is a promising anticancer treatment target, being frequently overexpressed by tumours, and mediating proliferation, motility and apoptosis protection. Design of specific kinase inhibitors is problematic because of homology between the IGF1R and insulin receptor. This obstacle can be circumvented using sequence-specific molecular agents including antisense, triplex and ribozymes. Recent studies indicate that profound sequence-specific IGF1R gene silencing can be induced by small interfering RNAs that mediate RNA interference in mammalian cells. IGF1R downregulation blocks tumour growth and metastasis, and enhances sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs and irradiation. In murine melanoma cells, radiosensitisation is associated with impaired activation of Atm, which is required for initiation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair pathways after double-strand DNA breaks. Furthermore, tumour cells killed in vivo following IGF1R downregulation can provoke an immune response, protecting against tumour rechallenge. After years of studying the role of the IGF system in tumour biology, novel agents for IGF1R targeting will soon be available for clinical testing. This review summarises the development of molecular agents, and considers factors that will influence clinical activity, including the requirement of established tumours for IGF signalling, and the efficacy and toxicity of IGF1R inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Salisbury
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS UK
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43
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Bohula EA, Salisbury AJ, Sohail M, Playford MP, Riedemann J, Southern EM, Macaulay VM. The efficacy of small interfering RNAs targeted to the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is influenced by secondary structure in the IGF1R transcript. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15991-7. [PMID: 12604614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300714200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is often overexpressed by tumors and mediates growth and apoptosis protection. We previously showed that antisense reagents complementary to the IGF1R translation start site enhance radio- and chemosensitivity and impair Atm function. However these agents induce relatively modest IGF1R down-regulation and affect insulin receptor levels. To identify alternative sites for molecular targeting, we utilized scanning oligonucleotide arrays to probe the secondary structure of IGF1R mRNA. This strategy enabled selection of antisense oligonucleotides that generated high heteroduplex yield with IGF1R but not insulin receptor transcripts. Antisense oligonucleotides that hybridized strongly to IGF1R mRNA caused IGF1R down-regulation within intact tumor cells, whereas weakly hybridizing oligonucleotides were inactive. Furthermore, the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to block IGF1R expression correlated with the accessibility of the target sequence within the transcript. Thus, siRNAs corresponding to weakly hybridizing oligonucleotides caused minor IGF1R down-regulation, whereas siRNAs homologous to accessible targets induced profound sequence-specific IGF1R gene silencing, blocked IGF signaling, and enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity. This indicates that secondary structure in the target transcript has a major effect on siRNA efficacy. These findings have implications for siRNA design and suggest that IGF1R-targeting agents incorporating this mode of action have potential as anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Bohula
- Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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44
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Hellawell GO, Ferguson DJP, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM. Chemosensitization of human prostate cancer using antisense agents targeting the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. BJU Int 2003; 91:271-7. [PMID: 12581018 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of the downregulation of type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) on the chemosensitivity of prostate cancer cells. IGF1R is overexpressed by prostate cancer compared with benign prostatic epithelium and IGF1R expression commonly persists in androgen-independent metastatic disease at levels comparable to those in the primary. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human androgen-independent DU145 prostate cancer cells were transfected with IGF1R antisense oligonucleotides or antisense RNA. Transfected cultures were treated with cisplatin, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel or vehicle control, and survival measured using a clonogenic assay. RESULTS Both antisense strategies suppressed IGF1R protein levels to 30-50% of those in control cultures. This was associated with 1.5-2-fold enhancement of sensitivity to cisplatin, mitoxantrone and paclitaxel, and an increase in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION This approach has potential for development as a clinical treatment for advanced prostate cancer and other chemoresistant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Hellawell
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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45
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Hellawell GO, Turner GDH, Davies DR, Poulsom R, Brewster SF, Macaulay VM. Expression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is up-regulated in primary prostate cancer and commonly persists in metastatic disease. Cancer Res 2002; 62:2942-50. [PMID: 12019176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) mediates tumor cell growth, adhesion, and protection from apoptosis. High plasma IGF-I levels predispose to prostate cancer, but there is no consensus regarding IGF1R expression in primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Recent studies in a human cell line and a mouse model suggest that metastatic prostate cancer cell detachment may be favored by impairing cadherin function via loss of expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), the principal IGF1R docking molecule. This may be accompanied by PTEN mutation, reactivating a key antiapoptotic pathway, and by IGF1R down-regulation to prevent Shc-mediated differentiation. We studied IGF1R expression in 54 samples of primary prostate tissue including 44 archival and 10 prospectively collected biopsies. We performed semiquantitative immunostaining for the IGF1R, IRS-1, and PTEN, and in situ hybridization for IGF1R. The IGF1R was significantly up-regulated at the protein and mRNA level in primary prostate cancer compared with benign prostatic epithelium. There was a trend toward increased expression of IRS-1 in the malignant biopsies. We also measured IGF1R, IRS-1, and PTEN expression in 12 paired biopsies of primary prostate cancer and subsequent bone metastases. In four cases, IGF1R and IRS-1 levels were lower in the metastases than in the primary tumors. Three of these metastases also lacked significant PTEN staining, compatible with findings in the model systems described above. However, this pattern was relatively uncommon, and 8 of 12 cases expressed detectable IGF1R and IRS-1 in both primary and metastatic biopsies. These findings challenge earlier reports of IGF1R down-regulation in metastatic disease and reinforce the importance of the IGF1R in prostate cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles O Hellawell
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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46
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine recent evidence that investigates the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in colorectal cancer. We concentrate on the evidence that makes the case for the investigation of strategies that might be used to disrupt the IGF system in prevention and treatment. Even though the weight of evidence suggests that components of the IGF system may be appropriate targets, there are a lack of studies that make a systematic characterisation of all the system components in human colorectal cancer. It is anticipated that this information, and the new therapeutic molecules which follow, will impact on the prevention and treatment of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Hassan
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.
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47
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Macaulay VM, Salisbury AJ, Bohula EA, Playford MP, Smorodinsky NI, Shiloh Y. Downregulation of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor in mouse melanoma cells is associated with enhanced radiosensitivity and impaired activation of Atm kinase. Oncogene 2001; 20:4029-40. [PMID: 11494131 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2001] [Revised: 02/26/2001] [Accepted: 04/19/2001] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is required for growth, tumorigenicity and protection from apoptosis. IGF1R overexpression is associated with radioresistance in breast cancer. We used antisense (AS) RNA to downregulate IGF1R expression in mouse melanoma cells. Cells expressing AS-IGF1R transcripts were more radiosensitive in vitro and in vivo than controls. Also they showed reduced radiation-induced p53 accumulation and p53 serine 18 phosphorylation, and radioresistant DNA synthesis. These changes were reminiscent of the cellular phenotype of the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), caused by mutations in the ATM gene. Cellular Atm protein levels were lower in AS-IGF1R-transfected cells than in control cells, although there was no difference in Atm expression at the transcriptional level. AS-IGF1R cells had detectable basal Atm kinase activity, but failed to induce kinase activity after irradiation. This suggests that IGF1R signalling can modulate the function of Atm, and supports the concept of targeted IGF1R downregulation as a potential treatment for malignant melanoma and other radioresistant tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Ataxia Telangiectasia/pathology
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Macaulay
- IGF Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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48
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Playford MP, Bicknell D, Bodmer WF, Macaulay VM. Insulin-like growth factor 1 regulates the location, stability, and transcriptional activity of beta-catenin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:12103-8. [PMID: 11035789 PMCID: PMC17301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.210394297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) type 1 receptor is required for growth, transformation, and protection from apoptosis. IGFs can enhance cell migration, which is known to be influenced via regulation of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex. We sought to investigate whether IGF-1 modulated the interaction between E-cadherin and beta-catenin in human colorectal cancer cells. We used the C10 cell line, which we established and have previously shown to lack adenomatous polyposis coli, E-cadherin, or beta-catenin mutations. We found that IGF-1 stimulation enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of two proteins, beta-catenin and insulin-receptor substrate 1, which formed a complex with E-cadherin. Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin was accompanied by rapid (<1 min) dissociation from E-cadherin at the plasma membrane, followed by relocation to the cellular cytoplasm. IGF-1 also enhanced the stability of beta-catenin protein. Despite this, we observed no enhancement of transcriptional activity in complex with T-cell factor 4 (Tcf-4) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells treated with IGF-1 or insulin alone. IGF-1 did, however, enhance transcriptional activity in combination with lithium chloride, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, which also stabilizes beta-catenin. In conclusion, we have shown that IGF-1 causes tyrosine phosphorylation and stabilization of beta-catenin. These effects may contribute to transformation, cell migration, and a propensity for metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Playford
- IGF Group, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Macaulay VM, O'Byrne KJ, Saunders MP, Braybrooke JP, Long L, Gleeson F, Mason CS, Harris AL, Brown P, Talbot DC. Phase I study of intrapleural batimastat (BB-94), a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in the treatment of malignant pleural effusions. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:513-20. [PMID: 10100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells and associated stromal cells secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contributing to invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Batimastat (BB-94) is a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor that causes resolution of ascites and/or tumor growth delay in animal models of breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancer. We recruited 18 patients with cytologically positive malignant pleural effusions into a Phase I study of intrapleural BB-94. Three patients received single doses of BB-94 at each dose level: 15, 30, 60, 105, 135, and 300 mg/m2. Two patients were retreated with a second course at 60 and 105 mg/m2. BB-94 was detectable in plasma 1 h after intrapleural administration, and peak levels of 20-200 ng/ml occurred after 4 h to 1 week. BB-94 persisted in the plasma for up to 12 weeks, at levels exceeding the IC50s for target MMPs. Peak values were higher, and persistence in the plasma was longer after higher doses of BB-94. The treatment was well tolerated. Toxic effects included low-grade fever for 24-48 h (6 of 18 patients, 33%) and reversible asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes (8 patients, 44%). Toxicity seemed unrelated to BB-94 dose or plasma levels. Sixteen patients evaluable for response required significantly fewer pleural aspirations in the 3 months after BB-94 compared with the 3 months before. Seven patients (44%) required no further pleural aspiration until death/last follow-up. After 1 month, patients treated with 60-300 mg/m2 BB-94 had significantly better dyspnea scores, indicating improved exercise tolerance, compared with baseline scores the day after BB-94. The maximum tolerated intrapleural dose remains to be defined, but it is clear that intrapleural BB-94 is well tolerated, with evidence of local activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Macaulay
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Medical Oncology Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Macaulay VM, O'Byrne KJ, Green JA, Philip PA, McKinley L, LaCreta FP, Winograd B, Ganesan TS, Harris AL, Talbot DC. Phase I study of the mitomycin C analogue BMS-181174. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:2020-7. [PMID: 9667686 PMCID: PMC2150373 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BMS-181174 is an aminodisulphide derivative of Mitomycin C (MMC) with activity against a range of tumour cell lines and xenografts, including MMC-resistant tumours. In a phase I study of 82 patients with confirmed malignancy, we administered BMS-181174 at doses of 0.8-75 mg m(-2) by intravenous injection every 28 days. At least three patients were evaluated at each dose level, and 174 courses were administered. The pharmacokinetics were dose linear at BMS-181174 doses of 11.5-75 mg m(-2) and the drug appeared to undergo wide distribution. The maximum-tolerated dose was 65 mg m(-2) in previously treated patients and 75 mg m(-2) in chemotherapy-naive cases. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, particularly thrombocytopenia, which was prolonged and cumulative. Three patients treated at 65-75 mg m(-2) died suddenly with evidence of pneumonia/pneumonitis, thought to be drug-related. Other toxicities included thrombophlebitis, possible cardiotoxicity (asymptomatic, reversible decline in left ventricular function) and renal impairment. The partial response rate was 5% (4 out of 82) overall, and 9% (3 out of 32) in patients treated at 65-75 mg m(-2). Responses occurred in treated and previously-untreated patients, including cases of colorectal cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site. BMS-181174 has anti-cancer activity but, because of its toxicity, particularly pneumonitis and thrombophlebitis, no phase II studies are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Macaulay
- ICRF Clinical Oncology Unit, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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