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Kawa S, Kaur J, Knorke H, Warneke Z, Wadsack M, Rohdenburg M, Nierstenhöfer M, Jenne C, Kenttämaa H, Warneke J. Generation and reactivity of the fragment ion [B 12I 8S(CN)] - in the gas phase and on surfaces. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 38469706 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Gaseous fragment ions generated in mass spectrometers may be employed as "building blocks" for the synthesis of novel molecules on surfaces using ion soft-landing. A fundamental understanding of the reactivity of the fragment ions is required to control bond formation of deposited fragments in surface layers. The fragment ion [B12X11]- (X = halogen) is formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) from the precursor [B12X12]2- dianion. [B12X11]- is highly reactive and ion soft-landing experiments have shown that this ion binds to the alkyl chains of organic molecules on surfaces. In this work we investigate whether specific modifications of the precursor ion affect the chemical properties of the fragment ions to such an extent that attachment to functional groups of organic molecules on surfaces occurs and binding of alkyl chains is prevented. Therefore, a halogen substituent was replaced by a thiocyanate substituent. CID of the precursor [B12I11(SCN)]2- ion preferentially yields the fragment ion [B12I8S(CN)]-, which shows significantly altered reactivity compared to the fragment ions of [B12I12]2-. [B12I8S(CN)]- has a previously unknown structural element, wherein a sulfur atom bridges three boron atoms. Gas-phase reactions with different neutral reactants (cyclohexane, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl amine) accompanied by theoretical studies indicate that [B12I8S(CN)]- binds with higher selectivity to functional groups of organic molecules than fragment ions of [B12I12]2- (e.g., [B12I11]- and [B12I9]-). These findings were further confirmed by ion soft-landing experiments, which showed that [B12I8S(CN)]- ions attacked ester groups of adipates and phthalates, whereas [B12I11]- ions only bound to alkyl chains of the same reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Myriam Wadsack
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marc Nierstenhöfer
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hilkka Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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Rohdenburg M, Warneke Z, Knorke H, Icker M, Warneke J. Chemical Synthesis with Gaseous Molecular Ions: Harvesting [B 12 Br 11 N 2 ] - from a Mass Spectrometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308600. [PMID: 37531598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry frequently reveals the existence of transient gas phase ions that have not been synthesized in solution or in bulk. These elusive ions are, therefore, often considered to be primarily of analytical value in fundamental gas phase studies. Here, we provide proof-of-concept that the products of ion-molecule reactions in mass spectrometers may be collected on surfaces to generate condensed matter and thus serve as building blocks to synthesize new compounds. The highly reactive fragment anion [B12 Br11 ]- was generated in a mass spectrometer and converted to [B12 Br11 N2 ]- in the presence of molecular nitrogen followed by its mass-selection and soft-landing on surfaces. The molecular structure of [B12 Br11 N2 ]- , which has not been synthetically obtained before, was confirmed by conventional methods of molecular analysis, including nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The [B12 Br11 N2 ]- ion is stable on surfaces and in solution at room temperature, but thermal annealing induces elimination of N2 and provides access to the highly reactive intermediate [B12 Br11 ]- in the condensed phase, which can be further used as a reagent, for example, for electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Thus, isolation of [B12 Br11 N2 ]- expands the repertoire of the available diazo ions that can be employed as versatile intermediates in various chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Icker
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Werner I, Griebel J, Masip-Sánchez A, López X, Załęski K, Kozłowski P, Kahnt A, Boerner M, Warneke Z, Warneke J, Monakhov KY. Hybrid Molecular Magnets with Lanthanide- and Countercation-Mediated Interfacial Electron Transfer between Phthalocyanine and Polyoxovanadate. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3761-3775. [PMID: 36534941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of {V12}-nuclearity polyoxovanadate cages covalently functionalized with one or sandwiched by two phthalocyaninato (Pc) lanthanide (Ln) moieties via V-O-Ln bonds were prepared and fully characterized for paramagnetic Ln = SmIII-ErIII and diamagnetic Ln = LuIII, including YIII. The LnPc-functionalized {V12O32} cages with fully oxidized vanadium centers in the ground state were isolated as (nBu4N)3[HV12O32Cl(LnPc)] and (nBu4N)2[HV12O32Cl(LnPc)2] compounds. As corroborated by a combined experimental (EPR, DC and AC SQUID, laser photolysis transient absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemistry) and computational (DFT, MD, and model Hamiltonian approach) methods, the compounds feature intra- and intermolecular electron transfer that is responsible for a partial reduction at V(3d) centers from VV to VIV in the solid state and at high sample concentrations. The effects are generally Ln dependent and are clearly demonstrated for the (nBu4N)3[HV12O32Cl(LnPc)] representative with Ln = LuIII or DyIII. Intramolecular charge transfer takes place for Ln = LuIII and occurs from a Pc ligand via the Ln center to the {V12O32} core of the same molecule, whereas for Ln = DyIII, only intermolecular charge transfer is allowed, which is realized from Pc in one molecule to the {V12O32} core of another molecule usually via the nBu4N+ countercation. For all Ln but DyIII, two of these phenomena may be present in different proportions. Besides, it is demonstrated that (nBu4N)3[HV12O32Cl(DyPc)] is a field-induced single molecule magnet with a maximal relaxation time of the order 10-3 s. The obtained results open up the way to further exploration and fine-tuning of these three modular molecular nanocomposites regarding tailoring and control of their Ln-dependent charge-separated states (induced by intramolecular transfer) and relaxation dynamics as well as of electron hopping between molecules. This should enable us to realize ultra-sensitive polyoxometalate powered quasi-superconductors, sensors, and data storage/processing materials for quantum technologies and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Albert Masip-Sánchez
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Xavier López
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona43007, Spain
| | - Karol Załęski
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań61-614, Poland
| | - Piotr Kozłowski
- Institute of Spintronics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, Poznań61-614, Poland
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany
| | - Martin Boerner
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany.,Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany.,Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Kirill Yu Monakhov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig04318, Germany
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Su P, Warneke Z, Volke D, Espenship MF, Hu H, Kawa S, Kirakci K, Hoffmann R, Laskin J, Wiebeler C, Warneke J. Gas Phase Reactivity of [Mo 6X 14] 2- Dianions (X = Cl - I). J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:161-170. [PMID: 36630296 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [Mo6X14]2- (X = Cl, Br, I) and the reactivity of fragment ions of these precursors with background gases. Ion mobility measurements and theoretical calculations provide structural information for some of the observed ions. Sequential losses of MoX2 units dominate the dissociation pathways of [Mo6Cl14]2-. Meanwhile, loss of X radicals is the main channel for X = Br and I. Ion mobility measurements and computational investigations indicate minor structural changes in the octahedral Mo6 unit for [Mo6Im]- (m = 6-13) fragments. We observe that mass spectra obtained using CID substantially vary among mass spectrometers: Specifically, ions with molecular formula [Mo6Xm(O2)n]- (X = Br and I) are observed as dominant species produced through reactions with O2 in several mass spectrometers, but also adduct free fragment ions were observed in other instruments, depending on the background conditions. Ion-trap fragmentation combined with theoretical investigations indicates that spontaneous losses of X radicals occur upon binding of O2 to [Mo6Im]- fragments (m ≤ 12). Theoretical investigations indicate that both oxygen atoms are bound to the vacant sites of the Mo6 units. This study opens up a new vista to generate and study a large variety of hexanuclear Mo6Xm(O2)n anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Volke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig04103Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael F Espenship
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Husinec-R̆ez̆ 1001, 250 68R̆ez̆, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig04103Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V. (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318Leipzig, Germany
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Ueltzen K, Schmitz S, Moors M, Glöß M, Börner M, Werner I, Warneke Z, Warneke J, Abel B, Monakhov KY. Synthesis, Structure, and Surface Adsorption Characteristics of a Polynuclear Mn II,IV-Yb III Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10415-10425. [PMID: 34192460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The controlled adsorption of polynuclear coordination compounds with specific structural and electronic characteristics on surfaces is crucial for the prospective implementation of molecule-surface interfaces into practical electronic devices. From this perspective, a neutral 3d,4f-coordination cluster [MnII3MnIVYb3O3(OH)(L·SMe)3(OOCMe)9]·2MeCN·3EtOH (1·2MeCN·3EtOH), where L·SMe- is a Schiff base, has been synthesized and fully characterized and its adsorption on two different solid substrates, gold and graphite, has been studied. The mixed-valence compound with a bilayered metal core structure and the structurally exposed thioether groups exhibits a substantially different surface bonding to metallic gold and semimetallic graphite substrates. While on graphite the adsorption takes place only on distinguished attraction points with a locally increased number of potential bonding sites such as terrace edges and other surface defects, on gold the molecules were found to adsorb rather weakly on randomly distributed adsorption sites of the surface terraces. This entirely different behavior provides important information for the development of advanced surface materials that may enable well-distributed ordered molecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ueltzen
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmitz
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Moors
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Glöß
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7), JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irina Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kirill Yu Monakhov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Asmis KR, Beele BB, Jenne C, Kawa S, Knorke H, Nierstenhöfer MC, Wang X, Warneke J, Warneke Z, Yuan Q. Cover Feature: Synthesis, Electronic Properties and Reactivity of [B
12
X
11
(NO
2
)]
2−
(X=F–I) Dianions (Chem. Eur. J. 64/2020). Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Knut R. Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Björn B. Beele
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Anorganische Chemie Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Anorganische Chemie Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Marc C. Nierstenhöfer
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Anorganische Chemie Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Xue‐Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM) Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Qinqin Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 902 Battelle Boulevard Richland WA 99352 USA
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Asmis KR, Beele BB, Jenne C, Kawa S, Knorke H, Nierstenhöfer MC, Wang XB, Warneke J, Warneke Z, Yuan Q. Synthesis, Electronic Properties and Reactivity of [B 12 X 11 (NO 2 )] 2- (X=F-I) Dianions. Chemistry 2020; 26:14594-14601. [PMID: 33017100 PMCID: PMC7756457 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitro‐functionalized undecahalogenated closo‐dodecaborates [B12X11(NO2)]2− were synthesized in high purities and characterized by NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy, single crystal X‐diffraction, mass spectrometry, and gas‐phase ion vibrational spectroscopy. The NO2 substituent leads to an enhanced electronic and electrochemical stability compared to the parent perhalogenated [B12X12]2− (X=F–I) dianions evidenced by photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and quantum‐chemical calculations. The stabilizing effect decreases from X=F to X=I. Thermogravimetric measurements of the salts indicate the loss of the nitric oxide radical (NO.). The homolytic NO. elimination from the dianion under very soft collisional excitation in gas‐phase ion experiments results in the formation of the radical [B12X11O]2−.. Theoretical investigations suggest that the loss of NO. proceeds via the rearrangement product [B12X11(ONO)]2−. The O‐bonded nitrosooxy structure is thermodynamically more stable than the N‐bonded nitro structure and its formation by radical recombination of [B12X11O]2−. and NO. is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn B Beele
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc C Nierstenhöfer
- Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Anorganische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyan Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qinqin Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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Warneke Z, Rohdenburg M, Warneke J, Kopyra J, Swiderek P. Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:77-90. [PMID: 29441253 PMCID: PMC5789382 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a versatile tool for the direct-write fabrication of nanostructures on surfaces. However, FEBID nanostructures are usually highly contaminated by carbon originating from the precursor used in the process. Recently, it was shown that platinum nanostructures produced by FEBID can be efficiently purified by electron irradiation in the presence of water. If such processes can be transferred to FEBID deposits produced from other carbon-containing precursors, a new general approach to the generation of pure metallic nanostructures could be implemented. Therefore this study aims to understand the chemical reactions that are fundamental to the water-assisted purification of platinum FEBID deposits generated from trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtMe3). The experiments performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions apply a combination of different desorption experiments coupled with mass spectrometry to analyse reaction products. Electron-stimulated desorption monitors species that leave the surface during electron exposure while post-irradiation thermal desorption spectrometry reveals products that evolve during subsequent thermal treatment. In addition, desorption of volatile products was also observed when a deposit produced by electron exposure was subsequently brought into contact with water. The results distinguish between contributions of thermal chemistry, direct chemistry between water and the deposit, and electron-induced reactions that all contribute to the purification process. We discuss reaction kinetics for the main volatile products CO and CH4 to obtain mechanistic information. The results provide novel insights into the chemistry that occurs during purification of FEBID nanostructures with implications also for the stability of the carbonaceous matrix of nanogranular FEBID materials under humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Warneke
- University of Bremen, Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, Leobener Straße / NW 2, Postfach 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Rohdenburg
- University of Bremen, Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, Leobener Straße / NW 2, Postfach 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- University of Bremen, Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, Leobener Straße / NW 2, Postfach 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical Science Division, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Janina Kopyra
- Siedlce University, Faculty of Sciences, 4 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Petra Swiderek
- University of Bremen, Faculty 2 (Chemistry/Biology), Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry, Leobener Straße / NW 2, Postfach 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
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