Cord serum cytokines at birth and children's trajectories of mood dysregulation symptoms from 3 to 8 years: The EDEN birth cohort

There is growing evidence that in utero imbalance immune activity plays a role in the development of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in children. Mood dysregulation (MD) is a debilitating transnosographic syndrome whose underlying pathophysiological mechanisms could be revealed by studying its biomarkers using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) model. Our aim was to study the association between the network of cord serum cytokines, and mood dysregulation trajectories in offsprings between 3 and 8 years of age. We used the data of a study nested in the French birth cohort EDEN that took place from 2003 to 2014 and followed mother-child dyads from the second trimester of pregnancy until the children were 8 years of age. The 2002 mother-child dyads were recruited from the general population through their pregnancy follow-up in two French university hospitals. 871 of them were included in the nested cohort and cord serum cytokine levels were measured at birth. Children's mood dysregulation symptoms were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Dysregulation Profile at the ages 3, 5 and 8 years in order to model their mood dysregulation trajectories. Out of the 871 participating dyads, 53% of the children were male. 2.1% of the children presented a high mood dysregulation trajectory whereas the others were considered as physiological variations. We found a significant negative association between TNF-α cord serum levels and a high mood dysregulation trajectory when considering confounding factors such as maternal depression during pregnancy (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 0.35, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.18-0.67]). Immune imbalance at birth could play a role in the onset of mood dysregulation symptoms. Our findings throw new light on putative immune mechanisms implicated in the development of mood dysregulation and should lead to future animal and epidemiological studies.

Depression in pregnant Hispanic women: Risk factors, pregnancy outcomes and plasma cytokines

Background

Maternal depression is considered a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. A population at risk are U.S. born or immigrant Hispanic women, and few prenatal depression or immune studies have focused on this population.

Objective

The research questions for the study were 1) What are the occurrences, risk factors and outcomes associated with depression in Hispanic pregnant women in the United States and 2) What are the associations of plasma immune cytokines and prenatal depression in this population.

Study design

Women of self-reported Hispanic ethnicity were born in the continental United States or foreign-born. Screening of potential participants (n = 690) at a first prenatal clinic visit consisted of antibody testing for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in a larger grant, and only the women with antibody levels below the cutoff for T. gondii positivity (N = 536) were included in the present study. All participants completed a health and demographic questionnaire, the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression (EPDS) scale, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support (MOS) scale. We surveyed electronic health records (EHR) for risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the sample. We further measured physical and mental health and seven plasma immune cytokines at four study visits during pregnancy in a longitudinal subsample (N = 128).

Results

The frequency of EPDS scores of 10 (depression risk) or above was 18.6 % at the time of enrollment. Socioeconomic factors such as less education, greater unemployment, and U.S. born nativity were associated with greater depression risk, but these relationships became insignificant when we corrected for false discovery rate. Depression scores were not associated with adverse birth and pregnancy outcomes. The inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was significantly higher across pregnancy in women with depression risk (p < 0.03). Other inflammatory cytokines were higher in depressed women, but only at one time point in mid-pregnancy.

Conclusions

Prenatal depression occurs in early pregnancy and then declines in Hispanic women. The frequency of depression and stress were higher in U.S. born compared to immigrant Hispanic women. There was an elevation in plasma levels of TNF-α through the pregnancy in depressed women, and elevations in other cytokines, at midpregnancy. The adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery, known to be associated with prenatal depression were not present in this cohort.

Triterpenes G-A and G-E from Galphimia glauca with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Galphimia glauca is a medicinal plant that treats inflammatory and anti-rheumatic problems. Its anti-inflammatory capacity has been reported pharmacologically, attributed to the triterpenes G-A and G-E.

AIM

The objective of the present work was to measure the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of the methanolic extract (GgMeOH) of Galphimia glauca and the isolated galphimines G-A and G-E, first in an acute test of plantar edema with carrageenan, and later in the model of experimental-induced arthritis with CFA. The effect was measured by quantifying joint inflammation, the concentration of pro- (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, and IL-4) cytokines, and the ADA enzyme in joints, kidneys, and spleen from mice with experimental arthritis.

METHOD

The extract and the active triterpenes were obtained according to established methods using different chromatographic techniques. Female ICR strain mice were subjected to intraplantar administration with carrageenan and treated with different doses of GgMeOH, G-A, and G-E; edema was monitored at different times. Subsequently, the concentration of TNF-a and IL-10 in the spleen and swollen paw was quantified. Meloxicam (MEL) was used as an anti-inflammatory control drug. The most effective doses of each treatment were analyzed using a complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA)-induced experimental arthritis model. Joint inflammation was followed throughout the experiment. Ultimately, the concentration of inflammation markers, oxidant stress, and ADA activity was quantified. In this experimental stage, methotrexate (MTX) was used as an antiarthritic drug.

RESULTS

Treatments derived from G. glauca, GgMeOH (DE50 = 158 mg/kg), G-A (DE50 = 2 mg/kg), and G-E (DE50 = 1.5 mg/kg) caused an anti-inflammatory effect in the plantar edema test with carrageenan. In the CFA model, joint inflammation decreased with all natural treatments; GgMeOH and G-A inhibited the ADA enzyme in all organs analyzed (joints, serum, spleen, left and right kidneys), while G-E inhibited the enzyme in joints, serum, and left kidney. CFA caused an increase in the weight index of the organs, an effect that was counteracted by the administration of G. glauca treatments, which also modulate the response to the cytokines analyzed in the different organs (IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, IL-6, and TNF- α).

CONCLUSION

It is shown, for the first time, that the GgMeOH extract and the triterpenes G-A and G-E of Galphimia glauca have an anti-arthritic effect (anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and ADA inhibitor), using an experimental arthritis model with CFA. Therefore, knowledge of the plant as a possible therapeutic agent for this rheumatic condition is expanding.

Chemometric profiling and anti-arthritic activity of aerial parts of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. belongs to the family Molluginaceae, an annual prostrate herb traditionally used to treat inflammations, arthritis, malarial, wounds, fevers, diarrhoea, cancer, stomach discomfort, jaundice, and intestinal parasites. However, the anti-arthritic activity of the aerial part has still not been reported.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity of G. oppositifolius in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) induced rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The dried aerial parts of this plant material were defatted with n-hexane and extracted by methanol using a soxhlet apparatus. The in vitro anti-arthritic activity of methanolic extract of G. oppositifolius (MEGO) was evaluated in protein denaturation, membrane stabilization, and inhibition of proteinase assay at 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml concentrations. Female Wistar rats were immunized sub-dermally into the right hind paw with 0.1 ml of CFA. Rats were administered with MEGO at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg once daily for fourteen days after arthritis induction. Assessment of arthritis was performed by measuring paw diameter, arthritic index, arthritic score, body weight, organ weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters, followed by the analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 13 (IL-13) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and histopathological study. In vivo antioxidant effect was investigated in enzymatic assays. The presence of phytoconstituents was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), respectively. In silico molecular docking study of the compounds was carried out against COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α using AutoDock 4.2 and BIOVIA-Discovery Studio Visualizer software.

RESULTS

MEGO's in vitro anti-arthritic activity showed dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibition, followed by significant in vivo anti-arthritic activity. The rats treated with MEGO showed tremendous potential in managing arthritis-like symptoms by restoring hematological, biochemical, and histological changes in CFA-induced rats. MEGO (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed a significant alleviation in the levels of hyper expressed inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, GSH, and LPO) in CFA-induced rats. Spergulagenin-A as identified by LC-MS analysis, exhibited the highest binding affinity against COX-2 (-8.6), IL-1β (7.2 kcal/mol), IL-6 (-7.4 kcal/mol), and TNF-α (-6.5 kcal/mol).

CONCLUSIONS

Provided with the comprehensive investigation, methanolic extract of G. oppositifolius against arthritic-like condition is a proof of concept that revalidates its ethnic claim. The presence of Spergulagenin-A might be responsible for the anti-arthritic activity.

Cytokine and chemokine profiles in women with endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and unexplained infertility

Numerous factors (including immunological, congenital, hormonal, and morphological disorders) can lead to infertility. In this regard, 3 specific diseases associated with infertility are discussed in this review study (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], endometriosis [EMS], and unexplained infertility [UI]). PCOS is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, and EMS is a benign disease characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue. UI refers to couples who are unable to conceive for no known reason. Conception and pregnancy are significantly affected by the immune system; in this regard, chemokines and cytokines play important roles in the regulation of immune responses. Patients with PCOS, EMS, and UI have altered cytokine and chemokine profiles, suggesting that dysregulation of these molecules may contribute to infertility in these conditions. Accordingly, the issue of infertility is addressed in this review study, a condition that affects approximately 16% of couples worldwide.

Serum cytokine profiles during engraftment syndrome and acute graft-versus-host disease in adult patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND

The underlying biology of engraftment syndrome (ES) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is not fully elucidated, and the extent of its overlap with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains unclear. In order to establish potential indicator to distinguish ES more accurately, we conducted a retrospective analysis of cytokine levels during HSCT.

METHODS

A total of 121 consecutive adult patients who underwent HSCT were enrolled in this study. Blood samples for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-12p70, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein CRP were regularly assessed after transplantation and during transplantation related adverse events. Additionally, the balance of naïve, central memory and effector memory of CD4+ and CD8+ was analyzed around 30 and 60 days after stem cell infusion, respectively.

RESULTS

Thirty (24.79 %) and 33 (27.27 %) patients were diagnosed with ES and aGvHD, respectively. ES was characterized by a significant increase in level of IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 and sIL-2R, while aGvHD was associated with a significant upregulation of IL-6, IL-5, IL-10 and sIL-2R in the patients from grade I to grade IV. Notably, patients got much higher levels of IL-6, IL-5 and sIL-2R when developed to ES than to aGvHD. Moreover, a pronounced shift from naïve to memory cells, both in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, was found in ES patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that cytokine profiles could serve as potential indicators for detecting and differentiating ES and aGvHD, enabling timely clinical intervention. Prospective clinical trials involving larger, independent patient cohorts are required to validate these observations.

IL-4 regulates neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of bronchial asthma

Neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation in asthmatics substantially exacerbates the severity of the disease leading to resistance to conventional corticosteroid therapy. Many studies established the involvement of Th1- and Th17-cells and cytokines produced by them (IFNg, IL-17A, IL-17F etc.) in neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation. Recent studies revealed that IL-4 - a Th2-cytokine regulates neutrophil effector functions and migration. It was showed that IL-4 substantially reduces neutrophilic inflammation of the skin in a mouse model of cutaneous bacterial infection and blood neutrophilia in a mouse model systemic bacterial infection. However, there are no data available regarding the influence of IL-4 on non-infectious pulmonary inflammation. In the current study we investigated the effects of IL-4 in a previously developed mouse model of neutrophilic bronchial asthma. We showed that systemic administration of IL-4 significantly restricts neutrophilic inflammation of the respiratory tract probably through the suppression of Th1-/Th17-immune responses and downregulation of CXCR2. Additionally, pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation could be alleviated by IL-4-dependant polarization of N2 neutrophils and M2 macrophages, expressing anti-inflammatory TGFβ. Considering these, IL-4 might be used for reduction of exaggerated pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation and overcoming corticosteroid insensitivity of asthma patients.

Genetic liability to elevated circulating IP-10, IFNγ and SCGFβ levels in relation to thoracic aortic aneurysm: A mendelian randomization study

Inflammation is associated with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) but the effects of each circulating inflammatory factor on TAA remain unclear. In this study, we explored the relationship between circulating inflammatory factors and TAA risk using Mendelian randomization (MR) approach based on summary statistics from the latest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 41 circulating inflammatory factors in 8293 Finns and a GWAS involving 1351 TAA cases and 18,295 controls of European ancestry. In univariable MR, higher interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) levels, higher interferon gamma (IFNγ) levels and higher stem cell growth factor beta (SCGFβ) levels were associated with an increased risk of TAA (OR = 1.37, 95 % CI = 1.17-1.59, p = 7.42 × 10-5; OR = 1.43, 95 % CI = 1.19-1.74, p = 2.04 × 10-4; OR = 1.27, 95 % CI = 1.09-1.48, p = 2.40 × 10-3, respectively). In multivariable MR, the patterns of associations for the three cytokines remained adjusting for each other or smoking, but were attenuated differently with adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, especially for lipids and body mass index. Bidirectional MR approach did not identify any significant associations between cytokines and risk factors. Our results indicated that circulating cytokines may play mediation roles in the pathogenesis of TAA. Further studies are needed to determine whether these biomarkers can be used to prevent and treat TAA.

The cytokine genes of Oncorhynchus masou formosanus include a defective interleukin-4/13A gene

Oncorhynchus masou formosanus (Formosa landlocked salmon) is a critically endangered salmonid fish endemic to Taiwan. To begin to understand how its drastic change in lifestyle from anadromous to exclusively river-dwelling is reflected in its immune genes, we characterized the genes encoding six cytokines (IL-2A, IL-2B, IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B1, IL-4/13B2, and IL-17A/F2a) important for T cell responses as no genomic data is available for this fish. Interestingly, all genes appeared homozygous indicative of a genetic bottleneck. The IL2 and IL17A/F2a genes and their products are highly similar to their characterized homologs in Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) and other salmonid fish. Two notable differences were observed in IL4/13 family important for type 2 immune responses. First, O. m. formosanus carries not only one but two genes encoding IL-4/13B1 proteins and expansions of these genes are present in other salmonid fish. Second, the OmfoIL4/13A gene carries a 228 bp deletion that results in a premature stop codon and hence a non-functional IL-4/13A cytokine. This suggests a reduced ability for T cell responses against parasitic infections in this species.

Cytokine profiling in senescent and reactive astrocytes: A systematic review

Astrocytes play an important role in neuroinflammation by producing proinflammatory molecules. In response to various stressful stimuli, astrocytes can become senescent or reactive, both are present in age-associated cognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative diseases, and contribute to neuroinflammation. However, there are no studies that compare the cytokines secreted by these types of astrocytes in the brain during aging. Hence, we aimed to broaden the picture of the secretory profiles and to differentiate the variability between them. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the "Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses". Only three studies that met the inclusion terms evaluated age-related cytokine secretion, however, no evaluation of senescence or gliosis was performed. Consequently, to increase the spectrum of the review, studies where those phenotypes were induced and cytokines determined were included. Although some cytokines were common for gliosis and senescence, some interesting differences were also found. The dissimilarities in cytokines secretion between these phenotypes could be studied in the future as potential markers.

Platelet-derived sTLT-1 is associated with platelet-mediated inflammation in coronary artery disease patients

The development of coronary artery disease (CAD) depends heavily on platelet activation, and inflammation plays a major role in all stages of atherosclerosis. Platelet-specific soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells like transcript 1 (sTLT-1) facilitate clot formation and have been linked to chronic inflammation. In this study, we explored the role of platelet-derived sTLT-1 in platelet-mediated inflammation in CAD patients. Plasma levels of sTLT-1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in CAD patients (n = 163) and healthy controls (n = 99). Correlation analysis was performed to determine the circulatory sTLT-1 levels with platelet activation markers, immune cells, and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Increased plasma sTLT-1 levels were observed in CAD patients compared with those in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was observed between sTLT-1 and platelet activation markers (P-selectin, PAC-1), CD14++ CD16- cells (classical monocytes), Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and platelet-immune cell aggregates with monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells, CD11c+ cells, and NKT cells. In contrast, a significant negative correlation was observed with CD8 cells. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between sTLT-1 and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-18, CXCL-12, and CCL-11). Logistic regression analysis identified sTLT-1 and triglycerides as predictors of CAD. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that sTLT-1 had a higher sensitivity and specificity for predicting CAD. Our findings suggest that platelet activation induces the release of sTLT-1 into the circulation in CAD patients, which aggregates with immune cells and enhances inflammatory responses.

Fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum and Undaria pinnatifida attenuate SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo by suppressing ACE2 and alleviating inflammation

The global healthcare challenge posed by COVID-19 necessitates the continuous exploration for novel antiviral agents. Fucoidans have demonstrated antiviral activity. However, the underlying structure-activity mechanism responsible for the inhibitory activity of fucoidans from Ascophyllum nodosum (FUCA) and Undaria pinnatifida (FUCU) against SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. FUCA was characterized as a homopolymer with a backbone structure of repeating (1 → 3) and (1 → 4) linked α-l-fucopyranose residues, whereas FUCU was a heteropolysaccharide composed of Fuc1-3Gal1-6 repeats. Furthermore, FUCA demonstrated significantly higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity than FUCU (EC50: 48.66 vs 69.52 μg/mL), suggesting the degree of branching rather than sulfate content affected the antiviral activity. Additionally, FUCA exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ACE2, surpassing the inhibitory activity of FUCU. In vitro, both FUCA and FUCU treatments downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-α, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-β) induced by viral infection. In hamsters, FUCA demonstrated greater effectiveness in attenuating lung and gastrointestinal injury and reducing ACE2 expression, compared to FUCU. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that only FUCU partially alleviated the gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, our study provides a scientific basis for considering fucoidans as poteintial prophylactic food components against SARS-CoV-2.

The mast cells - Cytokines axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disturbance, diagnosed in early childhood. It is associated with varying degrees of dysfunctional communication and social skills, repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. Regardless of the constant increase in the number of diagnosed patients, there are still no established treatment schemes in global practice. Many children with ASD have allergic symptoms, often in the absence of mast cell (MC) positive tests. Activation of MCs may release molecules related to inflammation and neurotoxicity, which contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD. The aim of the present paper is to enrich the current knowledge regarding the relationship between MCs and ASD by providing PPI network analysis-based data that reveal key molecules and immune pathways associated with MCs in the pathogenesis of autism. Network and enrichment analyzes were performed using receptor information and secreted molecules from activated MCs identified in ASD patients. Our analyses revealed cytokines and key marker molecules for MCs degranulation, molecular pathways of key mediators released during cell degranulation, as well as various receptors. Understanding the relationship between ASD and the activation of MCs, as well as the involved molecules and interactions, is important for elucidating the pathogenesis of ASD and developing effective future treatments for autistic patients by discovering new therapeutic target molecules.

Plasmatic profiles of cytokines/chemokines, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and MRI brain damage in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

BACKGROUND

Perinatal hypoxia triggers the release of cytokines and chemokines by neurons, astrocytes and microglia. In response to hypoxia-ischemia resting/ramified microglia proliferate and undergo activation, producing proinflammatory molecules. The brain damage extension seems to be related to both the severity of hypoxia and the balance between pro and anti-inflammatory response and can be explored with neuroimaging.

AIMS

The aim of this preliminary study was to explore possible relationships between plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and the severe brain damage detectable by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), performed during the hospitalization.

METHODS

In 10 full terms neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (TH), divided into cases and controls, according to MRI results, we measured and compared the plasma levels of CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL8, GFAP, IFN y, IL-10, IL-18, IL-6, CCL3, ENOLASE2, GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-12p70, IL-33, TNFα, collected at four different time points during TH (24, 25-48, 49-72 h of life, and 7-10 days from birth). Five of enrolled babies had pathological brain MRI (cases) and 5 had a normal MRI examination (controls). Cytokines were measured by Magnetic Luminex Assay. MRI images were classified according to Barkovich's score.

RESULTS

Mean levels of all cytokines and molecules at time T1 were not significantly different in the two groups. Comparing samples paired by day of collection, the greatest differences between cases and controls were found at times T2 and T3, during TH. At T4, levels tended to get closer again (except for IL-6, IL10 and IL18). Infants with worse MRI showed higher plasmatic GFAP levels than those with normal MRI, while their IL-18 was lower. The mean levels of CCL3MIP1alpha, GMCSF, IL1BETA overlapped throughout the observation period in both groups.

CONCLUSION

In a small number of infants with worse brain MRI, we found higher levels of GFAP and of IL-10 at T4 and a trend toward low IL-18 levels than in infants with normal MRI, considered early biomarker of brain damage and a predictor of adverse outcome, respectively. The greatest, although not significant, difference between the levels of molecules was found in cases and controls at time points T2 and T3, during TH.

Diurnal cortisol, neuroinflammation, and neuroimaging visual rating scales in memory clinic patients

BACKGROUND

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenic process. Cortisol dysregulation may increase AD risk and is related to brain atrophy. This cross-sectional study aims to examine interactions of cortisol patterns and neuroinflammation markers in their association with neuroimaging correlates.

METHOD

134 participants were recruited from the Karolinska University Hospital memory clinic (Stockholm, Sweden). Four visual rating scales were applied to magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans: medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), global cortical atrophy (GCA), white matter lesions (WML), and posterior atrophy. Participants provided saliva samples for assessment of diurnal cortisol patterns, and underwent lumbar punctures for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. Three cortisol measures were used: the cortisol awakening response, total daily output, and the ratio of awakening to bedtime levels. Nineteen CSF neuroinflammation markers were categorized into five composite scores: proinflammatory cytokines, other cytokines, angiogenesis markers, vascular injury markers, and glial activation markers. Ordinal logistic regressions were conducted to assess associations between cortisol patterns, neuroinflammation scores, and visual rating scales, and interactions between cortisol patterns and neuroinflammation scores in relation to visual rating scales.

RESULT

Higher levels of angiogenesis markers were associated with more severe WML. Some evidence was found for interactions between dysregulated diurnal cortisol patterns and greater neuroinflammation-related biomarkers in relation to more severe GCA and WML. No associations were found between cortisol patterns and visual rating scales.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests an interplay between diurnal cortisol patterns and neuroinflammation in relation to brain structure. While this cross-sectional study does not provide information on causality or temporality, these findings suggest that neuroinflammation may be involved in the relationship between HPA-axis functioning and AD.

Th2-predominant immune response underlies the pathogenesis of Dengue

BACKGROUND

Dengue is a rapidly emerging pandemic-prone disease, whose manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening complications like Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome. This study investigates and compares the immune response in clinically defined cohorts of Dengue with and without warning signs, with the aim of identifying immunological correlates of clinical disease and potential markers of disease severity.

METHODS

Blood samples, collected from study participants fulfilling the WHO definition of Dengue with and without warning signs and healthy volunteers, were analyzed using flow cell-based fluorometric methods for cytokines and chemokines. Gene expression analysis, using RT-PCR, was conducted on T helper cell subset-specific transcription factors and cytokines. Demographic details, virological markers, serotype distribution, and hematological parameters were also investigated in all the subjects.

RESULTS

The 35 participants recruited in the study, included 11 healthy volunteers and 12 patients each fulfilling the WHO criteria of Dengue with and without warning signs. While the demographic characteristics and serotype distribution was similar in Dengue with and without warning signs cohorts of the disease, platelet counts and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) levels changed significantly between Dengue with and without warning signs patients. Plasma cytokine analysis showed up-regulation of IL-4, IL-10, IP-10, and MCP-1 in Dengue patients compared to healthy volunteers. Disease severity was associated with elevated levels of IL-10, IP-10, IL-4, MCP-1, and MIP-1α. IL-8 and MIP-1α were significantly up-regulated in Dengue with warning sign compared to Dengue without warning signs cases. Transcription factor analysis indicated increased expression of RORα, FoxP3, and GATA3 in Dengue patients. mRNA expression of TGFβ and IL-4 was also elevated in Dengue patients. A positive correlation between mRNA expression of IL-4 and plasma IL-4 was observed.

CONCLUSION

The study reveals a Th2-predominant immune response in all Dengue patients, regardless of disease severity, with overexpression of IL-8 and MIP-1α being observed in patients with warning signs.

Deep immune profiling of chronic rhinosinusitis in allergic and non-allergic cohorts using mass cytometry

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa inflammation comprising two phenotypes, namely CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP). CRSwNP can be associated with asthma and hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in a syndrome known as NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). Furthermore, CRS frequently intertwines with respiratory allergies. This study investigated levels of 33 different nasal and serum cytokines and phenotypic characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) within cohorts of CRS patients (n = 24), additionally examining the influence of comorbid respiratory allergies by mass cytometry. N-ERD patients showed heightened type 2 nasal cytokine levels. Mass cytometry revealed increased activated naive B cell levels in CRSwNP and N-ERD, while resting naive B cells were higher in CRSsNP. Th2a cell levels were significantly elevated in allergic subjects, but not in CRS groups. In conclusion, there are distinct immunological features in PBMCs of CRS phenotypes and allergy.

The interplay of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis: exploring the pathogenesis and pharmacological approaches

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoporosis are two chronic disorders that are often seen together. RA is an autoimmune disorder that causes pain and inflammation in the joints, while osteoporosis is a disorder in which the bones become weak and fragile. Risk factors for bone loss in RA include disease activity, longer disease duration, erosive disease, autoantibody positivity, and joint damage leading to impaired physical activity. Recent research has shown that there is a complex interplay between immune cells, cytokines, and bone remodeling processes in both RA and osteoporosis. The bone remodeling process is regulated by cytokines and immune system signaling pathways, with osteoclasts activated through the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway and the Wnt/DKK1/sclerostin pathway. Understanding these mechanisms can aid in developing targeted therapies for treatment of osteoporosis in RA patients. Current pharmacological approaches include anti-osteoporotic drugs such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, raloxifene, and romosozumab. Conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs such as methotrexate and biologicals including TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, rituximab, and abatacept lower disease activity in RA and can improve bone metabolism by reducing inflammation but have limited impact on bone mineral density. This review will shed light on the relationship between osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis as well as the various factors that influence the onset of osteoporosis in RA patients. We also explore several treatment approaches to effectively managing osteoporosis in RA patients.

Young Plasma Rejuvenates Blood DNA Methylation Profile, Extends Mean Lifespan, and Improves Physical Appearance in Old Rats

There is converging evidence that young blood conveys cells, vesicles, and molecules able to revitalize function and restore organ integrity in old individuals. We assessed the effects of young plasma on the lifespan, epigenetic age, and healthspan of old female rats. Beginning at 25.6 months of age, a group of 9 rats (group T) was intraperitoneally injected with plasma from young rats until their natural death. A group of 8 control rats of the same age received no treatment (group C). Blood samples were collected every other week. Survival curves showed that from age 26 to 30 months, none of the group T animals died, whereas the survival curve of group C rats began to decline at age 26 months. Blood DNAm age versus chronological age showed that DNAm age in young animals increased faster than chronological age, then slowed down, entering a plateau after 27 months. The DNAm age of the treated rats fell below the DNAm age of controls and, in numerical terms, remained consistently lower until natural death. When rats were grouped according to the similarities in their differential blood DNA methylation profile, samples from the treated and control rats clustered in separate groups. Analysis of promoter differential methylation in genes involved in systemic regulatory activities revealed specific GO term enrichment related to the insulin-like factors pathways as well as to cytokines and chemokines associated with immune and homeostatic functions. We conclude that young plasma therapy may constitute a natural, noninvasive intervention for epigenetic rejuvenation and health enhancement.

Evidence for cytokine dysregulation in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A comparison of cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples

Abnormalities in immune function have been described in schizophrenia but few studies have investigated cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their correlation with blood levels. In this cross-sectional study, cytokines were measured in CSF and plasma of 30 subjects with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) diagnosis and 23 healthy volunteers (HV). Results showed that CSF TNFα was increased in SSD subjects compared to HV and there were no correlations between CSF and plasma cytokine levels. The present findings provide evidence of dysregulation of TNFα in CSF of schizophrenia. These results identify elevated CSF TNFα levels as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia.

The chemokine XCL1 functions as a pregnancy hormone to program offspring innate anxiety

Elevated levels of cytokines in maternal circulation increase the offspring's risk for neuropsychiatric disease. Because of their low homeostatic levels, circulating maternal cytokines during normal pregnancies have not been considered to play a role in fetal brain development and offspring behavior. Here we report that the T/NK cell chemotactic cytokine XCL1, a local paracrine immune signal, can function as a pregnancy hormone and is required for the proper development of placenta and male offspring approach-avoidance behavior. We found that circulating XCL1 levels were at a low pregestational level throughout pregnancy except for a midgestational rise and fall. Blunted elevation in maternal plasma XCL1 in dams with a genetic 5HT1A receptor deficit or following neutralization by anti-XCL1 antibodies increased the expression of tissue damage associated factors in WT fetal placenta and led to increased innate anxiety and stress reactivity in the WT male offspring. Therefore, chemokines like XCL1 may act as pregnancy hormones to regulate placenta development and offspring emotional behavior.

IL-36 antagonism blunts the proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells

IL-36 is known to mediate inflammation and fibrosis. Nevertheless, IL-36 signalling axis has also been implicated in cancer, although understanding of exact contribution of IL-36 to cancer progression is very limited, partly due to existence of multiple IL-36 ligands with agonistic and antagonistic function. Here we explored the role of IL-36 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Firstly, we analyzed expression of IL-36 ligands and receptor and found that the expression of IL-36γ was significantly higher in head and neck cancer (HNSCC) than that of normal tissues, and that the high expression of IL-36γ predicted poor clinical outcomes. Secondly, we investigated the direct effect of IL-36γ on OSCC cells and found that IL-36γ stimulated proliferation of OSCC cells with high expression of IL-36R expression. Interestingly, IL-36γ also promoted migration of OSCC cells with low to high IL-36R expression. Critically, both proliferation and migration of OSCC cells induced by IL-36γ were abrogated by anti-IL-36R mAb. Fittingly, RNA sequence analysis revealed that IL-36γ regulated genes involved in cell cycle and cell division. In summary, our results showed that IL-36γ can be a tumor-promoting factor, and targeting of IL-36R signalling may be a beneficial targeted therapy for patients with abnormal IL-36 signalling.

Toxicity of particles derived from combustion of Ethiopian traditional biomass fuels in human bronchial and macrophage-like cells

The combustion of traditional fuels in low-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, leads to extensive indoor particle exposure. Yet, the related health consequences in this context are understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of combustion-derived particles relevant for Sub-Saharan household environments. Particles (< 2.5 µm) were collected using a high-volume sampler during combustion of traditional Ethiopian biomass fuels: cow dung, eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus charcoal. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP, NIST 2975) served as reference particles. The highest levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found in wood (3219 ng/mg), followed by dung (618 ng/mg), charcoal (136 ng/mg) and DEP (118 ng/mg) (GC-MS). BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions (1-150 µg/mL) for 24 h. All particles induced concentration-dependent genotoxicity (comet assay) but no pro-inflammatory cytokine release in epithelial cells, whereas dung and wood particles also induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Alamar Blue). Only wood particles induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophage-like cells, while dung particles were unique at increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). In summary, particles derived from combustion of less energy dense fuels like dung and wood had a higher PAH content and were more cytotoxic in epithelial cells. In addition, the least energy dense and cheapest fuel, dung, also induced pro-inflammatory effects in macrophage-like cells. These findings highlight the influence of fuel type on the toxic profile of the emitted particles and warrant further research to understand and mitigate health effects of indoor air pollution.

The relationship of neuropsychiatric symptoms with inflammatory markers in the hippocampus and cingulate cortex of bipolar disorder subjects: A post-mortem study

Increased levels of inflammation markers have been found in the peripheral tissue of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), especially during mood episodes. Previous studies found distinctive inflammatory profiles across different brain regions, but potential associations with clinical symptoms are still lacking. This study aims to evaluate the association of neuropsychiatric symptoms with inflammatory markers in the hippocampus and cingulate of individuals with BD. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, cortisol, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate of 14 BD individuals and their non-psychiatric controls. Neuropsychiatric symptoms present in the three months before death were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). In the BD group, greater NPI scores were associated with higher IL-6 in the hippocampus (p = 0.011) and cingulate (p = 0.038) and higher IL-1β (p = 0.039) in the hippocampus. After adjusting for age, sex and CDR, IL-1β and IL-6 were still associated with higher NPI in the hippocampus. In correlation analysis considering both BD and their controls, moderate positive associations were found between NPI and IL-6 and cortisol in the hippocampus (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006) and cingulate (p = 0.024 and p = 0.016), IL-1β (p < 0.001) and IL-17A in the hippocampus (p = 0.002). No difference in inflammatory markers was found according to type of psychotropic medication used. Hence, in individuals with BD, neuropsychiatric symptoms were differently associated with specific inflammatory cytokines and CRP in the hippocampus and cingulate. These results suggest that the neuroinflammatory changes occurring in BD may be more complex than previously expected and could be associated with clinical manifestations.

Impact of high-fat diet on cognitive behavior and central and systemic inflammation with aging and sex differences in mice

Aging and age-related diseases are associated with cellular stress, metabolic imbalance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, accompanied by cognitive impairment. Lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep fragmentation, and stress can potentiate damaging cellular cascades and lead to an acceleration of brain aging and cognitive impairment. High-fat diet (HFD) has been associated with obesity, metabolic disorders like diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. HFD also induces neuroinflammation, impairs learning and memory, and may increase anxiety-like behavior. Effects of a HFD may also vary between sexes. The interaction between Age- and Sex- and Diet-related changes in neuroinflammation and cognitive function is an important and poorly understood area of research. This study was designed to examine the effects of HFD on neuroinflammation, behavior, and neurodegeneration in mice in the context of aging or sex differences. In a series of studies, young (2-3 months) or old (12-13 months) C57BL/6J male mice or young male and female C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a standard diet (SD) or a HFD for 5-6 months. Behavior was assessed in Activity Chamber, Y-maze, Novel Place Recognition, Novel Object Recognition, Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field, Morris Water Maze, and Fear Conditioning. Post-mortem analyses assessed a panel of inflammatory markers in the plasma and hippocampus. Additionally, proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation in the locus coeruleus, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus were assessed in a subset of young and aged male mice. We show that HFD increased body weight and decreased locomotor activity across groups compared to control mice fed a SD. HFD altered anxiety-related exploratory behavior. HFD impaired spatial learning and recall in young male mice and impaired recall in cued fear conditioning in young and aged male mice, with no effects on spatial learning or fear conditioning in young female mice. Effects of Age and Sex were observed on neuroinflammatory cytokines, with only limited effects of HFD. HFD had a more significant impact on systemic inflammation in plasma across age and sex. Aged male mice had induction of microglial immunoreactivity in both the locus coeruleus (LC) and hippocampus an effect that HFD exacerbated in the hippocampal CA1 region. Proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus revealed changes in pathways related to metabolism and neurodegeneration with both aging and HFD in male mice. Our findings suggest that HFD induces widespread systemic inflammation and limited neuroinflammation. In addition, HFD alters exploratory behavior in male and female mice, and impairs learning and memory in male mice. These results provide valuable insight into the impact of diet on cognition and aging pathophysiology.

The relationship and clinical significance of serum cytokine expression level and skin pruritus in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Pruritus of lymphoma is commonly associated with both Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) and critically affects the life quality of patient. Recent evidence suggests that the pruritogenic cytokines seem to play a significant role in the genesis of chronic. This study aims to investigate the cytokines associated with itching in lymphoma patients and provide the basis for potential therapeutic targets. Serum samples were collected from 60 lymphoma patients, including 47 with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and 13 with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), serving as the observation group (lymphoma group, LP group, n = 60). Additionally, serum samples from 8 healthy donors (HD group, n = 8) were collected for comparison. Within the lymphoma group, patients were stratified into those with pruritus (LWP group, n = 30) and those without pruritus (LWOP group, n = 30) based on the presence of skin pruritus symptoms. Elevated levels of multiple cytokines were significantly observed in the LP group in comparison to the HD group (p < 0.01). Patients in LWP group exhibited higher serum levels of IL-31 (p < 0.001), IL-1β (P = 0.039), and IL-1α (P = 0.037) compared to LWOP group. Notably, serum IL-31 levels were higher in advanced AITL patients (stage IV) than in early AITL patients (stage I-Ⅲ, P < 0.05). In subgroup analysis, patients with pruritus in the AITL group exhibited higher serum levels of MIG and CTACK compared to HL group, whereas PDGF-BB levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Elevated serum levels of IL-31, IL-1β, and IL-1α are linked to lymphoma-associated pruritus. Differences in serum cytokine profiles between HL and AITL subgroups are also highlighted. These findings offer valuable insights for clinical intervention in managing lymphoma-related pruritus.

Polystyrene nanoplastic and engine oil synergistically intensify toxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus : Polystyrene nanoplastic and engine oil toxicity in Nile tilapia

Polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NPs) and Engine oil (EO) pose multiple ecotoxic effects with increasing threat to fish ecosystems. The current study investigated the toxicity of 15 days exposure to PS-NPs and / or EO to explore their combined synergistic effects on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus). Hematobiochemical parameters, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers as well as histological alterations were evaluated. The experimental design contained 120 acclimated Nile tilapia distributed into four groups, control, PS-NPs (5 mg/L), EO (1%) and their combination (PS-NPs + EO). After 15-days of exposure, blood and tissue samples were collected from all fish experimental groups. Results indicated that Nile tilapia exposed to PS-NPs and / or EO revealed a significant decrease in almost all the measured hematological parameters in comparison to the control, whereas WBCs and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased in the combined group only. Results clarified that the combined PS-NPs + EO group showed the maximum decrease in RBCs, Hb, MCH and MCHC, and showed the maximum significant rise in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in comparison to all other exposed groups. Meanwhile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) showed a significant (p < 0.05) decline only in the combination group, whereas reduced glutathione (GSH) showed a significant decline in all exposed groups in comparison to the control. Both malondialdehyde (MDA) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed a significant elevation only in the combination group. Uric acid showed the maximum elevation in the combination group than all other groups, whereas creatinine showed significant elevation in the EO and combination group when compared to the control. Furthermore, the present experiment proved that exposure to these toxicants either individually or in combination is accompanied by pronounced histomorpholgical damage characterized by severe necrosis and hemorrhage of the vital organs of Nile tilapia, additionally extensively inflammatory conditions with leucocytes infiltration. We concluded that combination exposure to both PS-NPs and EO caused severe anemia, extreme inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation effects, thus they can synergize with each other to intensify toxicity in fish.

T-cell subsets and cytokines are indicative of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy responses in NSCLC

PURPOSE

Neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade combined with chemotherapy is a promising treatment for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the immunological mechanisms contributing to tumor regression and biomarkers corresponding to different pathological responses remain unclear.

METHODS

Using dynamic and paired blood samples from NSCLC patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy, we analyzed the frequencies of CD8 + T-cell and Treg subsets and their dynamic changes during neoadjuvant treatment through flow cytometry. Cytokine profiles and function-related gene expression of CD8 + T cells and Tregs were analyzed through flow cytometry and mRNA-seq. Infiltrating T-cell subsets in resected tissues from patients with different pathological responses were analyzed through multiplex immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

Forty-two NSCLC patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy were enrolled and then underwent surgical resection and pathological evaluation. Nineteen patients had pCR (45%), 7 patients had MPR (17%), and 16 patients had non-MPR (38%). In patients with pCR, the frequencies of CD137 + CD8 + T cells (P = 0.0475), PD-1 + Ki-67 + CD8 + T cells (P = 0.0261) and Tregs (P = 0.0317) were significantly different from those of non-pCR patients before treatment. pCR patients usually had low frequencies of CD137 + CD8 + T cells, PD-1 + Ki-67 + CD8 + T cells and Tregs, and their AUCs were higher than that of tissue PD-L1 expression. Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy markedly improved CD8 + T-cell proliferation and activation, especially in pCR patients, as the frequencies of CD137 + CD8 + (P = 0.0136) and Ki-67 + CD8 + (P = 0.0391) T cells were significantly increased. The blood levels of cytokines such as IL-2 (P = 0.0391) and CXCL10 (P = 0.0195) were also significantly increased in the pCR group, which is consistent with the high density of activated cytotoxic T cells at the tumor site (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy drives CD8 + T cells toward a proliferative and active profile. The frequencies of CD137 + CD8 + T cells, PD-1 + Ki-67 + CD8 + T cells and Tregs at baseline might predict the response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in NSCLC patients. The increase in IL-2 and CXCL10 might reflect the chemotaxis and enrichment of cytotoxic T cells at the tumor site and a better response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy.

Cytokine expression and mortality risk among COVID-19 hospitalized patients over 60 years of age in a referral hospital in Cartagena, Colombia

Background

Cytokine dysregulation in COVID-19 patients aged over 60 has been associated to adverse outcomes. While serum levels have been studied, cellular expression, particularly in Afro-Colombians, remains understudied. This research aims to describe cytokine expression in peripheral blood leukocytes and its association with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients aged over 60 at Cartagena's referral hospital.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted, encompassing severe and critical cases of COVID-19 between November 2021 and February 2022. At baseline, the cellular expression level of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ was assessed using flow cytometry. Additionally, various biochemical, hematological, and coagulation markers were evaluated. The main outcome was time to death.

Results

Among the 50 enrolled participants, the median age was 76.5 years, 60% were male, 60% were admitted to the ICU, and 42% died. Lactate dehydrogenase and hemoglobin were the only markers that differed between fatal and surviving cases. Regarding cytokines, the level of IL-6 expression was associated with an increased risk of death. Specifically, a one percent increase in the expression was associated with a 7.3% increase in the risk of death. Stratifying the analysis by death and ICU admission, the median expression level remained high in fatal cases who were admitted to the ICU.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed a significant association between high cellular expression levels of IL-6 and an increased risk of mortality. These results provide valuable scientific insights that could inform the prioritization of case management, providing especially advantageous for the vulnerable Afro-Colombian group.

Immune and glial cell alterations in the rat brain after repeated exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018

The use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) poses major psychiatric risks. We previously showed that repeated exposure to the prototypical SCRA JWH-018 induces alterations in dopamine (DA) transmission, abnormalities in the emotional state, and glial cell activation in the mesocorticolimbic DA circuits of rats. Despite growing evidence suggesting the relationship between substance use disorders (SUD) and neuroinflammation, little is known about the impact of SCRAs on the neuroimmune system. Here, we investigated whether repeated JWH-018 exposure altered neuroimmune signaling, which could be linked with previously reported central effects. Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to JWH-018 (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) for fourteen consecutive days, and the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors was measured seven days after treatment discontinuation in the striatum, cortex, and hippocampus. Moreover, microglial (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, IBA-1) and astrocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) activation markers were evaluated in the caudate-putamen (CPu). Repeated JWH-018 exposure induces a perturbation of neuroimmune signaling specifically in the striatum, as shown by increased levels of cytokines [interleukins (IL) -2, -4, -12p70, -13, interferon (IFN) γ], chemokines [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) -1α, -3α], and growth factors [macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)], together with increased IBA-1 and GFAP expression in the CPu. JWH-018 exposure induces persistant brain region-specific immune alterations up to seven days after drug discontinuation, which may contribute to the behavioral and neurochemical dysregulations in striatal areas that play a role in the reward-related processes that are frequently impaired in SUD.

The role, relevance and management of immune exhaustion in bovine infectious diseases

Immune exhaustion is a state of immune cell dysfunction that occurs most commonly following chronic exposure to an antigen which persists after the immune response fails to remove it. Exhaustion has been studied most thoroughly with several cancers, but has also been observed in several chronic infectious diseases. The topic has mainly been studied with CD8+ T cells, but it can also occur with CD4+ T cells and other immune cell types too. Exhaustion is characterized by a hierarchical loss of effector cell functions, up-regulation of immuno-inhibitory receptors, disruption of metabolic activities, and altered chromatin landscapes. Exhaustion has received minimal attention so far in diseases of veterinary significance and this review's purpose is to describe examples where immune exhaustion is occurring in several bovine disease situations. We also describe methodology to evaluate immune exhaustion as well as the prospects of controlling exhaustion and achieving a more suitable outcome of therapy in some chronic disease scenarios.

Low tumor interleukin-1β expression predicts a limited effect of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with completely resected lung adenocarcinoma: An identification and validation study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for completely resected non-small cell lung cancer is associated with modest improvement in survival; nevertheless, no validated biomarker exists for predicting the benefit or harm of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We simultaneously measured 27 cytokines in operative tumor specimens from a discovery cohort (n = 97) by multiplex immunoassay; half of the patients received adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, and the other half were observed. We tested possible prognostic and predictive factors in multivariate Cox models for overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS), and a tree-based method was applied to detect predictive factors with respect to RFS. The results were validated in an independent validation cohort (n = 93).

RESULTS

Fifty-two of 97 (54 %) patients in the discovery cohort and 50 of 93 (54 %) in the validation cohort received adjuvant chemotherapy; forty-four (85 %) patients in the discovery cohort and 37 (74 %) in the validation cohort received four cycles as planned. In patients with low IL-1β-expressing tumors, RFS and OS were worse after adjuvant chemotherapy than after observation. The limited effect of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with low IL-1β-expressing tumors was confirmed in the validation cohort. Additionally, RFS and OS were prolonged by adjuvant chemotherapy only in patients with high IL-1β-expressing tumors in the validation cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified and validated low tumor IL-1β expression as a potential biomarker of a limited response to adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy after complete resection of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. This finding has the potential to inform adjuvant treatment decisions.

Nitric oxide regulation of fetal and newborn lung development and function

In the developing lung, nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling are essential in regulating lung formation and vascular tone. Animal studies have linked many anatomical and pathophysiological features of newborn lung disease to abnormalities in the NO/cGMP signaling system. They have demonstrated that driving this system with agonists and antagonists alleviates many of them. This research has spurred the rapid clinical development, testing, and application of several NO/cGMP-targeting therapies with the hope of treating and potentially preventing significant pediatric lung diseases. However, there are instances when the therapeutic effectiveness of these agents is limited. Studies indicate that injury-induced disruption of several critical components within the signaling system may hinder the promise of some of these therapies. Recent research has identified basic mechanisms that suppress NO/cGMP signaling in the injured newborn lung. They have also pinpointed biomarkers that offer insight into the activation of these pathogenic mechanisms and their influence on the NO/cGMP signaling system's integrity in vivo. Together, these will guide the development of new therapies to protect NO/cGMP signaling and safeguard newborn lung development and function. This review summarizes the important role of the NO/cGMP signaling system in regulating pulmonary development and function and our evolving understanding of how it is disrupted by newborn lung injury.

Evaluation of Artemisia dubia folium extract-mediated immune efficacy through developing a murine model for acute and chronic stages of atopic dermatitis

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a biphasic type of skin inflammation characterized by a predominance of type-2 (TH2) and type-1 (TH1) helper T cell-biased immune responses at the acute and persistent chronic phases, respectively. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Artemisia dubia folium extract (ADFE) on AD-like skin lesions through developing a murine model for acute and chronic stages of AD. To induce acute phase AD, the dorsal skin of BALB/c mice was sensitized twice a week with 1% 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), followed by challenge (twice) in the following week with 0.2% DNCB. To induce persistent chronic AD, some mice were challenged twice a week for 4 more weeks. After the second challenge, the dorsal skin was exposed to 3% ADFE (five times per week) for 2 weeks (acute phase) or 4 weeks (persistent chronic phase).

RESULTS

The paradigm of TH2 or TH1 predominance at the acute and chronic phase, respectively, was observed in this mouse model. During the acute phase, we observed an increased IL-4/IFN-γ ratio in splenic culture supernatants, an increased IgG1/IgG2a ratio in serum, and elevated serum IgE levels; however, the skew toward TH2 responses was diminished during the chronic stage. Compared with vehicle controls, ADFE reduced the IL-4/IFN-γ and IgG1/IgG2a ratios in acute AD, but both ratios increased during the chronic stage.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that ADFE concomitantly suppresses the TH2 predominant response in acute AD, as well as the TH1 predominant response in chronic AD. Thus, ADFE is a candidate therapeutic for AD.

Elucidating the anti-inflammatory activity of platycodins in lung inflammation through pulmonary distribution dynamics and grey relational analysis of cytokines

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Platycodonis Radix (PR) is a traditional herbal remedy used to prevent and treat lung inflammation, and platycodins are speculated to be the major active constituents. However, concrete experimental verification for this assertion remains absent thus far.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to compare the pulmonary distribution dynamics of five platycodins and analyze their effects on cytokines. Through the grey relational analysis (GRA) between pulmonary active components and cytokines, the study ascertains platycodins as the potential effective component against lung inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A rat lung inflammation model was created using lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Pulmonary distribution dynamics were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Cytokine changes and distribution patterns in lung tissues were studied by multi-factor reagent kit. GRA was applied to determine correlations between pulmonary components and cytokines. Finally, the anti-inflammatory properties of platycodins were further studied using LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells in vitro.

RESULTS

The results showed that five platycodins (Platycodin D, Platycodin D3, Deapio Platycodin D, 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl Platycodigenin, and Platycodigenin) featured fast absorption rate, short time to peak, and slow metabolism rate. The pulmonary distribution dynamics were significantly affected within 2 h after LPS modeling. At the same time, PR altered the relationships among different cytokines induced by LPS stimulation, particularly inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ. The GRA results indicated good correlation between the pulmonary distribution dynamics of the five platycodins components and the changing patterns of cytokine levels, with Platycodin D3 contributing the most. Additionally, Platycodin D3 exhibited a protective role against LPS-induced inflammation by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-8, and ROS, as well as increasing the expression of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10.

CONCLUSIONS

Platycodins are the main anti-inflammatory agents in PR and there is a good correlation with cytokines. This contributes to the anti-pneumonia effect of PR.

Establishment of reference intervals for plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17A in healthy adults from the Jiangsu region of eastern China using flow cytometry: A single-center study

BACKGROUND

Cytokines are of utmost importance in both the physiological and pathological immune responses of the human body. This study utilized flow cytometry to measure the levels of plasma interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and established their reference intervals, aiming to provide data support for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases.

METHODS

According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 728 reference individuals were included in this study from January 2023 to June 2023. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyse the distributions of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A. The reference intervals of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A were established by the unilateral percentile method (95th percentile) based on the guidelines of C28-A 3 and WS/T 402-2012.

RESULTS

In this study, the levels of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A were nonnormally distributed. The concentrations of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A in healthy adults were not significantly different by sex or age (all P > 0.05). Therefore, all the reference individuals were combined into one group, and the reference intervals of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 were established by flow cytometry (IL-2 ≤ 10.25 pg/mL, IL-4 ≤ 9.87 pg/mL, IL-5 ≤ 3.36 pg/mL and IL-17A ≤ 9.46 pg/mL).

CONCLUSIONS

We first established the reference intervals of plasma IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17A in healthy adults based on a single-center population in the Jiangsu region in eastern China, which will provide an important reference value for evaluating human immune status and the diagnosis and treatment of clinical diseases.

Protective effects of sinomenine against dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via alteration of HO-1/Nrf2 and inflammatory pathway

BACKGROUND

Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) induces ulcerative colitis (UC), a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that leads to inflammation, swelling, and ulcers in the large intestine. The aim of this experimental study is to examine how sinomenine, a plant-derived alkaloid, can prevent or reduce the damage caused by DSS in the colon and rectum of rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Induction of ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats was achieved by orally administering a 2% Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) solution, while the rats concurrently received oral administrations of sinomenine and sulfasalazine. The food, water intake was estimated. The body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length and spleen index estimated. Antioxidant, cytokines, inflammatory parameters and mRNA expression were estimated. The composition of gut microbiota was analyzed at both the phylum and genus levels in the fecal samples obtained from all groups of rats.

RESULTS

Sinomenine treatment enhanced the body weight, colon length and reduced the DAI, spleen index. Sinomenine treatment remarkably suppressed the level of NO, MPO, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 along with alteration of antioxidant parameters such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and MDA. Sinomenine treatment also decreased the cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-18 in the serum and colon tissue; inflammatory parameters viz., PAF, COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, NF-κB; matrix metalloproteinases level such as MMP-1 and MMP-2. Sinomenine significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced the level of HO-1 and Nrf2. Sinomenine altered the mRNA expression of RIP1, RIP3, DRP3, NLRP3, IL-1β, caspase-1 and IL-18. Sinomenine remarkably altered the relative abundance of gut microbiota like firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, F/B ratio, Verrucomicrobia, and Actinobacteria.

CONCLUSION

The results clearly indicate that sinomenine demonstrated a protective effect against DSS-induced inflammation, potentially through the modulation of inflammatory pathways and gut microbiota.

PD-1 and LAG-3 positive T cells are related with the prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to study the frequency of circulating LAG-3+ and PD-1+ T cells in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and their correlation with cytokines and patient prognosis.

METHODS

A total of 83 patients with CKD between June 2020 and June 2022 were enrolled. We measured serum levels of IL-6, CRP, IL-1β, and TNF-α by ELISA. The frequency of PD-1+ and LAG-3+ T cells was measured using flow cytometry. All patients were followed up for 1 year, and the occurrence of any of the following conditions during the follow-up period was considered as major adverse cardiac events (MACE) indicating poor prognosis.

RESULTS

The frequencies of LAG-3+PD-1+, LAG-3+ and PD-1+ cells were significantly increased in CKD group compared to healthy volunteers. Additionally, CKD patients had remarkably enhanced levels of cytokines. Compared to the non-MACE group, MACE group had significantly higher frequencies of LAG-3PD-1, LAG-3 and PD-1 expression on CD8 and CD4. Positive correlations were observed between IL-1β, IL-6 and frequencies of PD-1+LAG-3+. CD4+LAG-3+PD-1+ frequency displayed the highest diagnostic value for CKD patients with MACE. Moreover, CD8+LAG-3+, CD4+LAG-3+PD-1+, CD4+PD-1+, IL-1β and IL-6 were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of MACE in patients with CKD.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the present research showed that the frequencies of LAG-3+ and PD-1+ T cells were remarkably enhanced in CKD patients. These findings offer novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for the management of CKD.

Peptoid Crosslinked Hydrogel Stiffness Modulates Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Immunoregulatory Potential in the Presence of Interferon-gamma

Human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) manufacturing requires the production of large numbers of therapeutically potent cells. Licensing with soluble cytokines improves hMSC therapeutic potency by enhancing secretion of immunoactive factors but typically decreases proliferative ability. Soft hydrogels, however, have shown promise for boosting immunomodulatory potential, which may compensate for decreased proliferation. Here, hydrogels were crosslinked with peptoids of different secondary structures to generate substrates of various bulk stiffness but fixed network connectivity. Secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractive protein (MCP-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCS-F), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were shown to depend on hydrogel stiffness in the presence of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) supplementation, with soft substrates further improving secretion. The immunological function of these secreted cytokines was then investigated via coculture of hMSCs seeded on hydrogels with Primary Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) in the presence and absence of IFN-γ. Co-cultures with hMSCs seeded on softer hydrogels showed decreased PBMC proliferation with IFN-γ. To probe possible signaling pathways, immunofluorescent studies probed the NF-κB pathway and demonstrated that IFN-γ supplementation and softer hydrogel mechanics led to higher activation of this pathway. Overall, these studies may allow for production of more efficacious therapeutic hMSCs in the presence of IFN-γ. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Standardizing urethral stricture models in rats: a comprehensive study on histomorphologic and molecular approach

PURPOSE

To create a reproducible and standardized urethral stricture model in rats, evaluating both histomorphologic findings and gene expression data. In studies involving experimental animals, more standardization is needed for the creation of a urethral stricture model.

METHODS

Sixteen male rats were randomized into two groups. The Sham group (n:8) underwent only a penoscrotal incision, while the stricture group (n:8) had their urethras exposed through a penoscrotal incision, followed by electrocauterization to the corpus spongiosum. On the 15th day, blood and urethral tissues were harvested for histologic and molecular analyses. Histomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed.

RESULTS

The stricture group exhibited more severe and intense spongiofibrosis, inflammation, epithelial desquamation, and congestion in vascular structures compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The urethral tissue in the stricture group showed an increased ratio of inflammation parameters, including Collagen 1A1, Collagen 3A1, elastin, Transforming growth factor β1, α Smooth muscle actin, Platelet-derived growth factor α, and Platelet-derived growth factor β. Transforming growth factor β1, Platelet-derived growth factor α, and Platelet-derived growth factor β each correlated highly with the other six parameters (r > 0.60, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Developing electrocoagulation-induced urethral stricture in rats is a simple, reliable, inexpensive, and reproducible. Reporting histologic data with qualitative and semi-quantitative scoring will enhance data standardization, aiding reader understanding and analysis. Transforming growth factor β and Platelet-derived growth factor play key roles in fibrosis during stricture development. Incorporating these cytokines in urethral stricture animal model studies can demonstrate successful stenosis creation.

Curcumin prevents high glucose-induced stimulatory effects of renal cell secretome on fibroblast activation via mitigating intracellular free radicals and TGF-β secretion

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of kidney failure. However, the involvement of renal fibroblasts and their communications with renal epithelial cells during DKD remain poorly understood. We investigated the potential role of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) in renal fibroblast activation that might lead to DKD. Additionally, the protective effects of curcumin, a known antioxidant, against renal fibroblast activation induced by high glucose-treated PTECs were investigated. Secretome was collected from HK-2 PTECs under normal glucose, high glucose, high glucose pretreated/cotreated with curcumin, or osmotic control condition for 24 h. Such secretome was then used to treat BHK-21 renal fibroblasts for 24 h. BHK-21 cells treated with high glucose-induced secretome had increased levels of fibroblast activation markers, including spindle index, F-actin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagen I, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, as compared with normal glucose and osmotic control conditions. However, all these increases were successfully mitigated by curcumin. In addition, high glucose markedly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion, but did not affect the secretion of platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in HK-2 renal cells as compared with normal glucose and osmotic control conditions. Both intracellular ROS and secreted TGF-β levels were successfully mitigated by curcumin. Therefore, curcumin prevents the high glucose-induced stimulatory effects of renal cell secretome on fibroblast activation, at least in part, via mitigating intracellular ROS and TGF-β secretion.

Is there a role for N1-N2 neutrophil phenotypes in bone regeneration? A systematic review

PURPOSE

This review aims to provide an overview of the multiple functions of neutrophils, with the recognition of the inflammatory (N1) and regenerative (N2) phenotypes, in relation to fracture healing.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using the PubMed database. The quality of the articles was evaluated using critical appraisal checklists.

RESULTS

Thirty one studies were included in this review. These studies consistently support that neutrophils exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on bone regeneration, influenced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin 8 (IL-8), mast cells, and macrophages. The N2 phenotype has recently emerged as one promoter of bone healing. The N1 phenotype has progressively been connected with inflammatory neutrophils during fracture healing.

CONCLUSIONS

This review has pinpointed various aspects and mechanisms of neutrophil influence on bone healing. The recognition of N1 and N2 neutrophil phenotypes potentially shed new light on the dynamic shifts taking place within the Fracture Hematoma (FH).

Adverse childhood experiences and recent negative events are associated with activated immune and growth factor pathways, the phenome of first episode major depression and suicidal behaviors

This research assessed the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and negative life events (NLEs) on forty-eight cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, in 71 FE-MDMD patients and forty heathy controls. ACEs are highly significantly associated with the classical M1 macrophage, T helper (Th)-1, Th-1 polarization, IRS, and neurotoxicity immune profiles, and not with the alternative M2, and Th-2 immune profiles. There are highly significant correlations between ACEs and NLEs and different cytokines/chemokines/growth factors, especially with interleukin (IL)-16, CCL27, stem cell growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that 62.3 % of the variance in the depression phenome (based on severity of depression, anxiety and suicidal behaviors) was explained by the regression on IL-4 (p = 0.001, inversely), the sum of ACEs + NLEs (p < 0.0001), and a vector extracted from 10 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (p < 0.0001; both positively associated). The latter partially mediated (p < 0.0001) the effects of ACE + NLEs on the depression phenome. In conclusion, part of the effects of ACEs and NLEs on the depression phenome is mediated via activation of immune and growth factor networks. These pathways have a stronger impact in subjects with lowered activities of the compensatory immune-regulatory system.

Common and distinct metabolomic markers related to immune aging in Western European and East African populations

In old age, impaired immunity causes high susceptibility to infections and cancer, higher morbidity and mortality, and poorer vaccination efficiency. Many factors, such as genetics, diet, and lifestyle, impact aging. This study aimed to investigate how immune responses change with age in healthy Dutch and Tanzanian individuals and identify common metabolites associated with an aged immune profile. We performed untargeted metabolomics from plasma to identify age-associated metabolites, and we correlated their concentrations with ex-vivo cytokine production by immune cells, DNA methylation-based epigenetic aging, and telomere length. Innate immune responses were impacted differently by age in Dutch and Tanzanian cohorts. Age-related decline in steroid hormone precursors common in both populations was associated with higher systemic inflammation and lower cytokine responses. Hippurate and 2-phenylacetamide, commonly more abundant in older individuals, were negatively correlated with cytokine responses and telomere length and positively correlated with epigenetic aging. Lastly, we identified several metabolites that might contribute to the stronger decline in innate immunity with age in Tanzanians. The shared metabolomic signatures of the two cohorts suggest common mechanisms of immune aging, revealing metabolites with potential contributions. These findings also reflect genetic or environmental effects on circulating metabolites that modulate immune responses.

Costic acid, a sesquiterpene from Nectandra barbellata (Lauraceae), attenuates sponge implant-induced inflammation, angiogenesis and collagen deposition in vivo

Sesquiterpenes are a class of metabolites derived from plant species with immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of treatment with costic acid on inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis induced by subcutaneous sponge implants in mice. One sponge disc per animal was aseptically implanted in the dorsal region of the mice and treated daily with costic acid (at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 μg diluted in 10 μL of 0.5% DMSO) or 0.5% DMSO (control group). After 9 days of treatment, the animals were euthanized, and the implants collected for further analysis. Treatment with costic acid resulted in the reduction of the inflammatory parameters evaluated compared to the control group, with a decrease in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF, CXCL-1, and CCL2) and in the activity of MPO and NAG enzymes. Costic acid administration altered the process of mast cell degranulation. We also observed a reduction in angiogenic parameters, such as a decrease in the number of blood vessels, the hemoglobin content, and the levels of VEGF and FGF cytokines. Finally, when assessing implant-induced fibrogenesis, we observed a reduction in the levels of the pro-fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1, and lower collagen deposition. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-fibrotic effects of costic acid in an in vivo model of chronic inflammation and reinforce the therapeutic potential of costic acid.

Leishmania amazonensis infection regulates oxidate stress in hyperglycemia and diabetes impairing macrophage's function and immune response

Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and its immunopathogenesis results from an unbalanced immune response during the infection. Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from dysfunction of the body's production of insulin or the ability to use it properly, leading to hyperglycemia causing tissue damage and impairing the immune system.

AIMS

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia and diabetes during Leishmania amazonensis infection and how these conditions alter the immune response to the parasite.

METHODS

An in vitro hyperglycemic stimulus model using THP-1-derived macrophages and an in vivo experimental diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) in C57BL/6 mice was employed to investigate the impact of diabetes and hyperglicemia in Leishmania amazonensis infection.

RESULTS

We observed that hyperglycemia impair the leishmanicidal capacity of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells and reverse the resistance profile that C57BL/6 mice have against infection by L. amazonensis, inducing more exacerbated lesions compared to non-diabetic animals. In addition, the hyperglycemic stimulus favored the increase of markers related to the phenotype of M2 macrophages. The induction of experimental diabetes in C57BL/6 mice resulted in a failure in the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the face of infection and macrophages from diabetic animals failed to process and present Leishmania antigens, being unable to activate and induce proliferation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.

CONCLUSION

Together, these data demonstrate that diabetes and hyperglycemia can impair the cellular immune response, mainly of macrophages, against infection by parasites of the genus Leishmania.

Safety and efficacy of nivolumab in elderly patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Analysis of the NIVOREN GETUG-AFU 26 study

INTRODUCTION

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are standard of care in metastatic renal cell carcinoma but their activity and safety in elderly patients is insufficiently explored. We evaluated outcomes of elderly patients with mRCC treated with nivolumab in the GETUG-AFU 26 NIVOREN phase 2 trial (NCT03013335) and conducted exploratory circulating biomarker analyses.

METHODS

Patients with mRCC were treated with nivolumab after at least one antiangiogenic therapy. The main endpoint of this analysis was safety in patients ≥ 70 years old (y.o), as per the rate of treatment-related grade 3-5 events (TRAE). Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival. Exploration of candidate biomarkers associated with aging included baseline circulating cytokines involved in inflammation, adhesion, immune checkpoints, angiogenesis (IL6, IL7, IL8, BAFF, CXCL13, VCAM-1, 4-1BB, VEGF).

RESULTS

Of 720 patients, 515 were < 70 y.o and 205 ≥ 70 y.o. Patients ≥ 70 y.o exhibited numerically less IMDC poor risk disease (21.0% vs 26.9%), sarcomatoid component (4.9% vs 9.8%) or brain metastases (5.9% vs. 14.7%), but more previous treatment lines (≥ 2 in 54.1% vs 48.5%). TRAE were higher in patients ≥ 70 y.o (24.9% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.033). Respective ORR (19.2% vs. 22.1%) and median PFS (4.5 versus 3.0 months, HR 0.97 [95%CI 0.81-1.15]) were similar. Overall survival was shorter in patients ≥ 70 y.o (19.3 versus 26.9 months, HR 1.26 [95%CI 1.04-1.51]), but not significantly in a competitive risk model. Only V-CAM1 and 4-1BB were found to be increased in patients ≥ 70 y.o.

CONCLUSIONS

Nivolumab displayed higher grade 3/4 TRAE but manageable toxicity in elderly patients, with sustained activity. Elderly patients did not display specific inflammatory or angiogenic circulating profiles.

Cytokine Release by Microglia Exposed to Neurologic Injury Is Amplified by Lipopolysaccharide

INTRODUCTION

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and morbidity in the trauma population. Microglia drive the secondary neuroinflammatory response after TBI. We sought to determine if the microglial response to neurologic injury was exacerbated by a second stimulus after exposure to neurologic injury.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats (age 2-3 wk) were divided into injured and noninjured groups. Injured rats underwent a controlled cortical impact injury; noninjured rats remained naïve to any injury and served as the control group. Primary rat microglia were isolated and applied to in vitro cultures. After incubation for 24 h, the microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or norepinephrine. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, cell culture supernatant was collected. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production were measured by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. GraphPad Prism was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

When compared to noninjured microglia, LPS induced a significantly greater production of TNF-α in microglia isolated from the injured ipsilateral (versus noninjured = 938.8 ± 155.1, P < 0.0001) and injured contralateral hemispheres (versus noninjured = 426.6 ± 155.1, P < 0.0001). When compared to microglia from noninjured cerebral tissue, IL-6 production was significantly greater after LPS stimulation in the injured ipsilateral hemisphere (mean difference versus noninjured = 9540 ± 3016, P = 0.0101) and the contralateral hemisphere (16,700 ± 3016, P < 0.0001). Norepinephrine did not have a significant effect on IL-6 or TNF-α production.

CONCLUSIONS

LPS stimulation may amplify the release of proinflammatory cytokines from postinjury microglia. These data suggest that post-TBI complications, like sepsis, may propagate neuroinflammation by augmenting the proinflammatory response of microglia.

The cytokines in tumor microenvironment: from cancer initiation-elongation-progression to metastatic outgrowth

It is a well-known fact that cancer can be augmented by infections and inflammation. In fact, chronic inflammation establishes a tumor-supporting-microenvironment (TME), which contributes to neoplastic progression. Presently, extensive research is going on to establish the interrelationship between infection, inflammation, immune response, and cancer. Cytokines are the most essential components in this linkage, which are secreted by immune cells and stromal cells of TME. Cytokines have potential involvement in tumor initiation, elongation, progression, metastatic outgrowth, angiogenesis, and development of therapeutic resistance. They are also linked with increased cancer symptoms along with reduced quality of life in advanced cancer patients. The cancer patients experience multiple symptoms including pain, asthenia, fatigue, anorexia, cachexia, and neurodegenerative disorders etc. Anti-cancer therapeutics can be developed by targeting cytokines along with TME to reduce the immunocompromised state and also modulate the TME. This review article depicts the composition and function of different inflammatory cells within the TME, more precisely the role of cytokines in cancer initiation, elongation, and progression as well as the clinical effects in advanced cancer patients. It also provides an overview of different natural compounds, nanoparticles, and chemotherapeutic agents that can target cytokines along with TME, which finally pave the way for cytokines-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics.

Molecular and cellular pruritus mechanisms in the host skin

Pruritus, also known as itching, is a complex sensation that involves the activation of specific physiological and cellular receptors. The skin is innervated with sensory nerves as well as some receptors for various sensations, and its immune system has prominent neurological connections. Sensory neurons have a considerable impact on the sensation of itching. However, immune cells also play a role in this process, as they release pruritogens. Disruption of the dermal barrier activates an immune response, initiating a series of chemical, physical, and cellular reactions. These reactions involve various cell types, including keratinocytes, as well as immune cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Collective activation of these immune responses confers protection against potential pathogens. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to pruritus in host skin is crucial for the advancement of effective treatment approaches. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the present knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying itching signaling in the skin. Additionally, this review explored the integration of these mechanisms with the broader context of itch mediators and the expression of their receptors in the skin.