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Chen K, Li J, Wei C, Oron A, Shan Y, Jiang Y. Soft wetting: Substrate softness- and time-dependent droplet/bubble adhesion. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:87-98. [PMID: 38340517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The droplet/bubble adhesion characteristics depend on the length of the droplet/bubble three-phase contact line. Since the deformation caused by the liquid-gas interfacial tension on the soft substrate, referred as to the wetting ridge, retards contact line spreading and retraction, we conjecture that the droplet/bubble adhesion characteristics depend also on the substrate softness. EXPERIMENTS Soft substrates with various shear moduli are prepared and characterized by the spreading and receding dynamics of water droplets and underwater bubbles. Snap-in and normal adhesion forces of droplets/bubbles on such soft substrates are directly measured along with the visualized droplet/bubble shape profiles. FINDINGS The droplet/bubble snap-in force, which corresponds to the short-time spreading dynamics, decreases with a decrease in the substrate shear modulus because of the retarded contact line spreading. The droplet maximal adhesion force on a soft substrate can be counterintuitively either smaller or larger than its counterpart on the rigid substrate depending on different dwelling times, i.e., the droplet/bubble-substrate contact time before droplet/bubble-substrate separation. The former is attributed to the retarded contact line spreading, whereas the latter is attributed to the retarded contact line retraction. The substrate softness- and dwelling time-dependent droplet/bubble adhesion reported in this study will benefit various applications related to soft substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Chuanqi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Alexander Oron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yanguang Shan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Youhua Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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2
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Zhu X, Fordjour A, Agyen Dwomoh F, Kwame Lewballah J, Anim Ofosu S, Liu J, Dai X, Oteng J. Experimental study on the effects of pressure loss on uniformity, application rate and velocity on different working conditions using the dynamic fluidic sprinkler. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27140. [PMID: 38463833 PMCID: PMC10920742 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pressure loss, combined spacing, and. coefficients of uniformity on the dynamic fluidic sprinkler. Spline interpolation was used to convert the radial water volume into grid-type data and various pressure conditions were used to simulate the three-dimensional water distribution under square and triangular combinations of sprinklers. For each of the combinations of the sprinklers, experiments were performed at operating pressures of 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 MPa, respectively. To find the optimum spatial distribution of sprinklers, three different sprinkler intervals, 1R, 1.2R, and 1.4R, were performed for the square and triangular combinations. The droplet size distributions were also measured along a radial transect from the sprinkler for each operational pressure using the Thies Clima Laser Precipitation Monitor. The results demonstrated that the average values of the inclination angles of the water droplet trajectory curves were 60.78° and 68.85° as the pressure rose from 0.15 MPa to 0.3 MPa. When the pressure exceeds 0.2 MPa, the square combination's distribution uniformity coefficients of 25% low and high values were higher than those of the triangle combination. Triangular combination coefficients of uniformity (CU) values initially decreased and then increased as sprinkler spacing increased, with the CU value under 1.4R spacing reaching 73.85%. At a 1.2R interval, the CU value of a triangular combination was 8.49% lower than that of a square combination, which is a significant difference. Peak irrigation values for the square combination, when the pressure was changed from 0.1 to 0.3 MPa, were 29.97, 22.9, 19.8, 19.91, and 19.21 mm h-1, respectively. The CU values at 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3 MPa decreased at rates of 0.07%, 1.36%, and 0.8%, respectively, when the pressure was reduced by 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Zhu
- Research Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Alexander Fordjour
- Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Frank Agyen Dwomoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Joseph Kwame Lewballah
- Research Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Samuel Anim Ofosu
- Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana
| | - Junping Liu
- Research Centre of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Smart Agricultural Technology (Yangtze River Delta), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - James Oteng
- Faculty of Engineering, Koforidua Technical University, Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana
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Wang X, Ouyang J, Wang ZM. Exploring the dynamic mechanism of water wetting induced corrosion on differently pre-wetted surfaces in oil-water flows. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:284-298. [PMID: 38471191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Water wetting induced corrosion is the core issue for uncovering the corrosion mechanism in multiphase flow environments, relevant to many industrial applications. Here, we experimentally investigated the dynamic failure of an oil film attached on the pre-wetted model surfaces by the electrochemical current detection using an "Alternate Wetting Cell" and the direct visualization of near-wall fluid states. The oil pre-wetted surface performed a superior corrosion mitigation efficiency, exhibiting a protective oil film with a duration time at least 5 times longer than the water pre-wetted surface. It confirms that the oil film rupture is a combined process of the local penetration and pinning of micro-droplets and the phase redistribution of the near-wall fluids. Corrosion finally initiates and propagates on the surface once the droplets pin there or damage the oil film. The result suggests new control strategies for materials corrosion in complex systems by surface modification and fluid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wang
- Center for Marine Materials Corrosion and Protection, Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, No. 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jialu Ouyang
- Center for Marine Materials Corrosion and Protection, Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, No. 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zi Ming Wang
- Center for Marine Materials Corrosion and Protection, Fujian Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Engineering for High Performance Materials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, No. 422 South Siming Road, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Challita EJ, Rohilla P, Bhamla MS. Fluid ejections in nature. ArXiv 2024:arXiv:2403.02359v1. [PMID: 38495571 PMCID: PMC10942486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
From microscopic fungi to colossal whales, fluidic ejections are a universal and intricate phenomenon in biology, serving vital functions such as animal excretion, venom spraying, prey hunting, spore dispersal, and plant guttation. This review delves into the complex fluid physics of ejections across various scales, exploring both muscle-powered active systems and passive mechanisms driven by gravity or osmosis. We introduce a framework using dimensionless numbers to delineate transitions from dripping to jetting and elucidate the governing forces. Highlighting the understudied area of complex fluid ejections, this work not only rationalizes the biophysics involved but also uncovers potential engineering applications in soft robotics, additive manufacturing, and drug delivery. By bridging biomechanics, the physics of living systems, and fluid dynamics, this review offers valuable insights into the diverse world of fluid ejections and paves the way for future bioinspired research across the spectrum of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio J Challita
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
| | - Pankaj Rohilla
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - M Saad Bhamla
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
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5
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Kheirkhah Barzoki A. Enhanced mixing efficiency and reduced droplet size with novel droplet generators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4711. [PMID: 38409482 PMCID: PMC10897375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, droplet microfluidics has become widely utilized for high-throughput assays. Efficient mixing is crucial for initiating biochemical reactions in many applications. Rapid mixing during droplet formation eliminates the need for incorporating micromixers, which can complicate the chip design. Furthermore, immediate mixing of substances upon contact can significantly improve the consistency of chemical reactions and resulting products. This study introduces three innovative designs for droplet generators that achieve efficient mixing and produce small droplets. The T-cross and cross-T geometries combine cross and T junction mixing mechanisms, resulting in improved mixing efficiency. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare these novel geometries with traditional T and cross junctions in terms of mixing index, droplet diameter, and eccentricity. The cross-T geometry exhibited the highest mixing index and produced the smallest droplets. For the flow rate ratio of 0.5, this geometry offered a 10% increase in the mixing index and a decrease in the droplet diameter by 10% compared to the T junction. While the T junction has the best mixing efficiency among traditional droplet generators, it produces larger droplets, which can increase the risk of contamination due to contact with the microchannel walls. Therefore, the cross-T geometry is highly desirable in most applications due to its production of considerably smaller droplets. The asymmetric cross junction offered a 8% increase in mixing index and around 2% decrease in droplet diameter compared to the conventional cross junction in flow rate ratio of 0.5. All novel geometries demonstrated comparable mixing efficiency to the T junction. The cross junction exhibited the lowest mixing efficiency and produced larger droplets compared to the cross-T geometry (around 1%). Thus, the novel geometries, particularly the cross-T geometry, are a favorable choice for applications where both high mixing efficiency and small droplet sizes are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kheirkhah Barzoki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhou X, Yang Z, Xu T, Fu H, Fong CC, Sun J, Chin YR, Zhang L, Guan X, Yang M. An integrated and multi-functional droplet-based microfluidic platform for digital DNA amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115831. [PMID: 38008058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Digital DNA amplification is a powerful method for detecting and quantifying rare nucleic acids. In this study, we developed a multi-functional droplet-based platform that integrates the traditional digital DNA amplification workflow into a one-step device. This platform enables efficient droplet generation, transition, and signal detection within a 5-min timeframe, distributing the sample into a uniform array of 4 × 104 droplets (variation <2%) within a chamber. Subsequent in-situ DNA amplification, fluorescence detection, and signal analysis were carried out. To assess the platform's performance, we quantitatively detected the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and human papillomavirus (HPV) mutation using digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (dLAMP), respectively. The fluorescence results exhibited a positive, linear, and statistically significant correlation with target DNA concentrations ranging from 101 to 105 copies/μL, demonstrating the capability and feasibility of the integrated device for dPCR and dLAMP. This platform offers high-throughput droplet generation, eliminates droplet fusion and transition, is user-friendly, reduces costs compared to current methods, and holds potential for thermocycling and isothermal nucleic acid quantification with high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Cellomics (Shenzhen) Limited, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huayang Fu
- Cellomics (Shenzhen) Limited, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Chun Fong
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Rebecca Chin
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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7
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Shanehband N, Naghib SM. Recent advances in nano/microfluidics-based cell isolation techniques for cancer diagnosis and treatments. Biochimie 2024; 220:122-143. [PMID: 38176605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Miniaturization has improved significantly in the recent decade, which has enabled the development of numerous microfluidic systems. Microfluidic technologies have shown great potential for separating desired cells from heterogeneous samples, as they offer benefits such as low sample consumption, easy operation, and high separation accuracy. Microfluidic cell separation approaches can be classified into physical (label-free) and biological (labeled) methods based on their working principles. Each method has remarkable and feasible benefits for the purposes of cancer detection and therapy, as well as the challenges that we have discussed in this article. In this review, we present the recent advances in microfluidic cell sorting techniques that incorporate both physical and biological aspects, with an emphasis on the methods by which the cells are separated. We first introduce and discuss the biological cell sorting techniques, followed by the physical cell sorting techniques. Additionally, we explore the role of microfluidics in drug screening, drug delivery, and lab-on-chip (LOC) therapy. In addition, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of integrated microfluidics for cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shanehband
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Coleman H, Saylor Perez J, Schwartz DK, Kaar J, Garcea RL, Randolph TW. Effect of mechanical stresses on viral capsid disruption during droplet formation and drying. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 233:113661. [PMID: 38006709 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the mechanisms by which viruses lose activity during droplet formation and drying is of great importance to understanding the spread of infectious diseases by virus-containing respiratory droplets and to developing thermally stable spray dried live or inactivated viral vaccines. In this study, we exposed suspensions of baculovirus, an enveloped virus, to isolated mechanical stresses similar to those experienced during respiratory droplet formation and spray drying: fluid shear forces, osmotic pressure forces, and surface tension forces at interfaces. DNA released from mechanically stressed virions was measured by SYBR Gold staining to quantify viral capsid disruption. Theoretical estimates of the force exerted by fluid shear, osmotic pressures and interfacial tension forces during respiratory droplet formation and spray drying suggest that osmotic and interfacial stresses have greater potential to mechanically destabilize viral capsids than forces associated with shear stresses. Experimental results confirmed that rapid changes in osmotic pressure, such as those associated with drying of virus-containing droplets, caused significant viral capsid disruption, whereas the effect of fluid shear forces was negligible. Surface tension forces were sufficient to provoke DNA release from virions adsorbed at air-water interfaces, but the extent of this disruption was limited by the time required for virions to diffuse to interfaces. These results demonstrate the effect of isolated mechanical stresses on virus particles during droplet formation and drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Coleman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - J Saylor Perez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Joel Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Robert L Garcea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
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Wu H, Liu Z, Gao M, Ai J, Ma Z, Su B, Zhou K, Yan C, Shi Y. Electric Power Generated from Magnetic Nanofluid Droplets Sliding upon Superslippery Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:59573-59581. [PMID: 38084913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
An enduring challenge in the field of electric power generation employing magnetic nanofluids pertains to the inherent issue of solid-liquid adhesion, which results in random residue deposition of magnetic nanofluids on solid substrates during motion. Superslippery surfaces, characterized by their exceptional repellent properties and ultralow adhesion characteristics toward an extensive spectrum of fluids, offer an effective approach to ameliorate the aforementioned adhesive problem. Herein, it is demonstrated that electric power can be generated through the sliding of magnetic nanofluid droplets on superslippery surfaces. The electric power generation can be attributed to the change in magnetic flux caused by the magnetic nanofluid droplet passing or leaving a bottom coil associated with a magnet. By tailoring system parameters, such as the volume of the magnetic nanofluid or the vibration speed, the resulting maximal current can exceed 6 μA. An integrated device, featuring enclosed superslippery inner surfaces, can be securely attached to the arm of a volunteer, allowing for the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity. When the volunteer's arm moves, the electrical energy generated by the device can be utilized to light an LED lamp bead. The proposed strategy using superslippery surfaces facilitates low-adhesion transport of magnetic nanofluids, presenting an alternative solution to the development of next-generation solid/liquid energy harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wu
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jingwei Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, P. R. China
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10
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Kuk M, Pyeon J, Kim H. Vapor distribution changes evaporative flux profiles of a sessile droplet. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:646-652. [PMID: 37611470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We propose that during the evaporation of sessile droplets, the evaporative flux profile is primarily influenced by droplet geometry and composition under diffusion-limited conditions. Most studies have focused solely on the evaporation feature from the liquid to the gas phase, neglecting the extent to which the evaporated vapors affect the evaporation process. We hypothesize that if the molecular weight of the evaporated vapors is significantly high or low compared to the ambient gas, it could alter the evaporative flux. EXPERIMENTS We employed a direct optical measurement technique, specifically Mach-Zehnder interferometry. This demonstrated that the distribution of evaporated vapor molecules can substantially modify the evaporative flux profile. FINDINGS Our study discovered that substantial density gradients between vapor and air could either suppress or enhance the evaporative flux, depending on the droplet's orientation. This research offers fresh insights into evaporative fluxes by taking into account the relative vapor concentration and gravitational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyeok Kuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeongsu Pyeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyoungsoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
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11
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Shi Q, Li J, Liu C, Zhai X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Feng D, Zhang R, Li J, Ling S, Zheng L, Luo Y, Liu Y. Fluorescence-coded logarithmic-dilution digital droplet PCR for ultrawide-dynamic-range nucleic acid quantification. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 241:115702. [PMID: 37751652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Digital PCR (dPCR) is considered the next generation of nucleic acid detection for its ability of absolute quantification and high sensitivity. However, when compared to the current gold standard, quantitative PCR (qPCR), dPCR is falling behind by several orders of magnitude in dynamic range, which limits its clinical applicability. Here we present fluorescence-coded logarithmic-dilution digital droplet PCR (Flodd-PCR) that features a dynamic range across 7 orders of magnitude, over 2 orders higher than conventional dPCR (4-5 log range) and approaching that of qPCR (7-8 log range). Flodd-PCR realizes such a wide dynamic range by dividing ∼20,000 droplets into 4 groups, each featuring a unique dilution factor of the loaded DNA template and thus a shifted dynamic range. This is achieved by a microfluidic chip that performs multi-step serial dilution (20-925 folds) and droplet generation. The post-PCR droplets can be clustered in silico based on their dilution indicator fluorescence and analyzed independently. Experimentally, Flodd-PCR can detect 4-20,000,000 copies/μL (cp./μL) of the synthetic human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and outperforms standard dPCR when analyzing clinical HPV samples. Furthermore, Flodd-PCR can be implemented with existing dPCR system set-up with minimal adjustment, and therefore will also have wide practicality in different applications which conventional dPCR has already demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuanpei Zhai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dezhi Feng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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12
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Li Z, Wang Y, Gao Z, Sekine S, You Q, Zhuang S, Zhang D, Feng S, Yamaguchi Y. Lower fluidic resistance of double-layer droplet continuous flow PCR microfluidic chip for rapid detection of bacteria. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340995. [PMID: 36925286 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid diagnosis of harmful microorganisms demonstrated its great importance for social health. Continuous flow PCR (CF-PCR) can realize rapid amplification of target genes by placing the microfluidic chip on heaters with different temperature. However, bubbles and evaporation always arise from heating, which makes the amplification not stable. Water-in-oil droplets running in CF-PCR microfluidic chip with uniform height takes long time because of the high resistance induced by long meandering microchannel. To overcome those drawbacks, we proposed a double-layer droplet CF-PCR microfluidic chip to reduce the fluidic resistance, and meanwhile nanoliter droplets were generated to minimize the bubbles and evaporation. RESULTS Experiments showed that (1) fluidic resistance could be reduced with the increase of the height of the serpentine microchannel if the height of the T-junction part was certain. (2) Running speed, the size and the number of generated droplets were positively correlated with the cross-sectional area of the T-junction and water pressure. (3) Droplet fusion happened at higher water pressure if other experimental conditions were the same. (4) 0.032 nL droplet was created if the cross-sectional area of T-junction and water pressure were 1600 μm2 (40 × 40 μm) and 7 kPa, respectively. Finally, we successfully amplified the target genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis within 11'16″ and observed the fluorescence from droplets. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Such a microfluidic chip can effectively reduce the high resistance induced by long meandering microchannel, and greatly save time required for droplets CF-PCR. It offers a new way for the rapid detection of bacterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Li
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Key Lab of Optical Instruments and Equipment for Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Shanghai Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Key Lab of Optical Instruments and Equipment for Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Shanghai Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zehang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510150, China
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Qingxiang You
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Key Lab of Optical Instruments and Equipment for Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Shanghai Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Key Lab of Optical Instruments and Equipment for Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Shanghai Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Key Lab of Optical Instruments and Equipment for Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Shanghai Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Yoshinori Yamaguchi
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Key Lab of Optical Instruments and Equipment for Medical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Shanghai Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China; Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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13
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Freitas DP, Chen X, Hirtzel EA, Edwards ME, Kim J, Wang H, Sun Y, Kocurek KI, Russell D, Yan X. In situ droplet-based on-tissue chemical derivatization for lipid isomer characterization using LESA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04653-3. [PMID: 37017722 PMCID: PMC10392465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an in situ droplet-based derivatization method for fast tissue lipid profiling at multiple isomer levels. On-tissue derivatization for isomer characterization was achieved in a droplet delivered by the TriVersa NanoMate LESA pipette. The derivatized lipids were then extracted and analyzed by the automated chip-based liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) mass spectrometry (MS) followed by tandem MS to produce diagnostic fragment ions to reveal the lipid isomer structures. Three reactions, i.e., mCPBA epoxidation, photocycloaddition catalyzed by the photocatalyst Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbbpy)PF6, and Mn(II) lipid adduction, were applied using the droplet-based derivatization to provide lipid characterization at carbon-carbon double-bond positional isomer and sn-positional isomer levels. Relative quantitation of both types of lipid isomers was also achieved based on diagnostic ion intensities. This method provides the flexibility of performing multiple derivatizations at different spots in the same functional region of an organ for orthogonal lipid isomer analysis using a single tissue slide. Lipid isomers were profiled in the cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, hippocampus, and midbrain of the mouse brain and 24 double-bond positional isomers and 16 sn-positional isomers showed various distributions in those regions. This droplet-based derivatization of tissue lipids allows fast profiling of multi-level isomer identification and quantitation and has great potential in tissue lipid studies requiring rapid sample-to-result turnovers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas P Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Erin A Hirtzel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Madison E Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Joohan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hongying Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, Carter-Mattil Hall, 373 Olven Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, Carter-Mattil Hall, 373 Olven Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Klaudia I Kocurek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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14
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Satpathi NS, Nampoothiri KN, Sen AK. Effects of surface acoustic waves on droplet impact dynamics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:499-509. [PMID: 36948105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Surface acoustic waves (SAW) propagating along a solid surface can significantly affect the dynamics of droplet impact. Although droplet impact in presence of SAW has been attempted recently, here, we investigate the effects of surface wettability, droplet size, impact velocity, and SAW power on the impact and spreading dynamics along with post-impact oscillation dynamics of a drop. EXPERIMENTS Here, we study droplet impact on a surface exposed to traveling SAW produced using an interdigitated electrode patterned on a piezoelectric substrate. The effects of Weber number (We), surface wettability, and SAW power on the impact and spreading dynamics and post-impact oscillation dynamics are studied. FINDINGS Our study unravels that the interplay between capillary and viscous forces, and inertia forces arising due to pre-impact kinetic energy and SAW-induced bulk acoustic streaming underpins the phenomena. Remarkably, we find that the effect of SAW on droplet impact dynamics is predominant in the case of a hydrophilic (HPL) substrate at a higher SAW power and smaller We and hydrophobic (HPB) substrate irrespective of SAW power. Our study reveals that the maximum droplet spreading diameter increases with SAW power at smaller We for an HPL surface whereas it is independent of SAW power at higher We. Post-impact oscillation of a droplet over an HPL surface is found to be overdamped with a smaller amplitude compared to an HPB substrate, and a faster decay in oscillation amplitude is observed in the case of an HPB surface and higher We. Our study provides an improved understanding of droplet impact on a surface exposed to SAW that may find relevance in various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Satpathi
- Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Unit, Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K N Nampoothiri
- Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Unit, Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A K Sen
- Micro Nano Bio Fluidics Unit, Fluid Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Hosseini M, Rodriguez A, Ducker WA. Super-enhanced evaporation of droplets from porous coatings. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:132-141. [PMID: 36442287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The addition of a thin, hydrophilic, porous, coating to an impermeable solid will lead to more rapid evaporation of liquid droplets that impinge on the solid. The droplet will imbibe quickly, but the progress normal to the interface will be limited to the thickness of the coating, and therefore the liquid will spread laterally into a broad disk to expose a large liquid-vapor interface for evaporation. EXPERIMENTS Liquid droplets of volume 2.5-25 µL were placed on solids and then both the mass and area of each droplet were monitored over time. We compared data for smooth, impermeable hydrophilic glass to the same glass that was coated in thin (35-109 µm) porous, hydrophilic-glass layer fabricated from glass beads. FINDINGS The droplet was imbibed (wicked) into the coating within seconds, and the liquid spread laterally to form a thin, broad, disk. Critically, evaporation of a droplet was enhanced by a factor of 7-8 on the thin coating. The evaporation rate was not proportional to the reciprocal thickness of the coating. The ability to enhance evaporation of small droplets on a solid may have practical applications, for example, in speeding the death of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hosseini
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Alejandro Rodriguez
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - William A Ducker
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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16
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Argyri SM, Evenäs L, Bordes R. Contact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet using machine learning and acoustic levitation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:637-646. [PMID: 36889061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Acoustic levitation provides the possibility to deform levitated droplets in a controllable, and quantifiable manner, thus offering a means to measure the surface tension of a liquid droplet based on its deviation from sphericity. However, for new generation of multi-source and highly stable acoustic levitators, no model relates the acoustic pressure field to the deformation and surface tension. Utilizing a machine learning algorithm is expected to identify correlations between the experimental data without any set preconditions. EXPERIMENTS A series of aqueous surfactant solutions with a large range of surface tensions were prepared, and evaporated under levitation, while the acoustic pressure was varied. A dataset of over 50,000 images was used for the training and evaluation of the machine learning algorithm. Prior to that, the machine learning approach was validated on in silico data that also included artificial noise. FINDINGS We achieved high accuracy in predicting the surface tension of single standing droplets (±0.88 mN/m), and we surpassed certain physical conditions related to the size, and shape of the suspended samples that simpler theoretical models are subject to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaragda-Maria Argyri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Lars Evenäs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Romain Bordes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.
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17
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Ten Klooster S, Berton-Carabin C, Schroën K. Design insights for upscaling spontaneous microfluidic emulsification devices based on behavior of the Upscaled Partitioned EDGE device. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112365. [PMID: 36738018 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic emulsification has the potential to produce emulsions with very controlled droplet sizes in a subtle manner. To support in unleashing this potential, we provide guidelines regarding upscaling based on the performance of Upscale Partitioned EDGE (UPE) devices, using rapeseed oil as the to-be-dispersed phase and whey proteins as the emulsifier. The UPE5x1 device (11,000 droplet formation units (DFUs) of 5 × 1 µm) produced 3.5-µm droplets (CV 3.2 %) at 0.3 mL/h; UPE10x2 (8,000 DFUs of 10 × 2 µm) produced 7-µm droplets (CV 3.2 %) at 0.5 mL/h, and at higher pressures, 32-µm droplets (CV 3-4 %) at 4 mL/h. These productivities are relatively high compared to those of other devices reported in literature (e.g., Microchannel, Tsukuba and Millipede, Harvard). Based on these results, and on others from literature, we conclude that: (1) the continuous phase channel dimensions need to be chosen such that they allow for gradual filling of this channel with droplets without decreasing the pressure over the droplet formation units significantly; (2) the dispersed phase supply channel design should create a wide stable droplet formation pressure range to increase productivity; and (3) higher productivities can be obtained through the choice of the ingredients used; low viscosity dispersed phase and an emulsifier that increases the interfacial tension without negatively affecting device wettability is preferred (e.g., whey protein outperforms Tween 20). These results and design guidelines are expected to contribute to the first food emulsion products prepared with microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Ten Klooster
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Bornse Weilanden, 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Claire Berton-Carabin
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Bornse Weilanden, 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; INRAE, BIA, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Karin Schroën
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Bornse Weilanden, 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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18
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Zhang N, Yue C, Liu J, Zhan X, Cheng Z, Li C, Du Y, Tian F. Fabrication of planar monolayer microreactor array for visual statistical analysis and droplet-based digital quantitative analysis in situ. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:627-37. [PMID: 36504285 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planar monolayer microreactor arrays (PMMRAs) make droplet-based numerical measurements and statistical analysis cheap and easy. However, PMMRAs are typically produced in complex microfluidic devices and, moreover, still requires stringent control to reduce droplet loss during heating. In this paper, a simple, reliable, and flexible method for fabricating PMMRAs in a 96-well plate is described in detail by using simple materials and low-cost equipment. The partitioned droplets spontaneously assemble into PMMRAs in the plates, and this distribution is maintained even after incubation. This is advantageous for in situ analysis based on an individual droplet in droplet digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (ddLAMP) and does not require the transfer of positive droplets. Precise and reproducible quantification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) extracts was executed in these PMMRAs to verify its availability. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only provides a flexible and controllable execution scheme for droplet-based nucleic acid quantification in resource-limited laboratories but also opens new perspectives for numerous analytical and biochemical applications using droplets as versatile plastic microreactors.
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19
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Chillón SA, Fernandez-Gamiz U, Zulueta E, Ugarte-Anero A, Urbina-Garcia O. Numerical modeling of a sneeze, a cough and a continuum speech inside a hospital lift. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13370. [PMID: 36744064 PMCID: PMC9889118 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 and its variants put us on notice of the importance of studying the spread of respiratory diseases. The most common means of propagation was the emission of droplets due to different respiration activities. This study modeled by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques a high risk scenario like a hospital elevator. The cabin was provided with an extraction fan and a rack for air renewal. Inside, a sneeze, a cough and a continuum speech were simulated. Inside the lift, two occupants were introduced to observe the risk of propagation of emitted droplets and the impact in diseases spreading risk. The fan effectivity over the droplets ejection was analyzed, as well as environmental condition of a clinical setting. For this purpose the amount of droplets inside were counted during whole time of simulations. The effect of the fan was concluded as able to eject the 60% of small droplets, but also a high performance in spreading particles inside. Among the three cases, the riskiest scenario was the continuum speech due to the saturation of droplets in airborne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Chillón
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
| | - Unai Fernandez-Gamiz
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain,Corresponding author
| | - Ekaitz Zulueta
- Automatic and Simulation Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
| | - Ainara Ugarte-Anero
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
| | - Oskar Urbina-Garcia
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Nieves Cano 12, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01006, Araba, Spain
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20
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Li H, Li X, Collado-Lara G, Lattwein KR, Mastik F, Beurskens R, van der Steen AFW, Verweij MD, de Jong N, Kooiman K. Coupling Two Ultra-high-Speed Cameras to Elucidate Ultrasound Contrast-Mediated Imaging and Therapy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2023; 49:388-397. [PMID: 36241587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast-mediated medical imaging and therapy both rely on the dynamics of micron- and nanometer-sized ultrasound cavitation nuclei, such as phospholipid-coated microbubbles and phase-change droplets. Ultrasound cavitation nuclei respond non-linearly to ultrasound on a nanosecond time scale that necessitates the use of ultra-high-speed imaging to fully visualize these dynamics in detail. In this study, we developed an ultra-high-speed optical imaging system that can record up to 20 million frames per second (Mfps) by coupling two small-sized, commercially available, 10-Mfps cameras. The timing and reliability of the interleaved cameras needed to achieve 20 Mfps was validated using two synchronized light-emitting diode strobe lights. Once verified, ultrasound-activated microbubble responses were recorded and analyzed. A unique characteristic of this coupled system is its ability to be reconfigured to provide orthogonal observations at 10 Mfps. Acoustic droplet vaporization was imaged from two orthogonal views, by which the 3-D dynamics of the phase transition could be visualized. This optical imaging system provides the temporal resolution and experimental flexibility needed to further elucidate the dynamics of ultrasound cavitation nuclei to potentiate the clinical translation of ultrasound-mediated imaging and therapy developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Collado-Lara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirby R Lattwein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Mastik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Beurskens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius F W van der Steen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin D Verweij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nico de Jong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Medical Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Liu H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Hu C, Rong R. Distribution of droplets/droplet nuclei from coughing and breathing of patients with different postures in a hospital isolation ward. Build Environ 2022; 225:109690. [PMID: 36246843 PMCID: PMC9547661 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Suspected and confirmed cases of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 are diagnosed and treated in specific hospital isolation wards, posing a challenge to preventing cross-infection between patients and healthcare workers. In this study, the Euler-Lagrange method was used to simulate the evaporation and dispersion of droplets with full-size distribution produced by fluctuating coughing and breathing activities in an isolation ward. The effects of supply air temperature and relative humidity, ventilation rates and patient postures on droplet distribution were investigated. The numerical models were validated by an aerosol experiment with an artificial saliva solution containing E. coli bacteria conducted in a typical isolation ward. The results showed that the small size group of droplets (initial size ≤87.5 μm) exhibited airborne transmission in the isolation ward, while the large size group (initial size ≥112.5 μm) were rapidly deposited by gravitational effects. The ventilation rate had a greater effect on the diffusion of droplet nuclei than the supply air temperature and relative humidity. As the air changes per hour (ACH) increased from 8 to 16, the number fraction of suspended droplet nuclei reduced by 14.2% and 6.4% in the lying and sitting cases, respectively, while the number fraction of escaped droplet nuclei increased by 16.2% and 14.6%. Regardless of whether the patient was lying or sitting, the amount of droplet nuclei deposited on the ceiling was highest at lower ventilation rates. These results may provide some guidance for routine disinfection and ventilation strategies in hospital isolation wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
| | - Chenxing Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Rong
- Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei, 071003, PR China
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22
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Wu L, Guo Z, Liu W. Surface behaviors of droplet manipulation in microfluidics devices. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102770. [PMID: 36113310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid development of microfluidic technology has caused a revolutionary impact in the fields of chemistry, medicine, and life sciences. Also, droplet control is one of the most important technologies in the field of microfluidics. In order to achieve different degrees of droplet transport, the dynamic balance of the competing processes of droplet driving force and fluid resistance should be controlled to achieve good selectivity of droplet transport. Here, we focus on the principles of droplet transport in microfluidic devices, including the driving forces for droplet transport in fluids and the effects of transport properties on droplet transport. After that, the effects of external fields on the directional transport of droplets and the advantages and disadvantages of each external field in droplet transport are discussed in detail. Finally, the applications and challenges of droplet microfluidics in chemical, biomedical, and mechanical systems are comprehensively introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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23
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Callaghan C, Scott JL, Edler KJ, Mattia D. Continuous production of cellulose microbeads by rotary jet atomization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:1003-1010. [PMID: 35905582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of plastic microbeads with biodegradable alternatives is essential due to the environmental persistence of plastics and their accumulation within the human food chain. HYPOTHESIS Cellulose microbeads could be such alternative, but their production is hindered by the high viscosity of cellulose solutions. It is expected that this viscosity can be harnessed to induce filament thinning of jets of cellulose solutions to create droplets with diameters within the micrometre range, which can then be converted to solid cellulose microbeads via phase inversion. EXPERIMENTS A 3D printed rotating multi-nozzle system was used to generate jets of cellulose dissolved in solutions of [EMIm][OAc] and DMSO. The jets were subject to Rayleigh breakup to generate droplets which were captured in an ethanol anti-solvent bath, initiating phase-inversion, and resulting in regeneration of the cellulose into beads. FINDINGS Control of both process (e.g. nozzle dimensions) and operational (e.g. rotational speed and pressure) parameters has allowed suppression of both satellite droplets generation and secondary droplet break-up, and tuning of the filament thinning process. This resulted in the continuous fabrication of cellulose microbeads in the size range 40-500 μm with narrow size distributions. This method can produce beads in size ranges not attainable by existing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Callaghan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK; Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Janet L Scott
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Karen J Edler
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK
| | - Davide Mattia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK; Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, BA27AY, UK.
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24
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Konno K, Koibuchi H, Yamamoto S, Tada Y, Kameda T, Taniguchi N. Assessment of the risk of disease transmission during fine-needle aspiration cytology under ultrasound guidance by visualization of droplet and aerosol formation. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2022; 49:471-80. [PMID: 35665436 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-022-01220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) under ultrasound guidance is clinically useful, but there is a risk of spreading infection by generating droplets of contaminated fluids during the procedure. Risk assessment to better control infection remains to be established. The aim of this study was to estimate infection risks during FNAC by visualization of droplet production and deposition using a simulation model. METHODS The simulation comprised a puncture needle, a device for holding the needle, and a fluid specimen containing fluorescent particles as a model. Simulating each step of FNAC (removal of the inner and outer cylinder and transferring the specimen onto a glass slide), the generation and deposition of droplets were visualized using a laser. RESULTS After removal of the inner cylinder, an aerosol of droplets in the air surrounding the needle was observed. After removal of the outer cylinder, several large droplets precipitating onto the circumjacent surface were observed. From the beginning of transferring the specimen, a large amount of sizeable droplets first moving away and then precipitating was observed, followed by the production of a cluster of fine droplets drifting and spreading through the air. CONCLUSIONS Here, the generation of droplets at each step of FNAC, precipitation of large droplets onto the circumjacent surface, and drifting and spreading through the air of fine droplets was visualized. These results emphasize the need for precautions to prevent the transmission of infectious agents during FNAC.
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25
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Zeinali S, Natalia Wieczorek M, Pawliszyn J. Free versus droplet-bound aroma compounds in sparkling beverages. Food Chem 2022; 378:131985. [PMID: 35032804 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The initial experience of a beverage's flavor after opening the bottle is created by a combination of the gas phase and droplet-bound odorants. However, most studies do not consider this combination, and focus on the odor-active components in the liquid or gas phase, separately. To cover this aspect, a filter from pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile fiber was packed inside thermal desorption unit liner and used for trapping droplet-bound odorants. Additionally, polydimethylsiloxane coated thin-film was applied for extraction of gas-phase aroma. Following trapping/extraction, the devices were desorbed and compounds were separated using GC-MS. The odorants in commercial sparkling beverages were quantified immediately after opening the bottle to mimic real-life conditions of the consumer's experience of the flavor. The reported results provide a more comprehensive understanding of flavor perception in effervescent drinks by considering both gas and droplet phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakiba Zeinali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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26
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Park SH, Bae SW, Jeong KY, Koo EH, Choi JH, Park JH, Kong SH, Choi WS, Park DJ, Lee HJ, Yang HK. Clinical significance of lipid droplets formed in the peritoneal fluid after laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:6095-6104. [PMID: 35312849 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have previously reported that laparoscopic surgery using an energy sealing device generates hazardous surgical smoke. However, the droplets appearing on the surface of peritoneal fluid irrigated with saline, after dissection phase of laparoscopic gastrectomy were ignored for a long time. This study aimed to investigate the composition and clinical significance of these droplet particles. METHODS This study prospectively enrolled 15 patients with early gastric cancer (cT1NanyM0) who were scheduled for laparoscopic gastrectomy. Floating phases of peritoneal irrigation fluid containing droplets in dissected area were retrieved before and after surgical dissection. Using gas chromatography analysis, the areas under the peak were compared between the samples retrieved before and after surgical dissection. We also analyzed if the area value with significant change was related to the inflammatory response. RESULTS In gas chromatography, the area values after laparoscopic surgical dissection were significantly increased in 10 out of 37 kinds of fatty acids, compared to those before surgical dissection. The significant increase in area value of α-linoleic and eicosadienoic acids were positively correlated with the elevated level of C-reactive protein at postoperative day 2 (Spearman's ρ = 0.843, P < 0.001; Spearman's ρ = 0.785, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The lipid droplets, generated after laparoscopic lymphadenectomy during gastric cancer surgery, contained various types of fatty acids, and some of them have been found to be associated with inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hoo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Bae
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Yun Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Koo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Kong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Won-Sil Choi
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Kwang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehark-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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27
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Huang S, Xu B, Liu Y. Calcium promotes α-synuclein liquid-liquid phase separation to accelerate amyloid aggregation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 603:13-20. [PMID: 35276458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is an aggregation-prone protein whose accumulation in Lewy bodies leads to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Calcium plays a critical role in neurons, and calcium dysregulation is one of the risk factors of PD. It is known that Ca2+ interacts with α-Syn and affects its assembly. However, how Ca2+ regulates α-Syn aggregation remains unclear. Here, we reported that Ca2+ accelerates α-Syn amyloid aggregation through the modulation of protein phase separation. We observed that Ca2+ promotes the formation of α-Syn liquid droplets but does not change the protein fluidity inside the droplets. Further studies showed Ca2+-involved α-Syn droplets are still able to fuse. A metal chelator eliminated Ca2+-induced enlargement of α-Syn droplets, suggesting the influence of Ca2+ on α-Syn assembly could be reversed at the stage of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Interestingly, our data showed Ca2+ still promoted α-Syn phase separation in the presence of the lipid membranes. In addition, Ca2+/α-syn droplets could efficiently recruit lipid vesicles to the surface of these condensates. Our findings demonstrate that Ca2+ facilitates α-Syn phase separation to accelerate amyloid aggregation and pave the path for understanding the implications of Ca2+ in α-Syn accumulation and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingkuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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28
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Abstract
Airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission represents a significant route for possible human infection that is not yet fully understood. Viruses in droplets and aerosols are difficult to detect because they are typically present in low amounts. In addition, the current techniques used, such as RT-PCR and virus culturing, require large amounts of time to get results. Biosensor technology can provide rapid, handheld, and point-of-care systems that can identify virus presence quickly and accurately. This paper reviews the background of airborne virus transmission and the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, its relative risk for transmission even at distances greater than the currently suggested 6 feet (or 2 m) physical distancing. Publications on biosensor technology that may be applied to the detection of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses are also summarized. Based on the current research we believe that there is a pressing need for continued research into handheld and rapid methods for sensitive collection and detection of airborne viruses. We propose a paper-based microfluidic chip and immunofluorescence assay as one method that could be investigated as a low-cost and portable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane E Breshears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Brandon T Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Samantha Mata Robles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Lillian Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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29
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Farthing TS, Lanzas C. Assessing the efficacy of interventions to control indoor SARS-Cov-2 transmission: An agent-based modeling approach. Epidemics 2021; 37:100524. [PMID: 34798545 PMCID: PMC8588587 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonpharmaceutical interventions for minimizing indoor SARS-CoV-2 transmission continue to be critical tools for protecting susceptible individuals from infection, even as effective vaccines are produced and distributed globally. We developed a spatially-explicit agent-based model for simulating indoor respiratory pathogen transmission during discrete events taking place in a single room within a sub-day time frame, and used it to compare effects of four interventions on reducing secondary SARS-CoV-2 attack rates during a superspreading event by simulating a well-known case study. We found that preventing people from moving within the simulated room and efficacious mask usage appear to have the greatest effects on reducing infection risk, but multiple concurrent interventions are required to minimize the proportion of susceptible individuals infected. Social distancing had little effect on reducing transmission if individuals were randomly relocated within the room to simulate activity-related movements during the gathering. Furthermore, our results suggest that there is potential for ventilation airflow to expose susceptible people to aerosolized pathogens even if they are relatively far from infectious individuals. Maximizing the vertical aerosol removal rate is paramount to successful transmission-risk reduction when using ventilation systems as intervention tools.
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30
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Subat YW, Hainy ME, Torgerud KD, Sajgalik P, Guntupalli SK, Johnson BD, Chul-Ho K, Lim KG, Helgeson SA, Scanlon PD, Niven AS. Aerosol Generation and Mitigation During Methacholine Bronchoprovocation Testing: Infection Control Implications in the Era of COVID-19. Respir Care 2021; 66:1858-1865. [PMID: 34789516 PMCID: PMC9993786 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.09236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methacholine bronchoprovocation or challenge testing (MCT) is commonly performed to assess airway hyper-responsiveness in the setting of suspected asthma. Nebulization is an aerosol-generating procedure, but little is known about the risks of MCT in the context of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to quantify and characterize aerosol generation during MCT by using different delivery methods and to assess the impact of adding a viral filter. METHODS Seven healthy subjects performed simulated MCT in a near particle-free laboratory space with 4 different nebulizers and with a dosimeter. Two devices continuously sampled the ambient air during the procedure, which detected ultrafine particles, from 0.02-1 μm, and particles of sizes 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10 µm, respectively. Particle generation was compared among all the devices, with and without viral filter placement. RESULTS Ultrafine-particle generation during simulated MCT was significant across all the devices. Ultrafine-particle (0.02-1 μm) concentrations decreased 77%-91% with the addition of a viral filter and varied significantly between unfiltered (P < .001) and filtered devices (P < .001). Ultrafine-particle generation was lowest when using the dosimeter with filtered Hudson nebulizer (1,258 ± 1,644 particle/mL). Ultrafine-particle concentrations with the filtered nebulizer devices using a compressor were higher than particle concentrations detected when using the dosimeter: Monaghan (3,472 ± 1,794 particles/mL), PARI (4,403 ± 2,948), Hudson (6,320 ± 1,787) and AirLife (9,523 ± 5,098). CONCLUSIONS The high particle concentrations generated during MCT pose significant infection control concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Particle generation during MCT was significantly reduced by using breath-actuated delivery and a viral filter, which offers an effective mitigation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuf W Subat
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Keith D Torgerud
- Respiratory Care and Cardiopulmonary Diagnostics, Mayo Clinic, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Pavol Sajgalik
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Siva Kamal Guntupalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kim Chul-Ho
- Human Integrative and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kaiser G Lim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott A Helgeson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Paul D Scanlon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexander S Niven
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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31
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Jiang T, Wu Y. Controlled generation of droplets using an electric field in a flow-focusing paper-based device. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:601-608. [PMID: 34747509 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics is a modular platform in high-throughput single-cell and small sample analyses. However, this droplet microfluidic system was widely fabricated using soft lithography or glass capillaries, which is expensive and technically demanding for various applications, limiting use in resource-poor settings. Besides, the variation in droplet size is also restricted due to the limitations on the operating forces that the paper-based platform is able to withstand. Herein, we develop a fully integrated paper-based droplet microfluidic platform for conducting droplet generation and cell encapsulation in independent aqueous droplets dispersed in a carrier oil by incorporating electric fields. Through imposing an electric field, the droplet size would decrease with increasing the electric field and smaller droplets can be produced at high applied voltage. The droplet diameter can be adjusted by the ratio of inner and outer flow velocities as well as the applied electric field. We also demonstrated the proof of concept encapsulation application of our paper device by encapsulating yeast cells under an electric field. Using a simple wax printing method, carbon electrodes can be integrated on the paper. The integrated paper-based microfluidic platform can be fabricated easily and conducted outside of centralized laboratories. This microfluidic system shows great potential in drug and cell investigations by encapsulating cells in resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Jiang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China.,School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, P. R. China
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32
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Sobolik JS, Sajewski ET, Jaykus LA, Cooper DK, Lopman BA, Kraay ANM, Ryan PB, Leon JS. Controlling risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers of enclosed food manufacturing facilities. Food Control 2021; 133:108632. [PMID: 34703082 PMCID: PMC8532033 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic poses significant health risks to workers who are essential to maintaining the food supply chain. Using a quantitative risk assessment model, this study characterized the impact of risk reduction strategies for controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission (droplet, aerosol, fomite-mediated) among front-line workers in a representative indoor fresh fruit and vegetable manufacturing facility. We simulated: 1) individual and cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection risks from close contact (droplet and aerosols at 1–3 m), aerosol, and fomite-mediated exposures to a susceptible worker following exposure to an infected worker during an 8 h-shift; and 2) the relative reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk attributed to infection control interventions (physical distancing, mask use, ventilation, surface disinfection, hand hygiene, vaccination). Without mitigation measures, the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk was largest for close contact (droplet and aerosol) at 1 m (0.96, 5th – 95th percentile: 0.67–1.0). In comparison, risk associated with fomite (0.26, 5th – 95th percentile: 0.10–0.56) or aerosol exposure alone (0.05, 5th – 95th percentile: 0.01–0.13) at 1 m distance was substantially lower (73–95%). At 1 m, droplet transmission predominated over aerosol and fomite-mediated transmission, however, this changed by 3 m, with aerosols comprising the majority of the exposure dose. Increasing physical distancing reduced risk by 84% (1–2 m) and 91% (1–3 m). Universal mask use reduced infection risk by 52–88%, depending on mask type. Increasing ventilation (from 0.1 to 2–8 air changes/hour) resulted in risk reductions of 14–54% (1 m) and 55–85% (2 m). Combining these strategies, together with handwashing and surface disinfection, resulted in <1% infection risk. Partial or full vaccination of the susceptible worker resulted in risk reductions of 73–92% (1 m risk range: 0.08–0.26). However, vaccination paired with other interventions (ACH 2, mask use, or distancing) was necessary to achieve infection risks <1%. Current industry SARS-CoV-2 risk reduction strategies, particularly when bundled, provide significant protection to essential food workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Sobolik
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - D Kane Cooper
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ben A Lopman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alicia N M Kraay
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Juan S Leon
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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33
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Matyka M. Pushing Droplet Through a Porous Medium. Transp Porous Media 2021; 144:55-68. [PMID: 34720283 PMCID: PMC8546388 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-021-01705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
I use a mechanical model of a soft body to study the dynamics of an individual fluid droplet in a random, non-wettable porous medium. The model of droplet relies on the spring–mass system with pressure. I run hundreds of independent simulations. I average droplets trajectories and calculate the averaged tortuosity of the porous domain. Results show that porous media tortuosity increases with decreasing porosity, similar to single-phase fluid study, but the form of this relationship is different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Matyka
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wrocław, pl. M. Borna 9, Wrocław, 50-204 Poland
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34
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Li W, Wang Y, Tang X, Yuen TTT, Han X, Li J, Huang N, Chan JFW, Chu H, Wang L. Liquid repellency enabled antipathogen coatings. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100145. [PMID: 34642656 PMCID: PMC8495064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-a respiratory contagion spreading through expiratory droplets-has evolved into a global pandemic, severely impacting the public health. Importantly, the emerging of immune evasion SARS-CoV-2 variants and the limited effect of current antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in clinical trials suggested that alternative strategies in addition to the conventional vaccines and antivirals are required to successfully control the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we propose to use liquid-repellent coatings to prevent the spread of the disease in the absence of effective vaccines, antimicrobial agents, or therapeutics, wherein the deposition and penetration of pathogen droplets are prohibited. We use SARS-CoV-2 as a model pathogen and find that SARS-CoV-2 remnants are reduced by seven orders of magnitude on coated surfaces, yielding a repelling efficacy far outperforming the inactivation rate of disinfectants. The SARS-CoV-2 remnant scales exponentially with the liquid/solid adhesion, uncovering the mechanism and effective means for minimizing pathogen attachment. The antipathogen coating that both repels and inactivates pathogens is demonstrated by incorporating the super-liquid-repellent coating with antipathogen additives. Together with its versatility over a wide range of substrates and pathogens, the novel antipathogen coating is of considerable value for infection control in everyday life as well as during pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - X Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - T T T Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - X Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - N Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - H Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - L Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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35
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Wu J, Weng W. COVID-19 virus released from larynx might cause a higher exposure dose in indoor environment. Environ Res 2021; 199:111361. [PMID: 34029546 PMCID: PMC8139337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 virus can replicate in the infected individual's larynx independently, which is different from other viruses that replicate in lungs only, e.g. SARS. It might contribute to the fast spread of COVID-19. However, there are few scientific reports about quantitative comparison of COVID-19 exposure dose (inhalation dose and adhesion dose) for the susceptible individual when the viruses were released from the larynx or lungs. In this paper, a typical numerical model was built based on a breathing human model with real respiratory tract. By using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, two kinds of virus released sites in the infected individual's respiratory tract (larynx, lungs), seven kinds of particle sizes between 1 and 50 μm, three kinds of expiratory flow rates: calm (10 L/min), moderate (30 L/min) and intense (90 L/min) were used to compare the particle deposition proportion and escape proportion. The inhalation dose and the adhesion dose of the susceptible individual were quantified. The results showed that COVID-19 virus-containing droplets and aerosols might be released into the environment at higher proportions (39.1%-44.2%) than viruses that replicate in lungs only (15.3%-37.1%). The exposure doses (inhalation dose and adhesion dose) of the susceptible individual in different situations were discussed. The susceptible individual suffered a higher exposure dose when the viruses were released from the larynx rather than lungs (the difference for 1 μm particles was 1.2-2.2 times). This study provides a possible explanation for the higher transmission risk of COVID-19 virus compared to other viruses and some control advice of COVID-19 in typical indoor environments were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wu
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenguo Weng
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of City Integrated Emergency Response Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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36
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Escandón K, Rasmussen AL, Bogoch II, Murray EJ, Escandón K, Popescu SV, Kindrachuk J. COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:710. [PMID: 34315427 PMCID: PMC8314268 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists across disciplines, policymakers, and journalists have voiced frustration at the unprecedented polarization and misinformation around coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several false dichotomies have been used to polarize debates while oversimplifying complex issues. In this comprehensive narrative review, we deconstruct six common COVID-19 false dichotomies, address the evidence on these topics, identify insights relevant to effective pandemic responses, and highlight knowledge gaps and uncertainties. The topics of this review are: 1) Health and lives vs. economy and livelihoods, 2) Indefinite lockdown vs. unlimited reopening, 3) Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, 4) Droplet vs. aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, 5) Masks for all vs. no masking, and 6) SARS-CoV-2 reinfection vs. no reinfection. We discuss the importance of multidisciplinary integration (health, social, and physical sciences), multilayered approaches to reducing risk ("Emmentaler cheese model"), harm reduction, smart masking, relaxation of interventions, and context-sensitive policymaking for COVID-19 response plans. We also address the challenges in understanding the broad clinical presentation of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. These key issues of science and public health policy have been presented as false dichotomies during the pandemic. However, they are hardly binary, simple, or uniform, and therefore should not be framed as polar extremes. We urge a nuanced understanding of the science and caution against black-or-white messaging, all-or-nothing guidance, and one-size-fits-all approaches. There is a need for meaningful public health communication and science-informed policies that recognize shades of gray, uncertainties, local context, and social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Escandón
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleanor J Murray
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Karina Escandón
- Department of Anthropology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Saskia V Popescu
- Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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37
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Lan W, Cai D, Hu X, Jing S, Li S. Determination of dynamic interactions of droplets in continuous fluids using droplet probe. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 605:91-100. [PMID: 34311316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Interactions between droplets are of fundamental importance for understanding phenomena involving droplet collision and coalescence that determine multiphase flow behavior. The quantitative understanding of these interactions is essential for the manipulation and control of emulsions or complex fluids. The existing methods for interaction force determination are typically based on expensive mechanical probes and fine distance control. Therefore, further development of new techniques for interaction force determination is expected to be beneficial for research on surface force. EXPERIMENTS In this study, droplet deformation during the interaction between two droplets was captured and analyzed to determine the interaction force. The approach speed of the two droplets was controlled by the injection rate of the fluid. The dynamic interaction force between two tetradecane droplets in various aqueous solutions was determined using the newly developed method, and the effects of two-phase physical properties and operating conditions on the measurement errors were investigated. FINDINGS The droplet profile deformation was first applied as a probe to detect the interaction force. The measurement results were in good agreement with those obtained using the precise weighing sensor of a commercial interfacial tensiometer (K100, Kruss, Germany). The newly developed method was reliable, simple, and did not require the use of expensive devices. Furthermore, droplet deformability was found to be the key parameter in determining the total interaction force between the droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Dizong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Shan Jing
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Wang C, Herbst A, Zeng A, Wongsuk S, Qiao B, Qi P, Bonds J, Overbeck V, Yang Y, Gao W, He X. Assessment of spray deposition, drift and mass balance from unmanned aerial vehicle sprayer using an artificial vineyard. Sci Total Environ 2021; 777:146181. [PMID: 33689892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) plant protection products (PPP) application in Asian countries, the drift risk of UAV sprayer operation in orchard or vineyard is fairly high because of the much finer droplets generated and the higher height than ground sprayers, increasing threats to non-targeted crop, human and environment. However, there is few of comprehensive experimental study on the effects of UAV type and nozzle type on spray deposition and drift from UAV sprayer. The objectives of this study were to compare the spray performance of three different typical commercial UAV types (helicopter, 6-rotor and 8-rotor) with two nozzles types (hollow cone nozzle, HCN and air-injector flat fan nozzle, AIN) in vineyard. An artificial vineyard and three vertical collection frames, designed and built by ourselves, were applied for collecting droplets together with PVC collectors, petri dishes and rotary samples. The characteristics of deposition, drift and mass balance of UAV aerial spraying in vineyard were analyzed. As a result, under the crosswind speed of 3.11-3.79 m/s, AIN promoted spray deposition and uniformity and reduced drift significantly compared to HCN for all tested UAVs, improving of the utilization of PPP. The fitted regression functions of the sedimenting and airborne drift were obtained, respectively, and the drift percentage reduction values of AIN compared to HCN determined based on those functions varied from 81% to 95%. With HCN, 49.3%-73.4% of measured droplets drifted into non-targeted area and the highest proportion of drift loss was found for the airborne spray drift. According to the principle of more deposition and less drift, the spray performance of the three UAVs can be ranked in an order of 6-rotor, 8-rotor and helicopter, and two main reasons causing the difference in spray performance were the vortex airflow and the nozzle arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changling Wang
- Centre for Chemicals Application Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Andreas Herbst
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Application Techniques in Plant Protection, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aijun Zeng
- Centre for Chemicals Application Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Supakorn Wongsuk
- Centre for Chemicals Application Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baiyu Qiao
- Centre for Chemicals Application Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Centre for Chemicals Application Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jane Bonds
- Bonds Consulting Group LLC, Panama City 32408, USA
| | - Verena Overbeck
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Application Techniques in Plant Protection, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing TT Aviation Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing 102202, China
| | - Wanlin Gao
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiongkui He
- Centre for Chemicals Application Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ye MJ, Vadhul RB, Sharma D, Campiti VJ, Burgin SJ, Illing EA, Ting JY, Park JH, Koehler KR, Lee HB, Vernon DJ, Johnson JD, Nesemeier BR, Shipchandler TZ. Aerosol and droplet generation from orbital repair: Surgical risk in the pandemic era. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102970. [PMID: 33667797 PMCID: PMC7912556 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.102970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The highly contagious COVID-19 has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Physicians performing orbital procedures may be at increased risk of occupational exposure to the virus due to exposure to secretions. The goal of this study is to measure the droplet and aerosol production during repair of the inferior orbital rim and trial a smoke-evacuating electrocautery handpiece as a mitigation device. MATERIAL AND METHODS The inferior rim of 6 cadaveric orbits was approached transconjunctivally using either standard or smoke-evacuator electrocautery and plated using a high-speed drill. Following fluorescein inoculation, droplet generation was measured by counting under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light against a blue background. Aerosol generation from 0.300-10.000 μm was measured using an optical particle sizer. Droplet and aerosol generation was compared against retraction of the orbital soft tissue as a negative control. RESULTS No droplets were observed following the orbital approach using electrocautery. Visible droplets were observed after plating with a high-speed drill for 3 of 6 orbits. Total aerosol generation was significantly higher than negative control following the use of standard electrocautery. Use of smoke-evacuator electrocautery was associated with significantly lower aerosol generation in 2 of 3 size groups and in total. There was no significant increase in total aerosols associated with high-speed drilling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Droplet generation for orbital repair was present only following plating with high-speed drill. Aerosol generation during standard electrocautery was significantly reduced using a smoke-evacuating electrocautery handpiece. Aerosols were not significantly increased by high-speed drilling.
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40
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Lieber C, Melekidis S, Koch R, Bauer HJ. Insights into the evaporation characteristics of saliva droplets and aerosols: Levitation experiments and numerical modeling. J Aerosol Sci 2021; 154:105760. [PMID: 33518792 PMCID: PMC7826107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the transmission phenomena of SARS-CoV-2 by virus-laden droplets and aerosols is of paramount importance for controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed information about the lifetime and kinematics of airborne droplets of different size is relevant in order to evaluate hygiene measures like wearing masks but also social distancing and ventilation concepts for indoor environments. However, the evaporation process of expiratory droplets and aerosols is not fully understood. Consequently, the main objective of this study is to present evaporation characteristics of saliva droplets. An acoustic levitator is utilized in conjunction with microscopic imaging for recording the temporal evolution of the evaporation of saliva droplets under well-defined ambient conditions. Following the evaporation of the water content, a saliva droplet reaches a final size, which remains stable in the timescale of hours. By investigating numerous droplets of different size, it was found that the final droplet diameter correlates well to 20 % of the initial diameter. This correlation is independent of the ambient conditions for a temperature range from 20 °C to 29 °C and a relative humidity from 6 % to up to 65 %. The experimentally obtained evaporation characteristics are implemented into a numerical model, which is based on one-dimensional droplet kinematics and a rapid mixing evaporation model. By taking into account the evaporation-falling curve as presented by Wells, the significance of the experimental results for predicting the lifetime of saliva droplets and aerosols is demonstrated. The numerical predictions may be used to determine the impact of the droplet size and the ambient conditions on the transmission risks of infectious diseases like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lieber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Straße am Forum 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanos Melekidis
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Straße am Forum 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rainer Koch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Straße am Forum 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Bauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Thermal Turbomachinery, Straße am Forum 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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41
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Padhy P, Zaman MA, Jensen MA, Hesselink L. Dynamically controlled dielectrophoresis using resonant tuning. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1079-1092. [PMID: 33599974 PMCID: PMC8122061 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrically polarizable micro- and nanoparticles and droplets can be trapped using the gradient electric field of electrodes. But the spatial profile of the resultant dielectrophoretic force is fixed once the electrode structure is defined. To change the force profile, entire complex lab-on-a-chip systems must be re-fabricated with modified electrode structures. To overcome this problem, we propose an approach for the dynamic control of the spatial profile of the dielectrophoretic force by interfacing the trap electrodes with a resistor and an inductor to form a resonant resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit. Using a dielectrophoretically trapped water droplet suspended in silicone oil, we show that the resonator amplitude, detuning, and linewidth can be continuously varied by changing the supply voltage, supply frequency, and the circuit resistance to obtain the desired trap depth, range, and stiffness. We show that by proper tuning of the resonator, the trap range can be extended without increasing the supply voltage, thus preventing sensitive samples from exposure to high electric fields at the stable trapping position. Such unprecedented dynamic control of dielectrophoretic forces opens avenues for the tunable active manipulation of sensitive biological and biochemical specimen in droplet microfluidic devices used for single-cell and biochemical reaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnag Padhy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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42
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Pavilonis B, Ierardi AM, Levine L, Mirer F, Kelvin EA. Estimating aerosol transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City public schools during reopening. Environ Res 2021; 195:110805. [PMID: 33508262 PMCID: PMC7835536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among students and teachers in New York City public schools, the largest school system in the US. Classroom measurements conducted from December 2017 to September 2018 were used to estimate risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission using a modified Wells-Riley equation under a steady-state conditions and varying exposure scenarios (infectious student versus teacher, susceptible student versus teacher, with and without masks). We then used multivariable linear regression with GEE to identify school and classroom factors that impact transmission risk. Overall, 101 classrooms in 19 schools were assessed, 86 during the heating season, 69 during cooling season, and 54 during both. The mean probability of transmission was generally low but varied by scenario (range: 0.0015-0.81). Transmission rates were higher during the heating season (beta=0.108, p=0.010), in schools in higher income neighborhoods (>80K versus 20K-40K beta=0.196, p<0.001) and newer buildings (<50 years beta=0.237, p=<0.001; 50-99 years beta=0.230, p=0.013 versus 100+ years) and lower in schools with mechanical ventilation (beta=0.141, p=0.057). Surprisingly, schools located in older buildings and lower-income neighborhoods had lower transmission probabilities, likely due to the greater outdoor airflow associated with an older, non-renovated buildings that allow air to leak in (i.e. drafty buildings). Despite the generally low risk of school-based transmission found in this study, with SARS-CoV-2 prevalence rising in New York City this risk will increase and additional mitigation steps should be implemented in schools now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Pavilonis
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA.
| | - A Michael Ierardi
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA; Cardno ChemRisk, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Leon Levine
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franklin Mirer
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kelvin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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43
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Shu B, Lin L, Wu B, Huang E, Wang Y, Li Z, He H, Lei X, Xu B, Liu D. A pocket-sized device automates multiplexed point-of-care RNA testing for rapid screening of infectious pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 181:113145. [PMID: 33752027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening of infectious pathogens at the point-of-care (POC) is ideally low-cost, portable, easy to use, and capable of multiplex detection with high sensitivity. However, satisfying all these features in a single device without compromise remains a challenging task. Here, we introduce an ultraportable, automated RNA amplification testing device that allows rapid screening of infectious pathogens from clinical samples. In this device, 3D-printed structural parts incorporated with off-the-shelf mechanic/electronic components are utilized to create an inexpensive and automated droplet manipulation platform. On this platform, a simple configuration that couples a linear displacement of the chip with a tunable magnet array allows parallel and versatile droplet operations, including mixing, splitting, transporting, and merging. By exploiting a multi-channel droplet array chip to preload necessary reagents in "water-in-oil" format, bacteria lysis, RNA extraction and amplification are seamlessly integrated and implemented by the combination of droplet operations. Furthermore, visual readout and geometrically-multiplexed quantitative detection are provided by an integrated wireless video camera-enabled wide-field fluorescence imaging. We demonstrated that this droplet-based device could have a shorter RNA extraction time (12 min) and lower detection limits for pathogenic RNA (approaching to 102 copies per reaction). We also verified its clinical applicability for the rapid screening of four sexually transmitted pathogens from urine specimens. Results show that the sample-to-answer assay could be completed in approximately 42 min, with 100% concordance with the laboratory-based molecular testing. The exhibiting features may render this microdevice an easily accessible POC molecular diagnostic platform for infectious disease, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Enqi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Zhujun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Haoyan He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Xiuxia Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Banglao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
| | - Dayu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Clinical Molecular Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
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Cimolai N. The semantics of airborne microbial spread and environmental relevance: Back to Anderson and Cox. Environ Res 2021; 193:110448. [PMID: 33212132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street Vancouver, B.C. V6H3V4, Canada
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45
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Gibbs J, Peters TM, Heck LP. Comparison of Droplet Size, Coverage, and Drift Potential from UAV Application Methods and Ground Application Methods on Row Crops. Trans ASABE 2021; 64:819-828. [PMID: 37667776 PMCID: PMC10476208 DOI: 10.13031/trans.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) for pesticide application has grown tremendously in the past decade. Their adoption has been slower for Midwestern row crops. This study compared droplet size, coverage, and drift potential of sprays from UAV application methods to those from ground (implement) sprayer methods on corn in the Midwest. Droplet sizes measured during UAV spray trials [geometric mean diameters of 179 and 112 μm for UAV (boom) and UAV (no boom), respectively] were substantially smaller than those deposited during implement spray trials [mean diameters of 303 and 423 μm for implement (regular) and implement (pulse)]. Droplet coverage was high and localized in the middle swath of the field for the UAV with boom (10 to 30 droplets cm-2) and with no boom (60 droplets cm-2). Droplet coverage was broader, covering the entire field width for the implement methods (10 to 40 droplets cm-2). Vertical coverage of droplets was more uniform for UAV methods than implement methods. Although the UAVs produced smaller droplets than the implement methods, we still observed greater potential for downwind pesticide drift during the implement spray trials. Because localized application may be beneficial for pest control and drift reduction, the findings indicate a strong potential for "spot" or "band" spray coverage using UAV methods. This is likely due to the smaller size, reduced spray volumes, and increased agility of UAVs as compared to more conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gibbs
- Industrial Hygienist, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, and Owner, Gibbs Ventures and Consulting, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - T M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - L P Heck
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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46
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Choi H, Chatterjee P, Coppin JD, Martel JA, Hwang M, Jinadatha C, Sharma VK. Current understanding of the surface contamination and contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings. Environ Chem Lett 2021; 19:1935-1944. [PMID: 33613145 PMCID: PMC7877517 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the world and was subsequently declared as a pandemic in 2020. To overcome this public health challenge, comprehensive understanding of the disease transmission is urgently needed. Recent evidences suggest that the most common route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 is likely via droplet, aerosol, or direct contact in a person-to-person encounter, although the possibility of transmission via fomites from surfaces cannot be ruled out entirely. Environmental contamination in COVID-19 patient rooms is widely observed due to viral shedding from both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, and SARS-CoV-2 can survive on hospital surfaces for extended periods. Sequence of contact events can spread the virus from one surface to the other in a hospital setting. Here, we review the studies related to viral shedding by COVID-19 patients that can contaminate surfaces and survival of SARS-CoV-2 on different types of surfaces commonly found in healthcare settings, as well as evaluating the importance of surface to person transmission characteristics. Based on recent evidences from the literature, decontamination of hospital surfaces should constitute an important part of the infection control and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosoon Choi
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - John D. Coppin
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Julie A. Martel
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Munok Hwang
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Chetan Jinadatha
- Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Program of the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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47
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Chen X, Zhou X, Xia X, Xie X, Lu P, Feng Y. Modeling of the transport, hygroscopic growth, and deposition of multi-component droplets in a simplified airway with realistic thermal boundary conditions. J Aerosol Sci 2021; 151:105626. [PMID: 32836373 PMCID: PMC7378524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate predictions of the droplet transport, evolution, and deposition in human airways are critical for the quantitative analysis of the health risks due to the exposure to the airborne pollutant or virus transmission. The droplet/particle-vapor interaction, i.e., the evaporation or condensation of the multi-component droplet/particle, is one of the key mechanisms that need to be precisely modeled. Using a validated computational model, the transport, evaporation, hygroscopic growth, and deposition of multi-component droplets were simulated in a simplified airway geometry. A mucus-tissue layer is explicitly modeled in the airway geometry to describe mucus evaporation and heat transfer. Pulmonary flow and aerosol dynamics patterns associated with different inhalation flow rates are visualized and compared. Investigated variables include temperature distributions, relative humidity (RH) distributions, deposition efficiencies, droplet/particle distributions, and droplet growth ratio distributions. Numerical results indicate that the droplet/particle-vapor interaction and the heat and mass transfer of the mucus-tissue layer must be considered in the computational lung aerosol dynamics study, since they can significantly influence the precise predictions of the aerosol transport and deposition. Furthermore, the modeling framework in this study is ready to be expanded to predict transport dynamics of cough/sneeze droplets starting from their generation and transmission in the indoor environment to the deposition in the human respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Xianguang Zhou
- Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Xueying Xia
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Xiaojian Xie
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Ye MJ, Sharma D, Campiti VJ, Rubel KE, Burgin SJ, Illing EA, Ting JY, Park JH, Johnson JD, Vernon DJ, Lee HB, Nesemeier BR, Shipchandler TZ. Aerosol and droplet generation from mandible and midface fixation: Surgical risk in the pandemic era. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102829. [PMID: 33186853 PMCID: PMC7832379 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic has led to concerns over transmission risk from healthcare procedures, especially when operating in the head and neck such as during surgical repair of facial fractures. This study aims to quantify aerosol and droplet generation from mandibular and midface open fixation and measure mitigation of airborne particles by a smoke evacuating electrocautery hand piece. MATERIALS AND METHODS The soft tissue of the bilateral mandible and midface of two fresh frozen cadaveric specimens was infiltrated using a 0.1% fluorescein solution. Surgical fixation via oral vestibular approach was performed on each of these sites. Droplet splatter on the surgeon's chest, facemask, and up to 198.12 cm (6.5 ft) away from each surgical site was measured against a blue background under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light. Aerosol generation was measured using an optical particle sizer. RESULTS No visible droplet contamination was observed for any trials of mandible or midface fixation. Total aerosolized particle counts from 0.300-10.000 μm were increased compared to baseline following each use of standard electrocautery (n = 4, p < 0.001) but not with use of a suction evacuating electrocautery hand piece (n = 4, p = 0.103). Total particle counts were also increased during use of the powered drill (n = 8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Risk from visible droplets during mandible and midface fixation is low. However, significant increases in aerosolized particles were measured after electrocautery use and during powered drilling. Aerosol dispersion is significantly decreased with the use of a smoke evacuating electrocautery hand piece.
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Liu C, Zheng Z, Xi C, Liu Y. Exploration of the natural waxes-tuned crystallization behavior, droplet shape and rheology properties of O/W emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:417-428. [PMID: 33370663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid crystallization in O/W emulsions is essential to control the release of nutrients and to food structuring. While few information is involved in adjusting and controlling the performance of emulsions by adjusting oil phase crystallization behavior. We herein developed a novel strategy for designing lipid crystallization inside oil droplets by natural waxes to modify the O/W emulsion properties. Natural waxes, the bio-based and sustainable materials, displayed a high efficiency in modifying the crystallization behavior, droplet surface and shape, as well as the overall performance of emulsions. Specifically, waxes induced the formation of a new hydrocarbon chain distances of 3.70 and 4.15 Å and slightly decreased the lamellar distance (d001) of the single crystallites, thus forming the large and rigid crystals in droplets. Interestingly, these large and rigid crystals in droplets tended to penetrate the interface film, forming the crystal bumps on the droplet surface and facilitating non-spherical shape transformation. The presence of rice bran wax (RW) and carnauba wax (CW) induced the droplet shape into ellipsoid and polyhedron shape, respectively. Furthermore, the uneven interface and non-spherical shape transformation promoted the crystalline droplet-droplet interaction, fabricating a three-dimensional network structure in O/W emulsions. Finally, both linear and nonlinear rheology strongly supported that waxes enhanced the crystalline droplet-droplet interaction and strengthened the network in O/W emulsions. Our findings give a clear insight into the effects of adding natural waxes into oil phase on the crystalline and physical behavior of emulsions, which provides a direction for the design and control of emulsion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Vuorinen V, Aarnio M, Alava M, Alopaeus V, Atanasova N, Auvinen M, Balasubramanian N, Bordbar H, Erästö P, Grande R, Hayward N, Hellsten A, Hostikka S, Hokkanen J, Kaario O, Karvinen A, Kivistö I, Korhonen M, Kosonen R, Kuusela J, Lestinen S, Laurila E, Nieminen HJ, Peltonen P, Pokki J, Puisto A, Råback P, Salmenjoki H, Sironen T, Österberg M. Modelling aerosol transport and virus exposure with numerical simulations in relation to SARS-CoV-2 transmission by inhalation indoors. Saf Sci 2020; 130:104866. [PMID: 32834511 PMCID: PMC7428778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We provide research findings on the physics of aerosol and droplet dispersion relevant to the hypothesized aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the current pandemic. We utilize physics-based modeling at different levels of complexity, along with previous literature on coronaviruses, to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission. The previous literature, our 0D-3D simulations by various physics-based models, and theoretical calculations, indicate that the typical size range of speech and cough originated droplets ( d ⩽ 20 μ m ) allows lingering in the air for O ( 1 h ) so that they could be inhaled. Consistent with the previous literature, numerical evidence on the rapid drying process of even large droplets, up to sizes O ( 100 μ m ) , into droplet nuclei/aerosols is provided. Based on the literature and the public media sources, we provide evidence that the individuals, who have been tested positive on COVID-19, could have been exposed to aerosols/droplet nuclei by inhaling them in significant numbers e.g. O ( 100 ) . By 3D scale-resolving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, we give various examples on the transport and dilution of aerosols ( d ⩽ 20 μ m ) over distances O ( 10 m ) in generic environments. We study susceptible and infected individuals in generic public places by Monte-Carlo modelling. The developed model takes into account the locally varying aerosol concentration levels which the susceptible accumulate via inhalation. The introduced concept, 'exposure time' to virus containing aerosols is proposed to complement the traditional 'safety distance' thinking. We show that the exposure time to inhale O ( 100 ) aerosols could range from O ( 1 s ) to O ( 1 min ) or even to O ( 1 h ) depending on the situation. The Monte-Carlo simulations, along with the theory, provide clear quantitative insight to the exposure time in different public indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Vuorinen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Mia Aarnio
- Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling, Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Alava
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Ville Alopaeus
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Nina Atanasova
- Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling, Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Auvinen
- Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling, Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hadi Bordbar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Panu Erästö
- Department of Information and Service Management, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Rafael Grande
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Nick Hayward
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Antti Hellsten
- Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling, Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Hostikka
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | | | - Ossi Kaario
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Aku Karvinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kivistö
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Finland
| | - Marko Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Risto Kosonen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Janne Kuusela
- Emergency Department, Mikkeli Central Hospital, The South Savo Social and Health Care Authority, FI-50100, Finland
| | - Sami Lestinen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Erkki Laurila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Heikki J Nieminen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Petteri Peltonen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Juho Pokki
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Antti Puisto
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Peter Råback
- CSC-IT Center for Science Ltd, FI-02101, Finland
| | - Henri Salmenjoki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
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