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Zaipul Anuar NF, Mohd Desa MN, Hussaini J, Wong EH, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Palanisamy NK. Role of cell surface proteins and toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2024; 27:214-222. [PMID: 38234660 PMCID: PMC10790297 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.72584.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Pneumococcal cell wall (PCW) is an inflammatory component in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The cell surface proteins and the toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling response were investigated in the human lung epithelial (A549) cells inoculated with PCW of different serotypes. Materials and Methods The presence of genes encoding these proteins was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The structure of the cell walls was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The A549 cell line was challenged with PCW extracts of different serotypes. RNA from the infected host cells was extracted and tested against a total of 84 genes associated with TLR signaling pathways (TLR 1-6 and 10) using RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Results Cell surface proteins; ply, lytA, nanA, nanB, and cbpD genes were present in all serotypes. The distribution and structure of surface protein genes suggest behavioral changes in the molecules, contributing to the resilience of the strains to antibiotic treatment. Conclusion TLR2 showed the highest expression, while serotypes 1, 3, and 5 induced higher TNFα and IL-1α, suggesting to be more immunogenic than the other strains tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Fathiyah Zaipul Anuar
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Hussaini
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Navindra Kumari Palanisamy
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zulpa AK, Muttiah B, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Vadivelu J. Dentatin triggers ROS-mediated apoptosis, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and release of Th1-related cytokines in colorectal carcinoma cells. Journal of Taibah University for Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2023.2194231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khusairy Zulpa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Barathan Muttiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zulpa AK, Barathan M, Iyadorai T, Mariappan V, Vadivelu J, Teh CSJ, Vellasamy KM. Selective pks+ Escherichia coli strains induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cell line. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:333. [PMID: 37801157 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
pks+ Escherichia coli (E. coli) triggers genomic instability in normal colon cells which leads to colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis. Previously, we reported a significant presentation of pks+ E. coli strains in CRC patients' biopsies as compared to healthy cohorts. In this work, using an in vitro infection model, we further explored the ability of these strains in modulating cell cycle arrest and activation of apoptotic mediators in both primary colon epithelial cells (PCE) and CRC cells (HCT-116). Sixteen strains, of which eight tumours and the matching non-malignant tissues, respectively, from eight pks+ E. coli CRC patients were subjected to BrDU staining and cell cycle analysis via flow cytometry, while a subset of these strains underwent analysis of apoptotic mediators including caspase proteins, cellular reactive oxygen species (cROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) via spectrophotometry as well as proinflammatory cytokines via flow cytometry. Data revealed that all strains exerted S-phase cell cycle blockade in both cells and G2/M phase in PCE cells only. Moreover, more significant upregulation of Caspase 9, cROS, proinflammatory cytokines and prominent downregulation of MMP were detected in HCT-116 cells indicating the potential role of pks related bacterial toxin as anticancer agent as compared to PCE cells which undergo cellular senescence leading to cell death without apparent upregulation of apoptotic mediators. These findings suggest the existence of discrepancies underlying the mechanism of action of pks+ E. coli on both cancer and normal cell lines. This work propounds the rationale to further understand the mechanism underlying pks+ E. coli-mediated CRC tumorigenesis and cancer killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Zulpa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - T Iyadorai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - V Mariappan
- Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - C S J Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K M Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Barathan M, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Venkatraman G, Vadivelu J. Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals to Target Breast Cancer Cell Signaling. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04734-0. [PMID: 37773580 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Almost 70% of clinically used antineoplastic drugs are originated from natural products such as plants, marine organism, and microorganisms and some of them are also structurally modified natural products. The naturally occurring drugs may specifically act as inducers of selective cytotoxicity, anti-metastatic, anti-mutagenic, anti-angiogenesis, antioxidant accelerators, apoptosis inducers, autophagy inducers, and cell cycle inhibitors in cancer therapy. Precisely, several reports have demonstrated the involvement of naturally occurring anti-breast cancer drugs in regulating the expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressors associated with carcinogen metabolism and signaling pathways. Anticancer therapies based on nanotechnology have the potential to improve patient outcomes through targeted therapy, improved drug delivery, and combination therapies. This paper has reviewed the current treatment for breast cancer and the potential disadvantages of those therapies, besides the various mechanism used by naturally occurring phytochemicals to induce apoptosis in different types of breast cancer. Along with this, the contribution of nanotechnology in improving the effectiveness of anticancer drugs was also reviewed. With the development of sciences and technologies, phytochemicals derived from natural products are continuously discovered; however, the search for novel natural products as chemoprevention drugs is still ongoing, especially for the advanced stage of breast cancer. Continued research and development in this field hold great promise for advancing cancer care and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gopinath Venkatraman
- Universiti Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- MERDU, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Maniam L, Vellasamy KM, Ong TA, Teh CSJ, Jabar KA, Mariappan V, Narayanan V, Vadivelu J, Pallath V. Genotypic characteristics of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) and asymptomatic bacteriuria-a relational analysis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15305. [PMID: 37361034 PMCID: PMC10289082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the predominant agent causing various categories of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI). Although existing data reveals that UPEC harboured numerous virulence determinants to aid its survival in the urinary tract, the reason behind the occurrence of differences in the clinical severity of uninary tract infections (UTI) demonstrated by the UPEC infection is poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the distribution of virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance among different phylogroups of UPEC isolated from various clinical categories of cUTI and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) E. coli isolates. The study will also attempt a relational analysis of the genotypic characteristics of cUTI UPEC and ASB E. coli isolates. Methods A total of 141 UPEC isolates from cUTI and 160 ASB E. coli isolates were obtained from Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Phylogrouping and the occurrence of virulence genes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to different classes of antibiotics was determined using the Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Results The cUTI isolates were distributed differentially among both Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and non-ExPEC phylogroups. Phylogroup B2 isolates were observed to possess the highest average aggregative virulence score (7.17), a probable representation of the capability to cause severe disease. Approximately 50% of the cUTI isolates tested in this study were multidrug resistant against common antibiotics used to treat UTI. Analysis of the occurrence of virulence genes among different cUTI categories demonstrated that UPEC isolates of pyelonephritis and urosepsis were highly virulent and had the highest average aggregative virulence scores of 7.80 and 6.89 respectively, compared to other clinical categories. Relational analysis of the occurrence of phylogroups and virulence determinants of UPEC and ASB E. coli isolates showed that 46.1% of UPEC and 34.3% of ASB E. coli from both categories were distributed in phylogroup B2 and had the highest average aggregative virulence score of 7.17 and 5.37, respectively. The data suggest that UPEC isolates which carry virulence genes from all four virulence genes groups studied (adhesions, iron uptake systems, toxins and capsule synthesis) and isolates from phylogroup B2 specifically could predispose to severe UTI involving the upper urinary tract. Therefore, specific analysis of the genotypic characteristics of UPEC could be further explored by incorporating the combination of virulence genes as a prognostic marker for predicting disease severity, in an attempt to propose a more evidence driven treatment decision-making for all UTI patients. This will go a long way in enhancing favourable therapeutic outcomes and reducing the antimicrobial resistance burden among UTI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Maniam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teng Aik Ong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kartini Abdul Jabar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vallikkannu Narayanan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vinod Pallath
- Medical Education Research and Development Unit (MERDU), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mohamed Haris NH, Krishnasamy S, Chin KY, Mariappan V, Arumugam M. Metabolic Syndrome Screening and Nutritional Status of Patients with Psoriasis: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:2707. [PMID: 37375611 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with plaque psoriasis have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. However, no studies have assessed the nutritional status or screening methods of this population. Aims: This review aimed to identify and summarise metabolic syndrome screening criteria and the tools/methods used in nutrition assessment in patients with plaque psoriasis. Data synthesis: PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2023, following the Arkensey and O'Malley framework, to identify articles that report nutritional assessment methods/tools and metabolic screening criteria. Twenty-one studies were identified. Overall, these studies used four different screening criteria to define metabolic syndrome. Patients with psoriasis had a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and had a poor nutritional status compared to controls. However, only anthropometric measures such as weight, height and waist circumference were employed to determine the nutritional status. Only two studies assessed the vitamin D status. Conclusions: Patients with psoriasis have a poor nutritional status, and they are at risk of nutrient deficiencies. However, these health aspects are not routinely assessed and may increase the risk of malnutrition among these patients. Therefore, additional assessments, such as body composition and dietary assessment, are needed to determine the nutritional status to provide a suitable intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hanisah Mohamed Haris
- Dietetics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Shanthi Krishnasamy
- Dietetics Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Centre for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Arumugam
- Internal Medicine & Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Mohammed Z, Kee QT, Fadzil NM, Abd Rahman MH, Din NC, Mariappan V, Shahar S. Association between vision and cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults in Selangor, Malaysia. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:115-120. [PMID: 36659949 PMCID: PMC9815982 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the association between distance and near visual acuity (VA) and cognitive function among older adults in Selangor, Malaysia. METHODS A total of 230 older adults (age ≥60y) participated in this study. Habitual distance and near VA were measured using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Chart and Lighthouse Near Visual Acuity Chart, respectively. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (M-MSE) and the Malay language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (M-MoCA). Digit Symbol (DS) subtest was used to measure information processing. RESULTS No significant association was observed between vision and M-MSE and M-MoCA scores. However, poor distance and near VA were found to be significantly associated with low DS scores [distance VA: β=-0.01, R 2=0.1, P=0.02; odds ratio (OR)=2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-7.33, P=0.03; near VA: β=-0.05, R 2=0.08, P=0.00; OR=3.32, 95%CI, 1.28-8.59, P=0.01]. CONCLUSION Poor vision is associated with a decline in information processing in older adults and substantiates the importance of preserving good vision in maintaining cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainora Mohammed
- Programme of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Qiu-Ting Kee
- Programme of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Mohamad Fadzil
- Programme of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Harimi Abd Rahman
- Programme of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Normah Che Din
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Special Needs Study, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center of Toxicology and Risk Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Shahar
- Programme of Dietetic, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Anpalagar RR, Lim YM, Zainal Abidin N, Subramaniam S, Nathan S. One Health surveillance approaches for melioidosis and glanders: The Malaysian perspective. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1056723. [PMID: 36590813 PMCID: PMC9798326 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1056723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept was initiated to promote the integration of human, animal, and environmental ecosystems into healthcare to ensure effective control and the sustainable governance of multifaceted health matters. Climate change, deforestation, and rigorous farming disrupt the environment, which serves as the natural habitat for many animals and microbes, increasing the likelihood of disease transmission between humans and animals. Melioidosis (neglected tropical diseases) and glanders are of humans and animals caused by the gram-negative bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and its close relative Burkholderia mallei, respectively. In Malaysia, although melioidosis is endemic, it is not a notifiable disease. Hence, the true prevalence of melioidosis in Malaysia is unknown and varies in different regions of the country, with reported hotspots associated with agriculture-related activities. To date, no incidence of human glanders has been reported in Malaysia, although occupational exposure for equine handlers and veterinary professionals remains a concern. Additionally, antibiotics are widely used in the healthcare and veterinary sectors to treat or prevent B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infections, leading to the emergence of resistance in B. pseudomallei. Lack of surveillance, research, assessment, and management of glanders and melioidosis is a major issue in Malaysia. Proper assessment systems and cross-discipline cooperation are vital to recognize and manage both diseases. Experts and practitioners from clinical and veterinary disciplines, environmentalists, law enforcement, policymakers, researchers, local communities, and other experts need to communicate, collaborate, and coordinate activities to fill the knowledge gap on glanders and melioidosis to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in the country. This review aims to define the organizational and functional characteristics of One Health surveillance approaches for glanders and melioidosis from a Malaysian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Vanitha Mariappan
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
| | - Rohan Raaj Anpalagar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yue-Min Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurhamimah Zainal Abidin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Biology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia,Chemical Centre Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia,National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Ishak B, Azizan ANA, Mariappan V. Knowledge and Compliance among Contact Lens Wearers Living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 29:126-132. [DOI: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many factors determine the success of wearing contact lens, including knowledge and compliance towards lens care. This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and compliance between two groups of adult contact lens wearers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 60 participants aged 18–30 years old volunteered to participate in this study (30 participants prescribed contact lenses at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [UKM] optometry clinic and 30 participants fitted at private practices). Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire consisting of nine questions on basic knowledge related to lens wear and 13 questions on compliance, categorised into questions on the cleaning process, disinfection, accessories care and replacement schedule. Results: All participants wore disposable contact lens 53.3% (n = 32) participants preferred using monthly disposable lenses. Both groups had the same level of knowledge, except knowledge of the effects of makeup (P < 0.000) and duration of the solution used for cleaning (P < 0.010), showing lack of knowledge on contact lenses among participants in private practices group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the level of compliance with the cleaning process (P = 0.830), disinfection (P = 0.725), accessories care (P = 0.865) and replacement schedule (P = 0.699). Conclusion: Participants from UKM optometry clinic had better knowledge on wearing contact lens; moreover, both groups had good compliance towards lens care. Contact lens practitioners should provide all the necessary information to contact lens wearers so that they are equipped to handle contact lenses correctly, which would minimise the risk of eye complications.
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Selvaraju N, Ganesh PS, Palrasu V, Venugopal G, Mariappan V. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Citrus medica Fruit Juice Based Carbon Dots against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Omega 2022; 7:36227-36234. [PMID: 36278088 PMCID: PMC9583329 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the common immortal pathogens that cause intense chronic infections in low-immunity patients, significantly evading the immune system and suppressing the respiratory system. This work reports on the synthesis of prominent members of the carbon family, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), from a natural carbon precursor, Citrus medica (C. medica) fruit, and their inhibiting property against P. aeruginosa. CQDs synthesized by the conventional hydrothermal method with an average particle size of 4.5 nm exhibit renowned antimicrobial properties. To enhance the properties of the CQDs, nitrogen was doped using ammonium hydroxide as a nitrogen source, and absorption and fluorescence studies and the elemental composition of CQDs were also reported. CQDs potentially inhibited the growth of bacteria at the lowest concentration level of 1.25% (v/v). Similarly, CQDs moderately inhibited biofilm formation at the concentration level of 0.07% (v/v) for both clinical and control strains of P. aeruginosa. A fluorescence microscopy study revealed that the treated strain shows a moderately reduced biofilm formation when compared to the control strain of P. aeruginosa PAO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Selvaraju
- Advanced
Nanomaterials and System Lab, Department of Materials Science, School
of Technology, Central University of Tamil
Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh
- Department
of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
(SIMATS), Velappanchavadi, PH Road, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Veeramurali Palrasu
- Department
of Electronics, Government Arts College, Kulithalai, Karur District, 639120, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunasekaran Venugopal
- Advanced
Nanomaterials and System Lab, Department of Materials Science, School
of Technology, Central University of Tamil
Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center
for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Suvaithenamudhan S, Ananth S, Mariappan V, Dhayabaran VV, Parthasarathy S, Ganesh PS, Shankar EM. In Silico Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds of Artemisia pallens Targeting the Efflux Protein of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (LAC-4 Strain). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165188. [PMID: 36014428 PMCID: PMC9414700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the major representative aetiologies of recalcitrant nosocomial infections. Genotypic and phenotypic alterations in A. baumannii have resulted in a significant surge in multidrug resistance (MDR). Of all the factors responsible for the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), efflux protein pumps play a paramount role. In pursuit of a safe alternative for the prevention and control of A. baumannii infections, bioactive compounds from the aerial parts of the medicinal plant Artemisia pallens were studied. GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of A. pallens detected five major compounds: lilac alcohol A, spathulenol, lilac alcohol C, n-hexadecanoic acid, and vulgarin. In silico examinations were performed using the Schrödinger suite. Homology modelling was performed to predict the structure of the efflux protein of A. baumannii-LAC-4 strain (MDR Ab-EP). The identified bioactive compounds were analysed for their binding efficiency with MDR Ab-EP. High binding efficiency was observed with vulgarin with a glide score of −4.775 kcal/mol and stereoisomers of lilac alcohol A (−3.706 kcal/mol) and lilac alcohol C (−3.706 kcal/mol). Our molecular dynamic simulation studies unveiled the stability of the ligand–efflux protein complex. Vulgarin and lilac alcohol A possessed strong and stable binding efficiency with MDR Ab-EP. Furthermore, validation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of the ligands strongly suggested that these compounds could serve as a lead molecule in the development of an alternate drug from A. pallens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvaiyarasan Suvaithenamudhan
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.M.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Sivapunniyam Ananth
- Sivan Bioscience Research and Training Laboratory, Kumbakonam 612 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.M.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Victor Violet Dhayabaran
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli 620 017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Parthasarathy
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.M.); (E.M.S.)
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12
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Ganesh P, Veena K, Senthil R, Iswamy K, Ponmalar EM, Mariappan V, Girija ASS, Vadivelu J, Nagarajan S, Challabathula D, Shankar EM. Biofilm-Associated Agr and Sar Quorum Sensing Systems of Staphylococcus aureus Are Inhibited by 3-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Derived from Illicium verum. ACS Omega 2022; 7:14653-14665. [PMID: 35557687 PMCID: PMC9088959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is less sensitive to conventional antibiotics than free-living planktonic cells. Here, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of Illicium verum (I. verum) and one of its constituent compounds 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA) against multi-drug-resistant S. aureus. We performed gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to identify the major constituents in the methanolic extract of I. verum. Ligand-receptor interactions were studied by molecular docking, and in vitro investigations were performed using crystal violet assay, spreading assay, hemolysis, proteolytic activity, and growth curve analysis. The methanolic extract of I. verum inhibited S. aureus at 4.8 mg/mL, and GC-MS analysis revealed anethole, m-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 3-HBA as the major constituents. Molecular docking attributed the antibiofilm activity to an active ligand present in 3-HBA, which strongly interacted with the active site residues of AgrA and SarA of S. aureus. At a subinhibitory concentration of 2.4 mg/mL, the extract showed biofilm inhibition. Similarly, 3-HBA inhibited biofilm activity at 25 μg/mL (90.34%), 12.5 μg/mL (77.21%), and 6.25 μg/mL (62.69%) concentrations. Marked attrition in bacterial spreading was observed at 2.4 mg/mL (crude extract) and 25 μg/mL (3-HBA) concentrations. The methanol extract of I. verum and 3-HBA markedly inhibited β-hemolytic and proteolytic activities of S. aureus. At the lowest concentration, the I. verum extract (2.4 mg/mL) and 3-HBA (25 μg/mL) did not inhibit bacterial growth. Optical microscopy and SEM analysis confirmed that I. verum and 3-HBA significantly reduced biofilm dispersion without disturbing bacterial growth. Together, we found that the antibiofilm activity of I. verum and 3-HBA strongly targeted the Agr and Sar systems of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaipillai
Sankar Ganesh
- Department
of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Velappanchavadi, PH Road, Chennai 600077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Veena
- Infection
Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central
University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Tiruvarur 610005, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Renganathan Senthil
- Department
of Bioinformatics, Marudupandiyar College, Vallam, Thanjavur 613403, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Koneti Iswamy
- Infection
Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central
University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Tiruvarur 610005, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Esaki Muthu Ponmalar
- Sri
Sairam Siddha Medical College and Research Centre, West Tambaram, Chennai 600044, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center
for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - A. S. Smiline Girija
- Department
of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Velappanchavadi, PH Road, Chennai 600077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Samuthira Nagarajan
- Department
of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil
Nadu, Neelakudi, Tiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dinakar Challabathula
- Department
of Life Sciences, Central University of
Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Tiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Infection
Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central
University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Tiruvarur 610005, Tamilnadu, India
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13
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Kalaiselvan N, Glivin G, Bakthavatsalam AK, Mariappan V, Premalatha M, Raveendran PS, Jayaraj S, Sekhar SJ. A waste to energy technology for Enrichment of biomethane generation: A review on operating parameters, types of biodigesters, solar assisted heating systems, socio economic benefits and challenges. Chemosphere 2022; 293:133486. [PMID: 35016951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is one of the promising wastestoenergy (WtE) technologies that convert organic wastes to useful gaseous fuel (biogas). In this process methane is produced in the presence of methanogens (bacteria). The survival and activities of methanogens are based on several parameters such as pH, temperature, organic loading rate, types of biodigester. Moreover, these parameters influence the production of biogas in terms of yield and composition. Maintaining an appropriate temperaturefor AD is highly critical and energy intensive. This study reviews the various hybrid technologies assistedbio gas production schemes particularly from renewable energy sources. Also discuss the direct and indirect solar assisted bio-digester impacts and recommendation to improve its performance. In addition, the performance analysis Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and thermal collector assisted bio gas plants; besides their impact on the performance of anaerobic digesters. Since opportunities of solar energy are attractive, the effective utilization of the same is selected for the discussion. Besides, the various constraints that affect the yield and composition of biogas are also evaluated along with the current biogas technologies and the biodigesters. The environmental benefits, challenges and socio-economic factors are also discussed for the successful implementation of various technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kalaiselvan
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Godwin Glivin
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - A K Bakthavatsalam
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - V Mariappan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Premalatha
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Saji Raveendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Jayaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - S Joseph Sekhar
- Department of Engineering, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Shinas, PC 324, Oman
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14
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Mariappan V, Ngoi ST, Lim YAL, Ngui R, Chua KH, Teh CSJ. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from indigenous individuals in Malaysia. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2022; 25:468-473. [PMID: 35656079 PMCID: PMC9150813 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.61612.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The occurrence of asymptomatic verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infections among humans in recent years is posing a high risk to public health. Thus, the role of asymptomatic human carriers as a source of dissemination should not be underestimated. This study aimed to elucidate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of E. coli in the stool samples collected from indigenous individuals in Malaysia. Materials and Methods E. coli strains (n=108) were isolated from stool samples obtained from 41 indigenous individuals. All strains were subjected to Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction (REP-PCR) typing and confirmation of VTEC variants. Non-duplicate strains were selected based on REP-PCR profiles and further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the strains were then correlated with the demographic data of the subjects. Results A total of 66 REP-PCR profiles grouped in 53 clusters (F=85%) were obtained. Four genetically distinct strains were confirmed as VTEC (eaeA-positive). The predominant resistance was against ampicillin (34.2%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (32.9%), ampicillin-sulbactam (5.5%), and ciprofloxacin (1.4%). All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and meropenem. Conclusion Genetically diverse E. coli and VTEC strains were found to colonize the intestines of the indigenous populations. This study is important for the prospective surveillance of E. coli among the indigenous individuals in Malaysia, especially in asymptomatic VTEC infection and antimicrobial resistance phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ,Corresponding authors: Vanitha Mariappan. Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Cindy Shuan Ju Teh. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne Ai Lian Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Centre for Malaysian Indigenous Studies (CMIS), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Corresponding authors: Vanitha Mariappan. Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ; Cindy Shuan Ju Teh. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Burkhan H, Rajan KS, Appalasamy S, Poobathy R, Chew BL, Mariappan V, Subramaniam S. Effect of Cryopreservation Method Supported with Biochemical Analyses in the Axillary Bud of Jewel Orchid, Ludisia discolor. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11070879. [PMID: 35406859 PMCID: PMC9002730 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated conserving an endangered terrestrial jewel orchid Ludisia discolor, using in vitro grown axillary buds. Excised segments of axillary buds (4-5 mm in length) were precultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 M sucrose for 24 h and osmoprotected in a loading solution for 20 min. Then, axillary buds were dehydrated in plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) for 10 min at 0 °C and incubated in liquid nitrogen for 1 h. Subsequently, axillary buds were rewarmed rapidly by dilution solution and transferred to a growth recovery medium supplemented with 0.05 µM melatonin, which led to an improved survival chance (16.67%) for cryopreserved L. discolor. The osmotic stress and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cryopreservation stages may result in cryoinjuries and poor survival as increased levels of proline (5.51 µmol/g), catalase (85.64 U/g), peroxidase (565.37 U/g), and ascorbate peroxidase activities (12.19 U/g) were detected after dehydration, preculture, rewarming, and loading stage, respectively. Results obtained from this study indicate that further experimental designs which apply different PVS and exogenous antioxidants are needed for improved survival and regrowth of L. discolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazirah Burkhan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kirutika Selva Rajan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Suganthi Appalasamy
- Department of Natural Resource and Sustainability, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), Locked Bag No. 100, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ranjetta Poobathy
- School of Biological Sciences, Quest International University (QUIP), Ipoh 30250, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Bee Lynn Chew
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 50300, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown 11800, Penang, Malaysia
- School of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia
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16
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Zulkefli NJ, Teh CSJ, Mariappan V, Ngoi ST, Vadivelu J, Ponnampalavanar S, Chai LC, Chong CW, Yap IKS, Vellasamy KM. Genomic comparison and phenotypic profiling of small colony variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261382. [PMID: 34910764 PMCID: PMC8673655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) is an intracellular pathogen that causes melioidosis, a life-threatening infection in humans. The bacterium is able to form small colony variants (SCVs) as part of the adaptive features in response to environmental stress. In this study, we characterize the genomic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and metabolic phenotypes of B. pseudomallei SCV and wild type (WT) strains. Whole-genome sequence analysis was performed to characterize the genomic features of two SCVs (CS and OS) and their respective parental WT strains (CB and OB). Phylogenetic relationship between the four draft genomes in this study and 19 publicly available genomes from various countries was determined. The four draft genomes showed a close phylogenetic relationship with other genomes from Southeast Asia. Broth microdilution and phenotype microarray were conducted to determine the AMR profiles and metabolic features (carbon utilization, osmolytes sensitivity, and pH conditions) of all strains. The SCV strains exhibited identical AMR phenotype with their parental WT strains. A limited number of AMR-conferring genes were identified in the B. pseudomallei genomes. The SCVs and their respective parental WT strains generally shared similar carbon-utilization profiles, except for D,L-carnitine (CS), g-hydroxybutyric acid (OS), and succinamic acid (OS) which were utilized by the SCVs only. No difference was observed in the osmolytes sensitivity of all strains. In comparison, WT strains were more resistant to alkaline condition, while SCVs showed variable growth responses at higher acidity. Overall, the genomes of the colony morphology variants of B. pseudomallei were largely identical, and the phenotypic variations observed among the different morphotypes were strain-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorfatin Jihan Zulkefli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (CSJT); (KMV)
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Lay Ching Chai
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute for Research, Development & Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Kok Seng Yap
- Sarawak Research and Development Council, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (CSJT); (KMV)
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Sapian S, Budin SB, Taib IS, Mariappan V, Zainalabidin S, Chin KY. Role of Polyphenol in Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:453-470. [PMID: 34802412 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211119144309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is known as one of the driving sources of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DN prevalence continues to increase in every corner of the world andthat has been a major concern to healthcare professionals as DN is the key driver of diabetes mellitus (DM) morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycaemia is closely connected with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress response as well as numerous cellular and molecular modifications. Oxidative stress is a significant causative factor to renal damage, as it can activate other immunological pathways, such as inflammatory, fibrosis, and apoptosis pathways. These pathways can lead to cellular impairment and death as well as cellular senescence. Natural substances containing bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, have been reported to exert valuable effects on various pathological conditions, including DM. The role of polyphenols in alleviating DN conditions has been documented in many studies. In this review, the potential of polyphenols in ameliorating the progression of DN via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, as well as cellular senescence, has been addressed. This information may be used as the strategies for the management of DN and development as nutraceutical products to overcome DN development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syaifuzah Sapian
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Kok Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000. Malaysia
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18
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Barathan M, Vellasamy KM, Ibrahim ZA, Mariappan V, Hoong SM, Vadivelu J. Zerumbone mediates apoptosis and induces secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in breast carcinoma cell culture. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2021; 24:1538-1545. [PMID: 35317109 PMCID: PMC8917841 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.58573.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the potential anti-breast cancer activity of zerumbone in regulating apoptotic mediators and cytokines in comparison with paclitaxel (positive control). Materials and Methods In this study, assays such as viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, cell cycle, DNA fragmentation, and cytokines were carried out on MCF-7 cells after treatment with zerumbone and paclitaxel. Results The results showed that zerumbone demonstrated a higher (18-fold) IC50 value (126.7 µg/ml) than paclitaxel (7.29 µg/ml) in order to suppress proliferation and induce cell death of MCF-7. The cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and excessive intracellular ROS production during the in vitro zerumbone treatment indicated occurrence of apoptotic cell death although nuclear DNA fragmentation was not observed. The flow cytometer analysis of treated cells revealed secretion of proinflammatory cytokines suggesting the potential immunomodulatory activity of zerumbone. Conclusion Although, zerumbone exhibited a higher IC50 value compared with paclitaxel yet its anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells is still parallel to paclitaxel hence zerumbone has the potential to be an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of breast cancer especially the luminal type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zaridatul Aini Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - See Mee Hoong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia,Corresponding author: Jamuna Vadivelu. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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19
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Mohamad NA, Subramaniam S, Vadivelu J. OneHealth Approaches Contribute Towards Antimicrobial Resistance: Malaysian Perspective. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:718774. [PMID: 34759896 PMCID: PMC8573254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.718774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On a global scale, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as a One Health challenge due to the continual and increased development and distribution of resistant microbes and genes among humans, animals, and the environment. These sectors contribute to the increase in AMR, as antibiotics are widely used in healthcare to treat or prevent bacterial infection; as growth enhancers, therapeutics and metaphylactics in animal husbandry; and transmitted in the environment through irrigation using wastewater or inappropriate disposal and treatment of human and agricultural waste. However, there is a major drawback in terms of the lack of research assessing the coexistence of AMR in these sectors. Extensive research highlighted food-animal manufacture structures that are likely to harbor reservoirs or promote transmission of AMR, in addition to increasing human colonization with AMR commensal bacteria. Numerous antibiotic stewardship policies have been designed and implemented in medical practices and animal husbandry in high- and middle-income countries. However, research concentrating on high-income settings, attitudes, emotions, and beliefs on the utilization of antimicrobials remain underexplored in lower- and middle-income countries such as Malaysia. Microbiological, epidemiological, and social science exploration are required at community and farming across the One Health range to fill huge gaps in information and knowledge of AMR. Manipulating human activities and character associated with antibiotics is a multifaceted progression that includes elements like knowledge, social behavior, attitudes, approaches, social standards, socioeconomic settings, peer pressure, experiences, and biophysical environment. Therefore, understanding these aspects in the utilization of antimicrobial drugs among the different sectors is essential to develop and implement policies to curb AMR development and transmission that overarch all sectors within the One Health consortium in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Alia Mohamad
- Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Choh LC, Ong GH, Chua EG, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Khan AM, Wise MJ, Wong KT, Vadivelu J. Absence of BapA type III effector protein affects Burkholderia pseudomallei intracellular lifecycle in human host cells. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Barathan M, Girija ASS, Shankar EM, Vadivelu J. Hijacking of the Host's Immune Surveillance Radars by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Front Immunol 2021; 12:718719. [PMID: 34456925 PMCID: PMC8384953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.718719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease for which no licensed vaccine is available thus far. The host-pathogen interactions in B. pseudomallei infection largely remain the tip of the iceberg. The pathological manifestations are protean ranging from acute to chronic involving one or more visceral organs leading to septic shock, especially in individuals with underlying conditions similar to COVID-19. Pathogenesis is attributed to the intracellular ability of the bacterium to ‘step into’ the host cell’s cytoplasm from the endocytotic vacuole, where it appears to polymerize actin filaments to spread across cells in the closer vicinity. B. pseudomallei effectively evades the host’s surveillance armory to remain latent for prolonged duration also causing relapses despite antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, eradication of intracellular B. pseudomallei is highly dependent on robust cellular immune responses. However, it remains ambiguous why certain individuals in endemic areas experience asymptomatic seroconversion, whereas others succumb to sepsis-associated sequelae. Here, we propose key insights on how the host’s surveillance radars get commandeered by B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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Barathan M, Zulpa AK, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Shivashekaregowda NKH, Ibrahim ZA, Vadivelu J. Cytotoxic Activity of Isoniazid Derivative in Human Breast Cancer Cells. In Vivo 2021; 35:2675-2685. [PMID: 34410956 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Previously, we found that the isoniazid derivative (E)-N'-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide (ITHB4) could be developed as novel antimycobacterial agent by lead optimization. We further explored the ability of this compound compared to zerumbone in inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay and further confirmed via apoptosis, ROS, cell cycle, DNA fragmentation and cytokine assays. RESULTS ITHB4 demonstrated a lower IC50 compared to zerumbone in inhibiting the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. ITHB4 showed no toxicity against normal breast and human immune cells. Apoptosis assay revealed that ITHB4, at a concentration equal to the IC50, induces apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 and G2/M phases. ITHB4 triggered accumulation of intracellular ROS and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced inflammation and potentially immunogenic cell death. CONCLUSION ITHB4 has almost similar chemotherapeutic properties as zerumbone in inhibiting MCF-7 growth, and hence provide the basis for further experiments in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Khusairy Zulpa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Zaridatul Aini Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Pakeer A, Mariappan V, Hin HS, Mustafa Mahmud MIA. Burkholderia Pseudomallei Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/ Oxidoreductase: Potential Urine Biomarker Candidate for Acute Melioidosis. imjm 2021. [DOI: 10.31436/imjm.v20i3.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the current climate of urgency in identifying biomarkers for the development of rapid diagnostic kits, the use of urine samples to diagnose acute melioidosis was evaluated, comparing urine samples from Burkholderia pseudomallei culture-positive and culture-negative patients, and comparing pneumonic and septicemic melioidosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven urine samples from clinically suspected melioidosis patients from a tertiary referral center, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang was used. An in-solution method for the detection of bacterial proteins using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time-of-flight (LCMS QTOF) was used. RESULTS: Three bacterial proteins were consistently detected among all the culture[1]positive and PCR-positive cases tested, namely SDR family NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductase protein (32kDa), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase Burkholderia sp. (32kDa), and NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase (short-subunit alcohol dehydrogenase family) Burkholderia sp. (33kDa). CONCLUSIONS: Short-chain dehydrogenase (SDO) proteins could potentially be a urine biomarker candidate as these have shown to aid in the ability of Burkholderia spp. to invade host cells as this action is important for the initial intracellular survival of the organism.
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Pakeer A, Mustafa Mahmud MIA, Ismail N, Mariappan V. Optimized Preparation of Urine Samples from Acute Melioidosis Patients for In-Solution Proteomic Studies using LCMS QTOF or MALDI TOF MS. imjm 2021. [DOI: 10.31436/imjm.v20i3.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Investigation of urine proteome in patients with acute melioidosis may reveal potential disease markers, from either bacterial or human proteins. We used an in-solution gel-free method instead of 2-DE to detect human and Burkholderia pseudomallei proteins in urine of patients with acute melioidosis. Here, we propose a simpler, economical method for preparing urine samples directly from melioidosis patients, for in-solution proteomic analysis using LCMS-QTOF MS/MS or MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Material and Methods: We adapted an acetone-TCA based protein precipitation method with LCMS-QTOF MS to detect the B. pseudomallei proteins directly from urine of acute melioidosis patients (culture positive and negative). This process involves protein precipitation, desalting, trypsin digestion, and optimization for the mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 3,866 human peptides were detected across 11 urine samples from clinically suspected acute melioidosis patients. Among them were three Burkholderia specific proteins detected in 75% of culture positive samples. Large amounts of acute phase proteins, cell mediated immunity proteins, complement pathway proteins and inflammatory mediators were seen upon gene ontology (GO) annotation and GO enrichment analysis. Conclusions: This simple in-solution sample preparation method can be replicated easily for LCMS/MS-QTOF and MALDI-TOF proteomic analyses, avoiding tedious optimization steps in 2-DE. This method is cost effective and can be done in centres without specialized 2-DE or MS equipment and elutes can be easily transported for analysis and bioinformatics. This is the first study to analyse urine samples directly for B. pseudomallei proteins. Discovery of the entire proteome as a whole is important in leading to biomarker discovery.
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25
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Teh CSJ, Yap PSX, Zulkefli NJ, Subramaniam P, Sit PS, Kong ZX, Chong CW, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Ponnampalavanar S, Vadivelu J. Overview of the distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei sequence types and the Emergence of sequence type 1342 in Malaysia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:477-484. [PMID: 33506647 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes melioidosis, is of public health importance in endemic areas including Malaysia. An investigation of the molecular epidemiology links of B. pseudomallei would contribute to better understanding of the clonal relationships, transmission dynamics and evolutionary change. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 45 clinical B. pseudomallei isolates collected from sporadic melioidosis cases in Malaysia was performed. In addition, a total of 449 B. pseudomallei Malaysian strains submitted to the MLST database from 1964 until 2019 were included in the temporal analysis to determine the endemic sequence types (STs), emergence and re-emergence of ST(s). In addition, strain-specific distribution was evaluated using BURST tool. Genotyping of 45 clinical strains was resolved into 12 STs, and the majority were affiliated with ST46 (n = 11) and ST1342 (n = 7). Concomitantly, ST46 was the most prevalent ST in Malaysia, which was first reported in 1964. All the Malaysian B. pseudomallei strains were resolved into 76 different STs with 36 of them uniquely present only in Malaysia. ST1342 was most closely related to ST1034, in which both STs were unique to Malaysia and first isolated from soil samples in Pahang, a state in Malaysia. The present study revealed a high diversity of B. pseudomallei in Malaysia. Localized evolution giving rise to the emergence of new STs was observed, suggesting that host and environmental factors play a crucial role in the evolutionary changes in B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Polly Soo Xi Yap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Prasanna Subramaniam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pik San Sit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhi Xian Kong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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26
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Menon N, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Samudi C, See JX, Ganesh PS, Saeidi A, Vadivelu J, Shankar EM. Experimental exposure of Burkholderia pseudomallei crude culture filtrate upregulates PD-1 on T lymphocytes. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000110. [PMID: 32974575 PMCID: PMC7494189 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent for melioidosis. Because of its intracellular nature, the bacterium is capable of replicating within a plethora of eukaryotic cell lines. B. pseudomallei can remain dormant within host cells without symptoms for years, causing recrudescent infections. Here, we investigated the pathogenesis mechanism behind the suppression of T cell responses by B. pseudomallei . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1×106 cells/well) isolated by Ficoll Paque (Sigma-Aldrich) density gradient centrifugation were incubated with optimized concentrations of bacterial crude culture filtrate antigens (CFAs) (10 ug ml-1) and heat-killed bacteria [1 : 10 multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.)]. Following incubation, cells were investigated for surface expression of coinhibitory molecules by flow cytometry. We found that B. pseudomallei induced the upregulation of programmed death 1 (PD-1), a molecule responsible for T cell exhaustion, on T cells in vitro following exposure to crude CFAs of B. pseudomallei . This upregulation of PD-1 probably contributes to poor immune surveillance and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha M Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia-Xiang See
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P Sankar Ganesh
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610 005, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Present address: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Present address: Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamilnadu, Thiruvarur, India
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27
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Jubaidi FF, Zainalabidin S, Mariappan V, Budin SB. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: The Possible Therapeutic Roles of Phenolic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176043. [PMID: 32842567 PMCID: PMC7503847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the powerhouse of the cells, mitochondria play a very important role in ensuring that cells continue to function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the main factors contributing to the development of cardiomyopathy in diabetes mellitus. In early development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), patients present with myocardial fibrosis, dysfunctional remodeling and diastolic dysfunction, which later develop into systolic dysfunction and eventually heart failure. Cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development and progression of DCM. Thus, it is important to develop novel therapeutics in order to prevent the progression of DCM, especially by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. To date, a number of studies have reported the potential of phenolic acids in exerting the cardioprotective effect by combating mitochondrial dysfunction, implicating its potential to be adopted in DCM therapies. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a concise overview of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of DCM and the potential role of phenolic acids in combating cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction. Such information can be used for future development of phenolic acids as means of treating DCM by alleviating the cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Farhana Jubaidi
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (S.Z.); (V.M.)
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9289-7645
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28
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Iyadorai T, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Wanyiri JW, Roslani AC, Lee GK, Sears C, Vadivelu J. Prevalence and association of pks+ Escherichia coli with colorectal cancer in patients at the University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228217. [PMID: 31990962 PMCID: PMC6986756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the B2 phylogenetic group is implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) as it possesses a genomic island, termed polyketide synthetase (pks), which codes for the synthesis of colibactin, a genotoxin that induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, mutations and chromosomal instability in eukaryotic cells. The aim of this study was to detect and compare the prevalence of E. coli expressing pks (pks+E. coli) in CRC patients and healthy controls followed by investigating the virulence triggered by pks+E. coli using an in-vitro model. Mucosal colon tissues were collected and processed to determine the presence of pks+E. coli. Thereafter, primary colon epithelial (PCE) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cell lines were used to detect cytopathic response to the isolated pks+E. coli strains. Our results showed 16.7% and 4.3% of CRC and healthy controls, respectively were pks+E. coli. Further, PCE displayed syncytia and cell swelling and HCT116 cells, megalocytosis, in response to treatment with the isolated pks+E. coli strains. In conclusion, pks+E. coli was more often isolated from tissue of CRC patients compared to healthy individuals, and our in-vitro assays suggest these isolated strains may be involved in the initiation and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thevambiga Iyadorai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Centre of Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jane Wangui Wanyiri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - April Camilla Roslani
- Department of Surgery, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Goh Khean Lee
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cynthia Sears
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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29
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Ganesh PS, Vishnupriya S, Vadivelu J, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Shankar EM. Intracellular survival and innate immune evasion of Burkholderia cepacia: Improved understanding of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors, biofilm, and inhibitors. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:87-98. [PMID: 31769530 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are opportunistic pathogens implicated with nosocomial infections, and high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). B. cepacia are naturally resistant to different classes of antibiotics, and can subvert the host innate immune responses by producing quorum sensing (QS) controlled virulence factors and biofilms. It still remains a conundrum as to how exactly the bacterium survives the intracellular environment within the host cells of CF patients and immunocompromised individuals although the bacterium can invade human lung epithelial cells, neutrophils, and murine macrophages. The mechanisms associated with intracellular survival in the airway epithelial cells and the role of QS and virulence factors in B. cepacia infections in cystic fibrosis remain largely unclear. The current review focuses on understanding the role of QS-controlled virulence factors and biofilms, and provides additional impetus to understanding the potentials of QS-inhibitory strategies against B. cepacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh
- Division of Infection Biology & Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Sivakumar Vishnupriya
- Division of Infection Biology & Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha M Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology & Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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30
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Ram M. R, Teh X, Rajakumar T, Goh KL, Leow AHR, Poh BH, Mariappan V, Shankar EM, Loke MF, Vadivelu J. Polymorphisms in the host CYP2C19 gene and antibiotic-resistance attributes ofHelicobacter pyloriisolates influence the outcome of triple therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 74:11-16. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ravishankar Ram M.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Xinsheng Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tamayanthi Rajakumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khean Lee Goh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alex Hwong Ruey Leow
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bee Hoon Poh
- BP Diagnostic Centre Sdn Bhd, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, India
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Life Sciences & Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
Purpose
Degraded failures and sudden critical failures are quite prevalent in industries. Degradation processes commonly belong to Weibull family and critical failures are found to follow exponential distribution. Therefore, it becomes important to carry out reliability and availability analysis of such systems. From the reported literature, it is learnt that models are available for the situations where the degraded failures as well as critical failures follow exponential distribution. The purpose of this paper is to present models suitable for reliability and availability analysis of systems where the degradation process follows Weibull distribution and critical failures follow exponential distribution.
Design/methodology/approach
The research uses Semi-Markov modeling using the approach of method of stages which is suitable when the failure processes follow Weibull distribution. The paper considers various states of the system and uses state transition diagram to present the transition of the system among good state, degraded state and failed state. Method of stages is used to convert the semi-Markov model to Markov model. The number of stages calculated in Method of stages is usually not an integer value which needs to be round off. Method of stages thus suffers from the rounding off error. A unique approach is proposed to arrive at failure rates to reduce the error in method of stages. Periodic inspection and repairs of systems are commonly followed in industries to take care of system degradation. This paper presents models to carry out reliability and availability analysis of the systems including the case where degraded failures can be arrested by appropriate inspection and repair.
Findings
The proposed method for estimating the degraded failure rate can be used to reduce the error in method of stages. The models and the methodology are suitable for reliability and availability analysis of systems involving degradation which is very common in systems involving moving parts. These models are very suitable in accurately estimating the system reliability and availability which is very important in industry. The models conveniently cover the cases of degraded systems for which the model proposed by Hokstad and Frovig is not suitable.
Research limitations/implications
The models developed consider the systems where the repair phenomenon follows exponential and the failure mechanism follows Weibull with shape parameter greater than 1.
Practical implications
These models can be suitably used to deal with reliability and availability analysis of systems where the degradation process is non-exponential. Thus, the models can be practically used to meet the industrial requirement of accurately estimating the reliability and availability of degradable systems.
Originality/value
A unique approach is presented in this paper for estimating degraded failure rate in the method of stages which reduces the rounding error. The models presented for reliability and availability analyses can deal with degradable systems where the degradation process follows Weibull distribution, which is not possible with the model presented by Hokstad and Frovig.
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Mariappan V, Thavagnanam S, Vellasamy KM, Teh CJS, Atiya N, Ponnampalavanar S, Vadivelu J. Relapse of chronic melioidosis in a paediatric cystic fibrosis patient: first case report from Malaysia. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:455. [PMID: 30185168 PMCID: PMC6125953 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is a potentially life threatening disease endemic in Southeast Asian countries. In Malaysia, cystic fibrosis (CF) is an uncommon condition. The association between CF and B.pseudomallei infections has been reported previously. However, this is the first case report of a pediatric melioidosis relapse and co-infection with other Gram-negative bacteria in Malaysia. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old Chinese Malaysian boy presented with a history of recurrent pneumonia, poor growth and steatorrhoea since childhood, and was diagnosed with CF. B. pseudomallei was cultured from his sputum during three different admissions between 2013 and 2016. However, the patient succumbed to end stage of respiratory failure in 2017 despite antibiotics treatment against B.pseudomallei. The isolates were compared using multilocus-sequence typing and repetitive-element polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and confirmed that two of the isolates were of same sequence type, which may indicate relapse. CONCLUSIONS CF patients should be aware of melioidosis in endemic regions, as it is an emerging infectious disease, especially when persistent or recurrent respiratory symptoms and signs of infection occur. The high prevalence rates of melioidosis in Malaysia warrants better management options to improve quality of life, and life expectancy in patients with CF. Travel activities to endemic regions should also be given more consideration, as this would be crucial to identify and initiate appropriate empiric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Surendran Thavagnanam
- University Malaya Pediatric and Child Health Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Ju Shuan Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Atiya
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sasheela Ponnampalavanar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Gafoor CPA, Mariappan V, Thiyagarajan S. Does the Board Structure Affect the Asset Quality of the Banks? Evidence from India. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2277975218767564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) argue that poor asset quality is an outcome of the failure of bank boards in effectively monitoring the management in terms of loan policies and compliance. The current study explores the influence of board structure (board size, board independence, CEO duality, financial expertise and board meeting) on asset quality of banks, using a sample of 36 scheduled commercial banks operating in India during the period from 2001 to 2014. After addressing the issue of endogeneity, the study finds that the proportions of independent directors and financial experts have significant positive impact on asset quality. It also concludes that board size, number of board meetings and CEO duality have no significant impact on asset quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Abdul Gafoor
- Department of Banking Technology, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - V. Mariappan
- Department of Banking Technology, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - S. Thiyagarajan
- Department of International Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
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Mariappan V, Thimma J, Vellasamy KM, Shankar EM, Vadivelu J. Adhesion and invasion attributes of Burkholderia pseudomallei are dependent on airway surface liquid and glucose concentrations in lung epithelial cells. Environ Microbiol Rep 2018; 10:217-225. [PMID: 29393577 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Physiological constituents in airway surface liquids (ASL) appear to impact the adherence and invasion potentials of Burkholderia pseudomallei contributing to recrudescent melioidosis. Here, we investigated the factors present in ASL that is likely to influence bacterial adhesion and invasion leading to improved understanding of bacterial pathogenesis. Six B. pseudomallei clinical isolates from different origins were used to investigate the ability of the bacteria to adhere and invade A549 human lung epithelial cells using a system that mimics the physiological ASL with different pH, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and glucose concentrations. These parameters resulted in markedly differential adherence and invasion abilities of B. pseudomallei to the lung epithelial cells. The concentration of 20 mM glucose dramatically increased adherence and invasion by increasing the rate of pili formation in depiliated bacteria. Glucose significantly increased adherence and invasion of B. pseudomallei to A549 cells, and presence of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 markedly ablated the effect despite the presence of glucose. Our data established a link between glucose, enhanced adhesion and invasion potentials of B. pseudomallei, hinting increased susceptibility of individuals with diabetes mellitus to clinical melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jaikumar Thimma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur 610 101, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Nathan S, Chieng S, Kingsley PV, Mohan A, Podin Y, Ooi MH, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J, Daim S, How SH. Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E25. [PMID: 30274422 PMCID: PMC6136604 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia is an endemic hot spot for melioidosis; however, a comprehensive picture of the burden of disease, clinical presentations, and challenges faced in diagnosis and treatment of melioidosis is not available. This review provides a nonexhaustive overview of epidemiological data, clinical studies, risk factors, and mortality rates from available literature and case reports. Clinical patterns of melioidosis are generally consistent with those from South and Southeast Asia in terms of common primary presentations with diabetes as a major risk factor. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of Malaysian patients is a key limiting factor, which needs to be addressed to reduce serious complications and high mortality and recurrence rates. Promoting awareness among the local healthcare personnel is crucial to improving diagnostics and early treatment, as well as educating the Malaysian public on disease symptoms and risk factors. A further matter of urgency is the need to make this a notifiable disease and the establishment of a national melioidosis registry. We also highlight local studies on the causative agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei, with regards to bacteriology and identification of virulence factors as well as findings from host⁻pathogen interaction studies. Collectively, these studies have uncovered new correlations and insights for further understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.
| | - Sylvia Chieng
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.
| | | | - Anand Mohan
- Department of Paediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Bintulu 97000, Malaysia.
| | - Yuwana Podin
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia.
| | - Mong-How Ooi
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia.
- Department of Paediatrics, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching 93586, Malaysia.
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Sylvia Daim
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-Hin How
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia.
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Vadivelu J. Host-Adaptation of Burkholderia pseudomallei Alters Metabolism and Virulence: a Global Proteome Analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9015. [PMID: 28827633 PMCID: PMC5567125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the evolution, adaptation and pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei within host during acute melioidosis infection. Melioidosis is a potential life threatening disease contracted through inhalation, ingestion, inoculation or direct entry of the organism into the blood stream via wounds or skin abrasions from contaminated soil and water. Environmental B. pseudomallei strain (BpMARAN), isolated during a melioidosis outbreak in Pahang, Malaysia was injected intra-peritoneally into a mouse and passaged strain was recovered from spleen (Bpmouse-adapted). A gel-based comparative proteomics profiling approach was used, to map and identify differentially expressed proteins (fold-change ≥ 2; p-value ≤ 0.05) between the strains. A total of 730 and 685 spots were visualised in the BpMARAN and Bpmouse-adapted strains, respectively. Of the 730 spots (BpMARAN as reference gel), 87 spots were differentially regulated (44 up- and 43 down-regulated). The identified proteins were classified as proteins related to metabolism, stress response, virulence, signal transduction, or adhesion. In comparison, it was found that those proteins related to adhesins, virulence factors and stress- response were up-regulated and could possibly explain the adaptation of the bacteria in the host. Investigating the differentially expressed proteins may provide better perspective of bacterial factors which aid survivability of B. pseudomallei in host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Vadivelu J, Vellasamy KM, Thimma J, Mariappan V, Kang WT, Choh LC, Shankar EM, Wong KT. Survival and Intra-Nuclear Trafficking of Burkholderia pseudomallei: Strategies of Evasion from Immune Surveillance? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005241. [PMID: 28045926 PMCID: PMC5234843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During infection, successful bacterial clearance is achieved via the host immune system acting in conjunction with appropriate antibiotic therapy. However, it still remains a tip of the iceberg as to where persistent pathogens namely, Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei) reside/hide to escape from host immune sensors and antimicrobial pressure. Methods We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate post-mortem tissue sections of patients with clinical melioidosis to identify the localisation of a recently identified gut microbiome, B. pseudomallei within host cells. The intranuclear presence of B. pseudomallei was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of experimentally infected guinea pig spleen tissues and Live Z-stack, and ImageJ analysis of fluorescence microscopy analysis of in vitro infection of A549 human lung epithelial cells. Results TEM investigations revealed intranuclear localization of B. pseudomallei in cells of infected human lung and guinea pig spleen tissues. We also found that B. pseudomallei induced actin polymerization following infection of A549 human lung epithelial cells. Infected A549 lung epithelial cells using 3D-Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the intranuclear localization of B. pseudomallei. Conclusion B. pseudomallei was found within the nuclear compartment of host cells. The nucleus may play a role as an occult or transient niche for persistence of intracellular pathogens, potentially leading to recurrrent episodes or recrudescence of infection. Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic across parts of South East Asia and Northern Australia. Of the key features of B. pseudomallei, is its ability to remain latent in the host causing recrudescent disease years after initial infection. However, it still remains unclear as to where B. pseudomallei resides to escape from host immune sensors and antimicrobial pressure. Here, we have found that B. pseudomallei was able to enter into the nuclear compartment of host cells. The nucleus may play a role as a temporary abode for persistence, leading to recurrrent episodes of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (JV); (EMS)
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaikumar Thimma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wen-Tyng Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leang-Chung Choh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, India
- * E-mail: (JV); (EMS)
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lee LF, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Lee VS, Vadivelu J. Antimicrobial activity of Tachyplesin 1 against Burkholderia pseudomallei: an in vitro and in silico approach. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2468. [PMID: 27812400 PMCID: PMC5088614 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is intrinsically resistant to many conventional antibiotics. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are extensively studied to combat this issue. Our study aims to identify and understand the mode of action of the potential AMP(s) that are effective against B. pseudomallei in both planktonic and biofilm state as well as to predict the possible binding targets on using in vitro and in silico approaches. In the in vitro study, 11 AMPs were tested against 100 B. pseudomallei isolates for planktonic cell susceptibility, where LL-37, and PG1, demonstrated 100.0% susceptibility and TP1 demonstrated 83% susceptibility. Since the B. pseudomallei activity was reported on LL-37 and PG1, TP1 was selected for further investigation. TP1 inhibited B. pseudomallei cells at 61.69 μM, and membrane blebbing was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, TP1 inhibited B. pseudomallei cell growth, reaching bactericidal endpoint within 2 h post exposure as compared to ceftazidime (CAZ) (8 h). Furthermore, TP1 was shown to suppress the growth of B. pseudomallei cells in biofilm state at concentrations above 221 μM. However, TP1 was cytotoxic to the mammalian cell lines tested. In the in silico study, molecular docking revealed that TP1 demonstrated a strong interaction to the common peptide or inhibitor binding targets for lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli, as well as autolysin, pneumolysin, and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Homology modelled B. pseudomallei PspA protein (YDP) also showed a favourable binding with a strong electrostatic contribution and nine hydrogen bonds. In conclusion, TP1 demonstrated a good potential as an anti-B. pseudomallei agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn-Fay Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Zulkefli NJ, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Chong CW, Thong KL, Ponnampalavanar S, Vadivelu J, Teh CSJ. Molecular evidence of Burkholderia pseudomallei genotypes based on geographical distribution. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1802. [PMID: 26998408 PMCID: PMC4797763 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Central intermediary metabolism (CIM) in bacteria is defined as a set of metabolic biochemical reactions within a cell, which is essential for the cell to survive in response to environmental perturbations. The genes associated with CIM are commonly found in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. As these genes are involved in vital metabolic processes of bacteria, we explored the efficiency of the genes in genotypic characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates, compared with the established pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes. Methods. Nine previously sequenced B. pseudomallei isolates from Malaysia were characterized by PFGE, MLST and CIM genes. The isolates were later compared to the other 39 B. pseudomallei strains, retrieved from GenBank using both MLST and sequence analysis of CIM genes. UniFrac and hierachical clustering analyses were performed using the results generated by both MLST and sequence analysis of CIM genes. Results. Genetic relatedness of nine Malaysian B. pseudomallei isolates and the other 39 strains was investigated. The nine Malaysian isolates were subtyped into six PFGE profiles, four MLST profiles and five sequence types based on CIM genes alignment. All methods demonstrated the clonality of OB and CB as well as CMS and THE. However, PFGE showed less than 70% similarity between a pair of morphology variants, OS and OB. In contrast, OS was identical to the soil isolate, MARAN. To have a better understanding of the genetic diversity of B. pseudomallei worldwide, we further aligned the sequences of genes used in MLST and genes associated with CIM for the nine Malaysian isolates and 39 B. pseudomallei strains from NCBI database. Overall, based on the CIM genes, the strains were subtyped into 33 profiles where majority of the strains from Asian countries were clustered together. On the other hand, MLST resolved the isolates into 31 profiles which formed three clusters. Hierarchical clustering using UniFrac distance suggested that the isolates from Australia were genetically distinct from the Asian isolates. Nevertheless, statistical significant differences were detected between isolates from Malaysia, Thailand and Australia. Discussion. Overall, PFGE showed higher discriminative power in clustering the nine Malaysian B. pseudomallei isolates and indicated its suitability for localized epidemiological study. Compared to MLST, CIM genes showed higher resolution in distinguishing those non-related strains and better clustering of strains from different geographical regions. A closer genetic relatedness of Malaysian isolates with all Asian strains in comparison to Australian strains was observed. This finding was supported by UniFrac analysis which resulted in geographical segregation between Australia and the Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | | | - Chun Wie Chong
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | | | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Al-Maleki AR, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Tay ST, Vadivelu J. Altered Proteome of Burkholderia pseudomallei Colony Variants Induced by Exposure to Human Lung Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127398. [PMID: 25996927 PMCID: PMC4440636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei primary diagnostic cultures demonstrate colony morphology variation associated with expression of virulence and adaptation proteins. This study aims to examine the ability of B. pseudomallei colony variants (wild type [WT] and small colony variant [SCV]) to survive and replicate intracellularly in A549 cells and to identify the alterations in the protein expression of these variants, post-exposure to the A549 cells. Intracellular survival and cytotoxicity assays were performed followed by proteomics analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. B. pseudomallei SCV survive longer than the WT. During post-exposure, among 259 and 260 protein spots of SCV and WT, respectively, 19 were differentially expressed. Among SCV post-exposure up-regulated proteins, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (CbbA) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase were associated with adhesion and virulence. Among the down-regulated proteins, enolase (Eno) is implicated in adhesion and virulence. Additionally, post-exposure expression profiles of both variants were compared with pre-exposure. In WT pre- vs post-exposure, 36 proteins were differentially expressed. Of the up-regulated proteins, translocator protein, Eno, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk), ferritin Dps-family DNA binding protein and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B were implicated in invasion and virulence. In SCV pre- vs post-exposure, 27 proteins were differentially expressed. Among the up-regulated proteins, flagellin, Eno, CbbA, Ndk and phenylacetate-coenzyme A ligase have similarly been implicated in adhesion, invasion. Protein profiles differences post-exposure provide insights into association between morphotypic and phenotypic characteristics of colony variants, strengthening the role of B. pseudomallei morphotypes in pathogenesis of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Rageh Al-Maleki
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kumar N, Mariappan V, Baddam R, Lankapalli AK, Shaik S, Goh KL, Loke MF, Perkins T, Benghezal M, Hasnain SE, Vadivelu J, Marshall BJ, Ahmed N. Comparative genomic analysis of Helicobacter pylori from Malaysia identifies three distinct lineages suggestive of differential evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:324-35. [PMID: 25452339 PMCID: PMC4288169 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discordant prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its related diseases, for a long time, fostered certain enigmatic situations observed in the countries of the southern world. Variation in H. pylori infection rates and disease outcomes among different populations in multi-ethnic Malaysia provides a unique opportunity to understand dynamics of host–pathogen interaction and genome evolution. In this study, we extensively analyzed and compared genomes of 27 Malaysian H. pylori isolates and identified three major phylogeographic lineages: hspEastAsia, hpEurope and hpSouthIndia. The analysis of the virulence genes within the core genome, however, revealed a comparable pathogenic potential of the strains. In addition, we identified four genes limited to strains of East-Asian lineage. Our analyses identified a few strain-specific genes encoding restriction modification systems and outlined 311 core genes possibly under differential evolutionary constraints, among the strains representing different ethnic groups. The cagA and vacA genes also showed variations in accordance with the host genetic background of the strains. Moreover, restriction modification genes were found to be significantly enriched in East-Asian strains. An understanding of these variations in the genome content would provide significant insights into various adaptive and host modulation strategies harnessed by H. pylori to effectively persist in a host-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ramani Baddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Aditya K Lankapalli
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Sabiha Shaik
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Khean-Lee Goh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tim Perkins
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Benghezal
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Al-Maleki AR, Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Shankar EM, Tay ST, Vadivelu J. Enhanced intracellular survival and epithelial cell adherence abilities of Burkholderia pseudomallei morphotypes are dependent on differential expression of virulence-associated proteins during mid-logarithmic growth phase. J Proteomics 2014; 106:205-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jelin J, Dhanarajan MS, Mariappan V. Assessment of compost as a bio-fertilizer for the growth of paddy. J Environ Biol 2013; 34:975-979. [PMID: 24555324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The vegetable wastes were converted into compost by a stepwise degradation and its characteristics were studied and analysed at each stage. The temperature increased from 290C to 60 degrees C on 60th day and reached 33 degrees C on 90th day. Shift of pH from 7.6 to 7.3 on 60th day caused a shift of microflora from 12.01 x 10(7) to 11.13 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1) on 30th day and 63.2 x 10(6) on 60th day and 36.75 x 10(6) on 90th day. Shift of microflora caused high decomposition of the waste into compost which were used for enriching the soil as manures. The other characteristics such as moisture, ash content and C:N ratio established the short period required for preparing a complete compost of good quality. The study showed the efficiency of these organisms as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Combinations of microorganisms with compost act as a good biofertilizer which improves the fertility of soil and increases plant growth. Better results were produced by organisms in combinations like Azospirillum, Rhizobium and Azotobacter. The least growth in shoot length (64 cm) total fresh weight (151g) and total dry weight (3.994 g) were observed in paddy grown in soil and Bacillus combination, but microbial mixture of compost and soil gave high paddy growth efficiency. The present study concludes that the rhizospheric organisms play well as plant growth promoting agents and gave a better yield and growth of plants in combination with the compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jelin
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, India.
| | | | - V Mariappan
- Department of Botany, Govt. Arts College, Ariyalur -621 713, India
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Thimma J, Hashim OH, Vadivelu J. Infection of Burkholderia cepacia induces homeostatic responses in the host for their prolonged survival: the microarray perspective. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77418. [PMID: 24116227 PMCID: PMC3792155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic human pathogen associated with life-threatening pulmonary infections in immunocompromised individuals. Pathogenesis of B. cepacia infection involves adherence, colonisation, invasion, survival and persistence in the host. In addition, B. cepacia are also known to secrete factors, which are associated with virulence in the pathogenesis of the infection. In this study, the host factor that may be the cause of the infection was elucidated in human epithelial cell line, A549, that was exposed to live B. cepacia (mid-log phase) and its secretory proteins (mid-log and early-stationary phases) using the Illumina Human Ref-8 microarray platform. The non-infection A549 cells were used as a control. Expression of the host genes that are related to apoptosis, inflammation and cell cycle as well as metabolic pathways were differentially regulated during the infection. Apoptosis of the host cells and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found to be inhibited by both live B. cepacia and its secretory proteins. In contrast, the host cell cycle and metabolic processes, particularly glycolysis/glycogenesis and fatty acid metabolism were transcriptionally up-regulated during the infection. Our microarray analysis provided preliminary insights into mechanisms of B. cepacia pathogenesis. The understanding of host response to an infection would provide novel therapeutic targets both for enhancing the host’s defences and repressing detrimental responses induced by the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaikumar Thimma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Onn Haji Hashim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Barathan M, Mariappan V, Shankar EM, Abdullah BJJ, Goh KL, Vadivelu J. Hypericin-photodynamic therapy leads to interleukin-6 secretion by HepG2 cells and their apoptosis via recruitment of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and caspases. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e697. [PMID: 23807226 PMCID: PMC3702308 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a capable therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer. PDT is a targeted cancer therapy that reportedly leads to tumor cell apoptosis and/or necrosis by facilitating the secretion of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of multiple apoptotic mediators in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, PDT also triggers oxidative stress that directs tumor cell killing and activation of inflammatory responses. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of PDT in facilitating tumor cell apoptosis remain ambiguous. Here, we investigated the ability of PDT in association with hypericin (HY) to induce tumor cell apoptosis by facilitating the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secretion of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells. To discover if any apoptotic mediators were implicated in the enhancement of cell death of HY-PDT-treated tumor cells, selected gene profiling in response to HY-PDT treatment was implemented. Experimental results showed that interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly increased in all HY-PDT-treated cells, especially in 1 μg/ml HY-PDT, resulting in cell death. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of apoptotic genes, such as BH3-interacting-domain death agonist (BID), cytochrome complex (CYT-C) and caspases (CASP3, 6, 7, 8 and 9) was remarkably higher in HY-PDT-treated HepG2 cells than the untreated HepG2 cells, entailing that tumor destruction of immune-mediated cell death occurs only in PDT-treated tumor cells. Hence, we showed that HY-PDT treatment induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells by facilitating cytotoxic ROS, and potentially recruits IL-6 and apoptosis mediators, providing additional hints for the existence of alternative mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma, which contribute to long-term suppression of tumor growth following PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barathan
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Choh LC, Ong GH, Vellasamy KM, Kalaiselvam K, Kang WT, Al-Maleki AR, Mariappan V, Vadivelu J. Burkholderia vaccines: are we moving forward? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:5. [PMID: 23386999 PMCID: PMC3564208 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia consists of diverse species which includes both "friends" and "foes." Some of the "friendly" Burkholderia spp. are extensively used in the biotechnological and agricultural industry for bioremediation and biocontrol. However, several members of the genus including B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia, are known to cause fatal disease in both humans and animals. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, while B. cepacia infection is lethal to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Due to the high rate of infectivity and intrinsic resistance to many commonly used antibiotics, together with high mortality rate, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered to be potential biological warfare agents. Treatments of the infections caused by these bacteria are often unsuccessful with frequent relapse of the infection. Thus, we are at a crucial stage of the need for Burkholderia vaccines. Although the search for a prophylactic therapy candidate continues, to date development of vaccines has not advanced beyond research to human clinical trials. In this article, we review the current research on development of safe vaccines with high efficacy against B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia. It can be concluded that further research will enable elucidation of the potential benefits and risks of Burkholderia vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy K, Thimma J, Hashim O, Vadivelu J. Differential host gene expression upon exposure to live Burkholderia cepacia and its secretory proteins. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Vellasamy K, Mariappan V, Hashim O, Vadivelu J. Burkholderia pseudomallei host-pathogen interactions: role of live bacteria and secretory proteins. Int J Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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49
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Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Hashim O, Vadivelu J. Functions of Burkholderia virulence factors: Input from proteomics and DNA microarray analyses. J Anal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.5355/jast.2012.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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50
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Michael S, Mariappan V. Strategic role of capacity management in electricity service centre using Markovian and simulation approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1504/ijbsr.2012.044023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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