1
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Girolami M, La Rosa D, Barsocchi P. Bluetooth dataset for proximity detection in indoor environments collected with smartphones. Data Brief 2024; 53:110215. [PMID: 38419772 PMCID: PMC10900757 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a data collection experiment and the resulting dataset based on Bluetooth beacon messages collected in an indoor museum. The goal of this dataset is to study algorithms and techniques for proximity detection between people and points of interest (POI). To this purpose, we release the data we collected during 32 museum's visits, in which we vary the adopted smartphones and the visiting paths. The smartphone is used to collect Bluetooth beacons emitted by Bluetooth tags positioned nearby each POI. The visiting layout defines the order of visit of 10 artworks. The combination of different smartphones, the visiting paths and features of the indoor museum allow experiencing with realistic environmental conditions. The dataset comprises RSS (Received Signal Strength) values, timestamp and artwork identifiers, as long as a detailed ground truth, reporting the starting and ending time of each artwork's visit. The dataset is addressed to researchers and industrial players interested in further investigating how to automatically detect the location or the proximity between people and specific points of interest, by exploiting commercial technologies available with smartphone. The dataset is designed to speed up the prototyping process, by releasing an accurate ground truth annotation and details concerning the adopted hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Girolami
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, (ISTI-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide La Rosa
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, (ISTI-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Barsocchi
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies, National Research Council, (ISTI-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Giusti M, Vannini IE, Persiani N. Governance models for historical hospitals: evidence from Italy. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:293. [PMID: 38448903 PMCID: PMC10918959 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Many hospitals and health care organizations over the centuries have inherited handcrafts of artistic value, objects of worships, donations from pilgrims, votive offerings, legates as a result of their centuries-old activity in the social and health care of their community. The value of these artistic assets and the role in the territory of these hospitals have transformed them into cultural heritage over time, introducing the issue of the coexistence of cultural and care management. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify governance models of what we will call historical hospitals, that is, hospitals that because of their history, their assets, and their artistic heritage, far from being places only dedicated to provision of health care services represent cultural heritage. To pursue this research objective, five Italian historical hospitals were selected and identified as significant case studies for their historic and artistic relevance. Through the analysis of these case studies the paper identifies models of governance of historical hospitals and the reasons of their adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Elisa Vannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Niccolò Persiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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Caggiani MC, Barone G, Mazzoleni P. Non-invasive analysis of reference glass and historical mosaic tesserae by means of reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 308:123675. [PMID: 38035409 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Within vibrational spectroscopy techniques, Raman is much more employed than infrared spectroscopy for the study of glassy materials belonging to cultural heritage. This could be due to both a less straightforward interpretation of the spectra and a more difficult application of the technique with portable instrumentations. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) can be exploited in archaeometric investigations because portable and non-invasive. On the other hand, no systematic applications of this technique to historical glasses are found in the literature. This exploratory work reports the DRIFTS investigation of the Corning Archaeological Reference Glasses, widely used as references in the cultural heritage field, and of real case glass samples, with the aim of exploring the potential of this technique to gain information about their composition and alteration. The results, exploiting the association of portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF), and, where possible, of EDS microanalyses, are encouraging, setting the samples within a compositional range and highlighting spectral differences for the altered surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Caggiani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95128 Catania, Italy
| | - Germana Barone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95128 Catania, Italy.
| | - Paolo Mazzoleni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, 95128 Catania, Italy
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4
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Vahur S, Treshchalov A, Lohmus R, Teearu A, Niman K, Hiiop H, Kikas J, Leito I. Laser-based analytical techniques in cultural heritage science - Tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1292:342107. [PMID: 38309841 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
This tutorial review combines the fundamentals of the design and operation of lasers with their usage in applications related to conservation and cultural heritage (CH) science - as components of analytical devices for the study of the chemical composition of materials. The development of laser instruments and their fundamental physical background, including a short explanation of their properties and parameters, are briefly summarised, and an overview of different laser-based analytical techniques is given. The analytical techniques covered in this tutorial are divided into three groups based on their technical aspects and properties: (1) vibrational spectroscopy, (2) elemental analysis, and (3) different molecular mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Vahur
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Alexey Treshchalov
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rynno Lohmus
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Teearu
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Käthi Niman
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Conservation, Estonian Academy of Arts, Põhja pst 7, 10412, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hilkka Hiiop
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Cultural Heritage and Conservation, Estonian Academy of Arts, Põhja pst 7, 10412, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaak Kikas
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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5
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Zhao X, Elahi E, Wang F, Xing H, Khalid Z. Sustainable tourism development for traditional Chinese drama's intangible cultural heritage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25483. [PMID: 38333833 PMCID: PMC10850591 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study establishes an expert-driven evaluation system to assess the sustainable tourism development of drama-related intangible cultural heritage in China. Utilizing the Saaty 1-9 scale and hierarchical analysis method, 52 experts determined indicator weights and current development levels. Four dimensions are evaluated: humanistic value, project quality, tourism development, and sustainability. Results reveal humanistic value as most vital at 41.70 % weight. Secondary factors are project quality (29.89 %), tourism development (20.87 %), and sustainability (7.54 %). Aesthetic value, dissemination degree, and location conditions proved to the crucial tourism indicators. The ideological value of drama is paramount, alongside visibility and climate factors. The evaluation demonstrated strong preservation of humanistic value but deficiencies in tourism development, especially regarding infrastructure. Key recommendations include balancing preservation, dissemination, and innovation; emphasizing ideological value, visibility, and climate suitability; maintaining humanistic diversity; and improving site infrastructure. Further testing of evaluation indicators across periods is warranted alongside examining green revitalization potential. This assessment, guided by experts, offers a thorough framework for the sustainable development and preservation of the precious intangible heritage embodied in Chinese drama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhao
- School of Communication Sciences and Arts, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Ehsan Elahi
- School of Economics, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255022, China
| | - Fushuai Wang
- Moscow School of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Hu Xing
- School of Humanities, Geely University of China, Chengdu, 641423, China
| | - Zainab Khalid
- School of Economics and Management, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Capobianco G, Pronti L, Gorga E, Romani M, Cestelli-Guidi M, Serranti S, Bonifazi G. Methodological approach for the automatic discrimination of pictorial materials using fused hyperspectral imaging data from the visible to mid-infrared range coupled with machine learning methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 304:123412. [PMID: 37741099 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging represents a powerful tool for the study of artwork's materials since it permits to obtain simultaneously information about the spectral behavior of the materials and their spatial distribution. By combining hyperspectral images performed on several spectral intervals (visible, near infrared and mid-infrared ranges) through chemometric methods it is possible to clearly identify most of the materials used in painting (i.e., pigments, dyes, varnishes, and binders). Moreover, in the last decade, the development of machine learning algorithms coupled with comprehensive and continuously updated databases opens new perspective on the automatic recognition of pictorial materials. In this work, we propose a novel procedure to support the automatic discrimination of pictorial materials consisting in a mid-level data fusion on imaging datasets coming from two commercial hyperspectral cameras, in the 400-1000 nm and 1000-2500 nm spectral ranges, respectively, and a MAcroscopic Fourier Transform InfRared scanning in reflection mode (MA-rFTIR), in the 7000 to 350 cm-1 (1428 nm - 28 μm) spectral range. The automatic recognition of 102 pictorial mock-ups from the fused data is performed by testing the performance of ECOC-SVM (error-correcting output coding and support vector machine) model obtaining a good predictive result with only few pixels that are confused with other classes. The methodology described in this paper demonstrates that an accurate paint layer multiclass recognition is feasible, and the use of chemometric approaches solves some challenges involving the study of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Capobianco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucilla Pronti
- National Laboratories of Frascati - INFN, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy.
| | - E Gorga
- National Laboratories of Frascati - INFN, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - M Romani
- National Laboratories of Frascati - INFN, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - M Cestelli-Guidi
- National Laboratories of Frascati - INFN, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Serranti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - G Bonifazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
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7
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Jiang A, Sun F, Zhang B, Wu Q, Cai S, Yang Z, Chang Y, Han R, Yu S. Spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of vegetation coverage around linear cultural heritage: A case study of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. J Environ Manage 2024; 349:119431. [PMID: 37879223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Linear cultural heritage, which plays significant roles in safeguarding the world's cultural and maintaining global civilization, has obtained rising concerns in purpose of sustainability. However, in view of existing publications, most attention has been paid on its values of recreation, history and culture. Its ecological environment is still poorly understood. As the longest linear cultural heritage in the world and spiritual symbol of China, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (BHGC) was selected as the study area in this study. We focused on the vegetation coverage around the BHGC from 2000 to 2020 and aimed to practically investigate whether and why vegetation distributes imbalanced along the entire BHGC. The annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from Landsat images, was used to indicate the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation coverage. Based on ten natural and human interference factors, the geographic detector model was applied to analyze its driving mechanism. Results show that (1) vegetation coverage around the BHGC presented apparently spatial heterogeneity. Cities located at both ends of the BHGC showed lower vegetation coverage, whereas those in the middle were relatively higher. (2) Vegetation coverage in 23 cities around the BHGC was relatively stable over time, i.e., nearly 76.39% of the study area was measured unchanged trend. The slight degradation mainly occurred to the sub-urban and extra-urban areas. (3) The driving forces of human interferences on vegetation coverage dynamics around the BHGC surpassed natural factors from 2000 to 2020. Population density, GDP and cultural heritage density presented higher explanatory powers of vegetation growth compared to other seven factors. These findings provide a scientific basis for local governments to intervene in vegetation changes and ecological restoration through natural and human factors within the favorable scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Jiang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Fengzhi Sun
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Baolei Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Quanyuan Wu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Shangshu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Yong Chang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Rongqing Han
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, 430074, China.
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Vergelli L, Frasca F, Bertolin C, Favero G, Siani AM. A review on inorganic gaseous pollutants in conservation spaces: monitoring instrumentation and indoor concentrations. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 196:85. [PMID: 38147197 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents the results of a review of scientific literature on gaseous inorganic pollutants monitored in confined indoor spaces housing cultural heritage. A survey on standards suggesting concentration thresholds together with European projects on the topic was provided. Sixty-six scientific articles were systematically selected based on the PRISMA flow diagram over the period 1984-2021 for a total number of 80 case studies mainly located in Europe (64%). Monitoring was mainly performed in museums and galleries (61%), specifically in exhibition rooms (79%). Active devices were rarely employed, whereas passive samplers, exposed in situ and then laboratory-analysed, were mostly used for nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide monitoring. Direct-reading continuous devices were widely used for ozone monitoring. It was found that average concentrations of ozone were below 5 ppb in only 50% of cases, nitrogen dioxide below 10 ppb in more than 60% of cases, nitric oxide below 5 ppb in 30% of cases, nitric and nitrous acid below 1 ppb in less than 50% of cases, sulphur dioxide below 2 ppb in more than 60% of cases, and hydrogen sulphide below 0.1 ppb in only 25% of cases. Comparisons were performed following the thresholds suggested in the literature. The lowest concentration values were usually associated to the use of mechanical ventilation systems equipped with air filters and to non-urban case studies. The low number of case studies can be due to the difficulties to perform monitoring in conservation spaces with current instruments. Further research should be conducted to uniform standards that suggest instruments' requirements and pollutant thresholds to limit degradation on cultural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Vergelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Frasca
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertolin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands Vei 2B, Gløshaugen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Siani
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy.
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the Safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Wang B, Qi M, Ma Y, Zhang B, Hu Y. Microbiome Diversity and Cellulose Decomposition Processes by Microorganisms on the Ancient Wooden Seawall of Qiantang River of Hangzhou, China. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:2109-2119. [PMID: 37099155 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Archaeological wood, also known as wooden cultural relics, refers to ancient wood that has been worked by humans. Further insights into the decomposition mechanism of archaeological wood are needed for its preventive conservation. In this study, we assessed the microbiome diversity and cellulose decomposition processes on a 200-year-old ancient wooden seawall - the Qiantang River of Hangzhou, China. We used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to deduce the metagenomic functions, particularly the cellulose-decomposing pathway of the microbial communities, through bioinformatical approaches. The predominant cellulose-decomposing microorganisms were then verified with traditional isolation, culture, and identification method. The results showed that the excavation of archaeological wood significantly altered the environment, accelerating the deterioration process of the archaeological wood through the carbohydrate metabolism and the xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism pathways, under the comprehensive metabolism of complex ecosystem formed by bacteria, archaea, fungi, microfauna, plants, and algae. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were found to be the predominant source of bacterial cellulose-decomposing enzymes. Accordingly, we suggest relocating the wooden seawall to an indoor environment with controllable conditions to better preserve it. In addition, these results provide further evidence for our viewpoints that HTS techniques, combined with rational bioinformatical data interpretation approaches, can serve as powerful tools for the preventive protection of cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Miaoyi Qi
- Department of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Yonghua Ma
- The Traditional Architecture Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
| | - Yulan Hu
- Department of Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
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10
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Sun X, Chen W, Zhang B. A portable microfluidic device integrated with electrochemical sensing platform for detection of multiple binders in ancient wall paintings. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1275:341562. [PMID: 37524458 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The aging of the proteinaceous binders will cause the cultural relics to suffer from diseases such as flaking, cracks, and even peeling. Identifying the type of binders in a timely manner is conducive to restore diseased cultural relics. High-throughput and portable detection system are of great significance for researching cultural relic materials on the archaeological site. Therefore, in this work, a portable electrochemical microfluidic device for the simultaneous detection of casein, ovalbumin, and peach gum binders was developed. The proposed electrochemical immunosensor technology integrated with microfluidic device achieve the goals of miniaturization, portability and reagent-saving. For casein, ovalbumin and peach gum, excellent performance was obtained in terms of their limits of detection (LOD) at 0.237, 0.507, and 0.403 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3), respectively. In addition, the microfluidic sensing platform exhibited acceptable anti-interference ability, stability, and storage capacity. In order to evaluate the practical application value, the proposed microfluidic sensing device was applied for detecting eight archaeological samples from different historic sites. This work demonstrates great potential for high-throughput, portable detection of cultural relic proteinaceous binder materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Abstract
'Nostalgic environments' are increasingly being created in museums and institutional care settings for people with dementia, to support residents' capacities for memory and recognition. Drawing upon ethnography carried out in a public nursing home specialized in dementia care in Copenhagen, Denmark, this paper engages conceptually the employment of material heritage within dementia care environments, proposing dementia care as a 'curatorial' practice: caregivers act as 'curators' who re-establish and reorganize the 'meaning' of the residents by preserving their individual biographies and societal belonging. The analytical alignment of dementia care with the curating of cultural valuables reveals that the human is not only the subject within-and the creator of-cultural heritage, but also the object: the person with dementia is simultaneously an acting subject in care and an object for performances of the category of the human. As the curatorial care performed in nursing homes preserves not only individual, but also collective memories of what it takes to be human and belong in society, these institutions should be recognized as significant sites within society concerned with the production of meaning, value and cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben M Gjødsbøl
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Medical Science and Technology Studies, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5B, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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12
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Abebe AH, Madda Gatisso M. The conservation and preservation challenges and threats in the development of cultural heritage: The case of the Kawo Amado Kella Defensive Wall (KAKDW) in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18839. [PMID: 37674824 PMCID: PMC10477441 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper is focused on the analysis of the state and risks to Kawo Amado Kella's defensive wall cultural legacy in Wolaita, Ethiopia, and the effects of development project priority, modernity, religion, and globalization. The paper identified the current framework of documentation and conservation policies applied to cultural heritage. Value-based conservation strategies are stated as essential for sustainable heritage management. An efficient management of the defensive wall is stated as necessary to conserve, maintain, and restore heritage structures from any natural and manmade problems. The study used a qualitative ethnographic research approach. Purposive and snowball sampling procedures were utilized in this investigation. There were a total of 171 interviews conducted during all stages of the process. In total, there were 64 women. By being conserved, restored, and preserved, the cultural legacy of Kawo Amado Kella's defensive wall not only helped to preserve an ancient civilization but also contributed to the development of a distinct national and international culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afework Hailegiorgis Abebe
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Management, WSU, Ethiopia
- UCD School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Vallejo DD, Popowich A, Arslanoglu J, Tokarski C, Fernández FM. Native triboelectric nanogenerator ion mobility-mass spectrometry of egg proteins relevant to objects of cultural heritage at picoliter and nanomolar quantities. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1269:341374. [PMID: 37290850 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Vallejo
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Popowich
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Arslanoglu
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nano-Objects, UMR CNRS 5248, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Cattò C, Mu A, Moreau JW, Wang N, Cappitelli F, Strugnell R. Biofilm colonization of stone materials from an Australian outdoor sculpture: Importance of geometry and exposure. J Environ Manage 2023; 339:117948. [PMID: 37080094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The safeguarding of Australian outdoor stone heritage is currently limited by a lack of information concerning mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the built heritage. In this study, the bacterial community colonizing the stone surface of an outdoor sculpture located at the Church of St. John the Evangelist in Melbourne was analysed, providing an overview of the patterns of microbial composition associated with stone in an anthropogenic context. Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing together with confocal laser microscope investigations highlighted the bacterial community was composed of both phototrophic and chemotrophic microorganisms characteristic of stone and soil, and typical of arid, salty and urban environments. Cardinal exposure, position and surface geometry were the most important factors in determining the structure of the microbial community. The North-West exposed areas on the top of the sculpture with high light exposure gave back the highest number of sequences and were dominated by Cyanobacteria. The South and West facing in middle and lower parts of the sculpture received significantly lower levels of radiation and were dominated by Actinobacteria. Proteobacteria were observed as widespread on the sculpture. This pioneer research provided an in-depth investigation of the microbial community structure on a deteriorated artistic stone in the Australian continent and provides information for the identification of deterioration-associated microorganisms and/or bacteria beneficial for stone preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andre Mu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - John W Moreau
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; School of Geographical, Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Richard Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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15
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Xia C, Liu D, Kong Z, Xie H, Mu B, Hokoi S, Li Y. Spatial and temporal changes in microclimate affect disease distribution in two ancient tombs of Southern Tang Dynasty. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18054. [PMID: 37496896 PMCID: PMC10366430 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Two tombs of the Southern Tang Dynasty (Qinling Tomb and Shunling Tomb), the most important cultural heritages in China, were built for emperors 1000 years ago and decorated with murals and stone sculptures. After their excavation in the 1950s, it was found that drastic fluctuations in the environment within the tombs had caused multiple diseases, such as salt efflorescence, powdering, and biodeterioration, which led to irreversible damage to the murals. This research comprised long-term (yearly) environmental monitoring and short-term (monthly) investigation into the distribution of salt crystallization and microbial growth within the two tombs. The objective was to unveil the relationship between the temporal and spatial distributions of the mural diseases and environmental characteristics while proposing a promising environmental regulation strategy for relic conservation. The results showed a gradual reduction in temperature fluctuation from the entrance to the back chamber and a distinct vertical stratification in relative humidity. The relative humidity in the upper areas of the tombs reached 100% during summer, while it averaged around 40-50% in the lower areas during winter. Consequently, significant condensation was observed on the ceiling in summer, whereas salt crystallization occurred on the murals in the lower space in winter. The distribution of these diseases was influenced by the airflow exchange between the interior and exterior. Furthermore, the structural disparities between the two tombs contributed to higher relative humidity and greater microorganism coverage in the Shunling Tomb compared to the Qinling Tomb. From the abovementioned findings, we suggest that microclimate control is essential for mitigating mural deterioration and should be paid more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Xia
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Diandian Liu
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyi Kong
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huarong Xie
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baogang Mu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuichi Hokoi
- Architecture Internationalization Demonstration School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Lawther HA, Newsome GA. Minimally Invasive Liquid Microjunction Sampling to Identify Dye on a 17th Century Spanish Illuminated Manuscript. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023. [PMID: 37219042 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Common sampling methods for mass spectrometry such as sectioning are undesirably damaging to cultural heritage objects. A liquid microjunction sampling technique is developed that uses minimal solvent volume for analysis. Painted illustrations on a 17th century parchment manuscript from Spain were analyzed to identify the organic red pigment throughout its pages. By extracting with 0.1 μL solvent, the pigment was supplied for direct infusion electrospray MS, and the resulting disruption to the object surface was practically invisible to the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Lawther
- Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland 20746 Maryland United States
| | - G Asher Newsome
- Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland 20746 Maryland United States
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17
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Mastronardi L, Cavallo A, Romagnoli L. A new governance model for the conservation and enhancement of Italian ancient transhumance routes. J Environ Manage 2023; 341:118086. [PMID: 37167700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transhumance routes mark the natural path followed by herds during their seasonal movements. These routes are disappearing in many European countries. In Italy, a few fragments survive in Molise, in southern Italy, called Tratturi and run along grassy paths. The Tratturi are considered to be of archaeological, economic and landscape interest, sources of cultural and environmental attraction, protected by a national law. However, the landscapes connected to the Tratturi are disappearing both as a consequence of non-use and as a consequence of the advancement of wooded areas, and this poses a problem related to the governance system that involves many stakeholders, both at international, national and local level. The study, through the use of the combined approach of Stakeholder Basic Analysis and Social Network Analysis, identifies the role of the stakeholders involved, their power, their interest and their ability to support the decision-making system. Furthermore, the paper uses multivariate statistical analysis to detect the key stakeholders. A new model of governance, allowing to preserve the Tratturi and to enhance the services they can provide, is introduced, and it is named Authority for the Conservation and Enhancement of Tratturi (ACET). This study can help to identify appropriate management models for ancient routes based on all stakeholders involved, and more generally to implement shared and co-responsible planning choices in socio-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mastronardi
- University of Molise, Department of Biosciences and Territory, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Italy.
| | - Aurora Cavallo
- Universitas Mercatorum, Piazza E. Mattei, 10, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Romagnoli
- University of Molise, Department of Economics, Via F. De Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy.
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18
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Duan ZY, Tan SK, Choon SW, Zhang MY. Crafting a place-based souvenir for sustaining cultural heritage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15761. [PMID: 37205990 PMCID: PMC10189373 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the souvenir-person-place bonding for sustaining cultural heritage. Previous studies acknowledge souvenirs could represent a place; however, how people perceive souvenirs as representative of the place still needs to be studied. This study comprehends the traditional craft by identifying the dimensions of place-based craft souvenirs and exploring the connections between souvenirs, craft, and place. A qualitative approach was employed. In-depth interviews, participant and non-participant observations were conducted in Jinan, China, a long-history city with many traditional crafts. Thirty documents were imported into ATLAS.ti software for analysis. The 'place-based craft souvenir', 'evaluation of souvenir', 'place meaning', and 'satisfaction' emerged as the four main themes of 'souvenir-person-place bonding'. These 'souvenir-people-place' bonding motivate individuals' understanding of traditional craft and place, contributing to the sustainability of the traditional craft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yan Duan
- Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siow-Kian Tan
- Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shay-Wei Choon
- Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Meng Yao Zhang
- Faculty of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Shandong Women's University
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19
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Fernández-Ramos MD, Bastida-Armesto M, Blanc-García R, Capitán-Vallvey LF, Medina-Castillo AL. Design of colorimetric nanostructured sensor phases for simple and fast quantification of low concentrations of acid vapors. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:160. [PMID: 36973585 PMCID: PMC10042966 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Two colorimetric nanostructured sensor phases (Color-NSPs) for the determination of low concentrations of acid vapors in the atmosphere of paper storage rooms have been designed and characterized. The acid vapor determination is based on the color change that occurs in polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of acids when it goes from its emeraldine base form (blue) to its emeraldine salt form (green). To synthesize the Color-NSPs, two methods have been used, a one-step method performed by grafting polyaniline onto a cellulose membrane (Cellu-PANI) and a two-step method in which in the first step, polyaniline is grafted onto the surface of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs-PANI), and in a second step, NPs-PANI are immobilized into the pores of a nylon membrane (Nylon-NPs PANI). The response of the sensors versus acid vapor was measured by color coordinates with a photographic camera. A linear response range from 1 ppmv to 7 ppmv was found for both sensors, and the detection limits were 0.95 ppmv (1.2 % RSD) and 0.40 ppmv (0.8 % RSD) for Cellu-PANI and Nylon-NPs PANI, respectively. In addition, both sensors showed complete reversibility and a short exposition time (5 min). The potential applicability of the Color-NSPs in the control of the exposure of paper heritage collections to outdoor- and indoor-generated gaseous pollutants was demonstrated by determining acid vapors in museums. The method was validated with an external reference method; the paired test was applied, and p-values greater than 5% were obtained, indicating an excellent correlation and showing that the Color-NSPs reported are simple, fast, and an economical alternative to control and protect cultural heritage materials in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Fernández-Ramos
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Bastida-Armesto
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - R Blanc-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - L F Capitán-Vallvey
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - A L Medina-Castillo
- ECsens, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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20
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Abstract
As non-renewable cultural heritages, murals have important implications in historical customs, religions, and philosophy as well as their aesthetic values. Recently, many murals are threatened by natural factors and human activities. During the past decades, there are increasing interest in the investigation of murals. Here we review the current status of murals and provide an up-to-date summary of achievements related to murals. The murals that draw the most attention are distributed in Mexico, Ireland, China, and Spain. The aesthetics, history, cultural, educational, and economic values of murals are comprehensively analyzed. The main research technologies used to detect the chemical compositions and physical structures of murals are also summarized. The restoration of murals includes several procedures such as stabilization, repair, surface cleaning, and pigment reconversion. Emerging technologies such as computer science benefit the research and conservation of murals. We also propose that tourism management and climate change should be incorporated into the conservation of murals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- College of Fine Arts and Design, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, 400 Yanbei Road, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
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21
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Schaffland A, Schöning J. Faroe Islands rephotography image registration dataset. Data Brief 2023; 47:108979. [PMID: 36860413 PMCID: PMC9969268 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 200 georeferenced registered rephotographic compilations of the Faroe Islands are provided in this dataset. The position of each compilation is georeferenced and thus locatable on a map. Each compilation consists of a historical and a corresponding contemporary image showing the same scene. With steady object features, these two images of the same geolocation are aligned pixel accurately. In the summer of 2022, all contemporary images were photographed by A. Schaffland, while historical images were retrieved from the National Museum of Denmark collections. Images show Faroese landscape and cultural heritage sites, focusing on relevant areas when the historical images were taken, e.g., Kirkjubøur, Tórshavn, and Saksun. Historic images date from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. The historical images were taken by scientists, surveyors, archaeologists, and painters. All historical images are in the public domain, have no known rights, or are shared under a CC license. The contemporary images by A. Schaffland are released under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. The dataset is organized as a GIS project. Historic images, not already georeferenced, were referenced with street view services. All historical images were added to the GIS database, containing camera position, viewing direction, etc. Each compilation can be displayed as an arrow from the camera position along the view direction on a map. Contemporary images were registered to historical images using a specialized tool. None or only a suboptimal rephotograph could be taken for some historical images. These historical images are still added to the database together with all other original images, providing additional data for improvements in rephotography methods in the upcoming years. The resulting image pairs can be used in image registration, landscape change, urban development, and cultural heritage research. Further, the database can be used for public engagement in heritage and as a benchmark for further rephotography and time-series projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schaffland
- Osnabrück University, Postfach 44 69, Osnabrück 49069, Germany,Corresponding author.
| | - Julius Schöning
- Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Albrechtstr. 30, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
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22
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Winter E, Teschler-Nicola M, Macfelda K, Vohland K. The pathological anatomical collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna. Wien Med Wochenschr 2023:10.1007/s10354-022-01001-5. [PMID: 36729342 PMCID: PMC9893974 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-022-01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathological anatomical collection Vienna (Pathologisch-Anatomische Sammlung Wien; PASW) is a living and still growing research collection. It was established as early as 1796 as part of the Medical University of Vienna, acquired the status of an independent federal museum in 1971, and was assigned to the Natural History Museum Vienna in 2012. It houses a wide range of human wet and dry specimens and further objects, such as moulages, medical devices, microbiological and histological specimens, and a photo archive (approximately 50,000 objects), which, as a meaningful source, may contribute to disclosing not only aspects of the medical history and the development of corresponding museums in Vienna, but is also considered a collection of cultural and current scientific relevance, quite comparable to today's biobanks. Most of the tissue amassment represents wet organic specimens and human skeletons or skeletal elements representing, e.g., congenital and metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, injuries, neoplasms, or musculoskeletal diseases, basically collected as descriptive anatomical teaching aids. This article reviews the current medical issues on which research has been and is being conducted by including PASW specimens (hereby using the ICD-10 code), and the extent to and ethical conditions under which this important heritage could be used as a reference collection for clinical and bioanthropological (paleopathological and palaeoepidemiological) studies; finally, this article reflects on the value and future research prospects, taking into account different positions and the ongoing discussions in pathological anatomical human tissue collections.
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23
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Timoncini A, Costantini F, Bernardi E, Martini C, Mugnai F, Mancuso FP, Sassoni E, Ospitali F, Chiavari C. Insight on bacteria communities in outdoor bronze and marble artefacts in a changing environment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 850:157804. [PMID: 35932861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilithic bacteria play a fundamental role in the conservation of cultural heritage (CH) materials. On stones, bacterial communities cause both degradation and bioprotection actions. Bronze biocorrosion in non-burial conditions is rarely studied. Only few studies have examined the relationship between bacteria communities and the chemical composition of patinas (surface degradation layers). A better comprehension of bacterial communities growing on our CH is fundamental not only to understand the related decay mechanisms but also to foresee possible shifts in their composition due to climate change. The present study aims at (1) characterizing bacterial communities on bronze and marble statues; (2) evaluating the differences in bacterial communities' composition and abundance occurring between different patina types on different statues; and (3) providing indications about a representative bacterial community which can be used in laboratory tests to better understand their influence on artefact decay. Chemical and biological characterization of different patinas were carried out by sampling bronze and marble statues in Bologna and Ravenna (Italy), using EDS/Raman spectroscopy and MinION-based 16SrRNA sequencing. Significant statistical differences were found in bacterial composition between marble and bronze statues, and among marble patinas in different statues and in the same statue. Marble surfaces showed high microbial diversity and were characterized mainly by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus. Bronze patinas showed low taxa diversity and were dominated by copper-resistant Proteobacteria. The copper biocidal effect is evident in greenish marble areas affected by the leaching of copper salts, where the bacterial community is absent. Here, Ca and Cu oxalates are present because of the biological reaction of living organisms to Cu ions, leading to metabolic product secretions, such as oxalic acid. Therefore, a better knowledge on the interaction between bacteria communities and patinas has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Timoncini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Federica Costantini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, UOS Ravenna, University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research Renewable Sources, Environment, Sea and Energy, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Martini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Mugnai
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, UOS Ravenna, University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Mancuso
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Enrico Sassoni
- Department Of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ospitali
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Chiavari
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
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24
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Damas Mollá L, Sagarna M, Zabaleta A, Aranburu A, Antiguedad I, Uriarte JA. Methodology for assessing the vulnerability of built cultural heritage. Sci Total Environ 2022; 845:157314. [PMID: 35842161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The conservation of constructions, and especially of built heritage, requires complex studies concerning their Global Vulnerability. These studies have to consider the current state of the building, i.e. the degradation degree, and the factors that mostly affect the building and, therefore, generate alterations. These factors are not limited to the structure of the building, location and environmental factors are also involved. Hence, the assessment of built heritage vulnerability should consider the building itself and also be extended to the site and the environment. This work presents a systematic and reproducible methodology for the quantification of the Global Vulnerability in different typologies of constructions and environments. The proposed methodology establishes a relationship between the existing alterations (A) and the main factors (F) that affect vulnerability (V) by means of an AFV (Alteration/Factor/Vulnerability) diagram. Based on these results alteration and vulnerability indices are calculated. The obtained AFV diagram allows the comparison between different constructions or separate areas within the same construction. This methodology was validated in two early twentieth-century constructions that form part of the reinforced concrete architectural heritage of the Basque Country: the Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, Spain) and the Aqueduct of the Araxes paper mill (Tolosa, Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Damas Mollá
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n 48970, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Maialen Sagarna
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Europa 1, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Ane Zabaleta
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n 48970, Leioa, Spain
| | - Arantza Aranburu
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n 48970, Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Antiguedad
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n 48970, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jesus A Uriarte
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n 48970, Leioa, Spain
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25
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ORSINI DAVIDE, MARTINI MARIANO. The history of vaccinology and hygiene through Achille Sclavo and the cultural patrimony conserved in the archives and museums: the key role of medical museology. J Prev Med Hyg 2022; 63:E476-E481. [PMID: 36415292 PMCID: PMC9648547 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.3.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the centuries, the oldest universities have amassed an extraordinary patrimony of material and immaterial cultural assets, which have been created or acquired for the purposes of research or teaching. Now on display in museums, they testify to the evolution of knowledge and its diversification in various disciplines. In order to safeguard, conserve and study this precious heritage, we need to implement a cultural project that activates that "process of awareness" on which cataloging is based. This is a "reasoned awareness" that enables an object to be framed within a system of scientific knowledge and historical-critical relationships, which are essential to its conservation and, consequently, to its public exploitation. Through this process, we can uncover the history of an object, its characteristics and its uniqueness. This is the case, for example, of an optical microscope on display in the Museo di Strumentaria medica (Medical Equipment Museum), which is part of the Museum System of the University of Siena.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAVIDE ORSINI
- University Museum System of Siena (Simus), History of Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - MARIANO MARTINI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- UNESCO CHAIR “Anthropology of Health - Biosphere and Healing System”, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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26
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Fan Z, Chen C, Huang H. Immersive cultural heritage digital documentation and information service for historical figure metaverse: a case of Zhu Xi, Song Dynasty, China. Herit Sci 2022; 10:148. [PMID: 36185636 PMCID: PMC9510179 DOI: 10.1186/s40494-022-00749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cultural heritage is closely linked with individual historical figures, who become a key focus for cultural tourism. Confucianism laid the foundation for much of Chinese civilization, and Confucius and Mencius have been studied extensively and have been influential in many parts of the world. Zhu Xi, the founder and master of Neo-Confucianism (an important part of the Mount Wuyi world cultural heritage), has received less research attention. With the big bang of the metaverse, research on the immersive cultural heritage digital documentation and information service for historical figures has become a new perspective. This paper presents a metaverse-based digital documentation framework for historical figures. This framework addresses the digitization of multimodal data for cultural heritage and adapts to the needs of metaverse presentations. For cultural research and cultural preservation, the paper has explored a combined contactless virtual and real cultural heritage experience system. For tourists, we intend to develop an immersive and holistic cultural tourism information service before, during and after the tour. In particular, we have also developed the Zhu Xi metaverse system. This is a step forward in the construction of a metaverse of historical figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanling Fan
- Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of MOE, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
- College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Chongcheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of MOE, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
- College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
- Academy of Digital China (Fujian), Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Hongyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of MOE, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
- Academy of Digital China (Fujian), Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
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Camodeca R, Almici A, Vannini MC. The Economic Impact of Universal Design on Cultural Heritage Contribution to SDGs: Evidence from Italian Museums. Stud Health Technol Inform 2022; 297:491-498. [PMID: 36073430 DOI: 10.3233/shti220878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
United Nations' Agenda 2030 highlights the need to "make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" (SDG 11) and reduce inequalities (SDG 10) for the good health and well-being (SDG 3) of the citizens. Although most Italian museums have been forced to comply with the rules for accessibility in public spaces since 1971 following Law 30/3/1971 n. 118 and, more recently, Legislative Decree 81/2008, in this context, Universal Design can contribute to the achievement of these goals by improving accessibility to spaces, services, and the community's well-being on the one hand, along with providing a deeper comprehension and awareness of the informational processes on the other hand. In this regard, museum organizations play a critical role in enhancing the quality of life and society's education by preserving and distributing cultural heritage over time. Despite the large number of studies focused on museum organizations, there is little research that takes into account Universal Design and its macro-and firm-level economic benefits on museum institutions (not-for-profit, public, and private). Considering this research gap, this study's aim is twofold: 1) to explore how some Italian museums have actually improved their facilities and services according to Universal Design principles and 2) to assess the economic museum accessibility. A qualitative methodology was applied using a questionnaire delivered to eight Italian museum, and collected data was compared. The findings underline how museums' investments in Universal Design may produce relevant economic benefits, both on the macroeconomic and firm levels, providing guidelines for public policies concerning welfare, transport, environment, education, and well-being. Universal Design principles can lead museums to an increasing convergence toward Sustainable Development Goals, improving their overall economic performance as well as strengthening their role in a more aware and participative society. This study has several relevant implications in terms of both policy and management. Policymakers should promote Universal Design investments in museums in order to ensure accessibility to a greater number of visitors, and cultural institutions should consider accessibility as a specific key management dimension to be monitored and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Camodeca
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia
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28
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Kose S. How Can We Ensure Accessibility of Cultural Heritage? Toward Better Utilization of Existing Assets in Japanese Context. Stud Health Technol Inform 2022; 297:435-442. [PMID: 36073423 DOI: 10.3233/shti220871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How can we ensure accessibility of historical buildings that were built before the idea was ever dreamt of? Important historic monuments such as World Heritage have come to be made to some extent accessible with due consideration of their historical value (in extreme case, no accessibility is available, and replicated models or virtual reality is alternatively in place). Many buildings that are currently in use pose problems because they have to be usable by everyone. To what extent the historical values can be sacrificed for accessibility and usability? This paper tries to propose some ideas to meet both needs of historical significance and accessibility/usability through examination of several Japanese examples.
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Wang X, Li H, Wang Y, Zhao X. Assessing climate risk related to precipitation on cultural heritage at the provincial level in China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 835:155489. [PMID: 35487462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the physical and chemical environment driven by climate change poses severe threats to the world cultural heritage. Assessing climate risk of cultural heritage is significant to their protection, especially for countries such as China which has a long history and a large amount of cultural heritage. In the study, we employ the risk assessment framework proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess quantitatively the long-term precipitation-related climate risk of cultural heritage at the provincial level in China. The cultural heritage is divided into 5 categories based on material and cultural characteristics: ancient culture sites, ancient tombs, ancient architectural structures, cave temples and stone carvings, and the modern and contemporary historic sites; and the future climate is projected to 2099 under the RCP-4.5 scenario. The results show that the risk of 5 categories of heritage varies considerably. The overall risk of the ancient culture sites and ancient tombs is significantly higher than that of the other 3 categories of heritage due to the vulnerable materials and old age. Spatially, the central regions of China face the highest overall climate risk due to the high hazard and exposure, followed by the eastern regions and the western regions. There are small regional differences in the risk of the ancient tombs while significant regional differences in the risk of the ancient architectural structures. To mitigate the climate risk of cultural heritage, the study highlights the key regions and the corresponding categories of heritage as well as strategies for prioritizing cultural heritage protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximo Wang
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Beijing Climate Change Response Research and Education Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department for Consulting and Research, Management World Journal, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhao
- Division of Public Policy, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Winkler A, Contardo T, Lapenta V, Sgamellotti A, Loppi S. Assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter on cultural heritage by magnetic biomonitoring at Villa Farnesina in Rome, Italy. Sci Total Environ 2022; 823:153729. [PMID: 35143797 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic biomonitoring methodologies were applied at Villa Farnesina, Rome, a masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, with loggias frescoed by renowned artists such as Raffaello Sanzio. Plant leaves were sampled in September and December 2020 and lichen transplants were exposed from October 2020 to early January 2021 at increasing distances from the main trafficked road, Lungotevere Farnesina, introducing an outdoor vs. indoor mixed sampling design aimed at assessing the impact of vehicular particulate matter (PM) on the Villa Loggias. The magnetic properties of leaves and lichens - inferred from magnetic susceptibility values, hysteresis loops and first order reversal curves - showed that the bioaccumulation of magnetite-like particles, associated with trace metals such as Cu, Ba and Sb, decreased exponentially with the distance from the road, and was mainly linked to metallic emission from vehicle brake abrasion. For the frescoed Halls, ca. 30 m from the road, the exposure to traffic-related emissions was very limited or negligible. Tree and shrub leaves of the Lungotevere and of the Villa's Gardens intercepted much traffic-derived PM, thus being able to protect the indoor cultural heritage and providing an essential conservation service. It is concluded that the joint use of magnetic and chemical analyses can profitably be used for evaluating the impact of particulate pollution on cultural heritage within complex metropolitan contexts as a preventive conservation measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Winkler
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Tania Contardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Yletyinen J, Tylianakis JM, Stone C, Lyver PO. Potential for cascading impacts of environmental change and policy on indigenous culture. Ambio 2022; 51:1110-1122. [PMID: 35034329 PMCID: PMC8931144 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental and societal changes threaten the cultures of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC). Despite the importance of IPLC worldviews and knowledge to sustaining human well-being and biodiversity, risks to these cultural resources are commonly neglected in environmental governance, in part because impacts can be indirect and therefore difficult to evaluate. Here, we investigate the connectivity of values associated with the relationship Ngātiwai (a New Zealand Māori tribe) have with their environment. We show that mapping the architecture of values-environment relationships enables assessment of how deep into culture the impacts of environmental change or policy can cascade. Our results detail how loss of access to key environmental elements could potentially have extensive direct and cascading impacts on the cultural values of Ngātiwai, including environmental responsibilities. Thus, considering only direct effects of environmental change or policy on cultural resources, or treating IPLC social-ecological relations simplistically, can severely underestimate threats to cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Yletyinen
- School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Clive Stone
- Stone Consultants, 2280 Russell Road, RD4 Hikurangi, Northland New Zealand
| | - Phil O’B. Lyver
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd., PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640 New Zealand
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Ricciardi M, Pironti C, Motta O, Fiorillo R, Camin F, Faggiano A, Proto A. Investigations on historical monuments' deterioration through chemical and isotopic analyses: an Italian case study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:29409-29418. [PMID: 34189694 PMCID: PMC9001298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we analysed the efflorescences present in the frescos of a monumental complex named S. Pietro a Corte situated in the historic centre of Salerno (Campania, Italy). The groundwater of the historic centre is fed by two important streams (the Rafastia and the Fusandola) that can be the sources of water penetration. The aims of this work are to (i) identify the stream that reaches the ancient frigidarium of S. Pietro a Corte and (ii) characterize the efflorescences on damaged frescos in terms of chemical nature and sources. In order to accomplish the first aim, the water of the Rafastia river (7 samples) and the water of the Fusandola river (7 samples) were analysed and compared with the water of a well of the Church (7 samples). The ionic chromatography measurements on the water samples allowed us to identify the Rafastia as the river that feeds the ancient frigidarium of S. Pietro a Corte. To investigate the nature and the origin of the efflorescences (our second aim), anionic chromatography analyses, X-ray diffraction measurements, and the isotopic determination of nitrogen were performed on the efflorescences (9 samples) and the salts recovered from the well (6 samples). Results of these analyses show that efflorescences are mainly made of potassium nitrate with a δ15N value of + 9.3 ± 0.2‰. Consequently, a plausible explanation for their formation could be the permeation of sewage water on the walls of the monumental complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Rosa Fiorillo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Antonio Faggiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Sirufo MM, Magnanimi LM, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. The true story of the "strong and gentle" Acciano's Giant. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 63:101457. [PMID: 35334425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the story of a giant who lived in Abruzzo 200 years ago. He became a symbol for his people and a strong resilience generator. Gigantism, in the history of humanity has always attracted attention, albeit passing over the centuries from myth, from divinity to the freak phenomenon, the freak of nature that becomes a spectacle to show off. The attraction for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gigantism developed by the end of 19th century. Increased levels of growth hormone (GH) or insulin-like growth hormone 1 (IGF1) causes overgrowth in pituitary gigantism. The imposing size of the body, in our imagination, represents strength and health, reason why in our imagination it almost becomes a divine mythical image. The story of the Acciano's Giant represents a cultural heritage that passes from one generation to the next, that contributes in giving a sense of identity and continuity. It provides a link from past to present and to the future. Encourages a sense of identity and responsibility contributing to social cohesion, helping individuals to feel members of one community. A disease, represented by the Giant, has become a symbol capable of bringing the community together and giving it the strength to react to environment, nature and history. This is a lesson that teaches us the sense of community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lina Maria Magnanimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
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Pargoletti E, Comite V, Fermo P, Sabatini V, Annunziata L, Ortenzi MA, Farina H, Cappelletti G. Calcitic-based stones protection by a low-fluorine modified methacrylic coating. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:29455-29466. [PMID: 34312747 PMCID: PMC9001578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollutants, such as NOx, SO2, and particulate matter, together with water percolation inside the stone pores, represent the main causes of cultural heritage decay. In order to avoid these undesired phenomena, the application of protective coatings represents a reliable solution. In this context, the present study focused on the synthesis of low-fluorine content methacrylic-based (MMA) polymeric resins characterized by seven F atoms (namely F7 monomer) in the lateral chains. Four different percentages (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0%) of the present monomer were adopted to obtain a final polymeric structure showing the desired hydrophobicity, processability, and structural and thermal stability (even after accelerated UV aging tests). MMA_F7(1.0) seemed to be the optimal one; therefore, it was further applied onto Candoglia marble. Specifically, the treated substrates showed good surface hydrophobicity, water repellency, and water vapor transpirability. No color variation was observed even after a 1.5-year exposure in a real polluted environment (Monza Cathedral). Interestingly, the application of this coating hindered the atmospheric nitrates penetration inside the stones and, at the same time, it limited the sulfates (gypsum) formation, thus revealing a very promising marbles protection resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pargoletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valentina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luisa Annunziata
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Hermes Farina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici “LaMPo”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Proto A, Cucciniello R, Fiorentino A, Fiorillo R, Motta O. New analytical approach to monitoring air quality in historical monuments through the isotopic ratio of CO 2. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:29385-29390. [PMID: 33389576 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated indoor air quality to highlight the effects of environmental pollution in the field of cultural heritage. In particular, two important archeological places in the old part of the city of Salerno, Italy, were analyzed: Fruscione Palace and S. Pietro a Corte. The work focused on the influence of tourists on environmental pollution correlated to indoor air quality during some social and cultural events. Moreover, we focused on the possible use of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 as a tool for environmental studies in the field of cultural heritage. The results showed a good relationship between the isotopic composition of CO2 and the variation of pollutants concentration in the air, demonstrating that it is a valid tool and non-invasive marker to monitor environmental pollution of museums and cultural heritage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiorentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Rosa Fiorillo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
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Farooq U, Rabbi I, Akbar S, Zia K, Rehman WU. The impact of design on improved learning in virtual worlds: an experimental study. Multimed Tools Appl 2022; 81:18033-18051. [PMID: 35282406 PMCID: PMC8903310 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-022-12593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Virtual worlds are the most advanced form of virtual environments, which offer one of the best platforms for serving various domains. They are, especially, well suited for education, to cope with the physical restrictions imposed due to COVID-19 outbreak, as they offer classroom experience to their users through immersion. They are online interactive spaces which are collaborative, persistent, coherent, and social in nature. Users immersed in these spaces are represented in the form of digital characters called, avatars. Virtual worlds offer advanced navigation methods such as flying and teleporting to facilitate quick learning. This paper analyses the use of a partial but carefully reconstructed cultural heritage site, developed in OpenSimulator framework, for learning both in terms of discourse and quantitative analysis. Discourse analysis compares the developed virtual world presence with traditional content provisioning methods in terms of a large set of well-known characteristics. Quantitative analysis, on the other hand, is based on data collected from users after conducting simple learning experiments. It revealed that the properties such as realism, friendliness, advanced navigation, and being detailed and social in nature greatly attracted user attention in learning. The learning was fast compared with traditional methods, however, it was a little hard for naive users to start exploring the content. Pre and post learning responses of users revealed that their knowledge level was significantly increased. Based on valuable suggestions, it is planned in future, to add intelligence to traditional agents, so they may help in an increased learning experience of users, based on the knowledge gained in earlier sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Farooq
- University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Rabbi
- University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Akbar
- University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
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Ding X, Lan W, Yan A, Li Y, Katayama Y, Gu JD. Microbiome characteristics and the key biochemical reactions identified on stone world cultural heritage under different climate conditions. J Environ Manage 2022; 302:114041. [PMID: 34741944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of historical stone monuments are visibly covered with a layer of colonizing microorganisms and their degradation products. In this study, a metadata analysis was conducted using the microbial sequencing data available from NCBI database to determine the diversity, biodeterioration potential and functionality of the stone microbiome on important world cultural heritage sites under four different climatic conditions. The retrieved stone microbial community composition in these metagenomes shows a clear association between climate types of the historical monuments and the diversity and taxonomic composition of the stone microbiomes. Shannon diversity values showed that microbial communities on stone monuments exposed to dry climate were more diverse than those under humid ones. In particular, functions associated with photosynthesis and UV resistance were identified from geographical locations under different climate types. The distribution of key microbial determinants responsible for stone deterioration was linked to survival under extreme environmental conditions and biochemical capabilities and reactions. Among them, biochemical reactions of the microbial nitrogen and sulfur cycles were most predominant. These stone-dwelling microbiomes on historical stone monuments were highly diverse and self-sustaining driven by energy metabolism and biomass accumulation. And metabolic products of the internal geomicrobiological nitrogen cycling on these ancient monuments play a unique role in the biodeterioration of stone monuments. These results highlight the significance of identifying the essential microbial biochemical reactions to advance the understanding of stone biodeterioration for protection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Ding
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Lan
- Shenzhen R&D Key Laboratory of Alien Pest Detection Technology, The Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Food Inspection and Quarantine Center of Shenzhen Custom, 1011 Fuqiang Road, Shenzhen, 518045, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixin Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoko Katayama
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan; Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 13-43 Ueno Park, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8713, Japan
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Science and Engineering Research Group, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, People's Republic of China.
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Molnár Z, Szabados K, Kiš A, Marinkov J, Demeter L, Biró M, Öllerer K, Katona K, Đapić M, Perić R, Ulicsni V, Babai D. Preserving for the future the - once widespread but now vanishing - knowledge on traditional pig grazing in forests and marshes (Sava-Bosut floodplain, Serbia). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17:56. [PMID: 34627295 PMCID: PMC8501720 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-021-00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional knowledge is key for sustainability, but it is rapidly disappearing. Pig keeping in forests and marshes is an ancient, once widespread, now vanishing practice, with a major economic and ecological potential. The knowledge of pig keepers and the foraging activity of pigs are hardly documented. METHODS We studied the knowledge of traditional pig keepers (svinjars) on wild plants and pig foraging on the Sava-Bosut forest-marsh complex in Serbia. We conducted picture-based interviews about 234 locally common and/or salient plant species, and participatory fieldwork (11 days) and visual observation (21 days) on pig foraging. RESULTS 181 wild plant species were known by svinjars and 106 taxa were consumed by pigs. Svinjars knew well and could name most regularly foraged species. 98 species were reported by svinjars as foraged and 56 as not eaten. 28 species were observed by the authors as eaten regularly, while 21 were nibbled and 17 avoided. Contradictory information on foraging was rare both among svinjars (8 species) and between svinjars and researchers (7 species); several of these species were rare. Leaves of 92, fruits or seeds of 21 and 'roots' of 20 species were reported or observed as eaten, usually with high seasonality. Svinjars were overall observant, but knew little about some less salient species (e.g. Veronica, Circaea). The most common forages (reported and/or observed) were fruits (Quercus, fleshy fruits), grasses (Agrostis, Glyceria), herbs (Ranunculus ficaria, Circaea), nutritious 'roots' (Carex spp., Iris), young shrub leaves (Crataegus, Carpinus) and 'tame' plants growing in the sun (Persicaria dubia, Erigeron annuus). Traditional, now extinct pig breeds were reported as less selective and more 'knowledgeable' about plants, as they received less additional fodder. Svinjars learnt their knowledge since childhood, from community members, but long-term personal observations and everyday encounters with pigs were also important sources of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS A deeper understanding of pig foraging could contribute to using pigs in nature conservation management, resource management and organic farming, and to a better understanding of wild boar foraging. The knowledge of svinjars is a disappearing intangible cultural heritage of European importance. Knowledge holders deserve recognition, and legal and financial support to continue this tradition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Molnár
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary.
| | - Klára Szabados
- Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Alen Kiš
- Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Jelena Marinkov
- MTA-DE 'Lendület' Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - László Demeter
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary
| | - Marianna Biró
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary
| | - Kinga Öllerer
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary
- Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Krisztián Katona
- Institute for Wildlife Management and Nature Conservation, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Marko Đapić
- Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Ranko Perić
- Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, Novi Sad, 21101, Serbia
| | - Viktor Ulicsni
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary
| | - Dániel Babai
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Institute of Ethnology, Budapest, 1097, Hungary
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Comite V, Miani A, Ricca M, La Russa M, Pulimeno M, Fermo P. The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: an analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces. Environ Res 2021; 201:111565. [PMID: 34192555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has reduced tourism in both museums and historical sites with negative economic effect. The wellbeing and good preservation of monuments is a key factor to encourage again tourism. Historical monuments exposed to outdoor pollution are subjected to well known degradation phenomenon including the formation on their surface of black crusts (BCs) causing blackening and deterioration of the monuments and, as a consequence, a worst fruition by the visitors. The aim of this research is the development and validation of a novel method to characterize and quantify the various components present in the black crusts. SO2 together with the carbonaceous fraction (i.e. OC, organic carbon, and EC, elemental carbon) represent the main atmospheric pollutants involved in the process of BCs formation which consists in the partial transformation of the carbonate substrate into gypsum where black particles are embedded. A new methodology based on the use of TGA/DSC (Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential scanning calorimetry) and CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) analysis was set up allowing to determine organic carbon and elemental carbon together with other components such as gypsum. Four standard mixtures simulating BCs composition were prepared and analysed by the set-up methodology. The new procedure was subsequently applied to study real BCs samples taken from monuments and historical buildings placed in cities heavily affected by atmospheric pollution and by PCA (principal component analysis) their main features, from the point of view of carbonaceous fraction, were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Michela Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Mauro La Russa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Manuela Pulimeno
- Staff UNESCO, Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy.
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van der Pal KJ, Popelka-Filcoff RS, Smith GD, van Bronswijk W, Lewis SW. To glove or not to glove? Investigations into the potential contamination from handling of paper-based cultural heritage through forensic fingerprinting approaches. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2021; 3:100160. [PMID: 34409280 PMCID: PMC8361258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The handling of cultural heritage objects has become a highly debated topic in the last decade. The work and outcomes described in this paper are aimed to provide objective data to assist in making appropriate decisions as to whether or not wearing gloves is appropriate in a given situation. The forensic fingermark development techniques of 1,2-indandione and single metal deposition II were used to investigate the efficacy of handwashing and glove use to improve the information available when deciding whether to use gloves when handling paper objects. It was found that fingermarks did not permeate through polymer glove types but could through cotton gloves. It was also shown that the amounts of observable fingermark residues were greater 5 min after handwashing than if handwashing had not occurred, undermining previous arguments for not wearing gloves if hands could be washed before object handling. Fingermarks can be transferred onto paper even after washing hand. Developed fingermark residues initially increase after handwashing. Handwashing is not sufficient to prevent fingermark contamination of artifacts. Fingermark residues can be transferred from surfaces to gloves to paper. Some antibacterial gels can increase the amount of fingermark residue deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel S Popelka-Filcoff
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gregory D Smith
- Conservation Science Laboratory, Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | - Simon W Lewis
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Gómez S, Maynou F. Balancing ecology, economy and culture in fisheries policy: Participatory research in the Western Mediterranean demersal fisheries management plan. J Environ Manage 2021; 291:112728. [PMID: 33965710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fishing communities in the Mediterranean Sea face challenges in dealing with Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) ecosystem-based management measures aimed at reducing fishing effort and implementing partial closures of fisheries. The Participatory Action Research method is used here as a "pilot experience" to gather reactions from fishers, scientists and fisheries managers to the Western Mediterranean Multi-Annual Demersal Fisheries Plan (WM MAP) by identifying needs and concerns, but also alternatives to maintain the viability of the fishery. The data gathering process consisted on a structured questionnaire administered during a workshop to 40 stakeholders involved in Spanish fisheries in the Mediterranean, followed by an open discussion session. The results show that fishers disagree with the new regulations, which they perceive as yet another layer of restrictive regulations for an industry that faces major challenges and currently has low profitability, whereas scientists tended to agree more with the WM MAP than the administration or the fishers. Nevertheless, all stakeholders agree that the values of the cultural heritage of fisheries and the exploration of alternative marketing systems should balance the productivity-based approach to fisheries policies followed so far, that have shown signs of failure. According to stakeholder perceptions, this would improve the economic and social viability of fisheries, as well as highlight the value of fishing activity and its social prestige. Integrating the value of cultural heritage and post-production processes into the CFP would improve stakeholder involvement in fisheries policies. Through participatory research methods the ecosystem-based management approach could be embedded in a community-based approach, integrating its social actors in a proactive attitude and considering fisheries as a human activity socially and culturally rooted in the environment, which would enhance the effective implementation of fisheries policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Gómez
- Dep. Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Building B-Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Francesc Maynou
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Psg, Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Baglioni M, Sekine FH, Ogura T, Chen SH, Baglioni P. Nanostructured fluids for polymeric coatings removal: Surfactants affect the polymer glass transition temperature. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 606:124-134. [PMID: 34390987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanostructured fluids (NSFs) based on water, organic solvents and surfactants are a valid alternative to the use of neat unconfined organic solvents for polymer coatings removal in art conservation. The physico-chemical processes underpinning their cleaning effectiveness in terms of swelling/dewetting of polymer films were identified as key in this context. The role of surfactants on polymers' dewetting was considered to be mainly restricted to the lowering of interfacial tensions. However, recent experiments evidenced that surfactants have an important role in swelling polymer films. EXPERIMENTS Five different amphiphiles were selected, namely: sodium dodecylsulfate, dimethyldodecyl amine oxide, hexaoxyethylene decyl ether (C9-11E6), pentadecaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12E15), and methyoxypentadecaoxyethylene dodecanoate (C11COE15CH3). They were combined with a carefully selected organic solvents' mixture (1-butanol/butanone/dimethyl carbonate) to formulate new NSFs, differing for the surfactant only, and used to perform cleaning tests on surfaces coated with Paraloid B72® and Primal AC33®. Here for the first time, polymer swelling induced by surfactants was quantified and correlated with the glass transition temperature of the two polymers by differential scanning calorimetry, before and after the exposure to the fluids. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering provided additional insights on the interaction mechanism. FINDINGS Nonionics were proven more efficient than zwitterionic/ionic amphiphiles in the polymer swelling, and, overall, methyoxy pentadecaoxyethylene dodecanoate resulted the most effective among the selected surfactants. A direct relation between the effect of surfactants on the polymers' glass transition temperature and cleaning capacity was established. This finding, fundamental to understand the interaction mechanism between NSFs and polymer coatings or paint layers, is key to achieve a selective, effective and complete removal of polymer coatings, as recently shown in the removal of vandalism and over-paintings from street art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Felipe Hidetomo Sekine
- NIKKOL GROUP Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd, 1-4-8, Nihonbashi-Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
| | - Taku Ogura
- NIKKOL GROUP Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd, 1-4-8, Nihonbashi-Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan; NIKKOL GROUP Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd, 3-24-3 Hasune, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-0046, Japan; Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba, Yamazaki 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sow-Hsin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 24-107, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy; Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 24-107, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Yongqi L, Ruixia Y, Pu W, Anlin Y, Guolong C. A quantitative description of the spatial-temporal distribution and evolution pattern of world cultural heritage. Herit Sci 2021; 9:80. [PMID: 34777828 PMCID: PMC8550672 DOI: 10.1186/s40494-021-00549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Depicting the temporal and spatial evolution pattern of global world cultural heritage systematically and finely is the basis of heritage recognition and protection. In this study, 869 world cultural heritage inscriptions (through 2019) were selected as the research objects, and the times and types of each World Heritage site were manually annotated from more than 5000 pieces of data. Through time series modelling, the advantages of and changes in heritage declarations in different regions and periods were analysed, and the impact of heritage strategy on the number of heritage sites included in each region was evaluated. The results showed that the implementation of heritage policy greatly impacted each region, especially on the number of heritage sites in Asia and the Pacific region. Using the heritage era to carry out modelling analysis, from the perspective of the integrity of historical heritage cultural types, it is considered that there may be cultural heritage sites in the Caribbean and Latin America that have not been given enough attention. The modelling analysis results of era attributes can support the fairness of heritage determination. By calculating the frequency and peak value of heritage sites at the national scale, the frequency and peak value of each country in the top 10 list are used to characterize the ability of national declarations of cultural heritage and reveal the differences in the ability of each member country to declare heritage sites and the heritage era. By calculating the distribution density of the heritage era, this study finds that the world's cultural heritage is not concentrated in the Middle Ages (600-1450) but the periods of Reformation and Exploration (1450-1700) and Progress and Empire (1850-1914). The above analysis shows that there are imbalances and strategic adjustment effects concerning regions, countries, eras and types in World Heritage list development. The composition types of heritage are complex, and the combination types have obvious changes in different periods. It is suggested that the strategy of world cultural heritage collection should be further optimized to fully guarantee the balance of regions, countries and types, and the heritage value should be fully considered in heritage protection with more diversity and complexity of types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yongqi
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yang Ruixia
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094 China
- International Centre On Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage Under the Auspices of UNESCO, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Wang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yang Anlin
- Engineering and Architecture, Beijing University of Civil, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Chen Guolong
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Kisová Z, Pavlović J, Šefčiková L, Bučková M, Puškárová A, Kraková L, Šišková AO, Kleinová A, Machatová Z, Pangallo D. Removal of overpainting from an historical painting of the XVIII Century: A yeast enzymatic approach. J Biotechnol 2021; 335:55-64. [PMID: 34090948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biocleaning of cultural heritage items is mainly performed using living microorganisms. Approaches utilizing the enzymes of isolated microorganisms have not been frequently investigated. To find an enzymatic alternative for the removal of an oil-based overpainting, we focused on the characterization and use of a yeast Extracellular Enzymatic Mixture (EEM). A historical silk yeast was selected for its lipolytic properties and its EEM was extracted after cultivation on a medium supplemented with linseed oil. The EEM protein content was visualized by SDS-PAGE, its concentration assessed by fluorimeter and the enzymatic activity evaluated by p-NPP spectrophotometric lipase assay. The yeast growth was suppressed by adding diverse metal ions (Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu) in Reasoner's 2A (R2A) broth, while the quantity and activity of EEM were affected by adding Fe and Pb. Various delivery systems (agar-agar, tylose and klucel G) alone or in a combination with EEM were assayed on the historical painting surface. The colorimetric measurements and the ATR-FTIR analysis indicated that the combinations tylose-EEM and klucel G-EEM can be easily and effectively applied as biocleaning procedures to remove oil-based overpainting from fragile and valuable historical painting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kisová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jelena Pavlović
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Šefčiková
- Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, Hviezdoslavovo námestie 18, 814 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Alena Opálková Šišková
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Machatová
- Academy of Fine Arts and Design in Bratislava, Hviezdoslavovo námestie 18, 814 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Sanmartín P, Miller AZ, Prieto B, Viles HA. Revisiting and reanalysing the concept of bioreceptivity 25 years on. Sci Total Environ 2021; 770:145314. [PMID: 33736404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2020 marks 25 years since Olivier Guillitte defined the term 'bioreceptivity', to describe the ability of a building material to be colonised by living organisms. Although Guillitte noted in his 1995 paper that several issues required further investigation, to the best of our knowledge the bioreceptivity concept has not been restated, reviewed, reanalysed or updated since then. The present paper provides an opinionated exposition of the status and utility of the bioreceptivity concept for built heritage science and conservation in the light of current knowledge, aimed to stimulate further discussion. A bibliometric analysis highlights the key dimensions of the past 25 years of published research, showing that the term bioreceptivity has been widely used in the field of built cultural heritage. In our reanalysis of the concept, special attention is devoted to the six types of bioreceptivity (primary, secondary, tertiary, intrinsic, extrinsic and semi-extrinsic) articulated by Guillitte in 1995. We propose that field-based studies of bioreceptivity are urgently needed, and that the intrinsic, extrinsic and semi-extrinsic types of bioreceptivity should be dropped, and a new category (quaternary bioreceptivity) added. Additionally, we propose that bioreceptivity in submerged and subsoil environments should also be considered. Bioreceptivity remains an important concept for managing both new build and built heritage, as it provides the key to understanding the drivers and patterns of biological colonisation of building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Z Miller
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora 7000-676, Portugal; IRNAS-CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - B Prieto
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - H A Viles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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Atalić J, Uroš M, Šavor Novak M, Demšić M, Nastev M. The M w5.4 Zagreb (Croatia) earthquake of March 22, 2020: impacts and response. Bull Earthq Eng 2021; 19:3461-3489. [PMID: 35210984 PMCID: PMC8105706 DOI: 10.1007/s10518-021-01117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper highlights the principal features of the Mw5.4 Zagreb earthquake. Located within the city limits at a depth of 10 km, the earthquake generated a peak ground acceleration of more than 0.2 g and a maximum spectral acceleration of about 0.6 g at 0.1 s in the historic downtown area. The situation was particularly challenging since the event occurred amid a partial Covid-19 lockdown at temperatures close to 0 °C, emphasizing the extensive and complex vulnerability of the local communities and individuals. 27 people were reported severely injured, one of which later died. The surprisingly high economic costs, needed to achieve a full reconstruction of damaged buildings and infrastructure in the affected area, are currently evaluated at more than 10B euros. Description of the organization of the emergency response in the first days and the observed damage to buildings is given with typical examples. The focus is on the performance of older masonry residential and cultural heritage buildings in the historic downtown, their inspection and evaluation of damage to structural and non-structural components. This information provides the basis for understanding of the negative impacts and clarifies the overall context identifying the enablers and barriers to the still ongoing recovery process. It also helps to increase the awareness of the seismic vulnerability of European cities with similar construction practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Atalić
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Uroš
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Šavor Novak
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Demšić
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Vermeulen M, Smith K, Eremin K, Rayner G, Walton M. Application of Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) in spectral imaging of artworks. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 252:119547. [PMID: 33588368 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the potential of Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) as an alternative tool to t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for the reduction and visualization of visible spectral images of works of art. We investigate the influence of UMAP parameters-such as, correlation distance, minimum embedding distance, as well as number of embedding neighbors- on the reduction and visualization of spectral images collected from Poèmes Barbares (1896), a major work by the French artist Paul Gauguin in the collection of the Harvard Art Museums. The use of a cosine distance metric and number of neighbors equal to 10 preserves both the local and global structure of the Gauguin dataset in a reduced two-dimensional embedding space thus yielding simple and clear groupings of the pigments used by the artist. The centroids of these groups were identified by locating the densest regions within the UMAP embedding through a 2D histogram peak finding algorithm. These centroids were subsequently fit to the dataset by non-negative least square thus forming maps of pigments distributed across the work of art studied. All findings were correlated to macro XRF imaging analyses carried out on the same painting. The described procedure for reduction and visualization of spectral images of a work of art is quick, easy to implement, and the software is opensource thus promising an improved strategy for interrogating reflectance images from complex works of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vermeulen
- Northwestern University / Art Institute of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts (NU-ACCESS), 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kate Smith
- Harvard Art Museums, Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies, 32 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katherine Eremin
- Harvard Art Museums, Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies, 32 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Georgina Rayner
- Harvard Art Museums, Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies, 32 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marc Walton
- Northwestern University / Art Institute of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts (NU-ACCESS), 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, United States.
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Keck F, Lainé N, Morvan A, Ruhlmann S. Social representations of animal diseases: anthropological approaches to pathogens crossing species barriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:35. [PMID: 33835021 PMCID: PMC8034248 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Debates about emerging infectious diseases often oppose natural conceptions of zoonotic reservoirs with cultural practices bringing humans into contact with animals. This article compares the representations of cross-species pathogens at ontological levels below the opposition between nature and culture. It describes the perceptions of distinctions between interiority and physicality, between wild and domestic, and between sick and dead in three different contexts where human societies manage animal diseases: Australia, Laos and Mongolia. Our article also argues that zoonotic pathogens are one of the entities mobilized by local knowledge to attenuate troubles in ordinary relations with animals, and shows that the conservation of cultural heritage is a tool of mitigation for infectious diseases emerging in animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Keck
- UMR 7130 - LAS - CNRS/EHESS/Collège de France, 52 rue Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lainé
- UMR 208 - IRD/MNHN - "Patrimoines Locaux Environnement et Globalisation", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Homme et Environnement, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Arnaud Morvan
- UMR 7130 - LAS - CNRS/EHESS/Collège de France, 52 rue Cardinal Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France
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Frisky AZK, Harjoko A, Awaludin L, Dharmawan A, Augoestien NG, Candradewi I, Hujja RM, Putranto A, Hartono T, Suhartono Y, Zambanini S, Sablatnig R. Registered Relief Depth (RRD) borobudur dataset for single-frame depth prediction on one-side artifacts. Data Brief 2021; 35:106853. [PMID: 33665250 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-frame depth prediction is an efficient 3D reconstruction method for one-side artifacts. However, for this purpose, ground truth images, where the pixels are associated with the actual depth, are needed. The small number of publicly accessible datasets is an issue with the restoration of cultural heritage objects. In addition, relief data with irregular characteristics due to nature and human treatment, such as decolorization caused by moss and chemical reaction is still not available. We therefore created a dataset of Borobudur temple reliefs registered with their depth for data availability to solve these problems. This data collection consists of 4608 × 3456 (4K) resolution and profound RGB frames and we call this dataset the Registered Relief Depth (RRD) Borobudur Dataset. The RGB images have been taken using an Olympus EM10 II Camera with a 14 mm f/3.5 lens and the depth images were obtained directly using an ASUS XTION scanner, acquired on the temple's reliefs at 15000-25000 lux day time. The registration process of RGB data and depth information was manually performed via control points and was directly supervised by the archaeologist. Apart of enriching the data availability, this dataset can become an opportunity for International researchers to understand more about Indonesian Cultural Heritages.
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Spezzano P. Mapping the susceptibility of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites in Europe to ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142345. [PMID: 33254875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution, particularly in urban areas, is a concern for its negative effects on the materials of the built environment. Cities are also home to a large part of our cultural heritage. Air pollution accelerates the natural processes of deterioration of the materials of historic buildings and monuments, causing premature aging and reducing their aesthetic value. The present paper aims to assess the current potential damage due to air pollution on different materials through Europe. Several corrosion and soiling maps were produced by applying widely used dose-response functions. One of the priorities of this study was to provide an estimate of the effects of air pollution on UNESCO World Heritage cultural sites throughout Europe. The potential risk for cultural heritage monuments was estimated on the basis of exceeding tolerable degradation thresholds suggested for each material. The results show that, despite the significant improvements in air quality in Europe over the past few decades, air pollution is still considerable and continues to be an important agent of degradation of cultural heritage, particularly in anthropized areas. Although the methodology used in this study provides a simplified assessment of the likelihood of damage to UNESCO's cultural heritage in Europe from air pollution, it provides a unique perspective and the potential risk is assessed on a common basis. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of the existing risk deriving from atmospheric pollution and to highlighting those sites, generally located in areas where anthropogenic activity is relevant, that need particular attention. The present paper can serve as a basis for stimulating additional studies and site-specific analyzes, as well as highlighting the need for further measures and policies for atmospheric pollution reduction in cities and in the surroundings of sensitive historic buildings and monuments to prevent further damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Spezzano
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, SSPT-MET-INAT, Frascati, Italy.
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