A novel micronutrients and methyl jasmonate cocktail of elicitors via seed priming improves drought tolerance by mitigating oxidative stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Drought is a major limiting factor for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production globally, and a cost-effective seed priming technique using bio-elicitors has been found to have stress mitigating effects. Till date, mostly phytohormones have been preferred as bio-elicitors, but the present study is a novel attempt to demonstrate the favorable role of micronutrients-phytohormone cocktail, i.e., iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and methyl jasmonate (MJ) via seed priming method in mitigating the deleterious impacts of drought stress through physio-biochemical and molecular manifestations. The effect of cocktail/priming was studied on the relative water content, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid contents, proline content, abscisic acid (ABA) content, and on the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), NADPH oxidase (Nox), and catalase (CAT). The expressions of drought-responsive genes OsZn-SOD, OsFe-SOD, and Nox1 were found to be modulated under drought stress in contrasting rice genotypes -N-22 (Nagina-22, drought-tolerant) and PS-5 (Pusa Sugandh-5, drought-sensitive). A progressive rise in carotenoids (10-19%), ABA (18-50%), proline (60-80%), activities of SOD (27-62%), APX (46-61%), CAT (50-80%), Nox (16-30%), and upregulated (0.9-1.6-fold) expressions of OsZn-SOD, OsFe-SOD, and Nox1 genes were found in the primed plants under drought condition. This cocktail would serve as a potential supplement in modern agricultural practices utilizing seed priming technique to mitigate drought stress-induced oxidative burst in food crops.

A novel method for detecting conformation-dependent β-glucans-single, double, and triple-helical from Shiitake mushroom

This pioneering study explores the structural intricacies of therapeutic β-glucan in Shiitake (Lentinula edodes), i.e. Lentinan (LNT). Lentinan, a neutral polysaccharide [β-(1,3; 1,6) glucan], exists in three forms; single, double, and triple-helical, but conformation-dependent bioactivity studies are lacking. In this context, we meticulously assessed indigenous Shiitake accessions from Northeast India, unveiling the conformational spectrum of LNT through an innovative pipeline. The experiment approached the simultaneous estimation of total glucan (TG), triple helical glucan (THG), and single-double helical glucan (SDG). Profiling revealed the exceptional LNT content in DMRO-623 (TG: 46.74%, SDG: 9.34%, THG: 37.39%) which emerged as the highest documented to date. Beyond the culinary delight, this research and the novel approach to LNT quantification will create a pivotal platform for advanced mushroom research, offering prospects for novel discoveries, innovative applications, and therapeutic potential.

Hesperidin from citrus peel waste

Hesperidin is abundantly present as a flavanone glycoside in citrus fruits. The citrus peels, seeds, pulp, and cell and membrane residues contain a high amount of hesperidin. It has received scientific momentum lately as it offers several health benefits upon consumption, as it possesses antioxidant, anti-hypocholesteric, antitumor, anticancer, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic properties, and so on. It is used in the treatment of various diseases and disorders such as type-II diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Various extraction methods such as solvent extraction, cold extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and supercritical fluid extraction have been employed globally to obtain the maximum yield of hesperidin, which is also environment-friendly and cost-effective. The food industries produce a huge amount of citrus residue after the preparation of juices, jellies, jams, etc. These byproduct wastes are used to extract hesperidin. This review aims at highlighting the updated and scientific information about the nutritional, phytochemical, and biological activities of hesperidin; various classical and modern extraction methods; and their impact on the yield of hesperidin and health implications of hesperidin.

Interactome of millet-based food matrices: A review

Millets are recently being recognized as emerging food ingredients with multifaceted applications. Whole grain flours made from millets, exhibit diverse chemical compositions, starch digestibility and physicochemical properties. A food matrix can be viewed as a section of food microstructure, commonly coinciding with a physical spatial domain that interacts or imparts specific functionalities to a particular food constituent. The complex millet-based food matrices can help individuals to attain nutritional benefits due to the intricate and unique digestive properties of these foods. This review helps to fundamentally understand the binary and ternary interactions of millet-based foods. Nutritional bioavailability and bioaccessibility are also discussed based on additive, synergistic, masking, the antagonistic or neutralizing effect of different food matrix components on each other and the surrounding medium. The molecular basis of these interactions and their effect on important functional attributes like starch retrogradation, gelling, pasting, water, and oil holding capacity is also discussed.

Transesophageal Echocardiography in Bentall Surgery: Hope or Hype?

A 57-year-old male patient who is a known case of hypertension well controlled on ramipril presented with a history of shortness of breath and palpitation of 3 months duration. The symptoms were insidious in onset; however, it progressed rapidly over the period of 3 months, wherein at present the patient feels breathless in performing normal daily activities of living making him New York Heart Association class III patient. Palpitations are regular in nature and present throughout the time and are exacerbated on performing even light activities within his house. There was associated swelling of bilateral lower limbs that usually improved after a night's rest; however, it was not completely resolved. The individual did not give any history of chest pain, presyncope, syncope, or any other symptoms that pointed toward a cardiac condition.

Thermal treatments reduce rancidity and modulate structural and digestive properties of starch in pearl millet flour

Pearl millet is a nutrient dense and gluten free cereal, however it's flour remains underutilized due to the onset of rancidity during its storage. To the best of our knowledge, processing methods, which could significantly reduce the rancidity of the pearl millet flour during storage, are non-existent. In this study, pearl millet grains were subjected to a preliminary hydro-treatment (HT). Subsequently, the hydrated grain-wet flour have undergone individual and combined thermal treatments viz., hydrothermal (HTh) and thermal near infrared rays (thNIR). Effects of these thermal treatments on the biochemical process of hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity were analyzed in stored flour. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the enzyme activities of lipase (47.8%), lipoxygenase (84.8%), peroxidase (98.1%) and polyphenol oxidase (100%) in HT-HTh-thNIR treated flour compared to the individual treatments was documented. Upon storage (90 days), decline of 67.84% and 66.4% of free fatty acid and peroxide contents were observed in flour under HT-HTh-thNIR treatment without altering starch and protein digestibility properties. HT-HTh treated flour exhibited the highest (7.6%) rapidly digestible starch, decreased viscosity and increased starch digestibility (67.17%). FTIR analysis of HT-HTh treated flour divulged destabilization of short-range ordered crystalline structure and altered protein structures with decreased in vitro digestibility of protein. Overall, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of combined thermal treatment of HT-HTh-thNIR in reducing rancidity and preserving the functional properties of the stored flour.

POS0901 IXEKIZUMAB SHOWS A DISTINCT PATTERN OF PAIN IMPROVEMENT BEYOND INFLAMMATION IN RADIOGRAPHIC AXIAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS

Background:

The efficacy of ixekizumab (IXE) in biologic-naïve patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) has been previously presented using traditional axSpA outcome measures, such as BASDAI and ASAS.

Objectives:

In patients with active r-axSpA, to assess the analgesic efficacy of IXE as it relates to patient-reported and objective measures of inflammation.

Methods:

The Phase III COAST-V (NCT02696785) multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled and active reference arm with adalimumab (ADA) trial investigated the efficacy of IXE in 341 patients (pts) with active r-axSpA for 52 weeks (W). Pts were initially randomized to IXEQ4W, IXEQ2W, PBO, and ADAQ2W. At W16, pts assigned to PBO and ADA were re-randomized to IXEQ2W or Q4W. Changes in spinal pain at night (SP-N) and spinal pain were measured at each study visit and analysed while controlling for CRP levels or mean of BASDAI questions 5 & 6 (Q5: Duration and Q6: Intensity of morning stiffness). Observed data analyses are presented for each group stratified by treatment arm and compared to PBO. In the initial analysis, pts were categorized into 2 sub-groups defined as “Sustained” and “Fluctuating” depending on: CRP <5 mg/L W4-16 vs. CRP ≥5 mg/L at any point beyond W4 between weeks 4-16 respectively. In a second analysis, pts were categorized based on BASDAI Q5/6 improvement: “Sustained” if ≥2-pt improvement W12-16 vs. “Fluctuating” if <2-pt improvement at any point beyond W12 between W12-16.

Results:

Between W0 and W16, pts treated (tx) with IXEQ4W experienced greater reduction in SP-N than pts tx with ADA, in both CRP sustained and fluctuating groups (Fig 1a). Pts in the IXEQ4W and ADA arms showed different trajectories of pain improvement in the CRP fluctuating groups. For the pts with a fluctuating CRP ≥5 mg/L, pts in IXEQ4W arm demonstrated a greater reduction in SP-N compared to pts in PBO arm (p < .001) at W16, whereas pts in ADA arm did not experience a reduction in SP-N compared to PBO (p = .416). For the pts with a sustained CRP <5mg/L, IXEQ4W and ADA treatments both significantly demonstrated reduction in SP-N compared to PBO at W16 (IXEQ4W: p = .002; ADA: p = .02), with IXEQ4W treatment showing a greater level of reduction (Fig 1a). The pts randomized to ADA and re-randomized to IXEQ2W or Q4W (ADA/IXE) experienced further improvement in SP-N. This effect was sustained over the 52-wk period (Fig 1b). The same pattern of improvement in SP-N was observed when controlling for the BASDAI Q5/6; the SP-N improvement was greater in pts with a sustained BASDAI Q5/6 compared to pts with a fluctuating BASDAI Q5/6, regardless of treatment (Table 1). In the fluctuating BASDAI Q5/6, for pts in ADA/IXE arm, further reduction of both spinal pain and SP-N were observed (Table 1).

Table 1.

Change in Pain Outcome at baseline, week 16 and week 52 by Inflammation Status as assessed by BASDAI or CRP levels for patients receiving placebo (PBO), adalimumab (ADA), and ixekizumab every 4 weeks (IXE Q4W)

Change from baselinePBOADAIXEQ4WbaselineWeek 16(as observed)Week 52PBO/IXE(as observed)baselineWeek 16(as observed)Week 52ADA/IXE(as observed)baselineWeek 16(as observed)Week 52(as observed)Spinal painBASDAI Q5/6 sustained7.54-3.33-4.657.21-4.07-4.57.4-4.52-4.94BASDAI Q5/6 fluctuating7.37-1.32-2.826.76-1.2-2.246.97-1.3-2.52CRP sustained7-1.53-1.936.83-2.9-3.67.23-3.57-4.21CRP fluctuating7.51-1.96-3.637.28-2-2.897.24-2.91-3.93Spinal pain at nightBASDAI Q5/6 sustained7.12-3.21-4.617.26-4.63-4.927.12-4.73-4.91BASDAI Q5/6 fluctuating7.05-1.15-2.886.6-1.2-2.497.03-2.17-2.92CRP sustained7.2-1.87-2.276.76-3.2-3.856.89-3.8-4.12CRP fluctuating7.04-1.69-3.67.24-2.21-3.397.35-3.68-4.38

Conclusion:

IXE reduced SP-N and spinal pain irrespective of CRP or morning stiffness. Additionally, pts treated with ADA re-randomized to IXE experienced a further reduction in SP-N and spinal pain. Collectively, these results support the additive benefits of IXE in reducing pain above measurable effects on inflammation.

Acknowledgements:

The authors would like to thank Eglantine Julle-Daniere for writing and editorial contributions

Disclosure of Interests:

Kurt de Vlam Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Paid instructor for: Celgene, Amgen, Consultant of: Elil Lillyn Novartis, UCB, Galapagos, Sandoz, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Celgene, Gaia Gallo Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Philip J Mease Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun, UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun, UCB, Proton Rahman Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Grant/research support from: Janssen, Novartis, Venkatesh Krishnan Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, David Sandoval Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Chen-Yen Lin Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Rebecca Bolce Shareholder of: Eli Lilly, Employee of: Eli Lilly, Philip G Conaghan Consultant of: personal fees from: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Flexion Therapeutics, Galapagos, Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer

Starch molecular configuration and starch-sugar homeostasis: Key determinants of sweet sensory perception and starch hydrolysis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)

Starch-sugar homeostasis and starch molecular configuration regulates the dynamics of starch digestibility which result in sweet sensory perception and eliciting glycemic response, which has been measured in vitro as inherent glycemic potential (IGP). The objective of the research was to understand the key determinants of IGP as well as sweetness in different Pearl millet (PM) genotypes. To understand the intricate balance between starch and sugar, total starch content (TSC) and total soluble sugars (TSS) were evaluated. Higher concentrations of TSC (67.8%), TSS (2.75%), glucose (0.78%) and sucrose (1.68%) were found in Jafarabadi Bajra. Considering the role of compact molecular configuration of starch towards digestibility, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed. A-type crystallinity with crystallinity degree (CD %) ranged from 53.53-62.63% among different genotypes, where the least CD% (53.53%) was found in Jafarabadi Bajra. In vitro starch hydrolyzation kinetics carried out to determine IGP, revealed a maximum of 77.05% IGP with minimum 1.42% resistant starch (RS) in Jafarabadi Bajra. Overall our results suggest higher sweet sensory perception of Jafarabadi Bajra which is contributed by the matrix composition with least molecular compactness of starch. Also, the interdependence among starch quality parameters; CD%, IGP, RS and amylose has also been discussed.

Starch-lipid interaction alters the molecular structure and ultimate starch bioavailability: A comprehensive review

Starch bioavailability which results in eliciting postprandial glycaemic response, is a trait of great significance and is majorly influenced by the physical interaction among the matrix components governed by their molecular structure as well as dynamics. Among physical interactions limiting starch bioavailability, starch and any guest molecules like lipid interact together to alter the molecular structure into a compact V-type arrangement endorsing the processed crystallinity, thus limiting carbolytic enzymatic digestion and further bioavailability. Considering the importance of starch-lipid dynamics affecting bioavailability, intensive research based on endogenous (internal lipids which are embedded into the food matrix) as well as exogenous (those are added from outside into the food matrix during processing like cooking) lipids have been carried out, endorsing physical interactions at colloidal and microstructural levels. The shared insights on such binary (starch-lipid) interactions revealed the evolution of characterization techniques as well as their role on altering the functional and nutritional value. It is very much vital to have a thorough understanding about the mechanisms on the molecular level to make use of these matrix interactions in the most efficient way, while certain basic questions are still remaining unaddressed. Do starch - lipid complexation affects the ultimate starch bioavailability? If so, then whether such complexation ability depends on amylose - fatty acid/lipid content? Whether the complexation is influenced further by fatty acid type/concentration/chain length or saturation? Further comprehending this, whether the altered bioavailability by binary (starch-lipid) could further be affected by ternary (starch-lipid-protein) and quaternary (starch-lipid-protein-phenolics) interactions are also discussed in this comprehensive review.

Evaluation of anti-histidine-rich protein 2 monoclonal antibodies, developed by using poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) as an adjuvant for malarial diagnostic application

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the sensitivity and the stability of the monoclonal antibodies (Aa3c10, b10c1), against truncated Histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), developed using smart polymer, poly N-isopropylacrylamide, as adjuvant for malarial diagnostic applications in comparison with the available commercial antibodies.

METHODS

Two hybridoma clones (Aa3c10, b10c1) were used for the production of ascites in BALB/c mice. Purification of monoclonal antibodies from the ascites was carried out using affinity columns. The thermal stability study of monoclonal antibodies was done by storing it at 37°C and 45°C for thirty days. The stored antibodies were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and flow-through device where the antigenantibody interaction was visualized by Protein A colloidal gold solution. Sensitivity was determined by endpoint dilution ELISA and the dissociation constant by competitive ELISA. Sensitive pair optimization was done by sandwich ELISA using biotinylated antibodies. Prototype preparation for lateral flow assay had a colloidal gold-based detection system.

RESULTS

Thermal stability experiments showed that both mAbs (Aa3c10; b10c1) are stable up to thirty days at 45°C while the commercially available mAbs were stable up to fifteen days only. Compared to commercial antibodies, the mAb Aa3c10, showed the highest sensitivity in end-point titre. In sensitive pair optimization, it was observed that the mAb, b10c1, as a detector and the mAb, Aa3c10, as a capture antibody showed the highest absorbance to detect 50pg/ml PfHRP2 antigen. The prototype formulation of lateral flow assay using the mAbs (Aa3c10; b10c1) showed good reactivity with WHO panel and no false-positive results were observed with twenty clinically negative samples and five P. vivax positive samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel monoclonal antibodies (Aa3c10, b10c1) against truncated PfHRP2, could be a strong potential candidates that can be included in making RDTs with better sensitivity and stability.

Expression profiling and in silico homology modeling of Inositol pentakisphosphate 2-kinase, a potential candidate gene for low phytate trait in soybean

Low phytate soybeans are desirable both from a nutritional and economic standpoint. Inositol 1, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPK1), optimizes the metabolic flux of phytate generation in soybean and thus shows much promise as a likely candidate for pathway regulation. In the present study, the differential spatial and temporal expression profiling of GmIpk1 and its two homologs Glyma06g03310 and Glyma04g03310 were carried out in Glycine max L. var Pusa 9712 revealing the early stages of seed development to be the potential target for gene manipulation. NCBI databank was screened using BLASTp to retrieve 32 plant IPK1 sequences showing high homology to GmIPK1 and its homologs. Bio-computational tools were employed to predict the protein's properties, conserved domains, and secondary structures. Using state-of-the-art in silico physicochemical approach, the three-dimensional (3D) GmIPK1 protein model (PMD ID-PM0079931), was developed based on Arabidopsis thaliana (PDB ID: 4AQK). Superimposition of 4AQK and best model of GmIPK1 revealed that the GmIPK1 aligned well and shows a sequence identity score of 54.32% with 4AQK and a low RMSD of 0.163 nm and almost similar structural features. The modeled structure was further refined considering the stereochemical geometry, energy and packing environment between the model and the template along with validation of its intrinsic dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of GmIPK1 were carried out to obtain structural insights and to understand the interactive behavior of this enzyme with ligands ADP and IP₆. The results of this study provide some fundamental knowledge on the distinct mechanistic step performed by the key residues to elucidate the structure-function relationship of GmIPK1, as an initiative towards engineering "low phytate soybean".

Analysis of γ-Tocopherol methyl transferase3 promoter activity and study of methylation patterns of the promoter and its gene body

Soybeans are known for its good source of protein (40%), oil (20%) and also serve as a source of nutraceutical compounds including tocopherols (toc). To know the molecular basis of differential α-toc accumulation in two contrasting soybean genotypes: DS74 (low α-toc - 1.36 μg/g and total-toc -29.72 μg/g) and Bragg (high α-toc - 10.48 μg/g and total-toc 178.91 μg/g), the analysis of γ-TMT3 promoter activity and its methylation patterns were carried out. The sequencing results revealed nucleotide variation between Bragg:γ-TMT3-P and DS74:γ-TMT3-P, however none of the variations were found in core-promoter region or in cis-elements. The histochemical GUS assay revealed higher promoter activity of Bragg:γ-TMT3-P than that of DS74:γ-TMT3-P and correlated with significantly higher and lower (P < 0.05) expression of γ-TMT3 gene respectively. To know the molecular basis of differential accumulation of α-toc in these contrasting soybean genotypes, the DNA methylation pattern of γ-TMT3 gene body and its promoter was studied in both varieties. The results showed higher percentage (62.5%) of methylation in DS74:γ-TMT3-P than in Bragg:γ-TMT3-P (50%). Out of all the methylation sites in the promoter region, one of methylation site was found at CAAT box (-190 bp) of DS74:γ-TMT3-P. Further gene body methylation patterns revealed lowest % (40%) of CG methylation in DS74:γ-TMT3 gene as compared to Bragg:γ-TMT3 (64.2%). Thus our study revealed that, expression of γ-TMT3 gene was influenced by its promoter activity and methylation patterns in cis-elements of γ-TMT3 promoter and gene body. This study will help us to understand the possible role of methylation and promoter activity in determining the α-toc content in soybean seeds.

Starch accumulation in rice grains subjected to drought during grain filling stage

Drought stress during the grain filling stage severely affects the quality and quantity of starch in rice grains. The enzymes such as ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC 2.7.7.27) and starch synthase (SS, EC 2.4.1.21) are the key regulatory enzymes involved in the starch biosynthesis. In this study, the activity of the AGPase and starch synthase (SS) was correlated with the qualitative and quantitative parameters such as sucrose, starch, amylose, amylopectin, and resistant starch in leaves, roots, and grains of drought tolerant (N22) and drought susceptible (IR64) cultivars under applied water deficit stress (WDS). Drought stress enhanced the remobilization of stored starch from leaves to developing rice grains which was positively correlated with a decrease in the starch and starch synthase activity in leaves. Starch accumulation in developing grains was positively correlated with an increase in the AGPase and SS activity under drought. It was found that starch, amylopectin, and sucrose content in developing grains increased under water deficit stress (WDS), while amylose content decreased in both the varieties. However, in leaves, the SS activity decreased while AGPase activity was found to be increased under WDS in both varieties. Decreased starch content in matured grains was due to shortening of grain filling stage as drought stress caused early plant senescence. Yield reduction under drought was more in susceptible variety IR64 as compared to tolerant genotype N22.

Seed targeted RNAi-mediated silencing of GmMIPS1 limits phytate accumulation and improves mineral bioavailability in soybean

Phytic acid (PA), the major phosphorus reserve in soybean seeds (60-80%), is a potent ion chelator, causing deficiencies that leads to malnutrition. Several forward and reverse genetics approaches have ever since been explored to reduce its phytate levels to improve the micronutrient and phosphorous availability. Transgenic technology has met with success by suppressing the expression of the PA biosynthesis-related genes in several crops for manipulating their phytate content. In our study, we targeted the disruption of the expression of myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPS1), the first and the rate limiting enzyme in PA biosynthesis in soybean seeds, by both antisense (AS) and RNAi approaches, using a seed specific promoter, vicilin. PCR and Southern analysis revealed stable integration of transgene in the advanced progenies. The transgenic seeds (T4) of AS (MS14-28-12-29-3-5) and RNAi (MI51-32-22-1-13-6) soybean lines showed 38.75% and 41.34% reduction in phytate levels respectively, compared to non-transgenic (NT) controls without compromised growth and seed development. The electron microscopic examination also revealed reduced globoid crystals in the Protein storage vacoules (PSVs) of mature T4 seeds compared to NT seed controls. A significant increase in the contents of Fe2+ (15.4%, 21.7%), Zn2+ (7.45%, 11.15%) and Ca2+ (10.4%, 15.35%) were observed in MS14-28-12-29-3-5 and MI51-32-22-1-13-6 transgenic lines, respectively, compared to NT implicating improved mineral bioavailability. This study signifies proof-of-concept demonstration of seed-specific PA reduction and paves the path towards low phytate soybean through pathway engineering using the new and precise editing tools.

Molecular characterization, modeling, and docking analysis of late phytic acid biosynthesis pathway gene, inositol polyphosphate 6-/3-/5-kinase, a potential candidate for developing low phytate crops

The coding sequence of inositol polyphosphate 6-/3-/5-kinase (GmIPK2) gene was identified and cloned from popular Indian soybean cultivar Pusa-16. The clone was predicted to encode 279 amino acids long, 30.97 kDa protein. Multiple sequence alignment revealed an inositol phosphate-binding motif, PxxxDxKxG throughout the IPK2 sequences along with other motifs unique to inositol phosphate kinase superfamily. Eight α-helices and eight β-strands in antiparallel β-sheets arrangement were predicted in the secondary structure of GmIPK2. The temporal analysis of GmIPK2 revealed maximum expression in the seed tissues during later stages of development while spatially the transcript levels were lowest in leaf and stem tissues. Endosperm-specific cis-regulatory motifs (GCN4 and Skn_1) which support high levels of expression, as observed in the developing seeds, were detected in its promoter region. The protein structure of GmIPK2 was modeled based on the crystal structure of inositol polyphosphate multikinase from Arabidopsis thaliana (PDB:4FRF) and subsequently docked with inositol phosphate ligands (PDB: 5GUG-I3P and PDB: 4A69-I0P). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation established the structural stability of both, modeled enzyme and ligand-bound complexes. Docking in combination with trajectory analysis for 50 ns MD run confirmed the participation of Lys105, Lys126 and Arg153 residues in the formation of a network of hydrogen bonds to stabilize the ligand-receptor interaction. Results of the present study thus provide valuable information on structural and functional aspects of GmIPK2 which shall assist in strategizing our long-term goal of achieving phytic acid reduction in soybean by genetic modification of its biosynthetic pathway to develop a nutritionally enhanced crop in the future.

Enhanced nutraceutical potential of gamma irradiated black soybean extracts

Radiation processing of soybean, varying in seed coat colour, was carried out at dose levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 kGy to evaluate their potential anti-proliferative and cytoprotective effects in an in vitro cell culture system. Irradiated and control black (Kalitur) and yellow (DS9712) soybean extracts were characterized in terms of total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G). Using an epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B the potential cytoprotective effects of soybean extracts were evaluated in terms of intracellular ROS levels and cell viability. The most relevant scavenging effect was found in Kalitur, with 78% decrease in ROS, which well correlated with a 33% increase in C3G after a 1 kGy dose. Results evidenced a correspondence between in vitro antioxidant activity and a potential health property of black soybean extracts, exemplifying the nutraceutical role of C3G. To our knowledge this study is the first report validating the cytoprotective effects of irradiated black soybean extracts.

Design and development of a smart knee pain relief pad based on vibration and alternate heating and cooling treatments

Knee pain is one of the main health issues faced by different people in different parts of the world. Over one fourth of the people above the age of fifty suffer from knee pain. Though there are several physiotherapy treatments for treating knee pain they are not self-applicable and those which are self-applicable by the patient are not highly efficient. This paper deals with an approach towards the use of combining two effective physiotherapy treatments which include vibrations at acupressure points on knee and alternate heating and cooling treatments. These treatments are controlled by a smart phone in which the user can choose their setting depending on intensity and places of pain. The knee pad controlled using the smart phone serves as a self-applicable and effective knee pain treatment especially for the elderly. Heating and cooling combination therapy will be a suitable alternative for treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, decreases muscle spasms, muscular pain/tension and also increases the speed of nerve conduction, thus improving range of motion. This methodology also helps to relieve the sinusitis pain, chronic low back pain and muscular sprain in athletes.

Development of a selective androgen receptor modulator for transdermal use in hypogonadal patients

We have identified a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), termed LY305, that is bioavailable through a transdermal route of administration while highly cleared via hepatic metabolism to limit parent compound exposure in the liver. Selection of this compound and its transdermal formulation was based on the optimization of skin absorption properties using both in vitro and in vivo skin models that supported PBPK modeling for human PK predictions. This molecule is an agonist in perineal muscle while being a weak partial agonist in the androgenic tissues such as prostate. When LY305 was tested in animal models of skeletal atrophy it restored the skeletal muscle mass through accelerated repair. In a bone fracture model, LY305 remained osteoprotective in the regenerating tissue and void of deleterious effects. Finally, in a small cohort of healthy volunteers, we assessed the safety and tolerability of LY305 when administered transdermally. LY305 showed a dose-dependent increase in serum exposure and was well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Notably, there were no statistically significant changes to hematocrit or HDL after 4-week treatment period. Collectively, LY305 represents a first of its kind de novo development of a non-steroidal transdermal SARM with unique properties which could find clinical utility in hypogonadal men.

Exploring the role of Inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6 kinase-2 (GmITPK2) as a dehydration and salinity stress regulator in Glycine max (L.) Merr. through heterologous expression in E. coli

Phytic acid (PA) is implicative in a spectrum of biochemical and physiological processes involved in plant stress response. Inositol 1,3,4, Tris phosphate 5/6 kinase (ITPK), a polyphosphate kinase that converts Inositol 1,3,4 trisphosphate to Inositol 1,3,4,5/6 tetra phosphate, averting the inositol phosphate pool towards PA biosynthesis, is a key regulator that exists in four different isoforms in soybean. In the present study, in-silico analysis of the promoter region of ITPKs was done and among the four isoforms, promoter region of GmITPK2 showed the presence of two MYB binding elements for drought inducibility and one for ABA response. Expression profiling through qRT-PCR under drought and salinity stress showed higher expression of GmITPK2 isoform compared to the other members of the family. The study revealed GmITPK2 as an early dehydration responsive gene which is also induced by dehydration and exogenous treatment with ABA. To evaluate the osmo-protective role of GmITPK2, attempts were made to assess the bacterial growth on Luria Broth media containing 200 mM NaCl, 16% PEG and 100 μM ABA, individually. The transformed E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells harbouring the GmITPK2 gene depicted better growth on the media compared to the bacterial cells containing the vector alone. Similarly, the growth of the transformed cells in the liquid media containing 200 mM NaCl, 16% PEG and 100 μM ABA showed higher absorbance at 600 nm compared to control, at different time intervals. The GmITPK2 recombinant E. coli cells showing tolerance to drought and salinity thus demonstrated the functional redundancy of the gene across taxa. The purity and specificity of the recombinant protein was assessed and confirmed through PAGE showing a band of ∼35 kDa on western blotting using Anti- Penta His- HRP conjugate antibody. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report exemplifying the role of GmITPK2 isoform in drought and salinity tolerance in soybean.

Molecular modeling and in silico characterization of GmABCC5: a phytate transporter and potential target for low-phytate crops

Designing low-phytate crops without affecting the developmental process in plants had led to the identification of ABCC5 gene in soybean. The GmABCC5 gene was identified and a partial gene sequence was cloned from popular Indian soybean genotype Pusa16. Conserved domains and motifs unique to ABC transporters were identified in the 30 homologous sequences retrieved by BLASTP analysis. The homologs were analyzed for their evolutionary relationship and physiochemical properties. Conserved domains, transmembrane architecture and secondary structure of GmABCC5 were predicted with the aid of computational tools. Analysis identified 53 alpha helices and 31 beta strands, predicting 60% residues in alpha conformation. A three-dimensional (3D) model for GmABCC5 was developed based on 5twv.1.B (Homo sapiens) template homology to gain better insight into its molecular mechanism of transport and sequestration. Spatio-temporal real-time PCR analysis identified mid-to-late seed developmental stages as the time window for the maximum GmABCC5 gene expression, a potential target stage for phytate reduction. Results of this study provide valuable insights into the structural and functional characteristics of GmABCC5, which may be further utilized for the development of nutritionally enriched low-phytate soybean with improved mineral bioavailability.

Comparative Analysis of Tocopherol Biosynthesis Genes and Its Transcriptional Regulation in Soybean Seeds

Tocopherols composed of four isoforms (α, β, γ, and δ) and its biosynthesis comprises of three pathways: methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), shikimate (SK) and tocopherol-core pathways regulated by 25 enzymes. To understand pathway regulatory mechanism at transcriptional level, gene expression profile of tocopherol-biosynthesis genes in two soybean genotypes was carried out, the results showed significantly differential expression of 5 genes: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-P-reductoisomerase (DXR), geranyl geranyl reductase (GGDR) from MEP, arogenate dehydrogenase (TyrA), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) from SK and γ-tocopherol methyl transferase 3 (γ-TMT3) from tocopherol-core pathways. Expression data were further analyzed for total tocopherol (T-toc) and α-tocopherol (α-toc) content by coregulation network and gene clustering approaches, the results showed least and strong association of γ-TMT3/tocopherol cyclase (TC) and DXR/DXS, respectively, with gene clusters of tocopherol biosynthesis suggested the specific role of γ-TMT3/TC in determining tocopherol accumulation and intricacy of DXR/DXS genes in coordinating precursor pathways toward tocopherol biosynthesis in soybean seeds. Thus, the present study provides insight into the major role of these genes regulating the tocopherol synthesis in soybean seeds.

Safety and efficacy of self-expandable metal stents for obstructive proximal and distal large bowel cancer

Self-expandable metal stents are often used to treat obstructive large bowel cancers. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of colonic stent insertion carried out in a district general hospital. Methods A retrospective review was carried out between 1 January 2007 and 28 February 2014 to identify patients who underwent stent insertion for malignant colorectal obstruction. Results Seventy-five patients (median age 75.2 years, 70.6% male) with primary colorectal cancer underwent stent insertion - 53 underwent semi-elective self-expanded metal stent insertion (for subacute bowel obstruction) and 22 had emergency stent inserted (for acute bowel obstruction). The majority (88%) had self-expanded metal stents inserted for palliation. Technical and clinical success rates were 98.7% and 91.2%, respectively. One patient had stent-related perforation; there was no procedure-related mortality. Conclusion This study shows that self-expanded metal stent insertion in malignant colorectal obstruction is safe and effective and can be successfully delivered in a district general hospital with high technical and clinical success rates.

Comparative Proteomic and Nutritional Composition Analysis of Independent Transgenic Pigeon Pea Seeds Harboring cry1AcF and cry2Aa Genes and Their Nontransgenic Counterparts

Safety assessment of genetically modified plants is an important aspect prior to deregulation. Demonstration of substantial equivalence of the transgenics compared to their nontransgenic counterparts can be performed using different techniques at various molecular levels. The present study is a first-ever comprehensive evaluation of pigeon pea transgenics harboring two independent cry genes, cry2Aa and cry1AcF. The absence of unintended effects in the transgenic seed components was demonstrated by proteome and nutritional composition profiling. Analysis revealed that no significant differences were found in the various nutritional compositional analyses performed. Additionally, 2-DGE-based proteome analysis of the transgenic and nontransgenic seed protein revealed that there were no major changes in the protein profile, although a minor fold change in the expression of a few proteins was observed. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated that neither the integration of T-DNA nor the expression of the cry genes resulted in the production of unintended effects in the form of new toxins or allergens.

Refined glufosinate selection and its extent of exposure for improving the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Indian soybean (Glycine max) genotype JS-335

Soybean like many other crops, in this genomic era, has well-established genomic database which provides a wide range of opportunities for improvement through genetic manipulation. But the growing demand for soybean transgenics with increased production and improved quality has been handicapped due to inefficient transformation strategies and hence an efficient, stable and reliable transformation system is of prime requisite. In the present study, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was standardized by refining the glufosinate selection system in terms of dosage (0-6 mg l^-1) and degree of exposure. The cotyledonary node explants (with and without wounding) initially cultured on a non-selective shoot induction medium for 10 days before transferring them to the selective SIM with an optimized concentration of 5.0 mg l^-1 ammonium glufosinate, showed least selection escape frequency. Wounded cotyledonary node explants infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring pBIN-bar construct, showed an improved regeneration efficiency of 55.10% and transformation efficiency of 12.6% using Southern blotting in T₁ plants. Southern analysis of T₁ plants confirmed the integration of bar gene into the genomic DNA and the bar positive T₁ plants segregated in 3 : 1 ratio. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a high transformation efficiency using Agrobacterium-mediated cot node-glufosinate system in an Indian soybean genotype.

Sustained p16INK4a expression is required to prevent IR-induced tumorigenesis in mice

Exposure of murine and human tissues to ionizing radiation (IR) induces the expression of p16^INK4a, a tumor suppressor gene and senescence/aging biomarker. Increased p16^INK4a expression is often delayed several weeks post exposure to IR. In this context, it remains unclear if it occurs to suppress aberrant cellular growth of potentially transformed cells or is simply a result of IR-induced loss of tissue homeostasis. To address this question, we used a conditional p16^INK4a null mouse model and determined the impact of p16^INK4a inactivation long-term post exposure to IR. We found that, in vitro, bone marrow stromal cells exposed to IR enter DNA replication following p16^INK4a inactivation. However, these cells did not resume growth; instead, they mostly underwent cell cycle arrest in G2. Similarly, delayed inactivation of p16^INK4a in mice several weeks post exposure to IR resulted in increased BrdU incorporation and cancer incidence. In fact, we found that the onset of tumorigenesis was similar whether p16^INK4a was inactivated before or after exposure to IR. Overall, our results suggest that IR-induced p16^INK4a dependent growth arrest is reversible in mice and that sustained p16^INK4a expression is necessary to protect against tumorigenesis.

Assessment of Knowledge of Self Blood Glucose Monitoring and Extent of Self Titration of Anti-Diabetic Drugs among Diabetes Mellitus Patients - A Cross Sectional, Community Based Study

INTRODUCTION

Self blood glucose monitoring is an important context of self care in the management of diabetes mellitus. All the guidelines must be followed while performing self blood glucose monitoring and tracking of values is essential to facilitate the physician while titrating the drugs and /or doses of anti diabetes medication. Self titration by patients following self monitoring must be discouraged.

AIM

To assess the knowledge and practice of self blood glucose monitoring among diabetes patients and extent of self titration of anti diabetes medicines among diabetes patients based on self blood glucose monitoring.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This pilot, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted using a validated questionnaire among adult male and female diabetes patients performing self blood glucose monitoring at home. Diabetes patients with complications and juvenile diabetes patients were excluded.

RESULTS

Out of 153 patients surveyed, only 37 (24.1%) (20 males, 17 females) patients were aware and have been following self blood glucose monitoring appropriately. About 116 (75.8%) (64 males, 52 females) of patients were devoid of adequate knowledge and did not practice self blood glucose monitoring in a proper way. Ninety eight (64.05%) accepted that they self titrate their anti diabetic medicines based on self monitoring.

CONCLUSION

Self monitoring of blood glucose should be encouraged and patients should be taught importance of following correct steps and tracking of self monitoring by physician or diabetes educator.

Controlled synthesis, bioimaging and toxicity assessments in strong red emitting Mn2+ doped NaYF4:Yb3+/Ho3+ nanophosphors

Rare earth, Yb³⁺/Ho³⁺ doped NaYF₄ nanophosphors co-doped with Mn²⁺ showed enhanced red emission under NIR irradiation and were successfully used for cancer cell imaging.

Estimation of Specific Salivary Enzymatic Biomarkers in Individuals with Gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical and Biochemical Study

BACKGROUND

Host response to periodontal disease includes the release of different enzymes from stromal, epithelial or inflammatory cells. The enzymes which are produced from these cells are associated with cell injury and cell death like: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Normal enzymatic activity of these enzymes is necessary for healthy functioning of gingiva and periodontium. The aim of the study is to estimate the levels of enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and BUN and to correlate the level of estimated enzymes with that of clinical parameters in the saliva of Healthy subjects, Gingivitis patients and patients with chronic periodontitis.

METHODS

The study included a total of 40 male subjects within the age group of 21 to 50 years, and examined the activity of enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and BUN in saliva spectrophotometrically and compared their values between healthy subjects, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients. Clinical parameters like OHI - S (Oral hygiene index - Simplified, SBI (Sulcus Bleeding Index), PPD (Probing Pocket Depth), CAL (Clinical Attachment Level), and PI (Periodontal Index) were recorded.

RESULTS

Obtained results showed statistically significant increases of activity of AST, ALT, ALP, and BUN in saliva from patients with periodontal disease (p<0.001) in relation to gingivitis and control groups. There was also an increase in periodontal parameters with an increase in salivary enzymes.

CONCLUSION

The present study shows that the salivary enzyme activity can be used as biomarkers to determine periodontal tissue damage, which may be useful in diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of post therapy effects in periodontal disease.

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Fluorescently Labeled Block Copolymer Nanoparticles for Controlled Drug Delivery in Leukemia Therapy

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed that describes the concentration and biodistribution of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles in mice used for the controlled delivery of dexamethasone in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. The simulated data showed initial spikes in nanoparticle concentration in the liver, spleen, and kidneys, whereas concentration in plasma decreased rapidly. These simulation results were consistent with previously published in vivo data. At shorter time scales, the simulated data predicted decrease of nanoparticles from plasma with concomitant increase in the liver, spleen, and kidneys before decaying at longer timepoints. Interestingly, the simulated data predicted an unaccounted accumulation of about 50% of the injected dose of nanoparticles. Incorporation of an additional compartment into the model justified the presence of unaccounted nanoparticles in this compartment. Our results suggest that the proposed PBPK model can be an excellent tool for prediction of optimal dose of nanoparticle-encapsulated drugs for cancer treatment.

Hematogenous macrophage depletion reduces the fibrotic scar and increases axonal growth after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to formation of a fibrotic scar that is inhibitory to axon regeneration. Recent evidence indicates that the fibrotic scar is formed by perivascular fibroblasts, but the mechanism by which they are recruited to the injury site is unknown. Using bone marrow transplantation in mouse model of spinal cord injury, we show that fibroblasts in the fibrotic scar are associated with hematogenous macrophages rather than microglia, which are limited to the surrounding astroglial scar. Depletion of hematogenous macrophages results in reduced fibroblast density and basal lamina formation that is associated with increased axonal growth in the fibrotic scar. Cytokine gene expression analysis after macrophage depletion indicates that decreased Tnfsf8, Tnfsf13 (tumor necrosis factor superfamily members) and increased BMP1-7 (bone morphogenetic proteins) expression may serve as anti-fibrotic mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that hematogenous macrophages are necessary for fibrotic scar formation and macrophage depletion results in changes in multiple cytokines that make the injury site less fibrotic and more conducive to axonal growth.

Chemical chaperones mitigate experimental asthma by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent unfolded protein response (UPR) are important in inflammation but have been poorly explored in asthma. We used a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation (AAI) with features of asthma to understand the role of ER stress and to explore potential therapeutic effects of inhaled chemical chaperones, which are small molecules that can promote protein folding and diminish UPR. UPR markers were initially measured on alternate days during a 7-day daily allergen challenge model. UPR markers increased within 24 hours after the first allergen challenge and peaked by the third challenge, before AAI was fully established (from the fifth challenge onward). Three chemical chaperones-glycerol, trehalose, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-were initially administered during allergen challenge (preventive regimen). TMAO, the most effective of these chemical chaperones and 4-phenylbutyric acid, a chemical chaperone currently in clinical trials, were further tested for potential therapeutic activities after AAI was established (therapeutic regimen). Chemical chaperones showed a dose-dependent reduction in UPR markers, airway inflammation, and remodeling in both regimens. Our results indicate an early and important role of the ER stress pathway in asthma pathogenesis and show therapeutic potential for chemical chaperones.

Pressure Dependence of Chlorine NQR in Strontium Chlorate and Barium Chlorate Monohydrate

The pressure dependence of the 35Cl-NQR frequencies in barium chlorate monohydrate and strontium chlorate, has been investigated up to 7000 kg cm-2. Ba(ClO3)2 · H2O shows a single 35Cl-NQR line at 29.337 MHz (T = 297 K, p = 1 bar). ν(35Cl) increases linearly with pressure in the range studied, with (1/ν )(∂ν/∂p)T = + 0.409 x 10-6 kg-1 cm2 which is much smaller than observed in NaClO3 and KCIO3. Sr(ClO3)2 also gave a single 35Cl-NQR frequency at 20.105 MHz (T = 297 K, p = 1 bar). The pressure dependence is very small and negative in this case. The data in both cases have been analysed to obtain the volume dependence of the torsional frequency. It is pointed out that explicit pressure effects on the electric field gradient have to be taken into account to provide an explanation for the observed pressure dependence of ν (35Cl).