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Hung C, Fertan E, Livesey FJ, Klenerman D, Patani R. APP antisense oligonucleotides reduce Aβ aggregation and rescue endolysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2024:awae092. [PMID: 38527856 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
APP gene dosage is strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Genomic duplication of the APP locus leads to autosomal dominant early-onset AD. Individuals with Down syndrome (trisomy of chromosome 21) harbor 3 copies of the APP gene and invariably develop progressive AD with highly characteristic neuropathological features. Restoring expression of APP to the equivalent of that of two gene copies, or lower, is a rational therapeutic strategy, as it would restore physiological levels of neuronal APP protein without the potentially deleterious consequences of inadvertently inducing loss of APP function. Here we find that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting APP are an effective approach to reduce APP protein levels and rescue endolysosome and autophagy dysfunction in APP duplication human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical neurons. Importantly, using ultrasensitive single-aggregate imaging techniques, we show that APP targeting ASOs significantly reduce both intracellular and extracellular Aβ-containing aggregates. Our results highlight the potential of APP ASOs as a therapeutic approach for forms of AD caused by duplication of the APP gene, including monogenic AD and AD related to Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hung
- Human Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children; 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Emre Fertan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Frederick J Livesey
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children; 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- Human Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute; 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Zhang W, Yang F, Yang Y, Cao W, Shao W, Wang J, Huang M, Chen Z, Zhao X, Li W, Zhu Z, Zheng H. KIF5B-mediated internalization of FMDV promotes virus infection. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00031-2. [PMID: 38499154 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease, that is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV). Although the cell receptor for FMDV has been identified, the specific mechanism of FMDV internalization after infection remains unknown. In this study, we found that kinesin family member 5B (KIF5B) plays a vital role during FMDV internalization. Moreover, we confirmed the interaction between KIF5B and FMDV structural protein VP1 by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and co-localization in FMDV-infected cells. In particular, the stalk [amino acids (aa) 413-678] domain of KIF5B was indispensable for KIF5B-VP1 interaction. Moreover, overexpression of KIF5B dramatically enhanced FMDV replication; consistently, knockdown or knockout of KIF5B suppressed FMDV replication. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that KIF5B promotes the internalization of FMDV via regulating clathrin uncoating. KIF5B also promotes the transmission of viral particles to early and late endosomes during the early stages of infection. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that KIF5B promotes the internalization of FMDV via regulating clathrin uncoating and intracellular transport. This study may provide a new therapeutic target for developing FMDV antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Wenhua Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Mengyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhitong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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Hoshi N, Uemura T, Tachibana K, Abe S, Murakami-Nishimagi Y, Okano M, Noda M, Saito K, Kono K, Ohtake T, Waguri S. Endosomal protein expression of γ1-adaptin is associated with tumor growth activity and relapse-free survival in breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2024; 31:305-316. [PMID: 38265632 PMCID: PMC10902087 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-023-01539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ1-Adaptin is a subunit of adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1), which regulates intracellular transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes. Since expression levels of AP-1 subunits have been reported to be associated with cell proliferation and cancer malignancy, we investigated the relationships between the immunohistochemical expression of γ1-adaptin and both clinicopathological factors and relapse-free survival (RFS) in breast cancer tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS SK-BR-3 cell line depleted of γ1-adaptin was used for cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay. Intracellular localization of γ1-adaptin was examined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an antibody against γ1-adaptin, and with double immunohistofluorescence (IHF) microscopy using markers for the TGN and endosome. γ1-Adaptin intensities in IHC samples from 199 primary breast cancer patients were quantified and assessed in relation to clinicopathological factors and RFS. RESULTS Cell growth, migration, and invasion of SK-BR-3 cells were significantly suppressed by the depletion of γ1-adaptin. Although the staining patterns in the cancer tissues varied among cases by IHC, double IHF demonstrated that γ1-adaptin was mainly localized in EEA1-positive endosomes, but not in the TGN. γ1-Adaptin intensity was significantly higher in the tumor regions than in non-tumor regions. It was also higher in patients with Ki-67 (high), ER (-), PgR (-), and HER2 (+). Among subtypes of breast cancer, γ1-adaptin intensity was higher in HER2 than in luminal A or luminal B. The results of the survival analysis indicated that high γ1-adaptin intensity was significantly associated with worse RFS, and this association was also observed in group with ER (+), PgR (+), HER2 (-), Ki-67 (high), or luminal B. In addition, the Cox proportional hazards model showed that high γ1-adaptin intensity was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the endosomal expression of γ1-adaptin is positively correlated with breast cancer malignancy and could be a novel prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Hoshi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takefumi Uemura
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazunoshin Tachibana
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Abe
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Murakami-Nishimagi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Maiko Okano
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaru Noda
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohtake
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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Heida A, van Dijk T, Smit M, Koehorst M, Koster M, Kloosterhuis N, Havinga R, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, de Bruin A, Kuivenhoven JA, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, van de Sluis B. Changes in bile acid composition are correlated with reduced intestinal cholesterol uptake in intestine-specific WASH-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159445. [PMID: 38086439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog (WASH) complex is a pentameric protein complex localized at endosomes, where it facilitates the transport of numerous receptors from endosomes toward the plasma membrane. Recent studies have shown that the WASH complex plays an essential role in cholesterol and glucose homeostasis in humans and mice. To investigate the physiological importance of intestinal WASH, we ablated the WASH component WASHC1 specifically in murine enterocytes. Male and female intestine-specific WASHC1-deficient mice (Washc1IKO) were challenged with either a standard chow diet or a high-cholesterol (1.25 %) diet (HCD). Washc1IKO mice fed a standard diet did not present any apparent phenotype, but when fed an HCD, their hepatic cholesterol levels were ~ 50 % lower compared to those observed in control mice. The intestinal cholesterol absorption was almost 2-fold decreased in Washc1IKO mice, which translated into increased fecal neutral sterol loss. The intestinal expression of cholesterogenic genes, such as Hmgcs1, Hmgcr, and Ldlr, was significantly higher in Washc1IKO mice than in control mice and correlated with increased whole-body de novo cholesterol synthesis, likely to compensate for impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption. Unexpectedly, the ratio of biliary 12α-/non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids (BAs) was decreased in Washc1IKO mice and reversing this reduced ratio by feeding the mice with the HCD supplemented with 0.5 % (w/w) sodium cholate normalized the improvement of hepatic cholesterol levels in Washc1IKO mice. Our data indicate that the intestinal WASH complex plays an important role in intestinal cholesterol absorption, likely by modulating biliary BA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Heida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Lee WP, Liao SX, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lan KH. Akt1 is involved in HCV release by promoting endoplasmic reticulum-to- endosome transition of infectious virions. Life Sci 2024; 338:122412. [PMID: 38191051 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on the viral and host factors to complete its life cycle. It has evolved to profit from Akt activation at some stage in its life cycle through various mechanisms, notably by activating lipogenesis, which is crucial for infectious virions production. MATERIALS AND METHODS By employing an Akt-specific inhibitor, the impact of Akt on intracellular and extracellular infectivity was investigated. To ascertain the role of Akt in the HCV life cycle, the two-part cell culture-derived HCV infection protocol utilizing Akt1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) was implemented. The impact of Akt1 on intracellular HCV transition was determined using membrane flotation assay and proximity ligation assay coupled with Anti-Rab7 immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. KEY FINDINGS Akt1 silencing reduced infectious virions release to a degree comparable to that of ApoE, a host component involved in the HCV assembly and release, suggesting Akt1 was critical in the late stage of the HCV life cycle. Extracellular infectivity of HCV was inhibited by brefeldin A, and the inhibitory effect was augmented by Akt1 silencing and partially restored by ectopic Akt1 expression. Immunofluorescence revealed that Akt1 inhibition suppressed the interaction between HCV core protein and lipid droplet. Akt1 silencing impeded the transition of HCV from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome and hence inhibited the secretion of HCV infectious virions from the late endosome. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that Akt1 has an impact on the lipogenesis pathway and plays a critical role in the assembly and secretion of infectious HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Xian Liao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hsin Lan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang X, Hu M, Chen J, Lou X, Zhang H, Li M, Cheng J, Ma T, Xiong J, Gao R, Chen X, Wang J. Key roles of autophagosome/ endosome maturation mediated by Syntaxin17 in methamphetamine-induced neuronal damage in mice. Mol Med 2024; 30:4. [PMID: 38172666 PMCID: PMC10765725 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagic defects are involved in Methamphetamine (Meth)-induced neurotoxicity. Syntaxin 17 (Stx17), a member of the SNARE protein family, participating in several stages of autophagy, including autophagosome-late endosome/lysosome fusion. However, the role of Stx17 and potential mechanisms in autophagic defects induced by Meth remain poorly understood. METHODS To address the mechanism of Meth-induced cognitive impairment, the adenovirus (AV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) were injected into the hippocampus for stereotaxis to overexpress Stx17 in vivo to examine the cognitive ability via morris water maze and novel object recognition. In molecular level, the synaptic injury and autophagic defects were evaluated. To address the Meth induced neuronal damage, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation assay was performed to evaluate the degradability of the "cargos" mediated by Meth, and mechanistically, the maturation of the vesicles, including autophagosomes and endosomes, were validated by the Co-IP and the GTP-agarose affinity isolation assays. RESULTS Overexpression of Stx17 in the hippocampus markedly rescued the Meth-induced cognitive impairment and synaptic loss. For endosomes, Meth exposure upregulated Rab5 expression and its guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) (immature endosome), with a commensurate decreased active form of Rab7 (Rab7-GTP) and impeded the binding of Rab7 to CCZ1 (mature endosome); for autophagosomes, Meth treatment elicited a dramatic reduction in the overlap between Stx17 and autophagosomes but increased the colocalization of ATG5 and autophagosomes (immature autophagosomes). After Stx17 overexpression, the Rab7-GTP levels in purified late endosomes were substantially increased in parallel with the elevated mature autophagosomes, facilitating cargo (Aβ42, p-tau, and EGFR) degradation in the vesicles, which finally ameliorated Meth-induced synaptic loss and memory deficits in mice. CONCLUSION Stx17 decrease mediated by Meth contributes to vesicle fusion defects which may ascribe to the immature autophagosomes and endosomes, leading to autophagic dysfunction and finalizes neuronal damage and cognitive impairments. Therefore, targeting Stx17 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for Meth-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xinyu Lou
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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7
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Castillo S, Gence R, Pagan D, Koraïchi F, Bouchenot C, Pons BJ, Boëlle B, Olichon A, Lajoie-Mazenc I, Favre G, Pédelacq JD, Cabantous S. Visualizing the subcellular localization of RHOB-GTP and GTPase-Effector complexes using a split-GFP/nanobody labelling assay. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151355. [PMID: 37639782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are highly regulated proteins that control essential signaling pathways through the activity of their effector proteins. Among the RHOA subfamily, RHOB regulates peculiar functions that could be associated with the control of the endocytic trafficking of signaling proteins. Here, we used an optimized assay based on tripartite split-GFP complementation to localize GTPase-effector complexes with high-resolution. The detection of RHOB interaction with the Rhotekin Rho binding domain (RBD) that specifically recognizes the active GTP-bound GTPase, is performed in vitro by the concomitant addition of recombinant GFP1-9 and a GFP nanobody. Analysis of RHOB-RBD complexes localization profiles combined with immunostaining and live cell imaging indicated a serum-dependent reorganization of the endosomal and membrane pool of active RHOB. We further applied this technology to the detection of RHO-effector complexes that highlighted their subcellular localization with high resolution among the different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Castillo
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Gence
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Pagan
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Faten Koraïchi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Benoit J Pons
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Boëlle
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélien Olichon
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Isabelle Lajoie-Mazenc
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Denis Pédelacq
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Cabantous
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
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Beckers J, Tharkeshwar AK, Fumagalli L, Contardo M, Van Schoor E, Fazal R, Thal DR, Chandran S, Mancuso R, Van Den Bosch L, Van Damme P. A toxic gain-of-function mechanism in C9orf72 ALS impairs the autophagy-lysosome pathway in neurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:151. [PMID: 37723585 PMCID: PMC10506245 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neurons (MNs), which are primarily affected in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are a specialized type of neurons that are long and non-dividing. Given their unique structure, these cells heavily rely on transport of organelles along their axons and the process of autophagy to maintain their cellular homeostasis. It has been shown that disruption of the autophagy pathway is sufficient to cause progressive neurodegeneration and defects in autophagy have been associated with various subtypes of ALS, including those caused by hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene. A more comprehensive understanding of the dysfunctional cellular mechanisms will help rationalize the design of potent and selective therapies for C9orf72-ALS. METHODS In this study, we used induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MNs from C9orf72-ALS patients and isogenic control lines to identify the underlying mechanisms causing dysregulations of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Additionally, to ascertain the potential impact of C9orf72 loss-of-function on autophagic defects, we characterized the observed phenotypes in a C9orf72 knockout iPSC line (C9-KO). RESULTS Despite the evident presence of dysfunctions in several aspects of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, such as disrupted lysosomal homeostasis, abnormal lysosome morphology, inhibition of autophagic flux, and accumulation of p62 in C9orf72-ALS MNs, we were surprised to find that C9orf72 loss-of-function had minimal influence on these phenotypes. Instead, we primarily observed impairment in endosome maturation as a result of C9orf72 loss-of-function. Additionally, our study shed light on the pathological mechanisms underlying C9orf72-ALS, as we detected an increased TBK1 phosphorylation at S172 in MNs derived from C9orf72 ALS patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data provides further insight into the involvement of defects in the autophagy-lysosome pathway in C9orf72-ALS and strongly indicate that those defects are mainly due to the toxic gain-of-function mechanisms underlying C9orf72-ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Beckers
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Center for Molecular Neurology, Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matilde Contardo
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Schoor
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raheem Fazal
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Center for Molecular Neurology, Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Louvain - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
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9
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Bertin F, Jara-Wilde J, Auer B, Köhler-Solís A, González-Silva C, Thomas U, Sierralta J. Drosophila Atlastin regulates synaptic vesicle mobilization independent of bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Biol Res 2023; 56:49. [PMID: 37710314 PMCID: PMC10503011 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts endosomes in all parts of a motor neuron, including the axon and presynaptic terminal, to move structural proteins, proteins that send signals, and lipids over long distances. Atlastin (Atl), a large GTPase, is required for membrane fusion and the structural dynamics of the ER tubules. Atl mutations are the second most common cause of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), which causes spasticity in both sexes' lower extremities. Through an unknown mechanism, Atl mutations stimulate the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) pathway in vertebrates and Drosophila. Synaptic defects are caused by atl mutations, which affect the abundance and distribution of synaptic vesicles (SV) in the bouton. We hypothesize that BMP signaling, does not cause Atl-dependent SV abnormalities in Drosophila. RESULTS We show that atl knockdown in motor neurons (Atl-KD) increases synaptic and satellite boutons in the same way that constitutively activating the BMP-receptor Tkv (thick veins) (Tkv-CA) increases the bouton number. The SV proteins Cysteine string protein (CSP) and glutamate vesicular transporter are reduced in Atl-KD and Tkv-CA larvae. Reducing the activity of the BMP receptor Wishful thinking (wit) can rescue both phenotypes. Unlike Tkv-CA larvae, Atl-KD larvae display altered activity-dependent distributions of CSP staining. Furthermore, Atl-KD larvae display an increased FM 1-43 unload than Control and Tkv-CA larvae. As decreasing wit function does not reduce the phenotype, our hypothesis that BMP signaling is not involved is supported. We also found that Rab11/CSP colocalization increased in Atl-KD larvae, which supports the concept that late recycling endosomes regulate SV movements. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that Atl modulates neurotransmitter release in motor neurons via SV distribution independently of BMP signaling, which could explain the observed SV accumulation and synaptic dysfunction. Our data suggest that Atl is involved in membrane traffic as well as formation and/or recycling of the late endosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Bertin
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Jara-Wilde
- SCIAN-Lab, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Computational Sciences, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benedikt Auer
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Synaptic Signals, Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrés Köhler-Solís
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina González-Silva
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrich Thomas
- Functional Genetics of the Synapse, Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jimena Sierralta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Nagano M, Aoshima K, Shimamura H, Siekhaus DE, Toshima JY, Toshima J. Distinct role of TGN-resident clathrin adaptors for Vps21p activation in the TGN- endosome trafficking pathway. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261448. [PMID: 37539494 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated vesicle trafficking plays central roles in post-Golgi transport. In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the AP-1 complex and GGA adaptors are predicted to generate distinct transport vesicles at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and the epsin-related proteins Ent3p and Ent5p (collectively Ent3p/5p) act as accessories for these adaptors. Recently, we showed that vesicle transport from the TGN is crucial for yeast Rab5 (Vps21p)-mediated endosome formation, and that Ent3p/5p are crucial for this process, whereas AP-1 and GGA adaptors are dispensable. However, these observations were incompatible with previous studies showing that these adaptors are required for Ent3p/5p recruitment to the TGN, and thus the overall mechanism responsible for regulation of Vps21p activity remains ambiguous. Here, we investigated the functional relationships between clathrin adaptors in post-Golgi-mediated Vps21p activation. We show that AP-1 disruption in the ent3Δ5Δ mutant impaired transport of the Vps21p guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vps9p transport to the Vps21p compartment and severely reduced Vps21p activity. Additionally, GGA adaptors, the phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase Pik1p and Rab11 GTPases Ypt31p and Ypt32p were found to have partially overlapping functions for recruitment of AP-1 and Ent3p/5p to the TGN. These findings suggest a distinct role of clathrin adaptors for Vps21p activation in the TGN-endosome trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nagano
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kaito Aoshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | | | - Junko Y Toshima
- School of Health Science, Tokyo University of Technology, 5-23-22 Nishikamada, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan
| | - Jiro Toshima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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11
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Grziwa S, Schäfer JH, Nicastro R, Arens A, De Virgilio C, Fröhlich F, Moeller A, Gao J, Langemeyer L, Ungermann C. Yck3 casein kinase-mediated phosphorylation determines Ivy1 localization and function at endosomes and vacuole. J Cell Sci 2023:312552. [PMID: 37259913 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The casein kinase Yck3 is a central regulator at the vacuole that phosphorylates several proteins involved in membrane trafficking. Here, we set out to identify novel substrates. We localized endogenously tagged Yck3 not only at the vacuole, but also on endosomes. To disable Yck3 function, we generated a kinase-deficient mutant and thus identified the I-BAR-protein Ivy1 as a novel Yck3 substrate. Ivy1 localizes to both endosomes and vacuoles, and Yck3 controls this localization. A phosphomimetic Ivy1-SD mutant was found primarily on vacuoles, its non-phosphorylatable SA variant strongly localized to endosomes, similar to what is observed upon deletion of Yck3. In vitro analysis revealed that Yck3-mediated phosphorylation strongly promoted Ivy1 recruitment to liposomes carrying Rab7-like Ypt7. Modelling of Ivy1 with Ypt7 identified binding sites for Ypt7 and a positively charged patch, which are both required for Ivy1 localization. Strikingly, Ivy1 mutations in either site resulted in more cells with multilobed vacuoles, suggesting a partial defect in its membrane biogenesis. Our data thus indicate that Yck3-mediated phosphorylation controls both localization and function of Ivy1 in endolysosomal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Grziwa
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jan-Hannes Schäfer
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Structural Biology, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Raffaele Nicastro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Annabel Arens
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Claudio De Virgilio
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Arne Moeller
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Structural Biology, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jieqiong Gao
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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12
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Kawaguchi K, Watanabe M, Furukawa S, Koga K, Kanamori H, Ikemoto MJ, Takashima S, Maeda M, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Takemori H. Intermittent inhibition of FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase induces melanosome degradation in B16F10 melanoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08536-9. [PMID: 37248430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles that contain melanogenic factors and synthesize melanin as they mature. FYVE finger-containing phosphoinositide kinase (PIKfyve) regulates late endosome and lysosome morphology, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy. In melanocytes, PIKfyve inhibition has been reported to induce hypopigmentation due to impairments in the metabolism of early-stage melanosomes. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report a new type of melanosome metabolism: post-PIKfyve inhibition, which was found during the characterization of the endosome/lysosome fluoroprobe GIF-2250. In B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, GIF-2250 highlighted vesicles positive for lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (lysosome marker) and other endosome/lysosome markers (CD63 and Rab7/9). When cells were continuously treated with PIKfyve inhibitors, intracellular vacuoles formed, while GIF-2250 fluorescence signals diminished and were diffusely distributed in the vacuoles. After removal of the PIKfyve inhibitors, the GIF-2250 signal intensity was restored, and some GIF-2250-positive vesicles wrapped the melanosomes, which spun at high speed. In addition, intermittent PIKfyve inhibition caused melanin diffusion in the vacuoles and possible leakage into the cytoplasmic compartments, and melanosome degradation was detected by a transmission electron microscope. Melanosome degradation was accompanied by decreased levels of melanin synthesis enzymes and increased levels of the autophagosome maker LC3BII, which is also associated with early melanosomes. However, the protein levels of p62, which is degraded during autophagy, were increased, suggesting an impairment in autophagy flux during intermittent PIKfyve inhibition. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine does not affect these protein levels, suggesting that the melanosome degradation by the intermittent inhibition of PIKfyve is not mediated by canonical autophagy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, disturbance of PIKfyve activity induces melanosome degradation in a canonical autophagy-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kanamori
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mitsushi J Ikemoto
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Institute for Glycocore Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miwa Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences of Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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13
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Xiang YS, Hao GG. Biophysical characterization of adeno-associated virus capsid through the viral transduction life cycle. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:62. [PMID: 37195476 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have emerged as the leading delivery platforms for gene therapy. Throughout the life cycle of the virions, the capsid vector carries out diverse functions, ranging from cell surface receptor engagement, cellular entry, endosomal escape, nuclear import to new particle packaging, and assembly. Each of these steps is mediated by exquisite structure features of the viral capsid and its interaction with viral genome, Rep proteins, and cellular organelle and apparatus. In this brief review, we provide an overview of results from over a decade of extensive biophysical studies of the capsid employing various techniques. The remaining unaddressed questions and perspective are also discussed. The detailed understanding of the structure and function interplay would provide insight to the strategy for improving the efficacy and safety of the viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Gary Hao
- Weston Biomedical Reviews, 65 Autumn Road, Weston, MA, 02493, USA.
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14
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Healy MD, McNally KE, Butkovič R, Chilton M, Kato K, Sacharz J, McConville C, Moody ERR, Shaw S, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Yadav SKN, Ross J, Borucu U, Palmer CS, Chen KE, Croll TI, Hall RJ, Caruana NJ, Ghai R, Nguyen THD, Heesom KJ, Saitoh S, Berger I, Schaffitzel C, Williams TA, Stroud DA, Derivery E, Collins BM, Cullen PJ. Structure of the endosomal Commander complex linked to Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. Cell 2023; 186:2219-2237.e29. [PMID: 37172566 PMCID: PMC10187114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Commander complex is required for endosomal recycling of diverse transmembrane cargos and is mutated in Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome. It comprises two sub-assemblies: Retriever composed of VPS35L, VPS26C, and VPS29; and the CCC complex which contains twelve subunits: COMMD1-COMMD10 and the coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC) proteins CCDC22 and CCDC93. Combining X-ray crystallography, electron cryomicroscopy, and in silico predictions, we have assembled a complete structural model of Commander. Retriever is distantly related to the endosomal Retromer complex but has unique features preventing the shared VPS29 subunit from interacting with Retromer-associated factors. The COMMD proteins form a distinctive hetero-decameric ring stabilized by extensive interactions with CCDC22 and CCDC93. These adopt a coiled-coil structure that connects the CCC and Retriever assemblies and recruits a 16th subunit, DENND10, to form the complete Commander complex. The structure allows mapping of disease-causing mutations and reveals the molecular features required for the function of this evolutionarily conserved trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Healy
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kerrie E McNally
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rebeka Butkovič
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Molly Chilton
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Kohji Kato
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna Sacharz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Calum McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edmund R R Moody
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Shrestha Shaw
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | | | - Sathish K N Yadav
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Jennifer Ross
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, CB2 0XY Cambridge, UK
| | - Ryan J Hall
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Institute of Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Rajesh Ghai
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Imre Berger
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK; Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS Bristol, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK
| | - David A Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | | | - Brett M Collins
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD Bristol, UK.
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15
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Alonso MT, Torres-Vidal P, Calvo B, Rodriguez C, Delrio-Lorenzo A, Rojo-Ruiz J, Garcia-Sancho J, Patel S. Use of aequorin-based indicators for monitoring Ca 2+ in acidic organelles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2023; 1870:119481. [PMID: 37142127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there is accumulating evidence that acidic organelles can accumulate and release Ca2+ upon cell activation. Hence, reliable recording of Ca2+ dynamics in these compartments is essential for understanding the physiopathological aspects of acidic organelles. Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) are valuable tools to monitor Ca2+ in specific locations, although their use in acidic compartments is challenging due to the pH sensitivity of most available fluorescent GECIs. By contrast, bioluminescent GECIs have a combination of features (marginal pH sensitivity, low background, no phototoxicity, no photobleaching, high dynamic range and tunable affinity) that render them advantageous to achieve an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio in acidic compartments. This article reviews the use of bioluminescent aequorin-based GECIs targeted to acidic compartments. A need for more measurements in highly acidic compartments is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Alonso
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - P Torres-Vidal
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - B Calvo
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - C Rodriguez
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - A Delrio-Lorenzo
- Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Madrid, Avenida Universidad, 1, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Rojo-Ruiz
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - J Garcia-Sancho
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - S Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Rodgers SJ, Jones EI, Mitchell CA, McGrath MJ. Sequential conversion of PtdIns3P to PtdIns(3,5)P 2 via endosome maturation couples nutrient signaling to lysosome reformation and basal autophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:1365-1367. [PMID: 36103410 PMCID: PMC10012913 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2124499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy occurs basally under nutrient-rich conditions in most mammalian cells, contributing to protein and organelle quality control, and protection against aging and neurodegeneration. During autophagy, lysosomes are heavily utilized via their fusion with autophagosomes and must be repopulated to maintain autophagic degradative capacity. During starvation-induced autophagy, lysosomes are generated via de novo biogenesis under the control of TFEB (transcription factor EB), or by the recycling of autolysosome membranes via autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR). However, these lysosome repopulation processes do not operate under nutrient-rich conditions. In our recent study, we identify a sequential phosphoinositide conversion pathway that enables lysosome repopulation under nutrient-rich conditions to facilitate basal autophagy. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns[3,4]P2) signals generated downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) during growth factor stimulation are converted to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) on endosomes by INPP4B (inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type II B). We show that PtdIns3P is retained as endosomes mature into endolysosomes, and serves as a substrate for PIKFYVE (phosphoinositide kinase, FYVE-type zinc finger containing) to generate phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns[3,5]P2) to promote SNX2-dependent lysosome reformation, basal autophagic flux and protein aggregate degradation. Therefore, endosome maturation couples nutrient signaling to lysosome repopulation during basal autophagy by delivering PI3Kα-derived PtdIns3P to endolysosomes for PtdIns(3,5)P2-dependent lysosome reformation.Abbreviations: ALR: autophagic lysosome reformation; INPP4B: inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type II B; PI3Kα: phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha; PIKFYVE: phosphoinositide kinase FYVE-type zinc finger containing; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns(3,4)P2: phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate; PtdIns(3,5)P2 phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate; SNX2 sorting nexin 2; PIK3C3/VPS34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Rodgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily I. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina A. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Meagan J. McGrath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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17
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Takeda A, Tachibana A, Nagumo H, Sakai-Kato K. An in vitro lipid-mixing assay to investigate the fusion between small extracellular vesicles and endosome. Anal Biochem 2023; 669:115130. [PMID: 36963556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) such as exosomes can efficiently deliver nucleic acids into the cytosol of recipient cells. However, the molecular mechanism of the subsequent fusion with an endosome is not well understood. In this study, we developed an in vitro lipid-mixing assay using an endosomal-mimicking anionic liposome to investigate the fusion between sEVs and endosomes. We observed that the particle number ratio between the sEVs and the anionic liposomes, the diameter of the liposomes, and the buffer pH were all important for fusion activity. Furthermore, we optimized the liposomal lipid composition and demonstrated that incorporating the anionic lipid bis(monooleoylglycero) phosphate and cholesterol was important for efficient and reliable fusion. Our in vitro assay suggested that a decrease in pH increased the fusion activity. Additionally, it was suggested that this pH-dependent increase in the fusion activity was predominantly due to a change in the sEVs. sEVs possess a larger fusion activity than artificial liposomes that mimic the physicochemical properties of exosomes. These results are consistent with those of previous in vivo studies, supporting the physiological relevance of our system. This study provides an important platform for further research to clarify the molecular mechanisms of fusion between sEVs and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Takeda
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Asuka Tachibana
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagumo
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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18
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Nakashima S, Matsui T, Fukuda M. Vps9d1 regulates tubular endosome formation through specific activation of Rab22A. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286994. [PMID: 36762583 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab22A is an important regulator of the formation of tubular endosomes, which are one of the types of recycling endosome compartments of the clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway. In order to regulate tubular endosome formation, Rab22A must be activated by a specific guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF); however, all of the GEFs that have been reported to exhibit Rab22A-GEF activity in vitro also activate Rab5A, an essential regulator of the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway, and no Rab22A-specific GEF has ever been identified. Here, we identified Vps9d1, a previously uncharacterized vacuolar protein sorting 9 (VPS9) domain-containing protein, as a novel Rab22A-GEF. The formation of tubular endosome structures was found to be severely impaired in Vps9d1-depleted HeLa cells, but Rab5A localization was unaffected. Expression of a constitutively active Rab22A mutant in Vps9d1-depleted HeLa cells restored tubular endosomes, but expression of a GEF-activity-deficient Vps9d1 mutant did not. Moreover, Vps9d1 depletion altered the distribution of clathrin-independent endocytosed cargos and impaired their recycling. Our findings indicate that Vps9d1 promotes tubular endosome formation by specifically activating Rab22A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Nakashima
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsui
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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19
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Hanafusa H, Fujita K, Kamio M, Iida S, Tamura Y, Hisamoto N, Matsumoto K. LRRK1 functions as a scaffold for PTP1B-mediated EGFR sorting into ILVs at the ER- endosome contact site. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286918. [PMID: 36744428 PMCID: PMC10022742 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper control of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Given that EGFR signaling occurs at the plasma membrane and endosomes following internalization, endosomal trafficking of EGFR spatiotemporally regulates EGFR signaling. In this process, leucine-rich repeat kinase 1 (LRRK1) has multiple roles in kinase activity-dependent transport of EGFR-containing endosomes and kinase-independent sorting of EGFR into the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of multivesicular bodies. Active, phosphorylated EGFR inactivates the LRRK1 kinase activity by phosphorylating Y944. In this study, we demonstrate that LRRK1 facilitates EGFR dephosphorylation by PTP1B (also known as PTPN1), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein tyrosine phosphatase, at the ER-endosome contact site, after which EGFR is sorted into the ILVs of endosomes. LRRK1 is required for the PTP1B-EGFR interaction in response to EGF stimulation, resulting in the downregulation of EGFR signaling. Furthermore, PTP1B activates LRRK1 by dephosphorylating pY944 on the contact site, which promotes the transport of EGFR-containing endosomes to the perinuclear region. These findings provide evidence that the ER-endosome contact site functions as a hub for LRRK1-dependent signaling that regulates EGFR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hanafusa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keitaro Fujita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Misa Kamio
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shiori Iida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Shirakawa, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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20
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An C, Wei S, Dao Y, Wang X, Dong W, You X, Tian C, Zhang Z, Dong S. Discovery of endosomalytic cell-penetrating peptides based on bacterial membrane-targeting sequences. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106424. [PMID: 36868126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are prominent scaffolds for drug developments and related research, particularly the endocytic delivery of biomacromolecules. Effective cargo release from endosomes prior to lysosomal degradation is a crucial step, where the rational design and selection of CPPs remains a challenge and calls for deeper mechanistic understandings. Here, we have investigated a strategy of designing CPPs that selectively disrupt endosomal membranes based on bacterial membrane targeting sequences (MTSs). Six synthesized MTS peptides all exhibit cell-penetrating abilities, among which two d-peptides (d-EcMTS and d-TpMTS) are able to escape from endosomes and localize at ER after entering the cell. The utility of this strategy has been demonstrated by the intracellular delivery of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Together, these results suggest that the large pool of bacterial MTSs may be a rich source for the development of novel CPPs.
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21
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Ghosh C, Xing Y, Cai J, Sun Y. Irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors induce the endocytosis and downregulation of ErbB2. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101436. [PMID: 36824069 PMCID: PMC9941056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ErbB2) is an oncogene that frequently overexpressed in a subset of cancers. Anti-ErbB2 therapies have been developed to treat these types of cancers. However, less is known about how anti-ErbB2 drugs affect the trafficking and degradation of ErbB2. We demonstrate that the reversible and irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) differentially modulate the subcellular trafficking and downregulation of ErbB2. Only the irreversible TKIs can induce the loss of ErbB2 expression, which is not dependent on proteasome or lysosome. The irreversible TKIs promote ErbB2 endocytosis from plasma membrane and enhance the ErbB2 accumulation at endosomes. The endocytosis of ErbB2 is mediated by a dynamin-dependent but clathrin-independent mechanism. Blocking of ErbB2 endocytosis can impair the TKI-induced ErbB2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmoy Ghosh
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yanli Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyang Cai
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA,Corresponding author.
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22
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Yuan J, Huang X, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Zou H, Bian J. Honokiol reduces cadmium-induced oxidative injury and endosomal/lysosomal vacuolation via protecting mitochondrial function in quail (Coturnix japonica) liver tissues. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159626. [PMID: 36280083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution in environment is toxic to birds. This study aimed to assess antagonistic effect of honokiol (HNK) on Cd-induced quail (Coturnix japonica) liver tissue damage and Cd-induced vacuolation in hepatocytes. We found that HNK alleviated Cd-induced liver pathological damage marked by elevated serum liver biochemical indicators, disordered antioxidant levels and trace elements in quails. HNK reduced Cd-induced liver cell apoptosis as assessed by western blotting and TUNEL staining. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes under transmission electron microscope revealed that Cd induced mitochondrial damage in addition to abnormal enlargement and increased vacuolar structure of cells. Mitochondrial damage and vacuolization were reduced in the HNK + Cd group. Cd induced an increase in the levels of endosomal/lysosomal-related genes, while HNK treatment reversed this effect. Finally, we demonstrated that vacuolation in buffalo rat liver 3A (BRL 3A) cells occurred primarily due to Cd-induced oxidative stress damage that reduces mitochondrial ATP content and indirectly led to dysfunction of ATP-dependent lipid kinase PIKfyve complex. In summary, we are the first to report that Cd induces abnormal enlargement of endosome/lysosomes in quail liver cells and HNK alleviated this phenomenon by reducing mitochondrial damage and increasing intracellular ATP level. This study demonstrated the toxic effect of Cd pollution on birds and how HNK mitigated these effect at the cellular level. Overall, more research on Cd pollution and HNK use in animal husbandry is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Shirane M, Kamiguchi H. Molecular machinery regulating organelle dynamics during axon growth and guidance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:3-9. [PMID: 35227625 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Axon growth and guidance in the developing nervous system rely on intracellular membrane dynamics that involve endosome maturation and transport, as well as its regulated tethering to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recent studies have identified several key molecules, such as protrudin, which plays a dynamic role at membrane contact sites between the ER and endosomes/lysosomes, and myosin Va, which acts as a sensor for ER-derived Ca2+ that triggers peri-ER membrane export. These molecules form different types of multiprotein complexes at the interface of organelles and, in response to their surrounding microenvironments, such as Ca2+ concentrations and lipid contents, regulate the directional movement of endosomal vesicles in extending axons. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms underlying membrane dynamics and inter-organelle interactions during neuronal morphogenesis.
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24
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Huang X, Wang X, Ren Y, Gao P, Xu W, Xie X, Diao Y. Reactive oxygen species enhance rAAV transduction by promoting its escape from late endosomes. Virol J 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 36611172 PMCID: PMC9825130 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent seminal studies have revealed that endosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote rather than inhibit viral infection. Some ROS generators, including shikonin and H2O2, have the potential to enhance recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) transduction. However, the impact of ROS on rAAV intracellular trafficking remains unclear. METHODS To understand the effects of ROS on the transduction of rAAV vectors, especially the rAAV subcellular distribution profiles, this study systematically explored the effect of ROS on each step of rAAV intracellular trafficking pathway using fluorescently-labeled rAAV and qPCR quantification determination. RESULTS The results showed promoted in-vivo and in-vitro rAAV transduction by ROS exposure, regardless of vector serotype or cell type. ROS treatment directed rAAV intracellular trafficking towards a more productive pathway by upregulating the expression of cathepsins B and L, accelerating the rAAV transit in late endosomes, and increasing the rAAV nucleus entry. CONCLUSIONS These data support that ROS generative drugs, such as shikonin, have the potential to promote rAAV vector transduction by promoting rAAV's escape from late endosomes, and enhancing its productive trafficking to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Huang
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- grid.411404.40000 0000 8895 903XSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yanxuan Ren
- grid.411404.40000 0000 8895 903XSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Pingzhang Gao
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China.
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25
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Chen CC. Electrophysiological Techniques on the Study of Endolysosomal Ion Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:217-233. [PMID: 36871125 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Endolysosomal ion channels are a group of ion channel proteins that are functionally expressed on the membrane of endolysosomal vesicles. The electrophysiological properties of these ion channels in the intracellular organelle membrane cannot be observed using conventional electrophysiological techniques. This section compiles the different electrophysiological techniques utilized in recent years to study endolysosomal ion channels and describes their methodological characteristics, emphasizing the most widely used technique for whole endolysosome recordings to date. This includes the use of different pharmacological tools and genetic tools for the application of patch-clamping techniques for specific stages of endolysosomes, allowing the recording of ion channel activity in different organelles, such as recycling endosomes, early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. These electrophysiological techniques are not only cutting-edge technologies that help to investigate the biophysical properties of known and unknown intracellular ion channels but also help us to investigate the physiopathological role of these ion channels in the distribution of dynamic vesicles and to identify new therapeutic targets for precision medicine and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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26
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Jaślan D, Ferro IF, Kudrina V, Yuan Y, Patel S, Grimm C. PI(3,5)P 2 and NAADP: Team players or lone warriors? - New insights into TPC activation modes. Cell Calcium 2023; 109:102675. [PMID: 36525777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a second messenger, releasing Ca2+ from acidic calcium stores such as endosomes and lysosomes. PI(3,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate) is a phospho-inositide, residing on endolysosomal membranes and likewise releasing Ca2+ from endosomes and lysosomes. Both compounds have been shown to activate endolysosomal two-pore channels (TPCs) in mammalian cells. However, their effects on ion permeability as demonstrated specifically for TPC2 differ. While PI(3,5)P2 elicits predominantly Na+-selective currents, NAADP increases the Ca2+ permeability of the channel. What happens when both compounds are applied simultaneously was unclear until recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Jaślan
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Irene Flavia Ferro
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Kudrina
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Mulligan RJ, Yap CC, Winckler B. Endosomal Transport to Lysosomes and the Trans-Golgi Network in Neurons and Other Cells: Visualizing Maturational Flux. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:595-618. [PMID: 36512240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-level microscopy enables the comprehensive study of dynamic intracellular processes. Here we describe a toolkit of combinatorial approaches for fixed cell imaging and live cell imaging to investigate the interactions along the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-endosome-lysosome transport axis, which underlie the maturation of endosomal compartments and degradative flux. For fixed cell approaches, we specifically highlight how choices of permeabilization conditions, antibody selection, and antibody multiplexing affect interpretation of results. For live cell approaches, we emphasize the use of sensors that read out pH and degradative capacity in combination with endosomal identity for elucidating dynamic compartment changes.
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28
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Neville MC, Webb PG, Baumgartner HK, Bitler BG. Claudin-4 localization in epithelial ovarian cancer. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10862. [PMID: 36237976 PMCID: PMC9552118 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-4, a protein with the structure of classic claudins most often found in cell-cell junctions, is frequently overexpressed in epithelial cancers where its localization has not been studied. In this study we aimed to find out where this membrane protein is localized in an ovarian tumor model, OVCAR3 cells, that express high levels of the protein. Immunohistochemical studies showed claudin-4 staining in a perinuclear region, at most plasma membranes and in cytoplasmic puncta. Native claudin-4 did not overlap with phosphorylated claudin-4, which was partially located in focal adhesions. Using claudin-4 BioID technology we confirmed that large amounts of claudin-4 are localized to the Golgi compartment, including in dispersed Golgi in cells where claudin-4 is partially knocked down and in dividing cells. Claudin-4 appears to be present in the vicinity of several types of cell-cell junctions, but there is no evidence that it forms tight junctions in these tumor cells. Both claudin-4, the Golgi marker GM130, and the plasma membrane receptor Notch2 were found in dispersed Golgi in dividing cells. This definition of the cellular architecture of claudin-4 should provide a framework for better understanding of the function of claudin-4 in tumor cells and its molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C. Neville
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80845, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Patricia G. Webb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80845, USA
| | - Heidi K. Baumgartner
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 2700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8613, 12700 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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29
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Mendez PL, Obendorf L, Jatzlau J, Burdzinski W, Reichenbach M, Nageswaran V, Haghikia A, Stangl V, Hiepen C, Knaus P. Atheroprone fluid shear stress-regulated ALK1-Endoglin-SMAD signaling originates from early endosomes. BMC Biol 2022; 20:210. [PMID: 36171573 PMCID: PMC9520843 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid shear stress enhances endothelial SMAD1/5 signaling via the BMP9-bound ALK1 receptor complex supported by the co-receptor Endoglin. While moderate SMAD1/5 activation is required to maintain endothelial quiescence, excessive SMAD1/5 signaling promotes endothelial dysfunction. Increased BMP signaling participates in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inflammation culminating in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. While the function of Endoglin has so far been described under picomolar concentrations of BMP9 and short-term shear application, we investigated Endoglin under physiological BMP9 and long-term pathophysiological shear conditions. RESULTS We report here that knock-down of Endoglin leads to exacerbated SMAD1/5 phosphorylation and atheroprone gene expression profile in HUVECs sheared for 24 h. Making use of the ligand-trap ALK1-Fc, we furthermore show that this increase is dependent on BMP9/10. Mechanistically, we reveal that long-term exposure of ECs to low laminar shear stress leads to enhanced Endoglin expression and endocytosis of Endoglin in Caveolin-1-positive early endosomes. In these endosomes, we could localize the ALK1-Endoglin complex, labeled BMP9 as well as SMAD1, highlighting Caveolin-1 vesicles as a SMAD signaling compartment in cells exposed to low atheroprone laminar shear stress. CONCLUSIONS We identified Endoglin to be essential in preventing excessive activation of SMAD1/5 under physiological flow conditions and Caveolin-1-positive early endosomes as a new flow-regulated signaling compartment for BMP9-ALK1-Endoglin signaling axis in atheroprone flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Lennard Mendez
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,International Max-Planck Research School for Biology and Computation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leon Obendorf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jerome Jatzlau
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiktor Burdzinski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Reichenbach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanasa Nageswaran
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Kardiologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Kardiologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Stangl
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany. .,International Max-Planck Research School for Biology and Computation, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
Many membrane proteins are highly enriched in either dendrites or axons. This non-uniform distribution is a critical feature of neuronal polarity and underlies neuronal function. The molecular mechanisms responsible for polarized distribution of membrane proteins has been studied for some time and many answers have emerged. A less well studied feature of neurons is that organelles are also frequently non-uniformly distributed. For instance, EEA1-positive early endosomes are somatodendritic whereas synaptic vesicles are axonal. In addition, some organelles are present in both axons and dendrites, but not distributed uniformly along the processes. One well known example are lysosomes which are abundant in the soma and proximal dendrite, but sparse in the distal dendrite and the distal axon. The mechanisms that determine the spatial distribution of organelles along dendrites are only starting to be studied. In this review, we will discuss the cell biological mechanisms of how the distribution of diverse sets of endosomes along the proximal-distal axis of dendrites might be regulated. In particular, we will focus on the regulation of bulk homeostatic mechanisms as opposed to local regulation. We posit that immature dendrites regulate organelle motility differently from mature dendrites in order to spatially organize dendrite growth, branching and sculpting.
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31
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Williams ET, Chen X, Otero PA, Moore DJ. Understanding the contributions of VPS35 and the retromer in neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105768. [PMID: 35588987 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations of the endolysosomal pathway have been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, VPS35 and the retromer complex play an important role in the endolysosomal system and are implicated in the pathophysiology of these diseases. A single missense mutation in VPS35, Asp620Asn (D620N), is known to cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial PD. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of the PD-linked D620N mutation in causing retromer dysfunction and dissect its implications in neurodegeneration. Additionally, we will discuss how VPS35 and the retromer are linked to AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and primary tauopathies. Interestingly, reduced levels of VPS35 and other retromer components have been observed in post-mortem brain tissue, suggesting a role for the retromer in the pathophysiology of these diseases. This review will provide a comprehensive dive into the mechanisms of VPS35 dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we will highlight outstanding questions in the field and the retromer as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disease at large.
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32
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Suzuki SW, Emr SD. Immunoisolation of Endosomal Recycling Vesicles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4403. [PMID: 35800464 PMCID: PMC9090525 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal recycling is essential for the appropriate function of the endosome. During this process, endosomal coat complexes (i.e., retromer, and Mvp1) are recruited to the endosome, and deform its membrane to form recycling vesicles. To further analyze this, we developed a protocol for the immunoisolation of recycling vesicles from budding yeast. This method is a powerful way to characterize endosomal recycling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho W. Suzuki
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Scott D. Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA,
*For correspondence:
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33
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Barreto BR, D'Acunzo P, Ungania JM, Das S, Hashim A, Goulbourne CN, Canals-Baker S, Saito M, Saito M, Sershen H, Levy E. Cocaine Modulates the Neuronal Endosomal System and Extracellular Vesicles in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Neurochem Res 2022. [PMID: 35501523 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, endosomal changes correlate with changes in exosomes. We examined this linkage in the brain of mice that received cocaine injections for two weeks starting at 2.5 months of age. Cocaine caused a decrease in the number of both neuronal early and late endosomes and exosomes in the brains of male but not female mice. The response to cocaine in ovariectomized females mirrored male, demonstrating that these sex-differences in response to cocaine are driven by hormonal differences. Moreover, cocaine increased the amount of α-synuclein per exosome in the brain of females but did not affect exosomal α-synuclein content in the brain of males, a sex-difference eliminated by ovariectomy. Enhanced packaging of α-synuclein into female brain exosomes with the potential for propagation of pathology throughout the brain suggests a mechanism for the different response of females to chronic cocaine exposure as compared to males.
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34
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Ren W, Lou H, Ren X, Wen G, Wu X, Xia X, Wang S, Yu X, Yan L, Zhang G, Yao J, Lu Y, Wu X. Ketamine promotes the amyloidogenic pathway by regulating endosomal pH. Toxicology 2022; 471:153163. [PMID: 35378374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is an anesthetic and addictive drug that can cause cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Studies have shown that carboxy-terminal fragment derived from β-secretase (CTF-β) and amyloid beta (Aβ), the amyloidogenic products of amyloid precursor protein (APP), can also induce neuroinflammation and impair cognitive function. However, it remains unclear whether ketamine regulates the amyloidogenic pathway. In the endosome, APP is cleaved by beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), whose activity is influenced by pH. Endosomal acidification is mainly regulated by sodium hydrogen exchanger 6 (NHE6), which leaks protons out of endosomes, and vacuolar proton translocating ATPases (V-ATPase), which pump protons into endosomes. Therefore, we hypothesized that ketamine lowers the endosomal pH by reducing the endosomal NHE6 protein level, and this hyperacidification promotes the amyloidogenic pathway. We set up C57BL/6 J mouse models using 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mg/kg ketamine administration and SH-SY5Y cell models using 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM ketamine administration to investigate its effects on the amyloidogenic pathway at different doses. Western blotting results showed that 100 mg/kg ketamine treatment in vivo and 1000 μM ketamine treatment in vitro increased endosomal BACE1 and CTF-β protein levels and reduced endosomal NHE6 and APP protein levels. The endosomal accumulation of BACE1 caused by ketamine administration was also observed using confocal imaging. Moreover, flow cytometry indicated that ketamine treatment lowered the endosomal pH value of SH-SY5Y cells. Later, cells were pretreated with monensin to restore the endosomal pH. Monensin did not affect amyloidogenic-related proteins or NHE6 directly; therefore, ketamine-promoted endosomal amyloidogenic processing and BACE1 accumulation were depleted by restoring endosomal acidity through monensin pretreatment. Finally, knockdown of NHE6 promoted the amyloidogenic pathway similarly and prevented further enhancement by ketamine. These results indicated that the effects of ketamine on the amyloidogenic pathway were dependent on the reduction of NHE6 and endosomal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishu Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haoyang Lou
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinghua Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gehua Wen
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry in Congenital Malformation, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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35
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Ellena JF, Tang TX, Shanaiah N, Capelluto DGS. Backbone 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments of the Phafin2 pleckstrin homology domain. Biomol NMR Assign 2022; 16:27-30. [PMID: 34739631 PMCID: PMC9068824 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-021-10054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phafin2 is a peripheral protein that triggers cellular signaling from endosomal and lysosomal compartments. The specific subcellular localization of Phafin2 is mediated by the presence of a tandem of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P)-binding domains, the pleckstrin homology (PH) and the Fab-1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1 (FYVE) domains. The requirement for both domains for binding to PtdIns3P still remains unclear. To understand the molecular interactions of the Phafin2 PH domain in detail, we report its nearly complete 1H, 15N, and 13C backbone resonance assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Ellena
- Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Tuo-Xian Tang
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Daniel G S Capelluto
- Protein Signaling Domains Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Fralin Life Sciences Institute and Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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36
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Lark DS, LaRocca TJ. Expression of Exosome Biogenesis Genes Is Differentially Altered by Aging in the Mouse and in the Human Brain During Alzheimer's Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:659-663. [PMID: 34687299 PMCID: PMC8974343 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles like exosomes are secreted by numerous cell types in a variety of tissues. Exosomes have been implicated in both aging and age-related disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, how aging and AD affect exosome biogenesis within and across cell types is poorly understood. Moreover, cells acquire characteristics based on tissue niche, but the impact of tissue residence on cell type exosome biogenesis is unknown. We explored the Tabula Muris Senis, Mayo RNA-seq and Rush Religious Order Study/Memory and Aging Project data sets to characterize the cell and tissue-specific effects of aging and AD on genes involved in exosome biogenesis. Specifically, we examined the age-dependent expression (age coefficient) of genes involved in exosome biogenesis (22 genes), exosome cargo (3 genes), and senescence (5 genes). Of the 131 cell populations (cell type × tissue) studied, 95 had at least 1 exosome biogenesis gene affected by age. The most common gene/transcript increased by age was charged multivesicular body protein 2A (CHMP2A) (54 cell populations). The most common gene/transcript decreased by age was syndecan-binding protein (SDCBP) (58 cell populations). The senescence-associated genes cyclin-dependent kinase 1A (CDKN1A) and CDKN2A were not related to changes in CHMP2A and SDCBP and were altered by age in fewer cell populations. Finally, individuals with AD had decreased CHMP2A and increased SDCBP expression, opposite of what is observed during mouse aging in the absence of disease. These findings indicate that exosome biogenesis gene expression is modified by age in many cell populations mostly independent of senescence, and may be further altered in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Lark
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas J LaRocca
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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37
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Duarte PV, Hardenberg R, Mari M, Walter S, Reggiori F, Fröhlich F, Montoro AG, Ungermann C. The yeast LYST homolog Bph1 is a Rab5 effector and prevents Atg8 lipidation at endosomes. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274866. [PMID: 35343566 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes mediate degradation of macromolecules to their precursors for their cellular recycling. Additionally, lysosome-related organelles mediate cell type-specific functions. The Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is an autosomal, recessive disease, in which loss of the protein LYST causes defects in lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. The molecular function of LYST, however, is largely unknown. Here, we dissected the function of the yeast LYST homolog, Bph1. We show that Bph1 is an endosomal protein, and an effector of the minor Rab5 isoform Ypt52. Strikingly, the bph1▵ mutant has lipidated Atg8 on their endosomes, which is sorted via late endosomes into the vacuole lumen under non-autophagy inducing conditions. In agreement, proteomics of bph1▵ vacuoles reveal an accumulation of Atg8, reduced flux via selective autophagy, and defective endocytosis. Additionally, bph1▵ cells have reduced autophagic flux under starvation conditions. Our observations suggest that Bph1 is a novel Rab5 effector that maintains endosomal functioning. When lost, Atg8 is lipidated at endosomes even during normal growth and ends up in the vacuole lumen. Thus, our results contribute to the understanding of the role of LYST-related proteins and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prado Vargas Duarte
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ralph Hardenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Walter
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ayelén González Montoro
- Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Cellular Communication Laboratory, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytic Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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38
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Yang L, Gao C, Jiang L. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase AtORPK1 promotes oxidative stress resistance in an AtORPK1-AtKAPP mediated module in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci 2022; 315:111147. [PMID: 35067310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Signal perception and transduction by the cell surface receptors are essential for cell-cell communication and plant response to abiotic stress. In this work, a previously uncharacterized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), Oxidative-stress Related Protein Kinase 1 (AtORPK1), was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, and its biological function was investigated in protoplasts, BY-2 cells and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. AtORPK1 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and organs of Arabidopsis at different developmental stages. Loss-of-function of AtORPK1 reduced, whereas overexpression of AtORPK1 increased, the oxidative stress resistance and oxidative stress responsive gene expression in orpk1 mutant and AtORPK1 transgenic Arabidopsis. Sub-cellular localization analyses revealed that AtORPK1 is localized to plasma membrane and endosomes, and the specific localization was significantly affected by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Further GFP, CFP, YFP and RFP fusion protein co-localization and FRET analyses demonstrated that AtORPK1 interacted and co-localized with AtKAPP, a common downstream phosphatase, in the enlarged endosomes such as prevacuolar compartments. Our results indicate that AtORPK1 functions as a positive molecular link between the oxidative stress signaling and antioxidant stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
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39
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Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate membrane cargo transportation from the plasma membrane, the trans-Golgi network, the endosome, and the lysosome. Heterotetrameric adaptor complexes 1 and 2 (AP1 and AP2) are bridges that link cargo-loaded membranes to clathrin coats. Assembly of AP2 was previously considered to be spontaneous; however, a recent study found AP2 assembly is a highly orchestrated process controlled by alpha and gamma adaptin binding protein (AAGAB). Evidence shows that AAGAB controls AP1 assembly in a similar way. Insights into the orchestrated assembly process and three-dimensional structures of assembly intermediates are only emerging. Here, we describe a protocol for reconstitution and purification of the complexes containing AAGAB and AP1 or AP2 subunits, known as AP1 and AP2 hemicomplexes. Our purification routinely yields milligrams of pure complexes suitable for structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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40
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Priya A, Datta S. Monitoring Endosomal Cargo Retrieval to the Trans-Golgi Network by Microscopic and Biochemical Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2473:213-236. [PMID: 35819769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2209-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal recycling pathway plays a crucial role in diverse physiologically important biological processes such as cell-to-cell signaling, nutrient uptake, immune response, and autophagy. A selective subset of these recycling cargoes, mostly transmembrane proteins, is retrieved from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) by a retrograde transport process. Endosome-to-TGN retrograde trafficking is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and signaling by preventing proteins and lipids from degradation in the lysosome. Many of the membrane sorting machinery, such as the retromer complex and sorting nexins (SNXs) are involved in endosomal retrieval and recycling of various transmembrane proteins. Recent technological advances in the resolution of light microscopy and unbiased analytical approaches in quantitative image analysis enable us to explore and understand the regulation of membrane trafficking pathways in greater detail. In this chapter, we describe quantitative imaging-based methods for analyzing the roles of proteins involved in the retrograde trafficking in retromer dependent or independent fashion, using cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CIM6PR) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Priya
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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Sangokoya C. Measuring Endocytosis and Endosomal Uptake at Single Cell Resolution. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2490:57-67. [PMID: 35486239 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2281-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis impacts many cell biological functions, including in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It has been shown that endocytosis is necessary for adequate FGF-signaling within the preimplantation ESC to post-implantation epiblast (EpiLC) pluripotency continuum and is required for proper levels of ERK activation. Quantitative methods at single cell resolution are needed to study endocytosis as well as its regulation and roles in these transitioning populations. The methods in this chapter provide an easily adaptable, multiplexable platform to monitor and quantify endosomal uptake at single cell resolution in live cells following receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated endocytosis, including nonspecific mechanisms such as pinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Sangokoya
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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42
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Takemori H, Koga K, Kawaguchi K, Furukawa S, Ito S, Imaishi J, Watanabe M, Maeda M, Mizoguchi M, Oh-Hashi K, Hirata Y, Furuta K. Visualization of mitophagy using LysoKK, a 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-(arylpropyl)benzylamine derivative. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:176-180. [PMID: 34906750 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
7-Nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD) is an environmentally responsive fluorophore. We have reported that GIF2114 and GIF2115, anti-ferroptotic N,N-dimethylaniline-compounds, localize to lysosome when they are visualized by NBD. Here we show that the NBD fluorescence of GIF2259, a hybrid derivative of GIF2114 and GIF2115, was quenched in aqueous buffer. However, the fluorescence was recovered when GIF2259 was localized on lysosomes. Although the dimethylamine group of GIF2259 is not essential for the lysosome localization, it contributes to a high specific/nonspecific ratio of fluorescence. Under a normal condition, the lysosomal signal visualized by GIF2259 did not overlap with mitochondria, while, under starved or depolarization conditions, it overlapped with mitochondria, suggesting that GIF2259 could be used as a simple tool for monitoring lysosomal metabolism and mitochondrial turnover, that is mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takemori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Koga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoka Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saho Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Seiya Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Jun Imaishi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miyu Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Miwa Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Momoka Mizoguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Hatoyama Y, Homma Y, Hiragi S, Fukuda M. Establishment and analysis of conditional Rab1- and Rab5-knockout cells using the auxin-inducible degron system. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:273782. [PMID: 34817057 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two small GTPases, Rab1 and Rab5, are key membrane trafficking regulators that are conserved in all eukaryotes. They have recently been found to be essential for cell survival and/or growth in cultured mammalian cells, thereby precluding the establishment of Rab1-knockout (KO) and Rab5-KO cells, making it extremely difficult to assess the impact of complete Rab1 or Rab5 protein depletion on cellular functions. Here, we generated and analyzed cell lines with conditional KO (CKO) of either Rab1 (Rab1A and Rab1B) or Rab5 (Rab5A, Rab5B and Rab5C) by using the auxin-inducible protein degradation system. Rab1 CKO and Rab5 CKO led to eventual cell death from 18 h and 48 h, respectively, after auxin exposure. After acute Rab1 protein depletion, the Golgi stack and ribbon structures were completely disrupted, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking was severely inhibited. Moreover, we discovered a novel Rab1-depletion phenotype: perinuclear clustering of early endosomes and delayed transferrin recycling. In contrast, acute Rab5 protein depletion resulted in loss of early endosomes and late endosomes, but lysosomes appeared to be normal. We also observed a dramatic reduction in the intracellular signals of endocytic cargos via receptor-mediated or fluid-phase endocytosis in Rab5-depleted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hatoyama
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuta Homma
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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Yuan J, Zhao Y, Bai Y, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Zou H, Bian J. Cadmium induces endosomal/lysosomal enlargement and blocks autophagy flux in rat hepatocytes by damaging microtubules. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 228:112993. [PMID: 34808507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes vacuolar degeneration in buffalo rat liver 3 A (BRL 3 A) cells. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between Cd-induced microtubule damage and intracellular vacuolar degeneration. Western blotting results showed that Cd damaged the microtubule network and downregulated the expression of microtubule-associated proteins-kinesin-1 heavy chain (KIF5B), γ-tubulin, and acetylated α-tubulin in BRL 3 A cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that Cd inhibited interactions between α-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) as well as KIF5B. Increasing Cd concentrations decreased the levels of the lipid kinase, PIKfyve, which regulates the activity of endosome-lysosome fission. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy revealed vacuole-like organelles that were late endosomes and lysosomes. The PIKfyve inhibitor, YM201636, and the microtubule depolymerizer, nocodazole, aggravated Cd-induced endosome-lysosome enlargement. Knocking down the kif5b gene that encodes KIF5B intensified the enlargement of endosome-lysosomes and expression of early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), Ras-related protein Rab-7a (RAB7), and lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2). Nocodazole, YM201636, and the knockdown of kif5b blocked autophagic flux. We concluded that Cd-induced damage to the microtubule network is the main reason for endosome-lysosome enlargement and autophagic flux blockage in BRL 3 A cells, and kinesin-1 plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhao Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuni Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao X, Guan Y, Liu F, Yan S, Wang Y, Hu M, Li Y, Li R, Zhang CX. SNARE Proteins Mediate α-Synuclein Secretion via Multiple Vesicular Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2021. [PMID: 34705229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell-to-cell transmission of pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) has been proposed to be a critical event in the development of synucleinopathies. Recent studies have begun to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of α-syn propagation. As one of the central steps, α-syn secretion is reported to be Ca2+-dependent and mediated by unconventional exocytosis. However, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) requirement and vesicle identity of α-syn secretion remain elusive. Here we found that α-syn secretion is SNARE-dependent by systematically knocking down Q-SNAREs and R-SNAREs in exocytosis pathways. α-Syn secretion was mainly mediated by syntaxin 4 (STX4) and synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (SNAP23), but did not require STX1 and SNAP25, in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. On the other hand, vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3), VAMP7, and VAMP8 were all involved in α-syn secretion, most likely in overlapping pathways. Application of super-resolution microscopy revealed localization of both endogenous and overexpressed α-syn in endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes in rat primary cortical neurons. α-Syn co-localized with microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) most extensively, suggesting its tight association with the autophagy pathway. Consistently, α-syn secretion was regulated by the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Collectively, our data suggest that α-syn secretion is SNARE-dependent and is mediated by multiple vesicular pathways including exocytosis of recycling endosomes, multivesicular bodies, autophagosomes, and lysosomes.
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Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases were recognized and defined over a century ago as a class of disorders affecting mostly children and causing systemic disease often accompanied by major neurological consequences. Since their discovery, research focused on understanding their causes has been an important driver of our ever-expanding knowledge of cell biology and the central role that lysosomes play in cell function. Today we recognize over 50 so-called storage diseases, with most understood at the level of gene, protein and pathway involvement, but few fully clarified in terms of how the defective lysosomal function causes brain disease; even fewer have therapies that can effectively rescue brain function. Importantly, we also recognize that storage diseases are not simply a class of lysosomal disorders all by themselves, as increasingly a critical role for the greater lysosomal system with its endosomal, autophagosomal and salvage streams has also emerged in a host of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite persistent challenges across all aspects of these complex disorders, and as reflected in this and other articles focused on lysosomal storage diseases in this special issue of Neuroscience Letters, the progress and promise to both understand and effectively treat these conditions has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven U Walkley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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47
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Deluco B, Wilson HL. Assessment of intestinal macromolecular absorption in young piglets to pave the way to oral vaccination: preliminary results. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:79-91. [PMID: 34559380 PMCID: PMC8461397 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine of the piglet has evolved to be permeable immediately after birth to facilitate the uptake of colostrum-derived immunoglobulins as well as other macromolecules, and cells. However, the precise timing of gut closure in today’s precocious pig is not known. We gavaged piglets immediately after birth and at 1-h after birth with Cy5-labeled Ovalbumin (Cy5-Ova) then harvested their small intestine’s 6–7 h later. To assess localization of Cy5-Ova in the small intestinal epithelial cells, we performed immunohistochemistry using a basolateral surface marker and a recycling endosome marker called pIgR, the late endosomal marker Rab7, and the lysosomal marker LAMP-1. Cy5-Ova co-localized with Rab7 and LAMP-1 in the duodenum and jejunum of 0-h old and 1-h old gavaged piglets, but only in the ileum of 0-h gavaged piglets. These data suggest that movement of Cy5-Ova through the late endosomes to the lysosomes was much reduced in the ileum of 1-h gavaged piglets. Cy5-Ova was largely present in epithelial cell digestive and transport vacuoles, but it did not colocalize with pIgR-positive endosomes in 0-h and 1-h gavaged piglets. Differences in macromolecular uptake across the different regions of the small intestine after only 1-h may be due to prior processing of colostral macromolecules, changes in the intestine due to initiation of colonization by microflora and/or the initiation of gut-closure. Understanding the relationship between the localization of Cy5-Ova and small intestinal permeability may contribute to establishing whether oral vaccination in the newborn can capitalize on the transient permeability before gut closure to promote immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Deluco
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Abstract
Autophagosome formation is a regulated membrane remodeling process, which involves the generation of autophagosomal membrane precursors (vesicles), the assembly of the autophagosomal membrane precursors to form the phagophore, and phagophore elongation to complete the autophagosome. The sources of the autophagosomal membrane precursors are endomembrane compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC), ER-exit sites (ERES), and endosomes. In response to stress, these structures are remodeled, to generate the early autophagosomal membrane precursors. The phagophore assembly site (PAS), which mainly localizes on the ER, harbors the site for autophagosomal membrane assembly, elongation, and completion. ATG proteins, membrane remodeling factors, and autophagic membranes follow a precise choreography to complete the overall process. In this chapter, we briefly discuss our current knowledge on the membrane origins of the autophagosome, as well as autophagosomal precursor generation, assembly, and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liang Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Svanbergsson A, Ek F, Martinsson I, Rodo J, Liu D, Brandi E, Haikal C, Torres-Garcia L, Li W, Gouras G, Olsson R, Björklund T, Li JY. FRET-Based Screening Identifies p38 MAPK and PKC Inhibition as Targets for Prevention of Seeded α-Synuclein Aggregation. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1692-1709. [PMID: 34258749 PMCID: PMC8609038 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein is associated with neurodegeneration and a hallmark pathology in synucleinopathies. These aggregates are thought to function as prion-like particles where the conformation of misfolded α-synuclein determines the traits of the induced pathology, similar to prion diseases. Still, little is known about the molecular targets facilitating the conformation-specific biological effects, but their identification could form the basis for new therapeutic interventions. High-throughput screening of annotated compound libraries could facilitate mechanistic investigation by identifying targets with impact on α-synuclein aggregation. To this end, we developed a FRET-based cellular reporter in HEK293T cells, with sensitivity down to 6.5 nM α-synuclein seeds. Using this model system, we identified GF109203X, SB202190, and SB203580 as inhibitors capable of preventing induction of α-synuclein aggregation via inhibition of p38 MAPK and PKC, respectively. We further investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective effects and found alterations in the endo-lysosomal system to be likely candidates of the protection. We found the changes did not stem from a reduction in uptake but rather alteration of lysosomal abundance and degradative capacity. Our findings highlight the value high-throughput screening brings to the mechanistic investigation of α-synuclein aggregation while simultaneously identifying novel therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Svanbergsson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ek
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medicinal Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Rodo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Edoardo Brandi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Haikal
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Torres-Garcia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger Olsson
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Department of Experimental Medicinal Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Neural Plasticity and Repair, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110112, China.
- Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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50
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Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of intractable diseases; however, the development of a useful siRNA delivery vector is imperative for clinical use. Since siRNA works in the cytoplasm, the ability of the carrier to escape destruction in the endosomes is a highly required characteristic for the induction of a high knockdown effect. Here, we describe the step-by-step procedure for the evaluation of high endosomal escapability. The vector that has pH-responsive characteristics at around pH = 6.2-6.5 is important for the high endosomal escape.
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