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Carroll C, Hoban S, Ray JC. Lessons from COP15 on effective scientific engagement in biodiversity policy processes. Conserv Biol 2024; 38:e14192. [PMID: 37768193 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework was adopted by parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022. The aftermath of these negotiations provides an opportunity to draw lessons as to how ecological and evolutionary science can more effectively inform policy. We examined key challenges that limit effective engagement by scientists in the biodiversity policy process, drawing parallels with analogous challenges within global climate negotiations. Biodiversity is multifaceted, yet represents only one framing for nature's contributions to people, complicating the nexus between evidence and values in development of the framework's targets. Processes generating biodiversity and driving its loss are multiscalar, challenging development of an evidence base for globally standardized targets. We illustrated these challenges by contrasting development of 2 key elements of the framework. The genetic diversity element of the framework's target 4 is directly related to the framework's primary goals, but its complexity required development of novel engagement skills. The target for protected areas was easily communicated but more indirectly related to biodiversity outcomes; evidence from ecological and social science was essential to communicating the context and limitations of this relationship. Scientists can strengthen the effectiveness of global agreements and address challenges arising from complexity, scaling, capacity limitations, and the interplay of science and values, if they can prioritize communication, consensus-building, and networking skills and engage throughout the process, from development of an evidence base to implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carroll
- Klamath Center for Conservation Research, Orleans, California, USA
| | - Sean Hoban
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA
| | - Justina C Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Engels JMM, Ebert AW. How Can We Strengthen the Global Genetic Resources' Conservation and Use System? Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:702. [PMID: 38475548 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Genetic resources serve as the foundation of our food supply and are building blocks for the development of new crop varieties that support sustainable crop production in the face of climate change, as well as for the delivery of healthy diets to a continuously growing global population. With the encouragement of the FAO and with technical guidance and assistance from the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), almost 2000 genebanks have been established worldwide for the ex situ conservation of genetic resources since the middle of the last century. The global genetic resources' conservation and use system has evolved over several decades and presents apparent weaknesses, without a clear blueprint. Therefore, a Special Issue (SI) of Plants on 'A Critical Review of the Current Approaches and Procedures of Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Facilitating Use: Theory and Practice' was initiated. This SI comprises 13 review and research papers that shed light on the history and the political dimensions of the global system; its current strengths, weaknesses, and limitations; and how the effectiveness and efficiency of the system could be improved to satisfy the germplasm users (plant breeders, researchers) and benefit consumers and society at large. This SI provides insight into new approaches and technical developments that have revolutionised ex situ conservation and the use of germplasm and related information. It also reflects on complementary conservation approaches (in situ, on-farm, home gardens) to ex situ genebanks, as well as how-through new forms of collaboration at national, regional, and global levels and through stronger links between public genebanks-synergies between the private breeding sector and botanic garden community could be achieved to strengthen the global conservation and use system. Special attention has also been given to the governance of genetic resources and access and benefit-sharing issues that increasingly hamper the needed access to a wide range of genetic resources that is essential for plant breeders to fulfil their mission.
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Blanluet A, Game ET, Dunn DC, Everett JD, Lombard AT, Richardson AJ. Evaluating ecological benefits of oceanic protected areas. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:175-187. [PMID: 37778906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Oceans beyond the continental shelf represent the largest yet least protected environments. The new agreement to increase protection targets to 30% by 2030 and the recent United Nations (UN) High Seas Treaty try to address this gap, and an increase in the declaration of oceanic Marine Protected Areas (oMPAs) in waters beyond 200 m in depth is likely. Here we find that there is contradictory evidence concerning the benefits of oMPAs in terms of protecting pelagic habitats, providing refuge for highly mobile species, and potential fisheries benefits. We discover a mismatch between oMPA management objectives focusing on protection of pelagic habitats and biodiversity, and scientific research focusing on fisheries benefits. We suggest that the solution is to harness emerging technologies to monitor inside and outside oMPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Blanluet
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
| | - Edward T Game
- The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Daniel C Dunn
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason D Everett
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct (QBP), St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia; Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda T Lombard
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Environment, Queensland Biosciences Precinct (QBP), St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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4
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Cook CN. Progress developing the concept of other effective area-based conservation measures. Conserv Biol 2024; 38:e14106. [PMID: 37144483 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, the introduction of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) into international policy caused a paradigm shift in area-based conservation, which included consideration of areas outside formal protected areas and places where biodiversity conservation may not be a management objective for the site. Despite the importance of this shift for global conservation, conservation science and policy have been slow to engage with the concept of OECMs. As the world moves toward protecting 30% of the Earth by 2030, it is imperative to develop evidence-based guidance for how to identify effective conservation measures, especially tools to help evaluate and monitor the biodiversity outcomes associated with potential OECMs. To understand the current progress in developing the concept of OECMs, I evaluated the peer-reviewed literature to consolidate and synthesize current knowledge. I conducted a thematic analysis of papers to identify the types of challenges and opportunities being discussed and lessons from studies evaluating the effectiveness of OECMs. Only 105 studies mentioned OECMs, and those that did rarely move beyond superficial mention of OECMs as part of area-based conservation. Around one-half of studies listed potential risks or benefits of OECMs but none provided evidence these issues have materialized. Twenty-three studies attempted to identify potential OECMs, although specific case studies were rare. The 7 studies that evaluated existing OECMs were highly critical of how they had been implemented to date. Studies that evaluated conservation outcomes were extremely rare, and suggested effectiveness must be judged on a case-by-case basis. The current literature not only leaves many gaps in the science required to operationalize the concept of OECMs, but also often raises additional questions that need to be addressed. If these gaps are not filled by robust science, the promised benefits for biodiversity from OECMs may never be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly N Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Lachenmeier DW, Montagnon C. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol: Implications and Compliance Strategies for the Global Coffee Community. Foods 2024; 13:254. [PMID: 38254555 PMCID: PMC10814485 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing (ABS) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a fundamental international agreement that plays a crucial role in the protection and equitable utilization of plant genetic resources. While this agreement is essential for conservation and sustainable use, it presents specific challenges to coffee research and industry. One major issue is the requirement to obtain prior informed consent (PIC) from the source country or community, which can be a complex and time-consuming process, especially in regions with limited governance capacity. Additionally, the mandates of this agreement necessitate benefit-sharing with the source community, a requirement that poses implementation challenges, particularly for small businesses or individual researchers. Despite these challenges, the importance of the Nagoya Protocol in the coffee sector cannot be overstated. It contributes significantly to the conservation of coffee genetic resources and the sustainable utilization of these resources, ensuring fair distribution of benefits. To address the complexities presented by this international framework, coffee researchers and industry need to engage proactively with source countries and communities. This includes developing clear and equitable benefit-sharing and implementing strategies for compliance. This article explores the impact of the Nagoya Protocol on the coffee industry, particularly emphasizing the need for balancing scientific investigation with the ethical considerations of resource sharing. It also discusses practical strategies for navigating the complexities of this agreement, including research focused on authenticity control and the challenges in conducting large-scale coffee studies. The conclusion underscores the potential for international collaboration, particularly through platforms like the International Coffee Organization (ICO), to harmonize research activities with the ethical imperatives of the Nagoya Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Gumbs R, Chaudhary A, Daru BH, Faith DP, Forest F, Gray CL, Kowalska A, Lee WS, Pellens R, Pipins S, Pollock LJ, Rosindell J, Scherson RA, Owen NR. Indicators to monitor the status of the tree of life. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14138. [PMID: 37377164 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Following the failure to fully achieve any of the 20 Aichi biodiversity targets, the future of biodiversity rests in the balance. The Convention on Biological Diversity's Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) presents the opportunity to preserve nature's contributions to people (NCPs) for current and future generations by conserving biodiversity and averting extinctions. There is a need to safeguard the tree of life-the unique and shared evolutionary history of life on Earth-to maintain the benefits it bestows into the future. Two indicators have been adopted within the GBF to monitor progress toward safeguarding the tree of life: the phylogenetic diversity (PD) indicator and the evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered (EDGE) index. We applied both to the world's mammals, birds, and cycads to show their utility at the global and national scale. The PD indicator can be used to monitor the overall conservation status of large parts of the evolutionary tree of life, a measure of biodiversity's capacity to maintain NCPs for future generations. The EDGE index is used to monitor the performance of efforts to conserve the most distinctive species. The risk to PD of birds, cycads, and mammals increased, and mammals exhibited the greatest relative increase in threatened PD over time. These trends appeared robust to the choice of extinction risk weighting. EDGE species had predominantly worsening extinction risk. A greater proportion of EDGE mammals (12%) had increased extinction risk compared with threatened mammals in general (7%). By strengthening commitments to safeguarding the tree of life, biodiversity loss can be reduced and thus nature's capacity to provide benefits to humanity now and in the future can be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Gumbs
- EDGE of Existence Programme, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, UK
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Barnabas H Daru
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Faith
- The Australian Museum Research Institute, The Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Félix Forest
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Claudia L Gray
- EDGE of Existence Programme, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | | | - Who-Seung Lee
- Environmental Assessment Group, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Roseli Pellens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique de Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles), Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Pipins
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, UK
| | - Rosa A Scherson
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nisha R Owen
- IUCN SSC Phylogenetic Diversity Task Force, London, UK
- On the EDGE Conservation, Chelsea, UK
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Carroll C, Noss RF, Dreiss LM, Hamilton H, Stein BA. Four challenges to an effective national nature assessment. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14075. [PMID: 36786044 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive biodiversity assessments play an essential role in strengthening global and national conservation strategies. The recently announced first U.S. National Nature Assessment (NNA) provides an unparalleled opportunity to comprehensively review status and trends of biodiversity at all levels. This broad context can help in the coordination of actions to conserve individual species and ecosystems. The scientific assessments that informed the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted at the 2022 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) conference of parties provide models for synthesizing information on trends at multiple levels of biodiversity, including decline in abundance and distribution of species, loss of populations and genetic diversity, and degradation and loss of ecosystems and their services. The assessments then relate these trends to data on drivers of biodiversity loss and pathways to their mitigation. The U.S. NNA can augment such global analyses and avoid the pitfalls encountered by previous U.S. efforts by ensuring policy-relevant design, data accessibility, and inclusivity in process and product and by incorporating spatial data relevant to national and subnational audiences. Although the United States is not formally a CBD party, an effective NNA should take full advantage of the global context by including indicators adopted at the 2022 meeting and incorporating an independent review mechanism that supports periodic stocktaking and ratcheting up of ambition in response to identified shortfalls in stemming biodiversity loss. The challenges to design of an effective U.S. assessment are relevant globally as nations develop assessments and reporting to support the new global biodiversity framework's targets. By considering and incorporating the diverse ways in which society values and benefits from nature, such assessments can help bridge the gap between research and conservation practice and communicate the extent of the biodiversity crisis to the public, fostering broad-based support for transformative change in humanity's relationship to the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carroll
- Klamath Center for Conservation Research, Orleans, California, USA
| | - Reed F Noss
- Florida Institute for Conservation Science, Melrose, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsay M Dreiss
- Center for Conservation Innovation, Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C., USA
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8
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Ebert AW, Engels JMM, Schafleitner R, van Hintum T, Mwila G. Critical Review of the Increasing Complexity of Access and Benefit-Sharing Policies of Genetic Resources for Genebank Curators and Plant Breeders-A Public and Private Sector Perspective. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2992. [PMID: 37631201 PMCID: PMC10459714 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeders develop competitive, high-yielding, resistant crop varieties that can cope with the challenges of biotic stresses and tolerate abiotic stresses, resulting in nutritious food for consumers worldwide. To achieve this, plant breeders need continuous and easy access to plant genetic resources (PGR) for trait screening, to generate new diversity that can be built into newly improved varieties. International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Nagoya Protocol recognised the sovereign rights of countries over their genetic resources. Under the CBD/Nagoya Protocol, countries are free to establish specific national legislations regulating germplasm access and benefit-sharing to be negotiated bilaterally. Consequently, access to PGR became increasingly restricted and cumbersome, resulting in a decrease in germplasm exchange. The ITPGRFA attempted to ease this situation by establishing a globally harmonised multilateral system (MLS). Unfortunately, the MLS is (still) restricted to a limited number of food and forage crops, with very few vegetable crops. Easy and continuous access to genetic diversity combined with equitable and fair sharing of derived benefits is a prerequisite to breeding new varieties. Facilitated access contributes to sustainable crop production and food and nutrition security; therefore, access to and, consequently, use of PGRFA needs to be improved. Thus, the authors recommend, among others, expanding the scope of the ITPGRFA to include all PGRFA and making them and all related information accessible under a Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) combined, if necessary, with a subscription system or a seed sales tax. Such a transparent, functional and efficient system would erase legal uncertainties and minimise transaction costs for conservers, curators and users of genetic resources, thus aiding plant breeders to fulfil their mission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes M. M. Engels
- Independent Researcher, Voc. Podere Sansano 5, 06062 Citta’ della Pieve (PG), Italy;
| | | | - Theo van Hintum
- Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Godfrey Mwila
- Executive Secretary of the Zambia Seed Trade Association (ZASTA), Sulmach Buldings, Tiyende Pamodzi, Off Nangweya, Lusaka, Zambia;
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9
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Crandall ED, Toczydlowski RH, Liggins L, Holmes AE, Ghoojaei M, Gaither MR, Wham BE, Pritt AL, Noble C, Anderson TJ, Barton RL, Berg JT, Beskid SG, Delgado A, Farrell E, Himmelsbach N, Queeno SR, Trinh T, Weyand C, Bentley A, Deck J, Riginos C, Bradburd GS, Toonen RJ. Importance of timely metadata curation to the global surveillance of genetic diversity. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14061. [PMID: 36704891 PMCID: PMC10751740 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data-sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Crandall
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel H Toczydlowski
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Libby Liggins
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ann E Holmes
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maryam Ghoojaei
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle R Gaither
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Briana E Wham
- Department of Research Informatics and Publishing, The Pennsylvania State University Libraries, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L Pritt
- Madlyn L. Hanes Library, The Pennsylvania State University Libraries, Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cory Noble
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tanner J Anderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Randi L Barton
- Department of Marine Science, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, California, USA
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - Justin T Berg
- UOG Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam
| | - Sofia G Beskid
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Alonso Delgado
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Farrell
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Nan Himmelsbach
- Department of Natural Science, Hawai'i Pacific University, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Samantha R Queeno
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Thienthanh Trinh
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Courtney Weyand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew Bentley
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - John Deck
- Berkeley Natural History Museums, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gideon S Bradburd
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert J Toonen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kaneohe, Hawaii, USA
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10
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Simmonds JS, Suarez-Castro AF, Reside AE, Watson JEM, Allan JR, Atkinson SC, Borrelli P, Dudley N, Edwards S, Fuller RA, Game ET, Linke S, Maxwell SL, Panagos P, Puydarrieux P, Quétier F, Runting RK, Santini T, Sonter LJ, Maron M. Retaining natural vegetation to safeguard biodiversity and humanity. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14040. [PMID: 36424859 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Global efforts to deliver internationally agreed goals to reduce carbon emissions, halt biodiversity loss, and retain essential ecosystem services have been poorly integrated. These goals rely in part on preserving natural (e.g., native, largely unmodified) and seminatural (e.g., low intensity or sustainable human use) forests, woodlands, and grasslands. To show how to unify these goals, we empirically derived spatially explicit, quantitative, area-based targets for the retention of natural and seminatural (e.g., native) terrestrial vegetation worldwide. We used a 250-m-resolution map of natural and seminatural vegetation cover and, from this, selected areas identified under different international agreements as being important for achieving global biodiversity, carbon, soil, and water targets. At least 67 million km2 of Earth's terrestrial vegetation (∼79% of the area of vegetation remaining) required retention to contribute to biodiversity, climate, soil, and freshwater conservation objectives under 4 United Nations' resolutions. This equates to retaining natural and seminatural vegetation across at least 50% of the total terrestrial (excluding Antarctica) surface of Earth. Retention efforts could contribute to multiple goals simultaneously, especially where natural and seminatural vegetation can be managed to achieve cobenefits for biodiversity, carbon storage, and ecosystem service provision. Such management can and should co-occur and be driven by people who live in and rely on places where natural and sustainably managed vegetation remains in situ and must be complemented by restoration and appropriate management of more human-modified environments if global goals are to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Simmonds
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andres Felipe Suarez-Castro
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - April E Reside
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - James R Allan
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Stephen Edwards
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Fuller
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward T Game
- The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Linke
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- CSIRO Land & Water, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean L Maxwell
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Panos Panagos
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Rebecca K Runting
- School of Geography, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talitha Santini
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laura J Sonter
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Kim Y, Tanaka K, Perrings C. The Impact of International Conservation Agreements on Protected Areas: Empirical Findings from the Convention on Biological Diversity Using Causal Inference. Environ Manage 2023; 72:203-218. [PMID: 37069309 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although 30 years have passed since the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted in 1992, few attempts have been made to evaluate its impact on protected areas. This study investigates the relationship between participation in the CBD and conservation effort in member countries, using an original dataset of 169 countries from 1992 to 2015. Our measure of conservation effort is the percentage of a country's terrestrial area under protection, which is the primary mechanism for achieving the CBD's conservation as distinct from its sustainable use or access and benefit-sharing objectives. We consider how protected area expansion relates to membership of the CBD, and a set of socio-economic and political variables that measure both the opportunity cost of conservation and national responsiveness to the demand for public goods. We find a positive and significant relationship between the area under protection, membership of the CBD, and a dummy for the Aichi biodiversity targets-Nagoya protocol. We also find that the area under protection is negatively related to measures of economic development and education (proxies for the opportunity cost of conservation), and positively associated with forest area (a proxy for species richness and endemism). We conclude that, at least for this measure of conservation effort, the CBD has had a significant impact, albeit moderated in predictable ways by the opportunity cost of conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoomi Kim
- Department of Public Administration, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Katsuya Tanaka
- Faculty of Economics/Research Center for Sustainability and Environment, Shiga University, Hikone, Japan
| | - Charles Perrings
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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12
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Marden E, Sackville Hamilton R, Halewood M, McCouch S. International agreements and the plant genetics research community: A guide to practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2205773119. [PMID: 36972443 PMCID: PMC10083609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205773119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic resources (PGR), including collections held in national and international gene banks, provide access to a wide array of genetic diversity and are critical to genomics research, conservation efforts, and applied breeding. Yet, there is a general lack of awareness in the research community about the rules and treaties that govern the use of PGR, about access and benefit sharing obligations contained in international treaties and/or national laws, and about how best to comply with potentially applicable requirements. This article provides a brief history and overview of three key international agreements, namely the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Nagoya Protocol, and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which collectively address responsibilities and obligations related to the use of much of the world's PGR. By highlighting the coverage and key considerations of each agreement, the article provides a guide for those who use PGR in plant genetics research to better understand when and how international agreements apply, and-where the rules are unclear-to suggest best practices for compliance with existing agreements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Marden
- Sidley Austin LLP, Palo Alto, CA 94304
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Michael Halewood
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, CGIAR Genebank Initiative, 1 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Susan McCouch
- Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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13
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Akpoviri FI, Baharum SN, Zainol ZA. Digital Sequence Information and the Access and Benefit-Sharing Obligation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nanoethics 2023; 17:1. [PMID: 37008389 PMCID: PMC10043851 DOI: 10.1007/s11569-023-00436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of synthetic biology, scientists are increasingly relying on digital sequence information, instead of physical genetic resources. This article examines the potential impact of this shift on the access and benefit-sharing (ABS) regime of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol. These treaties require benefit-sharing with the owners of genetic resources. However, whether "genetic resources" include digital sequence information is unsettled. The CBD conceives genetic resources as genetic material containing functional units of heredity. "Material" implies tangibility, and for some scholars, "functional units of heredity," undefined in both treaties, mean full-coding sequences. This article argues that digital sequence information obtained from physical genetic resources, full-coding or not, should be treated as genetic resources. Literal construction of the CBD risks eroding its usefulness and the ABS regime. This is because through bioinformatics, sequence information can easily be obtained from genetic resources for utilization, without physically moving them or concluding ABS agreement with owners. The CBD must evolve with scientific progress also because sequence functionality depends on the state of knowledge. These arguments are vindicated by domestic ABS laws equating genetic information with genetic resources; Nagoya Protocol provisions deeming research exploiting the genetic composition of genetic resources as utilization of genetic resources; and CBD provisions requiring the sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources. Moreover, treaty interpretation and case law demand that generic, scientific terms, such as "genetic resources" and "functional units of heredity" be interpreted in an evolutionary manner to capture scientific developments.
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14
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King S, Lemieux CJ, Lem M. An Urgent Call to Integrate the Health Sector into the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:861. [PMID: 36613183 PMCID: PMC9819792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to stop biodiversity loss and secure the resilience of all life on Earth. In December 2022, Parties to the United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will meet in Montreal, Canada, to finalize the language and terms of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (Post-2020 GBF). The Post-2020 GBF aims to address the shortcomings of the previous Strategic Plan on Biodiversity 2011-2020, by introducing a Theory of Change, that states that biodiversity protection will only be successful if unprecedented, transformative changes are implemented effectively by Parties to the CBD. In this policy perspective, we explore the implications of the Theory of Change chosen to underpin the Post-2020 GBF, specifically that broad social transformation is an outcome that requires actors to be specified. We detail how the health sector is uniquely positioned to be an effective actor and ally in support of the implementation of the Post-2020 GBF. Specifically, we highlight how the core competencies and financial and human resources available in the health sector (including unique knowledge, skill sets, experiences, and established trust) provide a compelling, yet mostly untapped opportunity to help create and sustain the enabling conditions necessary to achieve the goals and targets of the framework. While by no means a panacea for the world's biodiversity problems, we posit that explicitly omitting the health sector from the Post-2020 GBF substantially weakens the global, collective effort to catalyze the transformative changes required to safeguard biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- Park Doctor Pty Ltd., St. Lucia 3936, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Christopher J. Lemieux
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Melissa Lem
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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15
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Pérez-Hämmerle KV, Moon K, Venegas-Li R, Maxwell S, Simmonds JS, Venter O, Garnett ST, Possingham HP, Watson JEM. Wilderness forms and their implications for global environmental policy and conservation. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13875. [PMID: 34961974 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the intention of securing industry-free land and seascapes, protecting wilderness entered international policy as a formal target for the first time in the zero draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Given this increased prominence in international policy, it is timely to consider the extent to which the construct of wilderness supports global conservation objectives. We evaluated the construct by overlaying recently updated cumulative human pressure maps that offer a global-scale delineation of industry-free land as wilderness with maps of carbon stock, species richness, and ground travel time from urban centers. Wilderness areas took variable forms in relation to carbon stock, species richness, and proximity to urban centers, where 10% of wilderness areas represented high carbon and species richness, 20% low carbon and species richness, and 3% high levels of remoteness (>48 h), carbon, and species richness. Approximately 35% of all remaining wilderness in 2013 was accessible in <24 h of travel time from urban centers. Although the construct of wilderness can be used to secure benefits in specific contexts, its application in conservation must account for contextual and social implications. The diverse characterization of wilderness under a global environmental conservation lens shows that a nuanced framing and application of the construct is needed to improve understanding, communication, and retention of its variable forms as industry-free places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina-Victoria Pérez-Hämmerle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katie Moon
- School of Business, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rubén Venegas-Li
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean Maxwell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Simmonds
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resources & Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen T Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York, USA
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16
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Ho CWL. Operationalizing "One Health" as "One Digital Health" Through a Global Framework That Emphasizes Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits From the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Related Digital Technologies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:768977. [PMID: 35592084 PMCID: PMC9110679 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.768977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The operationalization of One Health (OH) through digitalization is a means to deploy digital technologies (including Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data and related digital technologies) to better capacitate us to deal with growing climate exigency and related threats to human, animal and plant health. With reference to the concept of One Digital Health (ODH), this paper considers how digital capabilities can help to overcome ‘operational brakes’ in OH through new and deeper insights, better predictions, and more targeted or precise preventive strategies and public health countermeasures. However, the data landscape is fragmented and access to certain types of data is increasingly restrictive as individuals, communities and countries seek to assert greater control over data taken from them. This paper proposes for a dedicated global ODH framework—centered on fairness and equity—to be established to promote data-sharing across all the key knowledge domains of OH and to devise data-driven solutions to challenges in the human-animal-ecosystems interface. It first considers the data landscape in relation to: (1) Human and population health; (2) Pathogens; (3) Animal and plant health; and (4) Ecosystems and biodiversity. The complexification from the application of advance genetic sequencing technology is then considered, with focus on current debates over whether certain types of data like digital (genetic) sequencing information (DSI) should remain openly and freely accessible. The proposed ODH framework must augment the existing access and benefit sharing (ABS) framework currently prescribed under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in at least three different ways. First, the ODH framework should apply to all genetic resources and data, including DSI, whether from humans or non-humans. Second, the FAIRER principles should be implemented, with focus on fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Third, the ODH framework should adopt multilateral approaches to data sharing (such as through federated data systems) and to ABS. By operationalizing OH as ODH, we are more likely to be able to protect and restore natural habitats, secure the health and well-being of all living things, and thereby realize the goals set out in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Wai-Loon Ho
- Department of Law and Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Marsh SME, Hoffmann M, Burgess ND, Brooks TM, Challender DWS, Cremona PJ, Hilton‐Taylor C, de Micheaux FL, Lichtenstein G, Roe D, Böhm M. Prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use of wild species inferred from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13844. [PMID: 34605070 PMCID: PMC9299080 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Unsustainable exploitation of wild species represents a serious threat to biodiversity and to the livelihoods of local communities and Indigenous peoples. However, managed, sustainable use has the potential to forestall extinctions, aid recovery, and meet human needs. We analyzed species-level data for 30,923 species from 13 taxonomic groups on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species to investigate patterns of intentional biological resource use. Forty percent of species (10,098 of 25,009 species from 10 data-sufficient taxonomic groups) were used. The main purposes of use were pets, display animals, horticulture, and human consumption. Intentional use is currently contributing to elevated extinction risk for 28-29% of threatened or near threatened (NT) species (2752-2848 of 9753 species). Intentional use also affected 16% of all species used (1597-1631 of 10,098). However, 72% of used species (7291 of 10,098) were least concern, of which nearly half (3469) also had stable or improving population trends. The remainder were not documented as threatened by biological resource use, including at least 172 threatened or NT species with stable or improving populations. About one-third of species that had use documented as a threat had no targeted species management actions to directly address this threat. To improve use-related red-list data, we suggest small amendments to the relevant classification schemes and required supporting documentation. Our findings on the prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use, and variation across taxa, can inform international policy making, including the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. E. Marsh
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation and PolicyZoological Society of London, Regent's ParkLondonUK
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- UNEP‐WCMCCambridgeUK
- CMEC, GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- International Union for Conservation of NatureGlandSwitzerland
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)University of the PhilippinesLos BañosThe Philippines
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Flore Lafaye de Micheaux
- International Union for Conservation of NatureGlandSwitzerland
- Institute of Geography and SustainabilityUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- French Institute of PondicherryPondicherryIndia
| | - Gabriela Lichtenstein
- Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano (INAPL)/CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group (SULi)LondonUK
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
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18
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Reyes-García V, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y, Benyei P, Bussmann RW, Diamond SK, García-del-Amo D, Guadilla-Sáez S, Hanazaki N, Kosoy N, Lavides M, Luz AC, McElwee P, Meretsky VJ, Newberry T, Molnár Z, Ruiz-Mallén I, Salpeteur M, Wyndham FS, Zorondo-Rodriguez F, Brondizio ES. Recognizing Indigenous peoples' and local communities' rights and agency in the post-2020 Biodiversity Agenda. Ambio 2022; 51:84-92. [PMID: 34008095 PMCID: PMC8651947 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Convention on Biological Diversity is defining the goals that will frame future global biodiversity policy in a context of rapid biodiversity decline and under pressure to make transformative change. Drawing on the work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars, we argue that transformative change requires the foregrounding of Indigenous peoples' and local communities' rights and agency in biodiversity policy. We support this argument with four key points. First, Indigenous peoples and local communities hold knowledge essential for setting realistic and effective biodiversity targets that simultaneously improve local livelihoods. Second, Indigenous peoples' conceptualizations of nature sustain and manifest CBD's 2050 vision of "Living in harmony with nature." Third, Indigenous peoples' and local communities' participation in biodiversity policy contributes to the recognition of human and Indigenous peoples' rights. And fourth, engagement in biodiversity policy is essential for Indigenous peoples and local communities to be able to exercise their recognized rights to territories and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reyes-García
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les columnes, s/n. Z-building (ICTA-ICP), Bellaterra Campus, Cerdanyola del Valles, Bellatera, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas
- Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University Montpellier, CNRS, CEFE, UMR 5175, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Petra Benyei
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les columnes, s/n. Z-building (ICTA-ICP), Bellaterra Campus, Cerdanyola del Valles, Bellatera, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rainer W. Bussmann
- Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Sara K. Diamond
- Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas, Austin, USA
- College of Liberal Arts, The University of Texas at Austin, 116 Inner Campus Dr. Stop G6000, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - David García-del-Amo
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Carrer de les columnes, s/n. Z-building (ICTA-ICP), Bellaterra Campus, Cerdanyola del Valles, Bellatera, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Hanazaki
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, ECZ/CCB/UFSC, Campus Trindade s/n, Florianópolis, SC 88010-970 Brazil
| | - Nicolas Kosoy
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Macdonald Stewart Building, MS3-037, Macdonald Campus, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9 Canada
| | | | - Ana C. Luz
- ISEG- Lisbon School of Economics & Management, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pamela McElwee
- Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers University, 55 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Vicky J. Meretsky
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Teresa Newberry
- Department of Science, Tohono O’odham Community College, Sells, 1830 E. Broadway, Ste 124-202, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- Centre for Ecological Research, ELKH, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Mallén
- Internet Interdisciplinary Institute, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Av. Friedrich Gauss, 5, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthieu Salpeteur
- Patrimoines Locaux, Environnement et Globalisation (UMR 208 PALOC), IRD, MNHN, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Felice S. Wyndham
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- PO Box 3162, Santa Cruz, CA 95063 USA
| | | | - Eduardo S. Brondizio
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Bloomington, 702 E. Kirkwood Ave. Student building 130, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA
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19
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Lange M, Alako BTF, Cochrane G, Ghaffar M, Mascher M, Habekost PK, Hillebrand U, Scholz U, Schorch F, Freitag J, Scholz AH. Quantitative monitoring of nucleotide sequence data from genetic resources in context of their citation in the scientific literature. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab084. [PMID: 34966925 PMCID: PMC8716361 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linking nucleotide sequence data (NSD) to scientific publication citations can enhance understanding of NSD provenance, scientific use, and reuse in the community. By connecting publications with NSD records, NSD geographical provenance information, and author geographical information, it becomes possible to assess the contribution of NSD to infer trends in scientific knowledge gain at the global level. FINDINGS We extracted and linked records from the European Nucleotide Archive to citations in open-access publications aggregated at Europe PubMed Central. A total of 8,464,292 ENA accessions with geographical provenance information were associated with publications. We conducted a data quality review to uncover potential issues in publication citation information extraction and author affiliation tagging and developed and implemented best-practice recommendations for citation extraction. We constructed flat data tables and a data warehouse with an interactive web application to enable ad hoc exploration of NSD use and summary statistics. CONCLUSIONS The extraction and linking of NSD with associated publication citations enables transparency. The quality review contributes to enhanced text mining methods for identifier extraction and use. Furthermore, the global provision and use of NSD enable scientists worldwide to join literature and sequence databases in a multidimensional fashion. As a concrete use case, we visualized statistics of country clusters concerning NSD access in the context of discussions around digital sequence information under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lange
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Blaise T F Alako
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Guy Cochrane
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Mehmood Ghaffar
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Habekost
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- The Harz University of Applied Science, Department of Automation and Computer Science, Friedrichstraße 57, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Upneet Hillebrand
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Department Research - Microbial Ecology and Diversity, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Florian Schorch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
- The Harz University of Applied Science, Department of Automation and Computer Science, Friedrichstraße 57, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Jens Freitag
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Department Breeding Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Amber Hartman Scholz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Department Research - Microbial Ecology and Diversity, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Buschke FT. Neutral theory reveals the challenge of bending the curve for the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13678-13683. [PMID: 34707809 PMCID: PMC8525161 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In October, nations of the world will begin negotiations for the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity. An influential ambition is "bending the curve of biodiversity loss," which aims to reverse the decline of global biodiversity indicators. A second relevant, yet less prominent, milestone is the 20th anniversary of the publication of The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Here, I apply neutral theory to show how global biodiversity indicators for population size (Living Planet Index) and extinction threat (Red List Index) decline under neutral ecological drift. This demonstrates that declining indicators are not solely caused by deterministic species-specific or geographical patterns of biodiversity loss. Instead, indicators are sensitive to nondirectional stochasticity. Thus, "bending the curve" could be assessed relative to a counterfactual based on neutral theory, rather than static baselines. If used correctly, the 20-year legacy of neutral theory can be extended to make a valuable contribution to the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko T. Buschke
- Centre for Environmental ManagementUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable DevelopmentKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Bertioli DJ, Clevenger J, Godoy IJ, Stalker HT, Wood S, Santos JF, Ballén-Taborda C, Abernathy B, Azevedo V, Campbell J, Chavarro C, Chu Y, Farmer AD, Fonceka D, Gao D, Grimwood J, Halpin N, Korani W, Michelotto MD, Ozias-Akins P, Vaughn J, Youngblood R, Moretzsohn MC, Wright GC, Jackson SA, Cannon SB, Scheffler BE, Leal-Bertioli SCM. Legacy genetics of Arachis cardenasii in the peanut crop shows the profound benefits of international seed exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104899118. [PMID: 34518223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104899118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A great challenge for humanity is feeding its growing population while minimizing ecosystem damage and climate change. Here, we uncover the global benefits arising from the introduction of one wild species accession to peanut-breeding programs decades ago. This work emphasizes the importance of biodiversity to crop improvement: peanut cultivars with genetics from this wild accession provided improved food security and reduced use of fungicide sprays. However, this study also highlights the perilous consequences of changes in legal frameworks and attitudes concerning biodiversity. These changes have greatly reduced the botanical collections, seed exchanges, and international collaborations which are essential for the continued diversification of crop genetics and, consequently, the long-term resilience of crops against evolving pests and pathogens and changing climate. The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession, Arachis cardenasii GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified A. cardenasii–enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security.
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Abstract
Accelerating declines in biodiversity and unmet targets in the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity are stimulating widespread calls for transformative change. Such change includes societal transitions toward sustainability, as well as in specific content of the CBD's draft Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. We summarize research on transformative change and its links to biodiversity conservation, and discuss how it may influence the work of the CBD. We identify five steps to inject transformative change into the design and implementation of a new post-2020 framework: Pay attention to lessons learned from transitions research, plan for climate change, reframe area-based conservation, scale up biodiversity mainstreaming, and increase resources. These actions will transform the very nature of work under the CBD; a convention based on voluntary implementation by countries and facilitated by international administrators and experts must now accommodate a broader range of participants including businesses, Indigenous peoples, and multiple nonstate actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Edward Grumbine
- Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative, Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kumming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- East and Central Asia Office, World Agroforestry Centre, Kunming, China, and is the director of the Centre for Mountain Futures and a professor at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Kunming, China
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Elleason M, Guan Z, Deng Y, Jiang A, Goodale E, Mammides C. Strictly protected areas are not necessarily more effective than areas in which multiple human uses are permitted. Ambio 2021; 50:1058-1073. [PMID: 33159259 PMCID: PMC8035376 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies protected areas into six categories, ranging from strict nature reserves to areas where multiple human uses are permitted. In the past, many researchers have questioned the effectiveness of multiple-use areas, fueling an unresolved debate regarding their conservation value. The literature so far has been inconclusive: although several studies have found that strictly protected areas are more effective, others have found the opposite, and yet others that the two types do not differ. To help resolve this debate, we reviewed the literature on protected areas and conducted our own analysis using > 19 000 terrestrial protected areas worldwide. We found that the differences between strictly protected areas and areas in which multiple human uses are permitted are often small and not statistically significant. Although the effectiveness of protected areas worldwide varies, other factors, besides their assigned IUCN category, are likely to be driving this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Elleason
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Zhuoli Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yiming Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Aiwu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Eben Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Christos Mammides
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, 530004 China
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24
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Hochkirch A, Samways MJ, Gerlach J, Böhm M, Williams P, Cardoso P, Cumberlidge N, Stephenson PJ, Seddon MB, Clausnitzer V, Borges PAV, Mueller GM, Pearce-Kelly P, Raimondo DC, Danielczak A, Dijkstra KDB. A strategy for the next decade to address data deficiency in neglected biodiversity. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:502-509. [PMID: 32656858 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring progress toward international biodiversity targets requires robust information on the conservation status of species, which the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species provides. However, data and capacity are lacking for most hyperdiverse groups, such as invertebrates, plants, and fungi, particularly in megadiverse or high-endemism regions. Conservation policies and biodiversity strategies aimed at halting biodiversity loss by 2020 need to be adapted to tackle these information shortfalls after 2020. We devised an 8-point strategy to close existing data gaps by reviving explorative field research on the distribution, abundance, and ecology of species; linking taxonomic research more closely with conservation; improving global biodiversity databases by making the submission of spatially explicit data mandatory for scientific publications; developing a global spatial database on threats to biodiversity to facilitate IUCN Red List assessments; automating preassessments by integrating distribution data and spatial threat data; building capacity in taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity monitoring in countries with high species richness or endemism; creating species monitoring programs for lesser-known taxa; and developing sufficient funding mechanisms to reduce reliance on voluntary efforts. Implementing these strategies in the post-2020 biodiversity framework will help to overcome the lack of capacity and data regarding the conservation status of biodiversity. This will require a collaborative effort among scientists, policy makers, and conservation practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, c/o IUCN, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Justin Gerlach
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- Peterhouse, Cambridge, CB2 1RD, U.K
| | - Monika Böhm
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
| | | | - Pedro Cardoso
- IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, c/o IUCN, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, 9700-042, Portugal
| | - Neil Cumberlidge
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, 49855, U.S.A
| | - P J Stephenson
- IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, c/o IUCN, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
- Science & Economic Knowledge Unit, IUCN, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
- Ecosystem Management Group, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Mary B Seddon
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- IUCN SSC Mollusc Specialist Group, Exbourne, Okehampton, EX20 3RD, U.K
| | - Viola Clausnitzer
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Görlitz, 02826, Germany
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Department of Biogeography, IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, c/o Trier University, Trier, D-54286, Germany
- IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, c/o IUCN, Gland, 1196, Switzerland
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, 9700-042, Portugal
| | - Gregory M Mueller
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Anja Danielczak
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Trier, D-54286, Germany
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25
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Harrould-Kolieb E. Enhancing synergies between action on ocean acidification and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:548-558. [PMID: 32705702 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification is a substantial emergent threat to marine biodiversity and the goods and services it provides. Although efforts to address ocean acidification have been taken under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), a far greater potential to do so exists by finding synergies between biodiversity conservation efforts and ocean acidification action. The ongoing process to develop a post-2020 global biodiversity framework offers an opportunity to ensure that opportunities for addressing ocean acidification are capitalized on and not overlooked. I argue that to achieve this, the following are needed: a technical integration of ocean acidification across the targets to be included in the post-2020 framework and a reframing of the issue as a biodiversity problem so as to highlight the synergies between existing biodiversity work and action needed to address ocean acidification. Given that the post-2020 framework is intended to establish the global biodiversity agenda for the coming decades, integration of ocean acidification will set a precedent for the other biodiversity-related conventions and encourage greater uptake of the issue across the wider international community. My approach is of direct relevance to those participating in the negotiations, both from a CBD Party perspective and the perspective of those advocating for a strong outcome to protect marine biodiversity and marine socioecological systems. My discussion of framing is relevant to those working beyond the CBD within other biodiversity-related conventions in which goals to address ocean acidification are sorely lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellycia Harrould-Kolieb
- School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3053, Australia
- Climate and Energy College, University of Melbourne, Level 1, 187 Grattan Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
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26
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Stevenson SL, Watermeyer K, Caggiano G, Fulton EA, Ferrier S, Nicholson E. Matching biodiversity indicators to policy needs. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:522-532. [PMID: 32557845 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At the global scale, biodiversity indicators are typically used to monitor general trends, but are rarely implemented with specific purpose or linked directly to decision making. Some indicators are better suited to predicting future change, others are more appropriate for evaluating past actions, but this is seldom made explicit. We developed a conceptual model for assigning biodiversity indicators to appropriate functions based on a common approach used in economics. Using the model, indicators can be classified as leading (indicators that change before the subject of interest, informing preventative actions), coincident (indicators that measure the subject of interest), or lagging (indicators that change after the subject of interest has changed and thus can be used to evaluate past actions). We classified indicators based on ecological theory on biodiversity response times and management objectives in 2 case studies: global species extinction and marine ecosystem collapse. For global species extinctions, indicators of abundance (e.g., the Living Planet Index or biodiversity intactness index) were most likely to respond first, as leading indicators that inform preventative action, while extinction indicators were expected to respond slowly, acting as lagging indicators flagging the need for evaluation. For marine ecosystem collapse, indicators of direct responses to fishing were expected to be leading, while those measuring ecosystem collapse could be lagging. Classification defines an active role for indicators within the policy cycle, creates an explicit link to preventative decision-making, and supports preventative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Stevenson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Kate Watermeyer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Giovanni Caggiano
- Department of Economics, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, 3145, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Fulton
- Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Austral
| | - Simon Ferrier
- Land and Water, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Emily Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Humphries F, Rourke M, Berry T, Englezos E, Lawson C. COVID-19 Tests the Limits of Biodiversity Laws in a Health Crisis: Rethinking "Country of Origin" for Virus Access and Benefit-sharing. J Law Med 2021; 28:684-706. [PMID: 34369124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic raises serious questions about the operation of international agreements for accessing and sharing viruses potentially delaying emergency responses. The access and benefit-sharing (ABS) frameworks under the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol apply to the collection and use of the COVID-19 pathogen SARS-CoV-2. These frameworks aim to ensure countries of origin reap some of the benefits from the use of their resources. Using real-world examples, we demonstrate conceptual and definitional ambiguities relating to "country of origin" that make not only operationalising the ABS scheme for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use objectives difficult but may also undermine public health emergency responses. Understanding how COVID-19 fits (or does not fit) within ABS laws is a valuable exercise for international policy-makers trying to determine how best to operationalise pathogen ABS, an issue currently under examination at the World Health Organization and critical to responding to pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Humphries
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane
| | - Michelle Rourke
- Griffith Law School, Griffith University, Parklands and CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO, Brisbane
| | - Todd Berry
- Griffith Law School, Griffith University, Parklands
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28
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Fajardo P, Beauchesne D, Carbajal-López A, Daigle RM, Fierro-Arcos LD, Goldsmit J, Zajderman S, Valdez-Hernández JI, Terán Maigua MY, Christofoletti RA. Aichi Target 18 beyond 2020: mainstreaming Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal ecosystems. PeerJ 2021; 9:e9616. [PMID: 33585077 PMCID: PMC7852408 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) have inhabited coastal areas, the seas, and remote islands for millennia, and developed place-based traditional ancestral knowledge and diversified livelihoods associated with the biocultural use of marine and coastal ecosystems. Through their cultural traditions, customary wise practices, and holistic approaches to observe, monitor, understand, and appreciate the Natural World, IPLCs have been preserving, managing, and sustainably using seascapes and coastal landscapes, which has been essential for biodiversity conservation. The international community has more than ever recognized the central role of IPLCs in the conservation of biodiversity-rich ecosystems, in particular, for the achievement of the Global Biodiversity Targets determined by the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity to tackle biodiversity loss. However, much remains to be done to fully recognize and protect at national levels IPLCs' Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge (TBK), ways of life, and their internationally recognized rights to inhabit, own, manage and govern traditional lands, territories, and waters, which are increasingly threatened. At the 2018 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity held in Montréal, Canada, eight themed working groups critically discussed progress to date and barriers that have prevented the achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets agreed for the period 2011-2020, and priority actions for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Discussions in the "Application of Biodiversity Knowledge" working group focused on Targets 11 and 18 and the equal valuation of diverse Biodiversity Knowledge Systems (BKS). This Perspective Paper summarizes the 10 Priority Actions identified for a holistic biodiversity conservation, gender equality and human rights-based approach that strengthens the role of IPLCs as biodiversity conservation decision-makers and managers at national and international levels. Furthermore, the Perspective proposes a measurable Target 18 post-2020 and discusses actions to advance the recognition of community-based alternative conservation schemes and TBK to ensure the long-lasting conservation, customary biocultural use, and sustainable multi-functional management of nature around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Beauchesne
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
- Québec Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - Canadian Healthy Oceans Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Rémi M. Daigle
- Québec Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - Canadian Healthy Oceans Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - L. Denisse Fierro-Arcos
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Jesica Goldsmit
- Québec Océan, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Institut Maurice Lamontagne, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, QC, Canada
| | - Sabine Zajderman
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | | | - María Yolanda Terán Maigua
- Native American Studies Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque City, NM, USA
- Indigenous Women Network on Biodiversity from Latin America and the Caribbean (RMIB-LAC), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
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29
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Smyth SJ, Charles TC. Impacts on International Research Collaborations from DSI/ABS Uncertainty. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:430-433. [PMID: 33243447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Digital sequence information (DSI) has no clear definition. Numerous countries define DSI as a nonphysical genetic resources, such as genetic sequence data. Restricting free sharing of DSI is at odds with fundamental science core principles in disciplines like microbiology and molecular genetics. It has the potential to adversely affect international research collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Trevor C Charles
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Karger
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Amber Hartman Scholz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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31
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Taylor B, Chapron G, Kopnina H, Orlikowska E, Gray J, Piccolo JJ. The need for ecocentrism in biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1089-1096. [PMID: 32424955 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 decades, scientists have been documenting negative anthropogenic environmental change, expressing increasing alarm, and urging dramatic socioecological transformation in response. A host of international meetings have been held, but the erosion of biological diversity continues to accelerate. Why, then, has no effective political action been taken? We contend that part of the answer may lie in the anthropocentric ethical premises and moral rhetoric typically deployed in the cause of conservation. We further argue that it is essential to advance moral arguments for biodiversity conservation that are not just based on perceived human interests but on ecocentric values, namely, convictions that species and ecosystems have value and interests that should be respected regardless of whether they serve human needs and aspirations. A broader array of moral rationales for biodiversity conservation, we conclude, would be more likely to lead to effective plans, adopted and enforced by governments, designed to conserve biological diversity. A good place to start in this regard would be to explicitly incorporate ecocentric values into the recommendations that will be made at the conclusion of the 15th meeting of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, scheduled to be held in October 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bron Taylor
- University of Florida, 107 Anderson Hall, PO Box 117410, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7410, U.S.A
| | - Guillaume Chapron
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, 730 91, Sweden
| | - Helen Kopnina
- International Business, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Johanna Westerdijkplein 75, EN, Den Haag, 2521, the Netherlands
| | - Ewa Orlikowska
- School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 43, Skinnskatteberg, 739 21, Sweden
| | - Joe Gray
- Global Ecocentric Network for Implementing Ecodemocracy, Fleetville, St Albans, AL1, U.K
| | - John J Piccolo
- Institution for Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 3, Karlstad, 65188, Sweden
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32
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Riggio J, Baillie JEM, Brumby S, Ellis E, Kennedy CM, Oakleaf JR, Tait A, Tepe T, Theobald DM, Venter O, Watson JEM, Jacobson AP. Global human influence maps reveal clear opportunities in conserving Earth's remaining intact terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4344-4356. [PMID: 32500604 PMCID: PMC7383735 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leading up to the Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties 15, there is momentum around setting bold conservation targets. Yet, it remains unclear how much of Earth's land area remains without significant human influence and where this land is located. We compare four recent global maps of human influences across Earth's land, Anthromes, Global Human Modification, Human Footprint and Low Impact Areas, to answer these questions. Despite using various methodologies and data, these different spatial assessments independently estimate similar percentages of the Earth's terrestrial surface as having very low (20%-34%) and low (48%-56%) human influence. Three out of four spatial assessments agree on 46% of the non-permanent ice- or snow-covered land as having low human influence. However, much of the very low and low influence portions of the planet are comprised of cold (e.g., boreal forests, montane grasslands and tundra) or arid (e.g., deserts) landscapes. Only four biomes (boreal forests, deserts, temperate coniferous forests and tundra) have a majority of datasets agreeing that at least half of their area has very low human influence. More concerning, <1% of temperate grasslands, tropical coniferous forests and tropical dry forests have very low human influence across most datasets, and tropical grasslands, mangroves and montane grasslands also have <1% of land identified as very low influence across all datasets. These findings suggest that about half of Earth's terrestrial surface has relatively low human influence and offers opportunities for proactive conservation actions to retain the last intact ecosystems on the planet. However, though the relative abundance of ecosystem areas with low human influence varies widely by biome, conserving these last intact areas should be a high priority before they are completely lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Riggio
- National Geographic SocietyWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation BiologyMuseum of Wildlife and Fish BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCAUSA
| | | | | | - Erle Ellis
- Department of Geography and Environmental SystemsUniversity of MarylandBaltimore CountyMDUSA
| | | | | | - Alex Tait
- National Geographic SocietyWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies InstituteUniversity of Northern British ColumbiaPrince GeorgeBCCanada
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
- Global ConservationWildlife Conservation SocietyBronxNYUSA
| | - Andrew P. Jacobson
- National Geographic SocietyWashingtonDCUSA
- Department of Environment and SustainabilityCatawba CollegeSalisburyNCUSA
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Farhadinia MS, Johnson PJ, Zimmermann A, McGowan PJK, Meijaard E, Stanley-Price M, Macdonald DW. Ex situ management as insurance against extinction of mammalian megafauna in an uncertain world. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:988-996. [PMID: 32144814 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of endangered species may depend on the fate of a very small number of individual animals. In situ conservation alone may sometimes be insufficient. In these instances, the International Union for Conservation of Nature provides guidelines for ex situ conservation and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) indicates how ex situ management can support the CBD's objectives by providing insurance policies for species. The circumstances that justify its use are uncertain. To evaluate the current in situ extinction risk and ex situ management of 43 critically endangered species of mammalian megafauna, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling and geopolitical variables related to governance, economics, and national policy within their extant ranges. We then fitted generalized additive models to assess the contribution of each variable to the ordination. Fifteen (almost one-third) of the world's terrestrial mammalian megafauna are not the subject of any ex situ management. Seventy-three percent of these taxa occur in areas characterized by political uncertainty, such as border zones or areas affected by armed conflicts, mainly in Africa and the Middle East. A further 23% of taxa in ex situ programs do not meet sustainability criteria for inbreeding avoidance. Strategic conservation planning, such as the One Plan approach, may improve ex situ management for these taxa. Given the escalating trend in threats afflicting megafauna, ex situ management should be considered more rigorously, particularly in politically unstable regions, to achieve CBD Target 12 (prevent extinction of threatened species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Farhadinia
- Oxford Martin School and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford, OX1 3BD, U.K
| | - Paul J Johnson
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - Alexandra Zimmermann
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Oxfordshire, Oxford, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - Philip J K McGowan
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Ridley Building 2, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, BA, 2711, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mark Stanley-Price
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, U.K
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon, OX13 5QL, U.K
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34
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Han X, Young BE, Gill MJ, Hamilton H, Vergara SG. Data on Indicators used in Southeast Asian nations' 4th and 5th National Reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Data Brief 2020; 31:105705. [PMID: 32490077 PMCID: PMC7262426 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Progress on National Biodiversity Indicator Reporting and Prospects for Filling Indicator Gaps in Southeast Asia " (Han et al., 2020). We examined quantifiable information about biodiversity indicators from the most recent two national reports (i.e., 4th in 2010 and 5th in 2015) to the United Nation's Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) by the 10-member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. This article presents the number of indicators, their level of development, and detailed lists of indicators for each country, and demonstrates general improvement in indicator use by the highest level of government reporting about implementation of the CBD at the national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Han
- NatureServe, 2550 South Clark Street, Suite 930, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.,Fairfax County Department of Management and Budget, 12000 Government Center Parkway, Suite 561, Fairfax, VA 22035
| | - Bruce E Young
- NatureServe, 2550 South Clark Street, Suite 930, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Michael J Gill
- NatureServe, 2550 South Clark Street, Suite 930, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Healy Hamilton
- NatureServe, 2550 South Clark Street, Suite 930, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Sheila G Vergara
- ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, Domingo M. Lantican Avenue, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
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Egoh BN, Ntshotsho P, Maoela MA, Blanchard R, Ayompe LM, Rahlao S. Setting the scene for achievable post-2020 convention on biological diversity targets: A review of the impacts of invasive alien species on ecosystem services in Africa. J Environ Manage 2020; 261:110171. [PMID: 32148262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) are known to pose a serious threat to biodiversity, and reduce the ability of ecosystems to provide benefits to humans. In recognition of this threat and to address the impacts of IAS, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted Aichi Biodiversity Target 9, which is dedicated to the control or eradication of priority IAS and the management of their introduction pathways by 2020. The achievement of Target 9 relies strongly on the commitment and ability of Parties to set ambitious national or regional targets and achive them, the availability of information and the requisite expertise on invasion biology. Now that the global community is gearing for the post-2020 Biodiversity Framework, it is time to take stock and identify opportunities to improve the performance of the African region beyond 2020. We approached this task by reviewing information on the impacts of IAS on ecosystem services in Africa, as a large proportion of Africans directly rely on ecosystem services, particularly in rural areas. Furthermore, we assessed the expertise on IAS in Africa. Our data sources were National Reports of African countries to the CBD, as well as peer-reviewed scientific literature. National Reports under the CBD provide information on measures taken to implement the Convention at country level, as well as progress towards the achievement of set targets. We found National Reports for 48 (about 90%) countries of which 73% provided feedback on IAS indicating commitment to fight IAS. However, there were few studies within peer-reviewed scientific literature looking at impacts of IAS on ecosystem services in Africa and almost half of the authors were non-Africans. This alludes to limited scientific expertise to inform and support IAS management on the continent. Both the National Reports and scientific literature showed that provisioning services were the most negatively affected by IAS. Also, more than 100 species were listed as problematic. More efforts and resources are needed to document IAS impacts across different realms (e.g. marine, terrestrial and freshwater) and for sub-regional bodies so that more integrated strategies and approaches can be developed. This information is also needed to support the development and implementation of national legislative and regulatory initiatives, as well as to report on international obligations such as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benis N Egoh
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Phumza Ntshotsho
- Smart Places Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Malebajoa A Maoela
- Smart Places Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Ryan Blanchard
- Smart Places Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa; Centre of Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lacour M Ayompe
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sebataolo Rahlao
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Biological Invasions Directorate, Pretoria National Botanical Gardens, Private Bag X101, Silverton, 0184, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre of Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Shi H, Li X, Liu X, Wang S, Liu X, Zhang H, Tang D, Li T. Global protected areas boost the carbon sequestration capacity: Evidences from econometric causal analysis. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:137001. [PMID: 32032994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon sequestration capacity is the key factor in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, further research is required on how to evaluate the impact of protected areas on carbon sequestration capacity from a global scale. To date, we propose a carbon density index of global protected areas (>10 km2, 32,756 samples) by the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trad'eoffs carbon model over the period 1994-2015. Then, we use the propensity score matching and difference-in-difference methods to separate the time effect and policy effect of the construction of protected areas on carbon sequestration capacity. Our analysis reveals that the carbon sequestration capacity can be improved by 0.39% by constructing global protected areas. There are regional differences with carbon sequestration capacity improvement globally. Africa has the largest value of increased carbon sequestration capacity, followed by Asia, Oceania and Europe. Upgrading protected areas (0.05%), strictly implementing planning (0.18%) and enhancing the power of local governments (0.08%) are conducive to improving carbon sequestration capacity. The assessment of the carbon sequestration capacity dynamic with protected areas is of great significance to meet the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaojian Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongmei Tang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Taohong Li
- Tourism School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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37
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Tickner D, Opperman JJ, Abell R, Acreman M, Arthington AH, Bunn SE, Cooke SJ, Dalton J, Darwall W, Edwards G, Harrison I, Hughes K, Jones T, Leclère D, Lynch AJ, Leonard P, McClain ME, Muruven D, Olden JD, Ormerod SJ, Robinson J, Tharme RE, Thieme M, Tockner K, Wright M, Young L. Bending the Curve of Global Freshwater Biodiversity Loss: An Emergency Recovery Plan. Bioscience 2020; 70:330-342. [PMID: 32284631 PMCID: PMC7138689 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their limited spatial extent, freshwater ecosystems host remarkable biodiversity, including one-third of all vertebrate species. This biodiversity is declining dramatically: Globally, wetlands are vanishing three times faster than forests, and freshwater vertebrate populations have fallen more than twice as steeply as terrestrial or marine populations. Threats to freshwater biodiversity are well documented but coordinated action to reverse the decline is lacking. We present an Emergency Recovery Plan to bend the curve of freshwater biodiversity loss. Priority actions include accelerating implementation of environmental flows; improving water quality; protecting and restoring critical habitats; managing the exploitation of freshwater ecosystem resources, especially species and riverine aggregates; preventing and controlling nonnative species invasions; and safeguarding and restoring river connectivity. We recommend adjustments to targets and indicators for the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Sustainable Development Goals and roles for national and international state and nonstate actors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin Abell
- Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Mike Acreman
- Director of Hydroecology Consulting, Wallingford, and a fellow of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Arthington
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart E Bunn
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Environmental science and biology for the Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Dalton
- Global Water Programme for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland
| | - Will Darwall
- Head of the IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Edwards
- Global coordinator of Nature 2020, WWF International in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Harrison
- IUCN-SSC Freshwater Conservation Committee and Conservation International, Arlington Virgnina
| | - Kathy Hughes
- Freshwater specialist for WWF-UK in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Jones
- DJEnvironmental, Harpers Mill, United Kingdom
| | - David Leclère
- International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Abigail J Lynch
- National Climate Adaptation Science Center, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
| | - Philip Leonard
- Freshwater Practice, WWF International in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E McClain
- Ecohydrology, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education and with the Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dean Muruven
- Freshwater Practice of WWF International, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Ecology, Cardiff School of Biosciences and the Water Research Institute, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Robinson
- Director of conservation, Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Klement Tockner
- Liebniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries and with the Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Wright
- Director of science for WWF-UK, in Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Young
- Science adviser for WWF-UK, in Woking, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Recent statements by United Nations bodies point to free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) as a potential requirement in the development of engineered gene drive applications. As a concept developed in the context of protecting Indigenous rights to self-determination in land development scenarios, FPIC would need to be extended to apply to the context of ecological editing. Without an explicit framework of application, FPIC could be interpreted as a narrowly framed process of community consultation focused on the social implications of technology, and award little formal or advisory power in decision-making to Indigenous peoples and local communities. In this paper, we argue for an articulation of FPIC that attends to issues of transparency, iterative community-scale consent, and shared power through co-development among Indigenous peoples, local communities, researchers and technology developers. In realizing a comprehensive FPIC process, researchers and developers have an opportunity to incorporate enhanced participation and social guidance mechanisms into the design, development and implementation of engineered gene drive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton R George
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Todd Kuiken
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Delborne
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Green EJ, Buchanan GM, Butchart SHM, Chandler GM, Burgess ND, Hill SLL, Gregory RD. Relating characteristics of global biodiversity targets to reported progress. Conserv Biol 2019; 33:1360-1369. [PMID: 30941815 PMCID: PMC6899758 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To inform governmental discussions on the nature of a revised Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), we reviewed the relevant literature and assessed the framing of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in the current strategic plan. We asked international experts from nongovernmental organizations, academia, government agencies, international organizations, research institutes, and the CBD to score the Aichi Targets and their constituent elements against a set of specific, measurable, ambitious, realistic, unambiguous, scalable, and comprehensive criteria (SMART based, excluding time bound because all targets are bound to 2015 or 2020). We then investigated the relationship between these expert scores and reported progress toward the target elements by using the findings from 2 global progress assessments (Global Biodiversity Outlook and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). We analyzed the data with ordinal logistic regressions. We found significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) between progress and the extent to which the target elements were perceived to be measurable, realistic, unambiguous, and scalable. There was some evidence of a relationship between progress and specificity of the target elements, but no relationship between progress and ambition. We are the first to show associations between progress and the extent to which the Aichi Targets meet certain SMART criteria. As negotiations around the post-2020 biodiversity framework proceed, decision makers should strive to ensure that new or revised targets are effectively structured and clearly worded to allow the translation of targets into actionable policies that can be successfully implemented nationally, regionally, and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Green
- Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsThe Lodge, Potton RoadSandySG19 2DLU.K.
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP‐WCMC)219 Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB3 0DLU.K.
| | - Graeme M. Buchanan
- Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsThe Lodge, Potton RoadSandySG19 2DLU.K.
| | - Stuart H. M. Butchart
- BirdLife InternationalDavid Attenborough Building, Pembroke StreetCambridgeCB2 3QZU.K.
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJU.K.
| | - Georgina M. Chandler
- Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsThe Lodge, Potton RoadSandySG19 2DLU.K.
| | - Neil D. Burgess
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP‐WCMC)219 Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB3 0DLU.K.
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJU.K.
- Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History MuseumUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2100Denmark
| | - Samantha L. L. Hill
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP‐WCMC)219 Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB3 0DLU.K.
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondonSW7 5BDU.K.
| | - Richard D. Gregory
- Centre for Conservation ScienceRoyal Society for the Protection of BirdsThe Lodge, Potton RoadSandySG19 2DLU.K.
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonWC1H 0AGU.K.
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Huang LS, Flavell R, Donnison IS, Chiang YC, Hastings A, Hayes C, Heidt C, Hong H, Hsu TW, Humphreys M, Jackson J, Norris J, Schwarz KU, Squance M, Swaller T, Thomas ID, Van Assche W, Xi Q, Yamada T, Youell S, Clifton-Brown J. Collecting wild Miscanthus germplasm in Asia for crop improvement and conservation in Europe whilst adhering to the guidelines of the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity. Ann Bot 2019; 124:591-604. [PMID: 30596965 PMCID: PMC6821356 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Germplasm with diverse, agronomically relevant traits forms the foundation of a successful plant breeding programme. Since 1993, the United Nations has been advocating the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the subsequent 2002 Bonn Guidelines as international best practice on germplasm collection and use. In 2006, a European team made an expedition to Asia to collect wild germplasm of Miscanthus, a C4 perennial rhizomatous grass, for breeding an environmentally adaptable, resilient and high-yielding bioenergy crop. We outline general aspects of germplasm collection, conservation, breeding and biomass production evaluation while following the CBD's guidelines, respecting biodiversity and conservation needs, and the ethical use of genetic resources. METHODS Effective protocols, quarantine, methods for collecting seed and rhizomes, and a genebank for conservation were established. Versatile informatics and database architecture were used to assist in selection, flowering synchronization, crossing, evaluation, phenotyping and data integration. Approaches were formulated to comply with the CBD guidelines. KEY RESULTS A total of 303 accessions of M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorus and M. floridulus were collected from 158 geographically and environmentally diverse locations. These species were shown to accumulate different amounts of aerial biomass due to combinations of stem count, height and thickness. Progeny from one interspecies cross accumulated more biomass in early trials and has shown double the yield performance in years 3-4 compared with the existing commercial cultivar M. × giganteus. An example of an F1 hybrid has already demonstrated the long-term potential of exploiting this collection for a breeding programme. CONCLUSIONS By conforming to the CBD principles, the authors' international collaboration provides a practical example of implementing the CBD. The collection widened the genetic diversity of Miscanthus available to allow for breeding of novel hybrids that exhibit more diverse traits to increase yield and resilience for growth on marginal land and in climate-challenged environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin S Huang
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun-Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Astley Hastings
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charlotte Hayes
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Chris Heidt
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Hao Hong
- The Guangdong Association of Grass and Environment, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tsai-Wen Hsu
- Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute (TESRI), Chi-Chi, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Mervyn Humphreys
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Julian Jackson
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, UK
| | - John Norris
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Kai-Uwe Schwarz
- Julius Kuhn Institut (JKI) Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Squance
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Ian David Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | - Qingguo Xi
- Dongying Agricultural Institute, Jiaozhoulu 383, Dongying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Toshihiko Yamada
- Field Science Centre for the Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sue Youell
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - John Clifton-Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
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41
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Deplazes-Zemp A. Challenges of Justice in the Context of Plant Genetic Resources. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1266. [PMID: 31708939 PMCID: PMC6823224 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I discuss access and benefit-sharing (ABS) for plant genetic resources from an ethical perspective. This leads to the question of what types of justice actually play a role when more equity and fairness is demanded for plant genetic resources. Five dimensions of justice will be distinguished: classical distributive justice, which deals with a fair distribution of goods; commutative justice, which concerns a fair exchange of "give-and-receive"; justice as recognition, which relates to treating all involved parties with the same respect; reparative justice, which pertains to fair amendments for wrongful actions in the past; and procedural justice, which is concerned with just decision processes. Drawing on the discussion of ethical problems with biopiracy, the distribution of environmental burdens, and plant genetic resources in agriculture, I will illustrate that the use of genetic resources poses challenges across all five dimensions of justice. Because the combination of justice challenges is specific for each case of resource use, I will argue that it is important that users of genetic resources are aware of the complexity of justice problems to ensure fair and equitable ABS negotiations.
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Tindall BJ. Clarification of access regulations to genetic resources that are subject to the sovereign rights of sovereign states and the deposit of nomenclatural types under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 70:317-320. [PMID: 31626584 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the goals of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes is not only to make nomenclature transparent and predictable, but to also make sure that the biological material on which it is based is available to either verify previous work or to allow further work to be undertaken. The key elements in ensuring the latter two aspects are nomenclatural types (type strains) at the rank of species and subspecies. With increasing regulations controlling access to genetic resources, the limitations put on access are not always evident at the time novel species or subspecies are proposed and corresponding nomenclatural types (type strains) designated. In a number of cases, limitations put on access have been discovered after the fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Tindall
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Rogalla von Bieberstein K, Sattout E, Christensen M, Pisupati B, Burgess ND, Harrison J, Geldmann J. Improving collaboration in the implementation of global biodiversity conventions. Conserv Biol 2019; 33:821-831. [PMID: 30461056 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eight conventions make up the biodiversity cluster of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) that provide the critical international legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of nature. However, concerns about the rate of implementation of the conventions at the national level have triggered discussions about the effectiveness of these MEAs in halting the loss of biodiversity. Two main concerns have emerged: lack of capacity and resources and lack of coherence in implementing multiple conventions. We focused on the latter and considered the mechanisms by which international conventions are translated into national policy. Specifically, we examined how the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets have functioned as a unifying grand plan for biodiversity conservation. This strategic plan has been used to coordinate and align targets to promote and enable more effective implementation across all biodiversity-related conventions. Results of a survey of 139 key stakeholders from 88 countries suggests streamlining across ministries and agencies, improved coordination mechanisms with all relevant stakeholders, and better knowledge sharing between conventions could improve cooperation among biodiversity-related conventions. The roadmap for improving synergies among conventions agreed to at the 13th Convention on Biological Diversity's Conference of Parties in 2016 includes actions such as mechanisms to avoid duplication in national reporting and monitoring on conventions and capacity building related to information and knowledge sharing. We suggest the scientific community can actively engage and contribute to the policy process by establishing a science-policy platform to address knowledge gaps; improving data gathering, reporting, and monitoring; developing indicators that adequately support implementation of national plans and strategies; and providing evidence-based recommendations to policy makers. The latter will be particularly important as 2020 approaches and work to develop a new biodiversity agenda for the next decade is beginning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Sattout
- UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science in the Arab States, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt
| | - Mads Christensen
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Balakrishna Pisupati
- UN Environment, Law Division (UNEP-DELC), P.O. Box 33552, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen E, Denmark
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Jerry Harrison
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Jonas Geldmann
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
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Deplazes-Zemp A. A global biodiversity fund to implement distributive justice for genetic resources. Dev World Bioeth 2019; 19:235-244. [PMID: 31091552 DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the question of who has a right to control and benefit from genetic resources globally. To this end it draws on different accounts in the resource rights literature with a focus on the specific features that distinguish genetic resources from other types of natural resources. It will be argued that due to the intangible and non-territorial nature of genetic resources, territorial rights over these resources are difficult to maintain. Moreover, the vulnerability of genetic resources implies that much cost and effort is required to protect them. I will argue that not only benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources but also these costs associated with their protection should be an object of distributive justice. To accommodate these two points I will introduce the model of a global biodiversity fund that could replace the bilateral access and benefit sharing negotiations suggested by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Greiber T. Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol in the European Union and in Germany. Phytomedicine 2019; 53:313-318. [PMID: 30392747 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2014 the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization entered into force. The Protocol aims to further concretize and improve the implementation of the access and benefit-sharing (ABS) obligations already foreseen under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) since 1993. The European Union has accepted the challenge to establish the necessary monitoring and compliance measures which are envisaged in the Nagoya Protocol. For this two ABS Regulations (Regulation (EU) No 511/2014 and Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/1866) were adopted in the European Union. HYPOTHESIS However, the EU ABS legislation "only" provides a framework of instruments which now need to be tried out and tested in real life. RESULTS As this paper shows competent national authorities in the European Union, such as the one in Germany, currently face a number of practical challenges ranging from ABS awareness raising in numerous and very diverse sectors, to clarification of the highly disputed scope of the EU ABS legislation, to the development of effective, proportionate and dissuasive compliance checks. CONCLUSIONS The paper concludes that the implementation of ABS in general and the Nagoya Protocol in particular remain a highly complicated task influenced by rapid technological developments and a general lack of trust between countries as well as stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Greiber
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Head of Division I 1.3, Competent National Authority for the Nagoya Protocol. Konstantinstr. 110, Bonn 53179, Germany.
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Dörr D. Biopiracy and the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples. Phytomedicine 2019; 53:308-312. [PMID: 30482413 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since over thirty years, I work on the unclear legal situation of in which indigenous peoples find themselves today in the beginning mainly in the USA and later also in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The status of indigenous people and native nations is characterized as a mixture of national and international law. Hypothesis/Purpose: To clarify the status of indigenous people it is necessary to analyze and interpret carefully hundreds of old treaties, international declarations and covenants, national statutes and jurisprudence, especially the old leading decisions of the US-Supreme Court. Such an analysis and interpretation should prove that indigenous people have the defensive right of self determination. RESULTS The study outlines the old decisions of the US-Supreme Court with its inherent contradictions which highly influenced the status of indigenous people in all other countries until now. It clarifies the important new developments in international law especially the non binding Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and its effects on the interpretation of international and national law in regard to biopiracy. For this purpose it is necessary to use the methods of judgmental comparative law, historical and teleological interpretation. CONCLUSION By expressly stating that indigenous peoples have a right to self-determination, the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of 2007 complements the protection stipulated in the Charter and the Covenants of 1966. Although the declaration itself is not legally binding as it is a resolution of the UN General Assembly, it can serve as a blueprint to show the rights that indigenous peoples can derive from international law as well as rights which should ideally be granted to them by the states even though they are not yet binding customary or treaty law. Self-determination means exactly that, it is up to the bearers of the right to decide how they want to utilize this right and then work together with the state in which they live in defining a joint framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Dörr
- International and European Law, Media Law, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Jakob Welder Weg 4, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Singh GG, Cheung WWL. A fuzzy logic expert system for evaluating policy progress towards sustainability goals. Ambio 2018; 47:595-607. [PMID: 29249050 PMCID: PMC6072633 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-0998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating progress towards environmental sustainability goals can be difficult due to a lack of measurable benchmarks and insufficient or uncertain data. Marine settings are particularly challenging, as stakeholders and objectives tend to be less well defined and ecosystem components have high natural variability and are difficult to observe directly. Fuzzy logic expert systems are useful analytical frameworks to evaluate such systems, and we develop such a model here to formally evaluate progress towards sustainability targets based on diverse sets of indicators. Evaluation criteria include recent (since policy enactment) and historical (from earliest known state) change, type of indicators (state, benefit, pressure, response), time span and spatial scope, and the suitability of an indicator in reflecting progress toward a specific objective. A key aspect of the framework is that all assumptions are transparent and modifiable to fit different social and ecological contexts. We test the method by evaluating progress towards four Aichi Biodiversity Targets in Canadian oceans, including quantitative progress scores, information gaps, and the sensitivity of results to model and data assumptions. For Canadian marine systems, national protection plans and biodiversity awareness show good progress, but species and ecosystem states overall do not show strong improvement. Well-defined goals are vital for successful policy implementation, as ambiguity allows for conflicting potential indicators, which in natural systems increases uncertainty in progress evaluations. Importantly, our framework can be easily adapted to assess progress towards policy goals with different themes, globally or in specific regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202, Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Gerald G. Singh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202, Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, 2202, Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Jones KR, Klein CJ, Halpern BS, Venter O, Grantham H, Kuempel CD, Shumway N, Friedlander AM, Possingham HP, Watson JEM. The Location and Protection Status of Earth's Diminishing Marine Wilderness. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2506-2512.e3. [PMID: 30057308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As human activities increasingly threaten biodiversity [1, 2], areas devoid of intense human impacts are vital refugia [3]. These wilderness areas contain high genetic diversity, unique functional traits, and endemic species [4-7]; maintain high levels of ecological and evolutionary connectivity [8-10]; and may be well placed to resist and recover from the impacts of climate change [11-13]. On land, rapid declines in wilderness [3] have led to urgent calls for its protection [3, 14]. In contrast, little is known about the extent and protection of marine wilderness [4, 5]. Here we systematically map marine wilderness globally by identifying areas that have both very little impact (lowest 10%) from 15 anthropogenic stressors and also a very low combined cumulative impact from these stressors. We discover that ∼13% of the ocean meets this definition of global wilderness, with most being located in the high seas. Recognizing that human influence differs across ocean regions, we repeat the analysis within each of the 16 ocean realms [15]. Realm-specific wilderness extent varies considerably, with >16 million km2 (8.6%) in the Warm Indo-Pacific, down to <2,000 km2 (0.5%) in Temperate Southern Africa. We also show that the marine protected area estate holds only 4.9% of global wilderness and 4.1% of realm-specific wilderness, very little of which is in biodiverse ecosystems such as coral reefs. Proactive retention of marine wilderness should now be incorporated into global strategies aimed at conserving biodiversity and ensuring that large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes continue. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R Jones
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Carissa J Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101-5504, USA; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Burkhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Hedley Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - Caitlin D Kuempel
- Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicole Shumway
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA; Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - James E M Watson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Bachman SP, Nic Lughadha EM, Rivers MC. Quantifying progress toward a conservation assessment for all plants. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:516-524. [PMID: 29266390 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) set an ambitious target to achieve a conservation assessment for all known plant species by 2020. We consolidated digitally available plant conservation assessments and reconciled their scientific names and assessment status to predefined standards to provide a quantitative measure of progress toward this target. The 241,919 plant conservation assessments generated represent 111,824 accepted land plant species (vascular plants and bryophytes, not algae). At least 73,081 and up to 90,321 species have been assessed at the global scale, representing 21-26% of known plant species. Of these plant species, at least 27,148 and up to 32,542 are threatened. Eighty plant families, including some of the largest, such as Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, and Rubiaceae, are underassessed and should be the focus of assessment effort if the GSPC target is to be met by 2020. Our data set is accessible online (ThreatSearch) and is a baseline that can be used to directly support other GSPC targets and plant conservation action. Although around one-quarter of a million plant assessments have been compiled, the majority of plants are still unassessed. The challenge now is to build on this progress and redouble efforts to document conservation status of unassessed plants to better inform conservation decisions and conserve the most threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Bachman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, U.K
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Malin C Rivers
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW, U.K
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Biró M, Bölöni J, Molnár Z. Use of long-term data to evaluate loss and endangerment status of Natura 2000 habitats and effects of protected areas. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:660-671. [PMID: 29072342 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Habitat loss is a key driver of biodiversity loss. However, hardly any long-term time series analyses of habitat loss are available above the local scale for finer-level habitat categories. We analysed, from a long-term perspective, the habitat specificity of habitat-area loss, the change in trends in habitat loss since 1989 (dissolution of the communist state), and the impact of protected areas on habitat loss in Hungary. We studied 20 seminatural habitat types in 5000 randomly selected localities over 7 periods from 1783 to 2013 based on historical maps, archival and recent aerial photos and satellite imagery, botanical descriptions, and field data. We developed a method for estimating habitat types based on information transfer between historical sources (i.e., information from a source was used to interpret or enrich information from another source). Trends in habitat loss over time were habitat specific. We identified 7 types of habitat loss over time regarding functional form: linear, exponential, linear and exponential, delayed, minimum, maximum, and disappearance. Most habitats had continuous loss from period to period. After 1986 the average annual rates of habitat loss increased, but the trend reversed after 2002. Nature conservation measures significantly affected habitat loss; net loss was halted, albeit only inside protected areas. When calculating the degree of endangerment based on short-term data (52 years), we classified only 1 habitat as critically endangered, but based on long-term data (230 years), this increased to 7 (including habitat that no longer existed). Hungary will probably reach the global Convention on Biological Diversity Target 5 but will probably not achieve the EU Biodiversity Strategy target of halting habitat loss by 2020. Long-term trend data were highly useful when we examined recent habitat-loss data in a wider context. Our method could be applied effectively in other countries to augment shorter-term data sets on trends in habitat area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Biró
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, 8237 Tihany, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - János Bölöni
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, 8237 Tihany, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Molnár
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, 8237 Tihany, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
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