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Fang X, Cao J, Tao Z, Yang Z, Dai Y, Zhao L. Hydroxytyrosol attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury by ameliorating steatosis, oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation by interfering STAT3/iNOS pathway. Redox Rep 2023; 28:2187564. [PMID: 36932927 PMCID: PMC10026757 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2187564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a polyphenol with a wide range of biological activities. Excessive drinking can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver, which usually develop into alcohol liver disease (ALD). At present, there is no specific drug to treat ALD. In this paper, the protection effect of HT on ALD and the underline mechanism were studied.Methods: HepG2 cells were exposed to ethanol in vitro and C57BL/6J mice were fed with a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet in vivo.Results: triglyceride (TG) level in serum and the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) were reduced significantly by the treatment with HT The acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was increased, the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were increased, suggesting that HT may reduce its oxidative damage to the body by promoting alcohol metabolism. Furthermore, according to the mRNA levels of tnf-α, il-6 and il-1β, HT inhibited ethanol-induced inflammation significantly. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of HT may be related to suppress the STAT3/iNOS pathway.Dissussion: Our study showed that HT could ameliorate ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress and inflammation and provide a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of ALD.
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Key Words
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- ALD, alcohol liver disease
- ALDH, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CAT, catalase
- COX2, cyclo-oxygen-ase2
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- HT, hydroxytyrosol
- HepG2
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hydroxytyrosol
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Liver injury
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STAT3/iNOS pathway
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- alcoholic liver disease
- anti-inflammation
- anti-oxidation
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide Synthas
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Tao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, People's Republic of China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zhai T, Zhang J, Zhang J, Liu B, Zhou Z, Liu F, Wu Y. Cathelicidin promotes liver repair after acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100687. [PMID: 36923240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (AILI) is a leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is only effective within 24 h after APAP intoxication, raising an urgent need for alternative approaches to treat this disease. This study aimed to test whether cathelicidin (Camp), which is a protective factor in chronic liver diseases, protects mice against APAP-induced liver injury and ALF. Methods A clinically relevant AILI model and an APAP-induced ALF model were generated in mice. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to interfere with the levels of cathelicidin in vivo. Results An increase in hepatic pro-CRAMP/CRAMP (the precursor and mature forms of mouse cathelicidin) was observed in APAP-intoxicated mice. Upregulated cathelicidin was derived from liver-infiltrating neutrophils. Compared with wild-type littermates, Camp knockout had no effect on hepatic injury but dampened hepatic repair in AILI and reduced survival in APAP-induced ALF. CRAMP administration reversed impaired liver recovery observed in APAP-challenged Camp knockout mice. Delayed CRAMP, CRAMP(1-39) (the extended form of CRAMP), or LL-37 (the mature form of human cathelicidin) treatment exhibited a therapeutic benefit for AILI. Co-treatment of cathelicidin and NAC in AILI displayed a stronger hepatoprotective effect than NAC alone. A similar additive effect of CRAMP(1-39)/LL-37 and NAC was observed in APAP-induced ALF. The pro-reparative role of cathelicidin in the APAP-damaged liver was attributed to an accelerated resolution of inflammation at the onset of liver repair, possibly through enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis of necrotic cell debris in an autocrine manner. Conclusions Cathelicidin reduces APAP-induced liver injury and ALF in mice by promoting liver recovery via facilitating inflammation resolution, suggesting a therapeutic potential for late-presenting patients with AILI with or without ALF. Impact and implications Acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury is a leading cause of acute liver failure. The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine, the only clinically approved drug against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury, is significantly reduced for late-presenting patients. We found that cathelicidin exhibits a great therapeutic potential in mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury or acute liver failure, which makes up for the limitation of N-acetylcysteine therapy by specifically promoting liver repair after acetaminophen intoxication. The pro-reparative role of cathelicidin, as a key effector molecule of neutrophils, in the APAP-injured liver is attributed to an accelerated resolution of inflammation at the onset of liver repair, possibly through enhanced phagocytic function of neutrophils in an autocrine manner.
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Key Words
- AILI, acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- Acetaminophen
- CRAMP, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- Cathelicidin
- EGF, endothelial growth factor
- FPR2/ALX, formyl peptide receptor type 2/lipoxin A4 receptor
- GSH, glutathione
- Inflammation resolution
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KO, knockout
- Liver repair
- Mac-1, macrophage-1 antigen
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NPC, non-parenchymal cell
- Neutrophils
- Phagocytosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- WT, wild-type
- hCAP18, human cationic antimicrobial protein
- α-SMA, alpha-smooth muscle actin
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Luo P, Zheng M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li W, Sun X, Yu Q, Tipoe GL, Xiao J. S-Allylmercaptocysteine improves alcoholic liver disease partly through a direct modulation of insulin receptor signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:668-679. [PMID: 33777674 PMCID: PMC7982498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and inflammation. We investigated the protective effects and direct regulating target of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) from aged garlic on liver cell injury. A chronic ethanol-fed ALD in vivo model (the NIAAA model) was used to test the protective functions of SAMC. It was observed that SAMC (300 mg/kg, by gavage method) effectively ameliorated ALD-induced body weight reduction, steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation without affecting the health status of the control mice, as demonstrated by histological, biochemical, and molecular biology assays. By using biophysical assays and molecular docking, we demonstrated that SAMC directly targeted insulin receptor (INSR) protein on the cell membrane and then restored downstream IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β signaling. Liver-specific knock-down in mice and siRNA-mediated knock-down in AML-12 cells of Insr significantly impaired SAMC (250 μmol/L in cells)-mediated protection. Restoration of the IRS-1/AKT signaling partly recovered hepatic injury and further contributed to SAMC's beneficial effects. Continuous administration of AKT agonist and recombinant IGF-1 in combination with SAMC showed hepato-protection in the mice model. Long-term (90-day) administration of SAMC had no obvious adverse effect on healthy mice. We conclude that SAMC is an effective and safe hepato-protective complimentary agent against ALD partly through the direct binding of INSR and partial regulation of the IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Key Words
- ADIPOQ, adiponectin
- AKT
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- Alcoholic liver disease
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FFA, free fatty acids
- GRB14, growth factor receptor-bound protein 14
- GSK3β
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factors-1
- IL, interleukin
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IRS-1
- IRTK, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
- Insulin receptor
- Insulin resistance
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ORF, open reading frame
- PA, palmitate acid
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- S-Allylmercaptocysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- Safety
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- WAT, white adipose tissues
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Igelman
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence to: Sean J. Igelman, BS, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104.
| | - Chanho Na
- Chosun University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Gwangju, South Korea
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Wang P, Shao X, Bao Y, Zhu J, Chen L, Zhang L, Ma X, Zhong XB. Impact of obese levels on the hepatic expression of nuclear receptors and drug-metabolizing enzymes in adult and offspring mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:171-185. [PMID: 31993314 PMCID: PMC6976990 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-associated conditions raises new challenges in clinical medication. Although altered expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) has been shown in obesity, the impacts of obese levels (overweight, obesity, and severe obesity) on the expression of DMEs have not been elucidated. Especially, limited information is available on whether parental obese levels affect ontogenic expression of DMEs in children. Here, a high-fat diet (HFD) and three feeding durations were used to mimic different obese levels in C57BL/6 mice. The hepatic expression of five nuclear receptors (NRs) and nine DMEs was examined. In general, a trend of induced expression of NRs and DMEs (except for Cyp2c29 and 3a11) was observed in HFD groups compared to low-fat diet (LFD) groups. Differential effects of HFD on the hepatic expression of DMEs were found in adult mice at different obese levels. Family-based dietary style of an HFD altered the ontogenic expression of DMEs in the offspring older than 15 days. Furthermore, obese levels of parental mice affected the hepatic expression of DMEs in offspring. Overall, the results indicate that obese levels affected expression of the DMEs in adult individuals and that of their children. Drug dosage might need to be optimized based on the obese levels.
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Key Words
- 18-HA, adult mice fed with 18 weeks HFD
- 18-LA, adult mice fed with 18 weeks LFD
- 4-HA, adult mice fed with 4 weeks HFD
- 4-LA, adult mice fed with 4 weeks LFD
- 7-ER, 7-ethoxyresorufin
- 8-HA, adult mice fed with 8 weeks HFD
- 8-LA, adult mice fed with 8 weeks LFD
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- BMI, body mass index
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CHZ, chlorzoxazone
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- DMEs, drug-metabolizing enzymes
- Diet-induced obesity
- Drug-metabolizing enzymes
- EFV, efavirenz
- Gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
- High-fat diet
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MDZ, midazolam
- MPA, mobile phase A
- MPB, mobile phase B
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NRs, nuclear receptors
- Nuclear receptors
- O-18-HA, offspring from parental mice fed with 18 weeks HFD
- O-18-LA, offspring from parental mice fed with 18 weeks LFD
- O-4-HA, offspring from parental mice fed with 4 weeks HFD
- O-4-LA, offspring from parental mice fed with 4 weeks LFD
- O-8-HA, offspring from parental mice fed with 8 weeks HFD
- O-8-LA, offspring from parental mice fed with 8 weeks LFD
- Ontogenic expression
- Overweight
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- RSF, resorufin
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative PCR
- SD, standard deviation
- SULT1A1, sulfotransferase 1A1
- UGT1A1, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueyan Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yifan Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiao-bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Liu Y, Xu W, Zhai T, You J, Chen Y. Silibinin ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:745-757. [PMID: 31384535 PMCID: PMC6664044 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic metabolic syndrome and the CFLAR-JNK pathway can reverse the process of NASH. Although silibinin is used for the treatment of NASH in clinical, its effect on CFLAR-JNK pathway in NASH remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silibinin on CFLAR-JNK pathway in NASH models both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was performed using male C57BL/6 mice fed with methionine- choline-deficient diet and simultaneously treated with silibinin for 6 weeks. The in vitro study was performed by using mouse NCTC-1469 cells which were respectively pretreated with oleic acid plus palmitic acid, and adenovirus-down Cflar for 24 h, then treated with silibinin for 24 h. After the drug treatment, the key indicators involved in CFLAR-JNK pathway including hepatic injury, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress were determined. Silibinin significantly activated CFLAR and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, up-regulated the mRNA expression of Pparα, Fabp5, Cpt1α, Acox, Scd-1, Gpat and Mttp, reduced the activities of serum ALT and AST and the contents of hepatic TG, TC and MDA, increased the expression of NRF2 and the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and HO-1, and decreased the activities and expression of CYP2E1 and CYP4A in vivo. These effects were confirmed by the in vitro experiments. Silibinin prevented NASH by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway, and thereby on one hand promoting the β-oxidation and efflux of fatty acids in liver to relieve lipid accumulation, and on the other hand inducing antioxidase activity (CAT, GSH-Px and HO-1) and inhibiting pro-oxidase activity (CYP2E1 and CYP4A) to relieve oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acox, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase X
- Akt, serine–threonine protein kinase
- CAT, catalase
- CFLAR
- CFLAR, caspase 8 and Fas-associated protein with death domain-like apoptosis regulator
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- CYP4A, cytochrome P450 4A
- Cpt1α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α
- Fabp5, fatty acid-binding proteins 5
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- Gpat, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IR, insulin resistance
- IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- Lipid accumulation
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient
- MCS, methionine- and choline-sufficient
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MT, Masson–Trichrome
- Mttp, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OA, oleic acid
- ORO, oil red O
- Oxidation stress
- PA, palmitic acid
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase
- Pnpla3, phospholipase domain containing 3
- Pparα, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- Scd-1, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1
- Silibinin
- Srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1C
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- pIRS1, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1
- pJNK, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Ganesan M, Tikhanovich I, Vangimalla SS, Dagur RS, Wang W, Poluektova LI, Sun Y, Mercer DF, Tuma D, Weinman SA, Kharbanda KK, Osna NA. Demethylase JMJD6 as a New Regulator of Interferon Signaling: Effects of HCV and Ethanol Metabolism. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:101-112. [PMID: 29693039 PMCID: PMC5904050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alcohol-induced progression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related to dysfunction of innate immunity in hepatocytes. Endogenously produced interferon (IFN)α induces activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) via triggering of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway. This activation requires protein methyltransferase 1-regulated arginine methylation of STAT1. Here, we aimed to study whether STAT1 methylation also depended on the levels of demethylase jumonji domain-containing 6 protein (JMJD6) and whether ethanol and HCV affect JMJD6 expression in hepatocytes. METHODS Huh7.5-CYP (RLW) cells and hepatocytes were exposed to acetaldehyde-generating system (AGS) and 50 mmol/L ethanol, respectively. JMJD6 messenger RNA and protein expression were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. IFNα-activated cells either overexpressing JMJD6 or with knocked-down JMJD6 expression were tested for STAT1 methylation, ISG activation, and HCV RNA. In vivo studies have been performed on C57Bl/6 mice (expressing HCV structural proteins or not) or chimeric mice with humanized livers fed control or ethanol diets. RESULTS AGS exposure to cells up-regulated JMJD6 expression in RLW cells. These results were corroborated by ethanol treatment of primary hepatocytes. The promethylating agent betaine reversed the effects of AGS/ethanol. Similar results were obtained in vivo, when mice were fed control/ethanol with and without betaine supplementation. Overexpression of JMJD6 suppressed STAT1 methylation, IFNα-induced ISG activation, and increased HCV-RNA levels. In contrast, JMJD6 silencing enhanced STAT1 methylation, ISG stimulation by IFNα, and attenuated HCV-RNA expression in Huh7.5 cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that arginine methylation of STAT1 is suppressed by JMJD6. Both HCV and acetaldehyde increase JMJD6 levels, thereby impairing STAT1 methylation and innate immunity protection in hepatocytes exposed to the virus and/or alcohol.
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Key Words
- 4-MP, 4-methylpirazole
- ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- AGS, acetaldehyde-generating system
- AMI-1, protein arginine N-methyltransferase inhibitor
- Ach, acetaldehyde
- Alcohol
- BHMT, betaine-homocysteine-S-methyltransferase
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- HCV
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- IFN, interferon
- ISG, interferon-stimulated gene
- JAK-STAT, Janus kinase–STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- JMJD6
- JMJD6, jumonji domain-containing 6 protein
- OA, okadaic acid
- OAS-1, 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase-1
- OASL, 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A
- PRMT1, protein methyl transferase 1
- RT, reverse-transcription
- SAM, S-adenosylmethionine
- STAT1
- TK-NOG, thymidine kinase transgene-NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull mice
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shiva Shankar Vangimalla
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Larisa I. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yimin Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - David F. Mercer
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dean Tuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Natalia Osna, PhD, Veterans Affairs Medical Center/University of Nebraska Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, Nebraska 68105. fax: (402) 995-4600.
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Takemoto K, Hatano E, Iwaisako K, Takeiri M, Noma N, Ohmae S, Toriguchi K, Tanabe K, Tanaka H, Seo S. Necrostatin-1 protects against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced hepatotoxicity in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. FEBS Open Bio. 2014;4:777-787. [PMID: 25349782 PMCID: PMC4208088 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RIPK-dependent necrosis is involved in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) protects mice against APAP-induced acute liver damage. Nec-1 suppresses APAP-induced ROS generation in hepatocytes. Nec-1 promotes resistance to oxidative stress in hepatocytes.
Excessive acetaminophen (APAP) use is one of the most common causes of acute liver failure. Various types of cell death in the damaged liver are linked to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, and, of these, necrotic cell death of hepatocytes has been shown to be involved in disease pathogenesis. Until recently, necrosis was commonly considered to be a random and unregulated form of cell death; however, recent studies have identified a previously unknown form of programmed necrosis called receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-dependent necrosis (or necroptosis), which is controlled by the kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3. Although RIPK-dependent necrosis has been implicated in a variety of disease states, including atherosclerosis, myocardial organ damage, stroke, ischemia–reperfusion injury, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. However its involvement in APAP-induced hepatocyte necrosis remains elusive. Here, we showed that RIPK1 phosphorylation, which is a hallmark of RIPK-dependent necrosis, was induced by APAP, and the expression pattern of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in the liver overlapped with that of CYP2E1, whose activity around the central vein area has been demonstrated to be critical for the development of APAP-induced hepatic injury. Moreover, a RIPK1 inhibitor ameliorated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in an animal model, which was underscored by significant suppression of the release of hepatic enzymes and cytokine expression levels. RIPK1 inhibition decreased reactive oxygen species levels produced in APAP-injured hepatocytes, whereas CYP2E1 expression and the depletion rate of total glutathione were unaffected. Of note, RIPK1 inhibition also conferred resistance to oxidative stress in hepatocytes. These data collectively demonstrated a RIPK-dependent necrotic mechanism operates in the APAP-injured liver and inhibition of this pathway may be beneficial for APAP-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acetaminophen
- Acute liver failure
- CM-H2DCFDA, 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester
- CXCL1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GSH, glutathione
- Hepatocytes
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nec-1, necrostatin-1
- Necroptosis
- PGAM5, phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5
- PI, propidium iodide
- RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase
- RIPK-dependent necrosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- SNAP, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine
- WST-8, 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- λPP, lambda protein phosphatase
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