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Levin G, Gotlieb WH. Fertility-preserving treatments for endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia: the known unknowns. J Natl Cancer Inst 2024:djae057. [PMID: 38511496 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Tadesse K, Benhamou RI. Targeting MicroRNAs with Small Molecules. Noncoding RNA 2024; 10:17. [PMID: 38525736 PMCID: PMC10961812 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna10020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in numerous diseases, presenting an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics. The various regulatory roles of miRs in cellular processes underscore the need for precise strategies. Recent advances in RNA research offer hope by enabling the identification of small molecules capable of selectively targeting specific disease-associated miRs. This understanding paves the way for developing small molecules that can modulate the activity of disease-associated miRs. Herein, we discuss the progress made in the field of drug discovery processes, transforming the landscape of miR-targeted therapeutics by small molecules. By leveraging various approaches, researchers can systematically identify compounds to modulate miR function, providing a more potent intervention either by inhibiting or degrading miRs. The implementation of these multidisciplinary approaches bears the potential to revolutionize treatments for diverse diseases, signifying a significant stride towards the targeting of miRs by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael I. Benhamou
- The Institute for Drug Research of the School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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3
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Zoabi A, Bentov-Arava E, Sultan A, Elia A, Shalev O, Orevi M, Gofrit ON, Margulis K. Adipose tissue composition determines its computed tomography radiodensity. Eur Radiol 2024; 34:1635-1644. [PMID: 37656176 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adipose tissue radiodensity in computed tomography (CT) performed before surgeries can predict surgical difficulty. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about what influences radiodensity. This study combines desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) with machine learning to unveil how chemical composition of adipose tissue determines its radiodensity. METHODS Patients in the study underwent abdominal surgeries. Before surgery, CT radiodensity of fat near operated sites was measured. Fifty-three fat samples were collected and analyzed by DESI-MSI, ESI, and histology, and then sorted by radiodensity, demographic parameters, and adipocyte size. A non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm was developed to differentiate between high and low radiodensities. RESULTS No associations between radiodensity and patient age, gender, weight, height, or fat origin were found. Body mass index showed negative correlation with radiodensity. A substantial difference in chemical composition between adipose tissues of high and low radiodensities was observed. More radiodense tissues exhibited greater abundance of high molecular weight species, such as phospholipids of various types, ceramides, cholesterol esters and diglycerides, and about 70% smaller adipocyte size. Less radiodense tissue showed high abundance of short acyl-tail fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils the connection between abdominal adipose tissue radiodensity and its chemical composition. Because the radiodensity of the fat around the surgical site is associated with surgical difficulty, it is important to understand how adipose tissue composition affects this parameter. We conclude that fat tissue with a higher content of various phospholipids and waxy lipids is more CT radiodense. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT This study establishes the connection between the CT radiodensity of adipose tissue and its chemical composition. Clinicians may use this information for preoperative planning of surgical procedures, potentially modifying their surgical approach (for example, performing partial nephrectomy openly rather than laparoscopically). KEY POINTS • Adipose tissue radiodensity values in computed tomography images taken prior to the surgery can potentially predict surgery difficulty. • Fifty-three human specimens were analyzed by advanced mass spectrometry, molecular imaging, and machine learning to establish the key features that determine Hounsfield units' values of adipose tissue. • The findings of this research will enable clinicians to better prepare for surgical procedures and select operative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Zoabi
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einav Bentov-Arava
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adan Sultan
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Elia
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Shalev
- Metabolomics Center, Core Research Facility, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marina Orevi
- Nuclear Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer N Gofrit
- Department of Urology, Hadassah Medical Center the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katherine Margulis
- The Institute for Drug Research, the School of Pharmacy, the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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4
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Dsilva A, Avlas S, Rhone N, Itan M, Munitz A. A Mouse Model for Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE). Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e993. [PMID: 38372429 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an emerging chronic T helper type 2 (Th2)-associated, allergic, and immune-mediated disease, characterized histologically by eosinophil-predominant mucosal inflammation and clinically by esophageal dysfunction. Over the past years, the prevalence of EoE has dramatically increased globally. Until recently, most studies of EoE focused on using human biopsies, which are also used for diagnostic purposes, or esophageal epithelial cell lines, which led to major advances in the understanding of EoE. Despite this, a robust mouse model that mimics human disease is still crucial for both understanding disease pathogenesis and as a preclinical model for testing future therapeutics. Herein, we describe a highly reproducible and robust model of EoE that can be performed using wild-type mice by ear sensitization with oxazolone (OXA) followed by intraesophageal challenges. Experimental EoE elicited by OXA mimics the main histopathological features of human EoE, including intraepithelial eosinophilia, epithelial and lamina propria thickening, basal cell hyperplasia, and fibrosis. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Induction of EoE in mice using oxazolone Support Protocol 1: Preparing the mouse esophagus for histological analysis Support Protocol 2: Assessment of epithelial and lamina propria thickness using H&E staining Support Protocol 3: Assessment of eosinophilic infiltration using anti-MBP and basal cell proliferation using anti-Ki-67 staining Support Protocol 4: Flow cytometry of mouse esophageal samples Support Protocol 5: ELISA on protein lysates of esophageal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Dsilva
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shmulik Avlas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Natalie Rhone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Michal Itan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ariel Munitz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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5
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Hovav AH, Wilensky A. The role of the epithelial sentinels, Langerhans cells and γδT cells, in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38273461 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises in the oral epithelium, a tissue in which immune surveillance is mediated by its primary resident leukocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), and γδT cells. Under steady-state conditions, LCs and γδT cells play a critical role in maintaining oral mucosal homeostasis. As antigen-presenting cells of stratified epithelia, LCs respond to various challenges faced by the epithelium, orchestrating innate, and adaptive immune responses in order to resolve them. γδT cells also sense diverse epithelial insults and react rapidly through cytokine production and cytolytic activity. These epithelial sentinels are also considered to be the first leukocytes in the oral epithelium to encounter early carcinogenic events that have the potential of becoming OSCC. As evident in many malignancies, leukocyte populations help prevent cancer development although they also promote tumor progression. OSCC is no exception, as studies have reported both anti- and pro-tumor roles of LCs and γδT cells. In this review, we summarize the ontogeny of LCs and γδT cells in the oral epithelium and discuss their role in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi-Hai Hovav
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Zuckerbrot-Schuldenfrei M, Aviel-Ronen S, Zilberberg A, Efroni S. Ovarian cancer is detectable from peripheral blood using machine learning over T-cell receptor repertoires. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae075. [PMID: 38483254 PMCID: PMC10938541 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The extraordinary diversity of T cells and B cells is critical for body maintenance. This diversity has an important role in protecting against tumor formation. In humans, the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is generated through a striking stochastic process called V(D)J recombination, in which different gene segments are assembled and modified, leading to extensive variety. In ovarian cancer (OC), an unfortunate 80% of cases are detected late, leading to poor survival outcomes. However, when detected early, approximately 94% of patients live longer than 5 years after diagnosis. Thus, early detection is critical for patient survival. To determine whether the TCR repertoire obtained from peripheral blood is associated with tumor status, we collected blood samples from 85 women with or without OC and obtained TCR information. We then used machine learning to learn the characteristics of samples and to finally predict, over a set of unseen samples, whether the person is with or without OC. We successfully stratified the two groups, thereby associating the peripheral blood TCR repertoire with the formation of OC tumors. A careful study of the origin of the set of T cells most informative for the signature indicated the involvement of a specific invariant natural killer T (iNKT) clone and a specific mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) clone. Our findings here support the proposition that tumor-relevant signal is maintained by the immune system and is coded in the T-cell repertoire available in peripheral blood. It is also possible that the immune system detects tumors early enough for repertoire technologies to inform us near the beginning of tumor formation. Although such detection is made by the immune system, we might be able to identify it, using repertoire data from peripheral blood, to offer a pragmatic way to search for early signs of cancer with minimal patient burden, possibly with enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarit Aviel-Ronen
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel and Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan 526200, Israel
| | - Alona Zilberberg
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sol Efroni
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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7
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Lazar I, Livneh I, Ciechanover A, Fabre B. Tryptophanyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase Is Involved in a Negative Feedback Loop Mitigating Interferon-γ-Induced Gene Expression. Cells 2024; 13:180. [PMID: 38247871 PMCID: PMC10813977 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes responsible for linking a transfer RNA (tRNA) with its cognate amino acid present in all the kingdoms of life. Besides their aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity, it was described that many of these enzymes can carry out non-canonical functions. They were shown to be involved in important biological processes such as metabolism, immunity, development, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. In the present work, we provide evidence that tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase might be involved in a negative feedback loop mitigating the expression of certain interferon-γ-induced genes. Mining the available TCGA and Gtex data, we found that WARS was highly expressed in cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) compared to other cancers and is of good prognosis for this particular cancer type. WARS expression correlates with genes involved in antigen processing and presentation but also transcription factors involved in IFN-γ signaling such as STAT1. In addition, WARS was found in complex with STAT1 in A375 cells treated with IFN-γ. Finally, we showed that knocking down WARS expression during IFN-γ stimulation further increases the expression of GBP2, APOL1, ISG15, HLA-A and IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikrame Lazar
- The Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC) and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (I.L.); (I.L.); (A.C.)
- MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS, UT3, Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Ido Livneh
- The Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC) and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (I.L.); (I.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC) and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (I.L.); (I.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- The Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (R-TICC) and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (I.L.); (I.L.); (A.C.)
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), CNRS/UT3/INPT, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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8
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Makranz C, Lubotzky A, Zemmour H, Shemer R, Glaser B, Cohen J, Maoz M, Sapir E, Wygoda M, Peretz T, Weizman N, Feldman J, Abrams RA, Lossos A, Dor Y, Zick A. Short report: Plasma based biomarkers detect radiation induced brain injury in cancer patients treated for brain metastasis: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285646. [PMID: 38015964 PMCID: PMC10684068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy has an important role in the treatment of brain metastases but carries risk of short and/or long-term toxicity, termed radiation-induced brain injury (RBI). As the diagnosis of RBI is crucial for correct patient management, there is an unmet need for reliable biomarkers for RBI. The aim of this proof-of concept study is to determine the utility of brain-derived circulating free DNA (BncfDNA), identified by specific methylation patterns for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, as biomarkers brain injury induced by radiotherapy. METHODS Twenty-four patients with brain metastases were monitored clinically and radiologically before, during and after brain radiotherapy, and blood for BncfDNA analysis (98 samples) was concurrently collected. Sixteen patients were treated with whole brain radiotherapy and eight patients with stereotactic radiosurgery. RESULTS During follow-up nine RBI events were detected, and all correlated with significant increase in BncfDNA levels compared to baseline. Additionally, resolution of RBI correlated with a decrease in BncfDNA. Changes in BncfDNA were independent of tumor response. CONCLUSIONS Elevated BncfDNA levels reflects brain cell injury incurred by radiotherapy. further research is needed to establish BncfDNA as a novel plasma-based biomarker for brain injury induced by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Makranz
- Department of Neurology and Oncology, The Gaffin Center for Neurooncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asael Lubotzky
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Division of Neurology and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hai Zemmour
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Shemer
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Sapir
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Radiation Oncology Institute, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ben Gurion University, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Marc Wygoda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Weizman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jon Feldman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ross A. Abrams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Lossos
- Department of Neurology and Oncology, The Gaffin Center for Neurooncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviad Zick
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute for Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Montrazi ET, Sasson K, Agemy L, Peters DC, Brenner O, Scherz A, Frydman L. High-sensitivity deuterium metabolic MRI differentiates acute pancreatitis from pancreatic cancers in murine models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19998. [PMID: 37968574 PMCID: PMC10652017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is a promising tool for investigating a tumor's biology, and eventually contribute in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In DMI, [6,6'-2H2]-glucose is taken up and metabolized by different tissues, resulting in the formation of HDO but also in an enhanced formation of [3,3'-2H2]-lactate at the tumor site as a result of the Warburg effect. Recent studies have shown DMI's suitability to highlight pancreatic cancer in murine models by [3,3'-2H2]-lactate formation; an important question is whether DMI can also differentiate between these tumors and pancreatitis. This differentiation is critical, as these two diseases are hard to distinguish today radiologically, but have very different prognoses requiring distinctive treatments. Recent studies have shown the limitations that hyperpolarized MRI faces when trying to distinguish these pancreatic diseases by monitoring the [1-13C1]-pyruvate→[1-13C1]-lactate conversion. In this work, we explore DMI's capability to achieve such differentiation. Initial tests used a multi-echo (ME) SSFP sequence, to identify any metabolic differences between tumor and acute pancreatitis models that had been previously elicited very similar [1-13C1]-pyruvate→[1-13C1]-lactate conversion rates. Although ME-SSFP provides approximately 5 times greater signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the standard chemical shift imaging (CSI) experiment used in DMI, no lactate signal was observed in the pancreatitis model. To enhance lactate sensitivity further, we developed a new, weighted-average, CSI-SSFP approach for DMI. Weighted-average CSI-SSFP improved DMI's SNR by another factor of 4 over ME-SSFP-a sensitivity enhancement that sufficed to evidence natural abundance 2H fat in abdominal images, something that had escaped the previous approaches even at ultrahigh (15.2 T) MRI fields. Despite these efforts to enhance DMI's sensitivity, no lactate signal could be detected in acute pancreatitis models (n = 10; [3,3'-2H2]-lactate limit of detection < 100 µM; 15.2 T). This leads to the conclusion that pancreatic tumors and acute pancreatitis may be clearly distinguished by DMI, based on their different abilities to generate deuterated lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton T Montrazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Sasson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dana C Peters
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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10
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Cooper I, Last D, Ravid O, Rand D, Matsree E, Omesi L, Shemesh C, Liberman M, Zach L, Furman O, Daniels D, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Mardor Y, Sharabi S. BBB opening by low pulsed electric fields, depicted by delayed-contrast MRI, enables efficient delivery of therapeutic doxorubicin doses into mice brains. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:67. [PMID: 37737197 PMCID: PMC10515428 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological treatment of CNS diseases is limited due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent years showed significant advancement in the field of CNS drug delivery enablers, with technologies such as MR-guided focused ultrasound reaching clinical trials. This have inspired researchers in the field to invent novel brain barriers opening (BBo) technologies that are required to be simple, fast, safe and efficient. One such technology, recently developed by us, is BDF (Barrier Disrupting Fields), based on low pulsed electric fields (L-PEFs) for opening the BBB in a controlled, safe, reversible and non-invasive manner. Here, we conducted an in vivo study to show that BDF is a feasible technology for delivering Doxorubicin (Doxo) into mice brain. Means for depicting BBBo levels were developed and applied for monitoring the treatment and predicting response. Overall, the goals of the presented study were to demonstrate the feasibility for delivering therapeutic Doxo doses into naïve and tumor-bearing mice brains and applying delayed-contrast MRI (DCM) for monitoring the levels of BBBo. METHODS L-PEFs were applied using plate electrodes placed on the intact skull of naïve mice. L-PEFs/Sham mice were scanned immediately after the procedure by DCM ("MRI experiment"), or injected with Doxo and Trypan blue followed by delayed (4 h) perfusion and brain extraction ("Doxo experiment"). Doxo concentrations were measured in brain samples using confocal microscopy and compared to IC50 of Doxo in glioma cell lines in vitro. In order to map BBBo extent throughout the brain, pixel by pixel MR image analysis was performed using the DCM data. Finally, the efficacy of L-PEFs in combination with Doxo was tested in nude mice bearing intracranial human glioma tumors. RESULTS Significant amount of Doxo was found in cortical regions of all L-PEFs-treated mice brains (0.50 ± 0.06 µg Doxo/gr brain) while in Sham brains, Doxo concentrations were below or on the verge of detection limit (0.03 ± 0.02 µg Doxo/gr brain). This concentration was x97 higher than IC50 of Doxo calculated in gl261 mouse glioma cells and x8 higher than IC50 of Doxo calculated in U87 human glioma cells. DCM analysis revealed significant BBBo levels in the cortical regions of L-PEFs-treated mice; the average volume of BBBo in the L-PEFs-treated mice was x29 higher than in the Sham group. The calculated BBBo levels dropped exponentially as a function of BBBo threshold, similarly to the electric fields distribution in the brain. Finally, combining non-invasive L-PEFs with Doxo significantly decreased brain tumors growth rates in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate significant BBBo levels induced by extra-cranial L-PEFs, enabling efficient delivery of therapeutic Doxo doses into the brain and reducing tumor growth. As BBBo was undetectable by standard contrast-enhanced MRI, DCM was applied to generate maps depicting the BBBo levels throughout the brain. These findings suggest that BDF is a promising technology for efficient drug delivery into the brain with important implications for future treatment of brain cancer and additional CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel.
- School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel.
| | - David Last
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Orly Ravid
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Daniel Rand
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Erez Matsree
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Liora Omesi
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Chen Shemesh
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Meir Liberman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
- School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Leor Zach
- School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Oncology Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Furman
- Oncology Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dianne Daniels
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Department of Sports Therapy, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Yael Mardor
- School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - Shirley Sharabi
- The Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, 52621, Israel.
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11
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Kol I, Rishiq A, Cohen M, Kahlon S, Pick O, Dassa L, Stein N, Bar-On Y, Wolf DG, Seidel E, Mandelboim O. CLPTM1L is a GPI-anchoring pathway component targeted by HCMV. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207104. [PMID: 37389656 PMCID: PMC10316631 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The GPI-anchoring pathway plays important roles in normal development and immune modulation. MHC Class I Polypeptide-related Sequence A (MICA) is a stress-induced ligand, downregulated by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to escape immune recognition. Its most prevalent allele, MICA*008, is GPI-anchored via an uncharacterized pathway. Here, we identify cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1-like protein (CLPTM1L) as a GPI-anchoring pathway component and show that during infection, the HCMV protein US9 downregulates MICA*008 via CLPTM1L. We show that the expression of some GPI-anchored proteins (CD109, CD59, and MELTF)-but not others (ULBP2, ULBP3)-is CLPTM1L-dependent, and further show that like MICA*008, MELTF is downregulated by US9 via CLPTM1L during infection. Mechanistically, we suggest that CLPTM1L's function depends on its interaction with a free form of PIG-T, normally a part of the GPI transamidase complex. We suggest that US9 inhibits this interaction and thereby downregulates the expression of CLPTM1L-dependent proteins. Altogether, we report on a new GPI-anchoring pathway component that is targeted by HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Kol
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ahmed Rishiq
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mevaseret Cohen
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Kahlon
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophir Pick
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Dassa
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natan Stein
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Department of Immunology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dana G. Wolf
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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12
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Zheng Y, Ziman B, Ho AS, Sinha UK, Xu LY, Li EM, Koeffler HP, Berman BP, Lin DC. Comprehensive analyses of partially methylated domains and differentially methylated regions in esophageal cancer reveal both cell-type- and cancer-specific epigenetic regulation. Genome Biol 2023; 24:193. [PMID: 37620896 PMCID: PMC10463844 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the most common malignancies, esophageal cancer has two subtypes, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, arising from distinct cells-of-origin. Distinguishing cell-type-specific molecular features from cancer-specific characteristics is challenging. RESULTS We analyze whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data on 45 esophageal tumor and nonmalignant samples from both subtypes. We develop a novel sequence-aware method to identify large partially methylated domains (PMDs), revealing profound heterogeneity at both methylation level and genomic distribution of PMDs across tumor samples. We identify subtype-specific PMDs that are associated with repressive transcription, chromatin B compartments and high somatic mutation rate. While genomic locations of these PMDs are pre-established in normal cells, the degree of loss is significantly higher in tumors. We find that cell-type-specific deposition of H3K36me2 may underlie genomic distribution of PMDs. At a smaller genomic scale, both cell-type- and cancer-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are identified for each subtype. Using binding motif analysis within these DMRs, we show that a cell-type-specific transcription factor HNF4A maintains the binding sites that it generates in normal cells, while establishing new binding sites cooperatively with novel partners such as FOSL1 in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Finally, leveraging pan-tissue single-cell and pan-cancer epigenomic datasets, we demonstrate that a substantial fraction of cell-type-specific PMDs and DMRs identified here in esophageal cancer are actually markers that co-occur in other cancers originating from related cell types. CONCLUSIONS These findings advance our understanding of DNA methylation dynamics at various genomic scales in normal and malignant states, providing novel mechanistic insights into cell-type- and cancer-specific epigenetic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Zheng
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Benjamin Ziman
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street - CSA 207D, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Allen S Ho
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Uttam K Sinha
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Benjamin P Berman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street - CSA 207D, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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13
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Singh P, Gazy I, Kupiec M. Control of telomere length in yeast by SUMOylated PCNA and the Elg1 PCNA unloader. eLife 2023; 12:RP86990. [PMID: 37530521 PMCID: PMC10396338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres cap and protect the linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomere length is determined by an equilibrium between positive and negative regulators of telomerase activity. A systematic screen for yeast mutants that affect telomere length maintenance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that mutations in any of ~500 genes affects telomere length. One of the genes that, when mutated, causes telomere elongation is ELG1, which encodes an unloader of PCNA, the processivity factor for replicative DNA polymerases. PCNA can undergo SUMOylation on two conserved residues, K164 and K127, or ubiquitination at lysine 164. These modifications have already been implicated in genome stability processes. We report that SUMOylated PCNA acts as a signal that positively regulates telomerase activity. We also uncovered physical interactions between Elg1 and the CST (Cdc13-Stn1-Ten) complex and addressed the mechanism by which Elg1 and Stn1 negatively regulates telomere elongation, coordinated by SUMO. We discuss these results with respect to how chromosomal replication and telomere elongation are coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Singh
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Gazy
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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14
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Arafat M, Sperling R. Crosstalk between Long Non-Coding RNA and Spliceosomal microRNA as a Novel Biomarker for Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 37624034 PMCID: PMC10459839 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play diverse roles in regulating cellular processes and have been implicated in pathological conditions, including cancer, where interactions between ncRNAs play a role. Relevant here are (i) microRNAs (miRNAs), mainly known as negative regulators of gene expression in the cytoplasm. However, identification of miRNAs in the nucleus suggested novel nuclear functions, and (ii) long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulates gene expression at multiple levels. The recent findings of miRNA in supraspliceosomes of human breast and cervical cancer cells revealed new candidates of lncRNA targets. Here, we highlight potential cases of crosstalk between lncRNA and supraspliceosomal miRNA expressed from the same genomic region, having complementary sequences. Through RNA:RNA base pairing, changes in the level of one partner (either miRNA or lncRNA), as occur in cancer, could affect the level of the other, which might be involved in breast and cervical cancer. An example is spliceosomal mir-7704 as a negative regulator of the oncogenic lncRNA HAGLR. Because the expression of spliceosomal miRNA is cell-type-specific, the list of cis-interacting lncRNA:spliceosomal miRNA presented here is likely just the tip of the iceberg, and such interactions are likely relevant to additional cancers. We thus highlight the potential of lncRNA:spliceosomal miRNA interactions as novel targets for cancer diagnosis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Arafat
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ruth Sperling
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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15
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AbdEl-haq M, Kumar A, Ait Mohand FE, Kravchenko-Balasha N, Rottenberg Y, Domb AJ. Paclitaxel Delivery to the Brain for Glioblastoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11722. [PMID: 37511480 PMCID: PMC10380674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of paclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of brain tumors was investigated. Poly(lactide-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles containing 10% w/w paclitaxel with a particle size of 216 nm were administered through intranasal and intravenous routes to male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Both routes of administration showed appreciable accumulation of paclitaxel in brain tissue, liver, and kidney without any sign of toxicity. The anti-proliferative effect of the nanoparticles on glioblastoma tumor cells was comparable to that of free paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad AbdEl-haq
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Fatima-ezzahra Ait Mohand
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel (N.K.-B.)
| | - Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel (N.K.-B.)
| | - Yakir Rottenberg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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16
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Ofek P, Yeini E, Arad G, Danilevsky A, Pozzi S, Luna CB, Dangoor SI, Grossman R, Ram Z, Shomron N, Brem H, Hyde TM, Geiger T, Satchi-Fainaro R. Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase: A novel therapeutic target differentially expressed in short-term vs long-term survivors of glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37141410 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive neoplasm of the brain. Poor prognosis is mainly attributed to tumor heterogeneity, invasiveness and drug resistance. Only a small fraction of GB patients survives longer than 24 months from the time of diagnosis (ie, long-term survivors [LTS]). In our study, we aimed to identify molecular markers associated with favorable GB prognosis as a basis to develop therapeutic applications to improve patients' outcome. We have recently assembled a proteogenomic dataset of 87 GB clinical samples of varying survival rates. Following RNA-seq and mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics analysis, we identified several differentially expressed genes and proteins, including some known cancer-related pathways and some less established that showed higher expression in short-term (<6 months) survivors (STS) compared to LTS. One such target found was deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), which is known to be involved in the biosynthesis of hypusine, an unusual amino acid essential for the function of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which promotes tumor growth. We consequently validated DOHH overexpression in STS samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. We further showed robust inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of GB cells following silencing of DOHH with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or inhibition of its activity with small molecules, ciclopirox and deferiprone. Moreover, DOHH silencing led to significant inhibition of tumor progression and prolonged survival in GB mouse models. Searching for a potential mechanism by which DOHH promotes tumor aggressiveness, we found that it supports the transition of GB cells to a more invasive phenotype via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ofek
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eilam Yeini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gali Arad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Artem Danilevsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Christian Burgos Luna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sahar Israeli Dangoor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Grossman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Ram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Edmond J Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Zorea J, Motro Y, Mazor RD, Carmi YK, Shulman Z, Mahajna J, Moran-Gilad J, Elkabets M. TRAF3 suppression encourages B cell recruitment and prolongs survival of microbiome-intact mice with ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:107. [PMID: 37121997 PMCID: PMC10150478 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is known for exhibiting low response rates to immune checkpoint inhibitors that activate T cells. However, immunotherapies that activate B cells have not yet been extensively explored and may be a potential target, as B cells that secrete immunoglobulins have been associated with better outcomes in OC. Although the secretion of immunoglobulins is often mediated by the microbiome, it is still unclear what role they play in limiting the progression of OC. METHODS We conducted an in-vivo CRISPR screen of immunodeficient (NSG) and immune-intact wild type (WT) C57/BL6 mice to identify tumor-derived immune-escape mechanisms in a BRAC1- and TP53-deficient murine ID8 OC cell line (designated ITB1). To confirm gene expression and signaling pathway activation in ITB1 cells, we employed western blot, qPCR, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was also used to identify immune cell populations in the peritoneum of ITB1-bearing mice. To determine the presence of IgA-coated bacteria in the peritoneum of ITB1-bearing mice and the ascites of OC patients, we employed 16S sequencing. Testing for differences was done by using Deseq2 test and two-way ANOVA test. Sequence variants (ASVs) were produced in Qiime2 and analyzed by microeco and phyloseq R packages. RESULTS We identified tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) as a tumor-derived immune suppressive mediator in ITB1 cells. Knockout of TRAF3 (TRAF3KO) activated the type-I interferon pathway and increased MHC-I expression. TRAF3KO tumors exhibited a growth delay in WT mice vs. NSG mice, which was correlated with increased B cell infiltration and activation compared to ITB1 tumors. B cells were found to be involved in the progression of TRAF3KO tumors, and B-cell surface-bound and secreted IgA levels were significantly higher in the ascites of TRAF3KO tumors compared to ITB1. The presence of commensal microbiota was necessary for B-cell activation and for delaying the progression of TRAF3KO tumors in WT mice. Lastly, we observed unique profiles of IgA-coated bacteria in the ascites of OC-bearing mice or the ascites of OC patients. CONCLUSIONS TRAF3 is a tumor-derived immune-suppressive modulator that influences B-cell infiltration and activation, making it a potential target for enhancing anti-tumor B-cell responses in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zorea
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yair Motro
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Roei D Mazor
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yifat Koren Carmi
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, 11016, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal-Galilee Research Institute, 11016, Kiryat Shemona, Israel
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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18
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Besser E, Gelfand A, Lewitus GM, Novak-Kotzer H, Procaccia S, Berman P, Louria-Hayon I, Shreiber-Livne I, Ofran Y, Meiri D. Antitumoral effects of cannabis in Notch1-mutated T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023. [PMID: 37086009 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elazar Besser
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Gelfand
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Moshe Lewitus
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hila Novak-Kotzer
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shiri Procaccia
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Paula Berman
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Igal Louria-Hayon
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inbar Shreiber-Livne
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Ofran
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Moscona R, Janssen SM, Elchebly M, Papadakis AI, Rubin E, Spatz A. BORIS/CTCFL-mediated chromatin accessibility alterations promote a pro-invasive transcriptional signature in melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:299-313. [PMID: 37082838 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, due to its tendency to metastasize early. Brother of regulator of imprinted sites (BORIS), also known as CCCTC binding factor-like (CTCFL), is a transcription regulator that becomes ectopically expressed in melanoma. We recently showed that BORIS contributes to melanoma phenotype switching by altering the gene expression program of melanoma cells from an intermediate melanocytic state toward a more mesenchymal-like state. However, the mechanism underlying this transcriptional switch remains unclear. Here, ATAC-seq was used to study BORIS-mediated chromatin accessibility alterations in melanoma cells harboring an intermediate melanocytic state. The gene set that gained promoter accessibility, following ectopic BORIS expression, showed enrichment for biological processes associated with melanoma invasion, while promoters of genes associated with proliferation showed reduced accessibility. Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data demonstrated that increased chromatin accessibility was associated with transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in tumor progression processes, and the aberrant activation of oncogenic transcription factors, while reduced chromatin accessibility and downregulated genes were associated with repressed activity of tumor suppressors and proliferation factors. Together, these findings indicate that BORIS mediates transcriptional reprogramming in melanoma cells by altering chromatin accessibility and gene expression, shifting the cellular transcription landscape of melanoma cells toward a mesenchymal-like genetic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moscona
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Sanne Marlijn Janssen
- Lady Davis Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Eitan Rubin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alan Spatz
- Lady Davis Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Hayun H, Coban M, Bhagat AK, Ozer E, Alfonta L, Caulfield TR, Radisky ES, Papo N. Utilizing genetic code expansion to modify N-TIMP2 specificity towards MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5186. [PMID: 36997589 PMCID: PMC10063552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in biological processes. MMP activity is controlled by natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that non-selectively inhibit the function of multiple MMPs via interaction with the MMPs' Zn2+-containing catalytic pocket. Recent studies suggest that TIMPs engineered to confer MMP specificity could be exploited for therapeutic purposes, but obtaining specific TIMP-2 inhibitors has proved to be challenging. Here, in an effort to improve MMP specificity, we incorporated the metal-binding non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and (8-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)alanine (HqAla), into the MMP-inhibitory N-terminal domain of TIMP2 (N-TIMP2) at selected positions that interact with the catalytic Zn2+ ion (S2, S69, A70, L100) or with a structural Ca2+ ion (Y36). Evaluation of the inhibitory potency of the NCAA-containing variants towards MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 in vitro revealed that most showed a significant loss of inhibitory activity towards MMP-14, but not towards MMP-2 and MMP-9, resulting in increased specificity towards the latter proteases. Substitutions at S69 conferred the best improvement in selectivity for both L-DOPA and HqAla variants. Molecular modeling provided an indication of how MMP-2 and MMP-9 are better able to accommodate the bulky NCAA substituents at the intermolecular interface with N-TIMP2. The models also showed that, rather than coordinating to Zn2+, the NCAA side chains formed stabilizing polar interactions at the intermolecular interface with MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our findings illustrate how incorporation of NCAAs can be used to probe-and possibly exploit-differential tolerance for substitution within closely related protein-protein complexes as a means to improve specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezi Hayun
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matt Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, 310 Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhagat
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eden Ozer
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Life Sciences and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Departments of Neuroscience, Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Computational Biology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, 310 Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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21
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Quail DF, Amulic B, Aziz M, Barnes BJ, Eruslanov E, Fridlender ZG, Goodridge HS, Granot Z, Hidalgo A, Huttenlocher A, Kaplan MJ, Malanchi I, Merghoub T, Meylan E, Mittal V, Pittet MJ, Rubio-Ponce A, Udalova IA, van den Berg TK, Wagner DD, Wang P, Zychlinsky A, de Visser KE, Egeblad M, Kubes P. Neutrophil phenotypes and functions in cancer: A consensus statement. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220011. [PMID: 35522219 PMCID: PMC9086501 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and inflammation and are thus a critical component of innate immune defense. Understanding the behavior of neutrophils as they act within various inflammatory contexts has provided insights into their role in sterile and infectious diseases; however, the field of neutrophils in cancer is comparatively young. Here, we summarize key concepts and current knowledge gaps related to the diverse roles of neutrophils throughout cancer progression. We discuss sources of neutrophil heterogeneity in cancer and provide recommendations on nomenclature for neutrophil states that are distinct in maturation and activation. We address discrepancies in the literature that highlight a need for technical standards that ought to be considered between laboratories. Finally, we review emerging questions in neutrophil biology and innate immunity in cancer. Overall, we emphasize that neutrophils are a more diverse population than previously appreciated and that their role in cancer may present novel unexplored opportunities to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F. Quail
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Borko Amulic
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zvi G. Fridlender
- Hadassah Medical Center, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Helen S. Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Etienne Meylan
- Lung Cancer and Immuno-Oncology Laboratory, Bordet Cancer Research Laboratories, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Anderlecht, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mikael J. Pittet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- AGORA Cancer Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rubio-Ponce
- Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irina A. Udalova
- University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Timo K. van den Berg
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin E. de Visser
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- Banbury Center meeting organizers, Diverse Functions of Neutrophils in Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, NY
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
- Banbury Center meeting organizers, Diverse Functions of Neutrophils in Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, NY
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Banbury Center meeting organizers, Diverse Functions of Neutrophils in Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Giladi M, Lisnyansky Bar-El M, Vaňková P, Ferofontov A, Melvin E, Alkaderi S, Kavan D, Redko B, Haimov E, Wiener R, Man P, Haitin Y. Structural basis for long-chain isoprenoid synthesis by cis-prenyltransferases. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn1171. [PMID: 35584224 PMCID: PMC9116609 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are synthesized by the prenyltransferase superfamily, which is subdivided according to the product stereoisomerism and length. In short- and medium-chain isoprenoids, product length correlates with active site volume. However, enzymes synthesizing long-chain products and rubber synthases fail to conform to this paradigm, because of an unexpectedly small active site. Here, we focused on the human cis-prenyltransferase complex (hcis-PT), residing at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and playing a crucial role in protein glycosylation. Crystallographic investigation of hcis-PT along the reaction cycle revealed an outlet for the elongating product. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis showed that the hydrophobic active site core is flanked by dynamic regions consistent with separate inlet and outlet orifices. Last, using a fluorescence substrate analog, we show that product elongation and membrane association are closely correlated. Together, our results support direct membrane insertion of the elongating isoprenoid during catalysis, uncoupling active site volume from product length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Giladi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Michal Lisnyansky Bar-El
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Pavla Vaňková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BioCeV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Alisa Ferofontov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Emelia Melvin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Suha Alkaderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel Kavan
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BioCeV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Redko
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Elvira Haimov
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Reuven Wiener
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Division BioCeV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Yoni Haitin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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23
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Tivon B, Gabizon R, Somsen BA, Cossar PJ, Ottmann C, London N. Covalent flexible peptide docking in Rosetta. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10836-10847. [PMID: 34476063 PMCID: PMC8372624 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic peptides that form an irreversible covalent bond with their target have great potential for binding targets that have been previously considered undruggable. However, the discovery of such peptides remains a challenge. Here, we present Rosetta CovPepDock, a computational pipeline for peptide docking that incorporates covalent binding between the peptide and a receptor cysteine. We applied CovPepDock retrospectively to a dataset of 115 disulfide-bound peptides and a dataset of 54 electrophilic peptides. It produced a top-five scoring, near-native model, in 89% and 100% of the cases when docking from the native conformation, and 20% and 90% when docking from an extended peptide conformation, respectively. In addition, we developed a protocol for designing electrophilic peptide binders based on known non-covalent binders or protein-protein interfaces. We identified 7154 peptide candidates in the PDB for application of this protocol. As a proof-of-concept we validated the protocol on the non-covalent complex of 14-3-3σ and YAP1 phosphopeptide. The protocol identified seven highly potent and selective irreversible peptide binders. The predicted binding mode of one of the peptides was validated using X-ray crystallography. This case-study demonstrates the utility and impact of CovPepDock. It suggests that many new electrophilic peptide binders can be rapidly discovered, with significant potential as therapeutic molecules and chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barr Tivon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Ronen Gabizon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Bente A Somsen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Cossar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Nir London
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
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24
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Saha T, Solomon J, Samson AO, Gil-Henn H. Invasion and Metastasis as a Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3498. [PMID: 34441794 PMCID: PMC8396853 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hanahan and Weinberg introduced the "hallmarks of cancer" and typified essential biological abilities acquired by human cancer. Since then, a growing understanding of hallmark principles associated with breast cancer has assisted knowledge-based therapeutics development; however, despite the rapidly increasing number of targeted therapeutics, enduring disease-free responses for most forms of breast cancer is rare. Invasion and metastasis are the most defining feature of breast cancer malignancy and the leading cause of patient mortality. Hence, we propose a modified hallmarks model adapted to breast cancer, in which invasion and metastasis are shifted to the center of attention, thereby emphasizing it as a potentially superior therapeutic target. Although the scientific community highly appreciates the importance of the invasion and metastasis hallmark, as can be demonstrated by the growing number of publications on breast cancer metastasis, very few clinical trials concentrate on testing anti-metastasis inhibitors and even fewer trials focus on inhibitors for breast cancer metastasis. Here, we discuss the obstacles of applying research on invasion and metastasis therapeutics into the clinic and present current developments that could provide a potential solution to this dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishna Saha
- Cell Migration and Invasion Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (T.S.); (J.S.)
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Jonathan Solomon
- Cell Migration and Invasion Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (T.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Abraham O. Samson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Hava Gil-Henn
- Cell Migration and Invasion Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (T.S.); (J.S.)
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25
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Neufeld L, Yeini E, Reisman N, Shtilerman Y, Ben-Shushan D, Pozzi S, Madi A, Tiram G, Eldar-Boock A, Ferber S, Grossman R, Ram Z, Satchi-Fainaro R. Microengineered perfusable 3D-bioprinted glioblastoma model for in vivo mimicry of tumor microenvironment. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabi9119. [PMID: 34407932 PMCID: PMC8373143 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs show promising results in laboratory research but eventually fail clinical trials. We hypothesize that one main reason for this translational gap is that current cancer models are inadequate. Most models lack the tumor-stroma interactions, which are essential for proper representation of cancer complexed biology. Therefore, we recapitulated the tumor heterogenic microenvironment by creating fibrin glioblastoma bioink consisting of patient-derived glioblastoma cells, astrocytes, and microglia. In addition, perfusable blood vessels were created using a sacrificial bioink coated with brain pericytes and endothelial cells. We observed similar growth curves, drug response, and genetic signature of glioblastoma cells grown in our 3D-bioink platform and in orthotopic cancer mouse models as opposed to 2D culture on rigid plastic plates. Our 3D-bioprinted model could be the basis for potentially replacing cell cultures and animal models as a powerful platform for rapid, reproducible, and robust target discovery; personalized therapy screening; and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Neufeld
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eilam Yeini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Noa Reisman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yael Shtilerman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dikla Ben-Shushan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Asaf Madi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Galia Tiram
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Anat Eldar-Boock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shiran Ferber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rachel Grossman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Ram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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26
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Furth N, Shilo S, Cohen N, Erez N, Fedyuk V, Schrager AM, Weinberger A, Dror AA, Zigron A, Shehadeh M, Sela E, Srouji S, Amit S, Levy I, Segal E, Dahan R, Jones D, Douek DC, Shema E. Unified platform for genetic and serological detection of COVID-19 with single-molecule technology. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255096. [PMID: 34310620 PMCID: PMC8312974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic raises the need for diverse diagnostic approaches to rapidly detect different stages of viral infection. The flexible and quantitative nature of single-molecule imaging technology renders it optimal for development of new diagnostic tools. Here we present a proof-of-concept for a single-molecule based, enzyme-free assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2. The unified platform we developed allows direct detection of the viral genetic material from patients' samples, as well as their immune response consisting of IgG and IgM antibodies. Thus, it establishes a platform for diagnostics of COVID-19, which could also be adjusted to diagnose additional pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Furth
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shay Shilo
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Niv Cohen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vadim Fedyuk
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander M. Schrager
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Adina Weinberger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amiel A. Dror
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Asaf Zigron
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Mona Shehadeh
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Clinical Laboratories Division, Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Naharia, Israel
| | - Eyal Sela
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Samer Srouji
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | | | - Itzchak Levy
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv university, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rony Dahan
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Jones
- SeqLL, Woburn, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Efrat Shema
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Seidel E, Dassa L, Schuler C, Oiknine-Djian E, Wolf DG, Le-Trilling VTK, Mandelboim O. The human cytomegalovirus protein UL147A downregulates the most prevalent MICA allele: MICA*008, to evade NK cell-mediated killing. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008807. [PMID: 33939764 PMCID: PMC8118558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes capable of killing target cells without prior sensitization. One pivotal activating NK receptor is NKG2D, which binds a family of eight ligands, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related chain A (MICA). Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus causing morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients and congenitally infected infants. HCMV encodes multiple antagonists of NK cell activation, including many mechanisms targeting MICA. However, only one of these mechanisms, the HCMV protein US9, counters the most prevalent MICA allele, MICA*008. Here, we discover that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, specifically downregulates MICA*008. UL147A primarily induces MICA*008 maturation arrest, and additionally targets it to proteasomal degradation, acting additively with US9 during HCMV infection. Thus, UL147A hinders NKG2D-mediated elimination of HCMV-infected cells by NK cells. Mechanistic analyses disclose that the non-canonical GPI anchoring pathway of immature MICA*008 constitutes the determinant of UL147A specificity for this MICA allele. These findings advance our understanding of the complex and rapidly evolving HCMV immune evasion mechanisms, which may facilitate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen that usually causes asymptomatic infection in the immunocompetent population, but the immunosuppressed and fetuses infected in utero suffer mortality and disability due to HCMV disease. Current HCMV treatments are limited and no vaccine has been approved, despite significant efforts. HCMV encodes many genes of unknown function, and virus-host interactions are only partially understood. Here, we discovered that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, downregulates the expression of an activating immune ligand allele named MICA*008, thus hindering the elimination of HCMV-infected cells. Elucidating HCMV immune evasion mechanisms could aid in the development of novel HCMV treatments and vaccines. Furthermore, MICA*008 is a highly prevalent allele implicated in cancer immune evasion, autoimmunity and graft rejection. In this work we have shown that UL147A interferes with MICA*008’s poorly understood, nonstandard maturation pathway, and acts additively with a functionally homologous HCMV protein, US9. Study of UL147A may enable manipulation of its expression as a therapeutic measure against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Seidel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Dassa
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Corinna Schuler
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G. Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail: (VTKL-T); (OM)
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (VTKL-T); (OM)
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Khononov I, Jacob E, Fremder E, Dahan N, Harel M, Raviv Z, Krastev B, Shaked Y. Host response to immune checkpoint inhibitors contributes to tumor aggressiveness. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001996. [PMID: 33707313 PMCID: PMC7957134 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made a paradigm shift in clinical oncology due to unprecedented long-term remissions. However, only a small proportion of patients respond to ICI therapy. It is, therefore, essential to understand the mechanisms driving therapy resistance and to develop strategies for increasing response rates. We previously demonstrated that in response to various cancer treatment modalities, the host activates a range of biological processes that promote tumor regrowth and metastasis. Here, we characterize the host-mediated response to ICI therapy, and investigate its contribution to therapy resistance. METHODS Tumor cell migration, invasion and motility were assessed in the presence of plasma from ICI-treated mice and patients. Immune cell composition in peripheral blood and tumors of ICI-treated mice was assessed by flow and mass cytometry. Plasma host factors driving tumor aggressiveness were identified by proteomic profiling, followed by bioinformatic analysis. The therapeutic effect of inhibiting host-mediated processes in ICI-treated mice was assessed in a tumor model. RESULTS Tumor cells exhibit enhanced migratory and invasive properties in vitro on exposure to plasma from anti-PD1-treated mice. Moreover, mice intravenously injected with plasma-exposed tumor cells display increased metastatic burden and mortality rate in comparison to control arms. Furthermore, tumors from anti-PD1-treated mice as well as Matrigel plugs containing plasma from anti-PD1-treated mice are highly infiltrated with immune cell types associated with both antitumor and protumor activity. These collective findings suggest that anti-PD1 treatment induces a systemic host response that potentially counteracts the drug's therapeutic activity. Proteomic profiling of plasma from anti-PD1-treated mice reveals an activation of multiple biological pathways associated with tumor aggressiveness. Consequently, blocking IL-6, one of the key drivers of the identified biological pathways, counteracts ICI-induced metastatic properties in vitro and improves ICI treatment efficacy in vivo. Lastly, plasma samples from ICI-treated non-small cell lung cancer patients differentially affect tumor cell aggressiveness in vitro, with enhanced tumor cell motility correlating with a worse clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS ICI therapy induces host-mediated processes that contribute to therapy resistance. Identification and analysis of such processes may lead to the discovery of biomarkers for clinical response and strategies for overcoming therapy resistance.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cytokines/blood
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/toxicity
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Khononov
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Ziv Raviv
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boris Krastev
- Clinic of Medical Oncology, MHAT Hospital for Women Health Nadezhda, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Goshen-Lago T, Szwarcwort-Cohen M, Benguigui M, Almog R, Turgeman I, Zaltzman N, Halberthal M, Shaked Y, Ben-Aharon I. The Potential Role of Immune Alteration in the Cancer-COVID19 Equation-A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2421. [PMID: 32859016 PMCID: PMC7563644 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The risk of cancer patients to develop COVID19 infection is unclear. We aimed to prospectively study cancer patients and oncology healthcare workers for COVID19 serology. In IgG+ cases, immune profile was determined to portray the pattern of immune response to SARS-CoV2. Methods: Cancer patients on active treatment and healthcare workers were enrolled. During the study period (3/2020-6/2020), demographic data and blood were collected at three time points. Expression of IgG, IgM, and IgA were assessed. In SARS-CoV-2 IgG+ cases and matched negative cases, we performed mass cytometry time of flight (CyTOF) analysis on the basis of the expression of surface markers. Results: The study included 164 cancer patients on active intravenous treatment and 107 healthcare workers at the cancer center. No symptomatic cases were reported during the study period. Serology analysis revealed four IgG+ patients (2.4%) and two IgG+ healthcare workers (1.9%)-all were asymptomatic. CyTOF analysis demonstrated substantial reduction in myeloid cells in healthcare workers who were SARS-CoV-2 IgG+ compared to those who were SARS-CoV-2 IgG-, whereas in cancer patients, the reduction was relatively milder (≈50% reduction in SARS-CoV-2 IgG+ cancer patients compared with ≈90% reduction in SARS-CoV-2 IgG+ workers). Conclusion: Our results indicate a similar rate of asymptomatic COVID19 infection in cancer patients and healthcare workers in a longitudinal study throughout the pandemic time. Due to differential immune cell profiles of cancer patients who are treated with immunomodulatory agents, the host response to the SARS-COV2 may play a role in COVID19 course and representation. The immunological perspective of cancer treatments on the risk for COVID19 infection should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Goshen-Lago
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | | | | | - Ronit Almog
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525428, Israel
- Epidemiology Department and Biobank, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ilit Turgeman
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Nelly Zaltzman
- Virology Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Halberthal
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525428, Israel
- General Management, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525428, Israel
- Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa 3525428, Israel
| | - Irit Ben-Aharon
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525428, Israel
- Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa 3525428, Israel
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Naipauer J, Salyakina D, Journo G, Rosario S, Williams S, Abba M, Shamay M, Mesri EA. High-throughput sequencing analysis of a "hit and run" cell and animal model of KSHV tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008589. [PMID: 32603362 PMCID: PMC7357787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), is an AIDS-associated neoplasm caused by the KS herpesvirus (KSHV/ HHV-8). KSHV-induced sarcomagenesis is the consequence of oncogenic viral gene expression as well as host genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although KSHV is found in all KS-lesions, the percentage of KSHV-infected (LANA+) spindle-cells of the lesion is variable, suggesting the existence of KS-spindle cells that have lost KSHV and proliferate autonomously or via paracrine mechanisms. A mouse model of KSHVBac36-driven tumorigenesis allowed us to induce KSHV-episome loss before and after tumor development. Although infected cells that lose the KSHV-episome prior to tumor formation lose their tumorigenicity, explanted tumor cells that lost the KSHV-episome remained tumorigenic. This pointed to the existence of virally-induced irreversible oncogenic alterations occurring during KSHV tumorigenesis supporting the possibility of hit and run viral-sarcomagenesis. RNA-sequencing and CpG-methylation analysis were performed on KSHV-positive and KSHV-negative tumors that developed following KSHV-episome loss from explanted tumor cells. When KSHV-positive cells form KSHV-driven tumors, along with viral-gene upregulation there is a tendency for hypo-methylation in genes from oncogenic and differentiation pathways. In contrast, KSHV-negative tumors formed after KSHV-episome loss, show a tendency towards gene hyper-methylation when compared to KSHV-positive tumors. Regarding occurrence of host-mutations, we found the same set of innate-immunity related mutations undetected in KSHV-infected cells but present in all KSHV-positive tumors occurring en exactly the same position, indicating that pre-existing host mutations that provide an in vivo growth advantage are clonally-selected and contribute to KSHV-tumorigenesis. In addition, KSHV-negative tumors display de novo mutations related to cell proliferation that, together with the PDGFRAD842V and other proposed mechanism, could be responsible for driving tumorigenesis in the absence of KSHV-episomes. KSHV-induced irreversible genetic and epigenetic oncogenic alterations support the possibility of “hit and run” KSHV-sarcomagenesis and point to the existence of selectable KSHV-induced host mutations that may impact AIDS-KS treatment. KSHV-infected KS lesions are composed of latently-infected cells, as well as cells expressing lytic genes that have been implicated in the development of the KS angioproliferative phenotype. The existence of KS lesions with varying levels of KSHV-infected cells suggests also the existence of virus-independent “hit and run” mechanisms of sarcomagenesis, whereby viral infection irreversibly induce genetic or epigenetic oncogenic alterations in host cells. We used the unique mECK36 animal model of multistep KSHV sarcomagenesis to dissect transcriptional, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of KSHV dependent tumorigenesis and during tumorigenesis following KSHV-episome loss (“hit and run”) sarcomagenesis in an unbiased high-throughput fashion. These analyses revealed that KSHV in vivo tumorigenesis: A) Occurs predominantly with CpG hypo-methylation of oncogenic and differentiation pathways. B) Selects for pre-existing host mutations that allow the KSHV oncovirus to express oncogenic lytic genes by creating permissive environment for viral-induced innate immunity and inflammation, which provides a selective advantage in vivo conducive to tumorigenesis. Our results highlight the mutagenic potential of KSHV pointing to the existence in KS lesions, of KSHV-induced oncogenic host mutations that could be selected upon treatment and impact AIDS-KS therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA Methylation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guy Journo
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Santas Rosario
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sion Williams
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Neurology Basic Science Division, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Abba
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Meir Shamay
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
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Weil-Ktorza O, Rege N, Lansky S, Shalev DE, Shoham G, Weiss MA, Metanis N. Substitution of an Internal Disulfide Bridge with a Diselenide Enhances both Foldability and Stability of Human Insulin. Chemistry 2019; 25:8513-8521. [PMID: 31012517 PMCID: PMC6861001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin analogues, mainstays in the modern treatment of diabetes mellitus, exemplify the utility of protein engineering in molecular pharmacology. Whereas chemical syntheses of the individual A and B chains were accomplished in the early 1960s, their combination to form native insulin remains inefficient because of competing disulfide pairing and aggregation. To overcome these limitations, we envisioned an alternative approach: pairwise substitution of cysteine residues with selenocysteine (Sec, U). To this end, CysA6 and CysA11 (which form the internal intrachain A6-A11 disulfide bridge) were each replaced with Sec. The A chain[C6U, C11U] variant was prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis; while sulfitolysis of biosynthetic human insulin provided wild-type B chain-di-S-sulfonate. The presence of selenium atoms at these sites markedly enhanced the rate and fidelity of chain combination, thus solving a long-standing challenge in chemical insulin synthesis. The affinity of the Se-insulin analogue for the lectin-purified insulin receptor was indistinguishable from that of WT-insulin. Remarkably, the thermodynamic stability of the analogue at 25 °C, as inferred from guanidine denaturation studies, was augmented (ΔΔGu ≈0.8 kcal mol-1 ). In accordance with such enhanced stability, reductive unfolding of the Se-insulin analogue and resistance to enzymatic cleavage by Glu-C protease occurred four times more slowly than that of WT-insulin. 2D-NMR and X-ray crystallographic studies demonstrated a native-like three-dimensional structure in which the diselenide bridge was accommodated in the hydrophobic core without steric clash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Weil-Ktorza
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shifra Lansky
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Deborah E Shalev
- Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Gil Shoham
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Norman Metanis
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Meerson A, Eliraz Y, Yehuda H, Knight B, Crundwell M, Ferguson D, Lee BP, Harries LW. Obesity impacts the regulation of miR-10b and its targets in primary breast tumors. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:86. [PMID: 30658617 PMCID: PMC6339293 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity increases breast cancer (BC) risk in post-menopausal women by mostly unknown molecular mechanisms which may partly be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). METHODS We isolated RNA from paired benign and malignant biopsies from 83 BC patients and determined miRNA profiles in samples from 12 women at the extremes of the BMI distribution by RNA-seq. Candidates were validated in all samples. Associations between miR-10b expression and validated target transcript levels, and effects of targeted manipulation of miR-10b levels in a primary BC cell line on proliferation and invasion potential, were explored. RESULTS Of the 148 miRNAs robustly expressed in breast tissues, the levels of miR-21, miR-10b, miR-451a, miR-30c, and miR-378d were significantly associated with presence of cancer. Of these, miR-10b showed a stronger down-regulation in the tumors of the obese subjects, as opposed to the lean. In ductal but not lobular tumors, significant inverse correlations were observed between the tumor levels of miR-10b and miR-30c and the mRNA levels of cancer-relevant target genes SRSF1, PIEZO1, MAPRE1, CDKN2A, TP-53 and TRA2B, as well as tumor grade. Suppression of miR-10b levels in BT-549 primary BC-derived cells increased cell proliferation and invasive capacity, while exogenous miR-10b mimic decreased invasion. Manipulation of miR-10b levels also inversely affected the mRNA levels of miR-10b targets BCL2L11, PIEZO1 and NCOR2. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miR-10b may be a mediator between obesity and cancer in post-menopausal women, regulating several known cancer-relevant genes. MiR-10b expression may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications for the incidence and prognosis of BC in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Meerson
- MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, PO Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Yaniv Eliraz
- MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, PO Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Hila Yehuda
- MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, PO Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel Hai Academic College, Tel Hai, Israel
| | - Bridget Knight
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Malcolm Crundwell
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Douglas Ferguson
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin P. Lee
- University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
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Segal T, Salmon-Divon M, Gerlitz G. The Heterochromatin Landscape in Migrating Cells and the Importance of H3K27me3 for Associated Transcriptome Alterations. Cells 2018; 7:E205. [PMID: 30423977 PMCID: PMC6262444 DOI: 10.3390/cells7110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H4K20me1 are epigenetic markers associated with chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression. Previously, we found that migration of melanoma cells is associated with and dependent on global chromatin condensation that includes a global increase in these markers. Taken together with more recent reports by others suggests it is a general signature of migrating cells. Here, to learn about the function of these markers in migrating cells, we mapped them by ChIP-seq analysis. This analysis revealed that induction of migration leads to expansion of these markers along the genome and to an increased overlapping between them. Significantly, induction of migration led to a higher increase in H3K9me3 and H4K20me1 signals at repetitive elements than at protein-coding genes, while an opposite pattern was found for H3K27me3. Transcriptome analysis revealed 182 altered genes following induction of migration, of which 33% are dependent on H3K27me3 for these changes. H3K27me3 was also required to prevent changes in the expression of 501 other genes upon induction of migration. Taken together, our results suggest that heterochromatinization in migrating cells is global and not restricted to specific genomic loci and that H3K27me3 is a key component in executing a migration-specific transcriptional plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Segal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.
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Shaulov Y, Shimokawa C, Trebicz-Geffen M, Nagaraja S, Methling K, Lalk M, Weiss-Cerem L, Lamm AT, Hisaeda H, Ankri S. Escherichia coli mediated resistance of Entamoeba histolytica to oxidative stress is triggered by oxaloacetate. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007295. [PMID: 30308066 PMCID: PMC6181410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis, a global intestinal parasitic disease, is due to Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite, which feeds on bacteria in the large intestine of its human host, can trigger a strong inflammatory response upon invasion of the colonic mucosa. Whereas information about the mechanisms which are used by the parasite to cope with oxidative and nitrosative stresses during infection is available, knowledge about the contribution of bacteria to these mechanisms is lacking. In a recent study, we demonstrated that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O55 protects E. histolytica against oxidative stress. Resin-assisted capture (RAC) of oxidized (OX) proteins coupled to mass spectrometry (OX-RAC) was used to investigate the oxidation status of cysteine residues in proteins present in E. histolytica trophozoites incubated with live or heat-killed E. coli O55 and then exposed to H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. We found that the redox proteome of E. histolytica exposed to heat-killed E. coli O55 is enriched with proteins involved in redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, small molecule metabolism, carbohydrate derivative metabolism, and organonitrogen compound biosynthesis. In contrast, we found that proteins associated with redox homeostasis were the only OX-proteins that were enriched in E. histolytica trophozoites which were incubated with live E. coli O55. These data indicate that E. coli has a profound impact on the redox proteome of E. histolytica. Unexpectedly, some E. coli proteins were also co-identified with E. histolytica proteins by OX-RAC. We demonstrated that one of these proteins, E. coli malate dehydrogenase (EcMDH) and its product, oxaloacetate, are key elements of E. coli-mediated resistance of E. histolytica to oxidative stress and that oxaloacetate helps the parasite survive in the large intestine. We also provide evidence that the protective effect of oxaloacetate against oxidative stress extends to Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shaulov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Karen Methling
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Weiss-Cerem
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet T. Lamm
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
- * E-mail:
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Savion N, Levine A, Kotev-Emeth S, Bening Abu-Shach U, Broday L. S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine protects against oxidative stress and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194780. [PMID: 29579097 PMCID: PMC5868827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) was shown in our previous study to activate Nrf2-mediated processes and increase glutathione level and resistance to oxidative stress in cultured endothelial cells. In this study, we explored the antioxidant protective effect of ASSNAC in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Treatment of gst-4 reporter strain (CL2166) with increasing concentrations of ASSNAC (0.2 to 20 mM) for 24 hours and with ASSNAC (10 mM) for various time periods demonstrated a significant concentration- and time-dependent increase in Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression (up to 60-fold at 20 mM after 24 hours). In addition, ASSNAC (2 mM; 24 hours) treatment of C. elegans strains N2 (wild type strain), gst-4 reporter (CL2166) and temperature sensitive sterile strain (CF512) significantly increased GST enzyme activity by 1.9-, 1.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively. ASSNAC (2.0 mM; 24 hours) increased the reduced glutathione content in N2 and CF512 strains by 5.9- and 4.9-fold, respectively. Exposure of C. elegans (N2 strain) to a lethal concentration of H2O2 (3.5 mM; 120 min) resulted in death of 88% of the nematodes while pretreatment with ASSNAC (24 hours) reduced nematodes death in a concentration-dependent manner down to 8% at 2.0 mM. C. elegans nematodes (strain CF512) cultured on agar plates containing ASSNAC (0.5 to 5.0 mM) demonstrated a significant increase in lifespan compared to control (mean lifespan 26.45 ± 0.64 versus 22.90 ± 0.59 days; log-rank p ≤ 0.001 at 2.0 mM) with a maximal lifespan of 40 versus 36 days. In conclusion, ASSNAC up-regulates the GST gene expression and enzyme activity as well as the glutathione content in C. elegans nematodes and thereby increases their resistance to oxidative stress and extends their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphtali Savion
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry and Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Amir Levine
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry and Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomo Kotev-Emeth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry and Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ulrike Bening Abu-Shach
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Broday
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Diament A, Feldman A, Schochet E, Kupiec M, Arava Y, Tuller T. The extent of ribosome queuing in budding yeast. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005951. [PMID: 29377894 PMCID: PMC5805374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome queuing is a fundamental phenomenon suggested to be related to topics such as genome evolution, synthetic biology, gene expression regulation, intracellular biophysics, and more. However, this phenomenon hasn't been quantified yet at a genomic level. Nevertheless, methodologies for studying translation (e.g. ribosome footprints) are usually calibrated to capture only single ribosome protected footprints (mRPFs) and thus limited in their ability to detect ribosome queuing. On the other hand, most of the models in the field assume and analyze a certain level of queuing. Here we present an experimental-computational approach for studying ribosome queuing based on sequencing of RNA footprints extracted from pairs of ribosomes (dRPFs) using a modified ribosome profiling protocol. We combine our approach with traditional ribosome profiling to generate a detailed profile of ribosome traffic. The data are analyzed using computational models of translation dynamics. The approach was implemented on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptome. Our data shows that ribosome queuing is more frequent than previously thought: the measured ratio of ribosomes within dRPFs to mRPFs is 0.2–0.35, suggesting that at least one to five translating ribosomes is in a traffic jam; these queued ribosomes cannot be captured by traditional methods. We found that specific regions are enriched with queued ribosomes, such as the 5’-end of ORFs, and regions upstream to mRPF peaks, among others. While queuing is related to higher density of ribosomes on the transcript (characteristic of highly translated genes), we report cases where traffic jams are relatively more severe in lowly expressed genes and possibly even selected for. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that higher adaptation of the coding region to the intracellular tRNA levels is associated with lower queuing levels. Our analysis also suggests that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptome undergoes selection for eliminating traffic jams. Thus, our proposed approach is an essential tool for high resolution analysis of ribosome traffic during mRNA translation and understanding its evolution. During translation, multiple ribosomes may translate the same mRNA. The density of ribosomal traffic across the transcript poses several open questions, such as how often a ribosome’s path is blocked by a second ribosome, do queues of multiple ribosomes typically form on mRNAs and what is their effect on the overall translation rate of an mRNA. However, this phenomenon hasn't been quantified yet at a genomic level. Nevertheless, methodologies for monitoring translation are limited in their ability to detect ribosome queuing. On the other hand, most of the models in the field assume and analyze a certain level of queuing. Here we present an experimental-computational approach for studying ribosome queuing based on sequencing of RNA footprints extracted from pairs of adjacent translating ribosomes, and a computational model of translation dynamics. Our data shows that ribosome queuing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is more frequent than previously thought, suggesting that at least one to five translating ribosomes is in a traffic jam; these queued ribosomes cannot be captured by traditional methods. Our analysis also suggests that the S. cerevisiae transcriptome undergoes selection for eliminating traffic jams, while specific regions and genes may possibly be under selection for increased queuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Diament
- Biomedical Engineering Dept., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Feldman
- Biomedical Engineering Dept., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elisheva Schochet
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Arava
- Biology Dept., Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamir Tuller
- Biomedical Engineering Dept., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Maicher A, Gazy I, Sharma S, Marjavaara L, Grinberg G, Shemesh K, Chabes A, Kupiec M. Rnr1, but not Rnr3, facilitates the sustained telomerase-dependent elongation of telomeres. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007082. [PMID: 29069086 PMCID: PMC5673236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) provides the precursors for the generation of dNTPs, which are required for DNA synthesis and repair. Here, we investigated the function of the major RNR subunits Rnr1 and Rnr3 in telomere elongation in budding yeast. We show that Rnr1 is essential for the sustained elongation of short telomeres by telomerase. In the absence of Rnr1, cells harbor very short, but functional, telomeres, which cannot become elongated by increased telomerase activity or by tethering of telomerase to telomeres. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Rnr1 function is critical to prevent an early onset of replicative senescence and premature survivor formation in telomerase-negative cells but dispensable for telomere elongation by Homology-Directed-Repair. Our results suggest that telomerase has a "basal activity" mode that is sufficient to compensate for the “end-replication-problem” and does not require the presence of Rnr1 and a different "sustained activity" mode necessary for the elongation of short telomeres, which requires an upregulation of dNTP levels and dGTP ratios specifically through Rnr1 function. By analyzing telomere length and dNTP levels in different mutants showing changes in RNR complex composition and activity we provide evidence that the Mec1ATR checkpoint protein promotes telomere elongation by increasing both dNTP levels and dGTP ratios through Rnr1 upregulation in a mechanism that cannot be replaced by its homolog Rnr3. Telomeres protect the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and as such determine the replicative capacity of a cell. In budding yeast and approximately 80% of human tumors the enzyme telomerase maintains telomere length by adding newly synthesized repeats to telomeres using dNTPs generated by Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complexes. Similarly, telomerase activity can restore telomere length after more severe telomere shortenings that result from collapsed replication forks or lead to telomere over-elongation in the absence of negative regulators of telomerase. Here we provide evidence for two activity modes of telomerase that differentially depend on the major RNR subunit Rnr1. We demonstrate that telomere maintenance and a compensation of the "end-replication-problem" is possible under conditions where Rnr1 activity is absent but that a sustained elongation of short telomeres fully depends on Rnr1 activity. We show that the Rnr1-homolog, Rnr3, cannot compensate for this telomeric function of Rnr1 even when overall cellular dNTP values are restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Maicher
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Gazy
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sushma Sharma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lisette Marjavaara
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gilad Grinberg
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Keren Shemesh
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrei Chabes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dorsal closure (DC) is a developmental process in which two contralateral epithelial sheets migrate to seal a large hole in the dorsal ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo. Two signaling pathways act sequentially to orchestrate this dynamic morphogenetic process. First, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling activity in the dorsal-most leading edge (LE) cells of the epidermis induces expression of decapentaplegic (dpp). Second, Dpp, a secreted TGF-β homolog, triggers cell shape changes in the adjacent, ventrally located lateral epidermis, that guide the morphogenetic movements and cell migration mandatory for DC. Here we uncover a cell non-autonomous requirement for the Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) pathway in the lateral epidermis for sustained dpp expression in the LE. Specifically, we demonstrate that Egfr pathway activity in the lateral epidermis prevents expression of the gene scarface (scaf), encoding a secreted antagonist of JNK signaling. In embryos with compromised Egfr signaling, upregulated Scaf causes reduction of JNK activity in LE cells, thereby impeding completion of DC. Our results identify a new developmental role for Egfr signaling in regulating epithelial plasticity via crosstalk with the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Kushnir
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Mezuman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shaked Bar-Cohen
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rotem Lange
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ze'ev Paroush
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Aharon Helman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the genetic basis of disease is an important challenge in biology and medicine. The observation that disease-related proteins often interact with one another has motivated numerous network-based approaches for deciphering disease mechanisms. In particular, protein-protein interaction networks were successfully used to illuminate disease modules, i.e., interacting proteins working in concert to drive a disease. The identification of these modules can further our understanding of disease mechanisms. METHODS We devised a global method for the prediction of multiple disease modules simultaneously named GLADIATOR (GLobal Approach for DIsease AssociaTed mOdule Reconstruction). GLADIATOR relies on a gold-standard disease phenotypic similarity to obtain a pan-disease view of the underlying modules. To traverse the search space of potential disease modules, we applied a simulated annealing algorithm aimed at maximizing the correlation between module similarity and the gold-standard phenotypic similarity. Importantly, this optimization is employed over hundreds of diseases simultaneously. RESULTS GLADIATOR's predicted modules highly agree with current knowledge about disease-related proteins. Furthermore, the modules exhibit high coherence with respect to functional annotations and are highly enriched with known curated pathways, outperforming previous methods. Examination of the predicted proteins shared by similar diseases demonstrates the diverse role of these proteins in mediating related processes across similar diseases. Last, we provide a detailed analysis of the suggested molecular mechanism predicted by GLADIATOR for hyperinsulinism, suggesting novel proteins involved in its pathology. CONCLUSIONS GLADIATOR predicts disease modules by integrating knowledge of disease-related proteins and phenotypes across multiple diseases. The predicted modules are functionally coherent and are more in line with current biological knowledge compared to modules obtained using previous disease-centric methods. The source code for GLADIATOR can be downloaded from http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~roded/GLADIATOR.zip .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Silberberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin Kupiec
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roded Sharan
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Peshti V, Obolensky A, Nahum L, Kanfi Y, Rathaus M, Avraham M, Tinman S, Alt FW, Banin E, Cohen HY. Characterization of physiological defects in adult SIRT6-/- mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176371. [PMID: 28448551 PMCID: PMC5407791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAD+-dependent SIRT6 deacetylase was shown to be a major regulator of lifespan and healthspan. Mice deficient for SIRT6 develop a premature aging phenotype and metabolic defects, and die before four weeks of age. Thus, the effect of SIRT6 deficiency in adult mice is unknown. Here we show that SIRT6-/- mice in mixed 129/SvJ/BALB/c background reach adulthood, allowing examination of SIRT6-related metabolic and developmental phenotypes in adult mice. In this mixed background, at 200 days of age, more than 80% of the female knock-out mice were alive whereas only 10% of male knock-out mice survived. In comparison to their wild-type littermates, SIRT6 deficient mice have reduced body weight, increased glucose uptake and exhibit an age-dependent progressive impairment of retinal function accompanied by thinning of retinal layers. Together, these results demonstrate a role for SIRT6 in metabolism and age-related ocular changes in adult mice and suggest a gender specific regulation of lifespan by SIRT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Peshti
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Alexey Obolensky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Nahum
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yariv Kanfi
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moran Rathaus
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Maytal Avraham
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Simon Tinman
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Fredrick W. Alt
- Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eyal Banin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haim Y. Cohen
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Ben-Lulu S, Ziv T, Weisman-Shomer P, Benhar M. Nitrosothiol-Trapping-Based Proteomic Analysis of S-Nitrosylation in Human Lung Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169862. [PMID: 28081246 PMCID: PMC5230776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrosylation of cysteines residues (S-nitrosylation) mediates many of the cellular effects of nitric oxide in normal and diseased cells. Recent research indicates that S-nitrosylation of certain proteins could play a role in tumor progression and responsiveness to therapy. However, the protein targets of S-nitrosylation in cancer cells remain largely unidentified. In this study, we used our recently developed nitrosothiol trapping approach to explore the nitrosoproteome of human A549 lung carcinoma cells treated with S-nitrosocysteine or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using this approach, we identified about 300 putative nitrosylation targets in S-nitrosocysteine-treated A549 cells and approximately 400 targets in cytokine-stimulated cells. Among the more than 500 proteins identified in the two screens, the majority represent novel targets of S-nitrosylation, as revealed by comparison with publicly available nitrosoproteomic data. By coupling the trapping procedure with differential thiol labeling, we identified nearly 300 potential nitrosylation sites in about 150 proteins. The proteomic results were validated for several proteins by an independent approach. Bioinformatic analysis highlighted important cellular pathways that are targeted by S-nitrosylation, notably, cell cycle and inflammatory signaling. Taken together, our results identify new molecular targets of nitric oxide in lung cancer cells and suggest that S-nitrosylation may regulate signaling pathways that are critically involved in lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Ben-Lulu
- Smoler Proteomics Center and Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomics Center and Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pnina Weisman-Shomer
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Benhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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