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Tomal F, Sausset A, Le Vern Y, Sedano L, Techer C, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Laurent F, Silvestre A, Bussière FI. Microbiota promotes recruitment and pro-inflammatory response of caecal macrophages during E. tenella infection. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:65. [PMID: 38098020 PMCID: PMC10720127 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria genus belongs to the apicomplexan parasite phylum and is responsible for coccidiosis, an intestinal disease with a major economic impact on poultry production. Eimeria tenella is one of the most virulent species in chickens. In a previous study, we showed a negative impact of caecal microbiota on the physiopathology of this infection. However, the mechanism by which microbiota leads to the physiopathology remained undetermined. Macrophages play a key role in inflammatory processes and their interaction with the microbiota during E. tenella infection have never been investigated. We therefore examined the impact of microbiota on macrophages during E. tenella infection. Macrophages were monitored in caecal tissues by immunofluorescence staining with KUL01 antibody in non-infected and infected germ-free and conventional chickens. Caecal cells were isolated, stained, analyzed and sorted to examine their gene expression using high-throughput qPCR. RESULTS We demonstrated that microbiota was essential for caecal macrophage recruitment in E. tenella infection. Furthermore, microbiota promoted a pro-inflammatory transcriptomic profile of macrophages characterized by increased gene expression of NOS2, ACOD1, PTGS2, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8L1, IL8L2 and CCL20 in infected chickens. Administration of caecal microbiota from conventional chickens to germ-free infected chickens partially restored macrophage recruitment and response. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that the microbiota enhances the physiopathology of this infection through macrophage recruitment and activation. Consequently, strategies involving modulation of the gut microbiota may lead to attenuation of the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, thereby limiting the negative clinical outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomal
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
- MixScience, 35170, Bruz, France
| | - A Sausset
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Le Vern
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - L Sedano
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - F Laurent
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Silvestre
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - F I Bussière
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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2
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Sun A, Park P, Cole L, Vaidya H, Maegawa S, Keith K, Calendo G, Madzo J, Jelinek J, Jobin C, Issa JPJ. Non-pathogenic microbiota accelerate age-related CpG Island methylation in colonic mucosa. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2160568. [PMID: 36572998 PMCID: PMC9980687 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2160568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic process altered in cancer and ageing. Age-related methylation drift can be used to estimate lifespan and can be influenced by extrinsic factors such as diet. Here, we report that non-pathogenic microbiota accelerate age-related methylation drift in the colon when compared with germ-free mice. DNA methylation analyses showed that microbiota and IL10KO were associated with changes in 5% and 4.1% of CpG sites, while mice with both factors had 18% alterations. Microbiota, IL10KO, and their combination altered 0.4%, 0.4%, and 4% of CpG island methylation, respectively. These are comparable to what is seen in colon cancer. Ageing changes were accelerated in the IL10KO mice with microbiota, and the affected genes were more likely to be altered in colon cancer. Thus, the microbiota affect DNA methylation of the colon in patterns reminiscent of what is observed in ageing and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Sun
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pyounghwa Park
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Lauren Cole
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Himani Vaidya
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Research Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Kelsey Keith
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Gennaro Calendo
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre J. Issa
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, United States
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Xu Y, Yu Y, Zhou Q, Xiang Y, Chen L, Meng Y, She X, Zou F, Meng X. Disturbance of gut microbiota aggravates cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae through V-ATPase. Sci Total Environ 2023:164074. [PMID: 37245817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful environmental pollutant that causes damage to the nervous system, and exposure to Cd also disrupts the gut microbiota. However, it is still unclear whether Cd-induced neurotoxicity is related to alteration of the microbiota. In this study, we first established a germ-free (GF) zebrafish model to avoid the effects of gut microbiota disturbances caused by Cd exposure, and found that Cd-induced neurotoxic effects were weak in GF zebrafish. RNA sequencing showed that expression levels of V-ATPase family genes (atp6v1g1, atp6v1b2, and atp6v0cb) were significantly decreased in Cd-treated conventionally reared (CV) zebrafish, while this inhibition could be avoided in GF zebrafish. Overexpression of atp6v0cb in the V-ATPase family could partially rescue Cd-induced neurotoxicity. Our study shows that the disturbance of gut microbiota aggravates Cd-induced neurotoxicity, and that this may be associated with the expression of several genes in the V-ATPase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongpeng Yu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixuan Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaxian Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xudong She
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Caminero A, Verdu EF, Galipeau HJ. Elucidating the role of microbes in celiac disease through gnotobiotic modeling. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 179:77-101. [PMID: 37625882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a common immune-mediated disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. CeD is unique in that the trigger (gluten), necessary genes (HLA-DQ2 and DQ8), and the autoantigen (tissue transglutaminase) have been identified, allowing additional environmental co-factors, like the intestinal microbiota, to be studied through relevant in vivo models. Murine models for CeD have come a long way in the past decade and there are now in vitro and in vivo tools available that mimic certain aspects of clinical disease. These models, many of which express the CeD risk genes, have recently been used to study the mechanisms through which the microbiota play a role in CeD pathogenesis through a gnotobiotic approach. Historically, the generation of gnotobiology technology in mid-20th century allowed for the study of immunity and physiology under a complete absence of microbes (axenic) or known colonized status (gnotobiotic). This enabled understanding of mechanisms by which certain bacteria contribute to health and disease. With this perspective, here, we will discuss the various murine models currently being used to study CeD. We will then describe how utilizing axenic and gnotobiotic CeD models has increased our understanding of how microbes influence relevant steps of CeD pathogenesis, and explain key methodology involved in axenic and gnotobiotic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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5
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Xia H, Chen H, Cheng X, Yin M, Yao X, Ma J, Huang M, Chen G, Liu H. Zebrafish: an efficient vertebrate model for understanding role of gut microbiota. Mol Med 2022; 28:161. [PMID: 36564702 PMCID: PMC9789649 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a critical role in the maintenance of host health. As a low-cost and genetically tractable vertebrate model, zebrafish have been widely used for biological research. Zebrafish and humans share some similarities in intestinal physiology and function, and this allows zebrafish to be a surrogate model for investigating the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and host. Especially, zebrafish have features such as high fecundity, external fertilization, and early optical transparency. These enable the researchers to employ the fish to address questions not easily addressed in other animal models. In this review, we described the intestine structure of zebrafish. Also, we summarized the methods of generating a gnotobiotic zebrafish model, the factors affecting its intestinal flora, and the study progress of gut microbiota functions in zebrafish. Finally, we discussed the limitations and challenges of the zebrafish model for gut microbiota studies. In summary, this review established that zebrafish is an attractive research tool to understand mechanistic insights into host-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Huimin Chen
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Xue Cheng
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Xiaowei Yao
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Jun Ma
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Mengzhen Huang
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
| | - Gang Chen
- grid.477392.cHubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061 China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- grid.257143.60000 0004 1772 1285College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Huangjiahu West Road 16, Hongshan Disctrict, Wuhan, 430065 China
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6
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Rea V, Bell I, Ball T, Van Raay T. Gut-derived metabolites influence neurodevelopmental gene expression and Wnt signaling events in a germ-free zebrafish model. Microbiome 2022; 10:132. [PMID: 35996200 PMCID: PMC9396910 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small molecule metabolites produced by the microbiome are known to be neuroactive and are capable of directly impacting the brain and central nervous system, yet there is little data on the contribution of these metabolites to the earliest stages of neural development and neural gene expression. Here, we explore the impact of deriving zebrafish embryos in the absence of microbes on early neural development as well as investigate whether any potential changes can be rescued with treatment of metabolites derived from the zebrafish gut microbiota. RESULTS Overall, we did not observe any gross morphological changes between treatments but did observe a significant decrease in neural gene expression in embryos raised germ-free, which was rescued with the addition of zebrafish metabolites. Specifically, we identified 354 genes significantly downregulated in germ-free embryos compared to conventionally raised embryos via RNA-Seq analysis. Of these, 42 were rescued with a single treatment of zebrafish gut-derived metabolites to germ-free embryos. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these genes are involved in prominent neurodevelopmental pathways including transcriptional regulation and Wnt signaling. Consistent with the ontology analysis, we found alterations in the development of Wnt dependent events which was rescued in the germ-free embryos treated with metabolites. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that gut-derived metabolites are in part responsible for regulating critical signaling pathways in the brain, especially during neural development. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rea
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Ian Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Taylor Ball
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Terence Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
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7
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Bolte EE, Moorshead D, Aagaard KM. Maternal and early life exposures and their potential to influence development of the microbiome. Genome Med 2022; 14:4. [PMID: 35016706 PMCID: PMC8751292 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-01005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the twentieth century, the medical care of mothers and children was largely relegated to family members and informally trained birth attendants. As the industrial era progressed, early and key public health observations among women and children linked the persistence of adverse health outcomes to poverty and poor nutrition. In the time hence, numerous studies connecting genetics ("nature") to public health and epidemiologic data on the role of the environment ("nurture") have yielded insights into the importance of early life exposures in relation to the occurrence of common diseases, such as diabetes, allergic and atopic disease, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. As a result of these parallel efforts in science, medicine, and public health, the developing brain, immune system, and metabolic physiology are now recognized as being particularly vulnerable to poor nutrition and stressful environments from the start of pregnancy to 3 years of age. In particular, compelling evidence arising from a diverse array of studies across mammalian lineages suggest that modifications to our metagenome and/or microbiome occur following certain environmental exposures during pregnancy and lactation, which in turn render risk of childhood and adult diseases. In this review, we will consider the evidence suggesting that development of the offspring microbiome may be vulnerable to maternal exposures, including an analysis of the data regarding the presence or absence of a low-biomass intrauterine microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bolte
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - David Moorshead
- Immunology & Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Immunology & Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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Chen S, Yang M, Wang R, Fan X, Tang T, Li P, Zhou X, Qi K. Suppression of high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice by dietary folic acid supplementation is linked to changes in gut microbiota. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2015-2031. [PMID: 34993642 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the effects of dietary folic acid supplementation on body weight gain are mediated by gut microbiota in obesity. METHODS Male C57 BL/6J conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice both aged three to four weeks were fed a high-fat diet (HD), folic acid-deficient HD (FD-HD), folic acid-supplement HD (FS-HD) and a normal-fat diet (ND) for 25 weeks. Faecal microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and the mRNA expression of genes was determined by the real-time RT-PCR. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in faeces and plasma were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In CV mice, HD-induced body weight gain was inhibited by FS-HD, accompanied by declined energy intake, smaller white adipocyte size, and less whitening of brown adipose tissue. Meanwhile, the HD-induced disturbance in the expression of fat and energy metabolism-associated genes (Fas, Atgl, Hsl, Ppar-α, adiponectin, resistin, Ucp2, etc.) in epididymal fat was diminished, and the dysbiosis in faecal microbiota was lessened, by FS-HD. However, in GF mice with HD feeding, dietary folic acid supplementation had almost no effect on body weight gain and the expression of fat- and energy-associated genes. Faecal or plasma SCFA concentrations in CV and GF mice were not altered by either FD-HD or FS-HD feeding. CONCLUSION Dietary folic acid supplementation differently affected body weight gain and associated genes' expression under HD feeding between CV and GF mice, suggesting that gut bacteria might partially share the responsibility for beneficial effects of dietary folate on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Mengyi Yang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiuqin Fan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Tiantian Tang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ping Li
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xinhui Zhou
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Kemin Qi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institutue, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No.56 Nan-li-shi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
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Jakob CEM, Classen AY, Stecher M, Engert A, Freund M, Hamprecht A, Jazmati N, Wisplinghoff H, Hallek M, Cornely OA, Vehreschild JJ. Association between the dietary regimen and infection-related complications in neutropenic high-risk patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer 2021; 155:281-290. [PMID: 34399112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many haematology/oncology departments still provide a germ-free diet for neutropenic patients (neutropenic diet, ND) to minimise pathogen exposure, even though evidence on benefits is missing. We analysed the effects of a standard diet (SD) in neutropenic high-risk patients with cancer while focussing on infection-related outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Based on the Cologne Cohort of Neutropenic Patients, we conducted a propensity score-matched case-control study in haematological/oncological patients with a period of neutropenia longer than five days treated at our department between January 2004 and December 2012 (implementation of SD in January 2008). We assessed the association between an SD and selected infection-related end-points in an adjusted multivariable regression model and time-to-event analysis. RESULTS In total, 2086 neutropenic episodes (1043 per diet group) were included into analysis. The median days of neutropenia were 9 (interquartile range 7-16). The adjusted multivariable model revealed no association between the SD and severity and persistence of fever, death within 28 days, antibiotic treatment and weight loss >3 kg and a non-significant adjusted association between SD and duration of antibiotic treatment and blood stream infections. There was a significant association between SD and incidence of diarrhoea (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.68; P < 0.001), nausea (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43-0.66; P < 0.001) and weight loss >1 kg (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.98; P = 0.002) with fewer events in SD than in the ND group. The hazard ratios of SD for the analysed end-points were non-significant. CONCLUSION In our study, the implementation of an SD for high-risk neutropenic patients with cancer was safe regarding infection-related end-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin E M Jakob
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Y Classen
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Stecher
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Engert
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meike Freund
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Hamprecht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Jazmati
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Labor Dr. Wisplinghoff, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hallek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Chair Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg J Vehreschild
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
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10
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Zhou H, Sun J, Yu B, Liu Z, Chen H, He J, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Ge L, Chen D. Gut microbiota absence and transplantation affect growth and intestinal functions: An investigation in a germ-free pig model. Anim Nutr 2021; 7:295-304. [PMID: 34258417 PMCID: PMC8245803 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate host–microbiota interactions and explore the effects of maternal gut microbiota transplantation on the growth and intestinal functions of newborns in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived GF Bama piglets were reared in 6 sterile isolators. Among them, 6 were considered as the GF group, and the other 6 were orally inoculated with healthy sow fecal suspension as fecal microbiota transplanted (FMT) group. Another 6 piglets from natural birth were regarded as the conventional (CV) group. The GF and FMT groups were hand-fed with Co60-γ-irradiated sterile milk powder, while the CV group was reared by lactating Bama sows. All groups were fed for 21 days. Then, all piglets and then were switched to sterile feed for another 21 days. Results showed that the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the GF group decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the serum urea nitrogen concentration and digesta pH values in the GF group increased compared with those in the FMT and CV groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the CV group, the GF group demonstrated upregulation in the mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier function-related genes in the small intestine (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA abundances of intestinal development and absorption-related genes in the small intestine and colon were higher in the GF group than in the CV and FMT groups (P < 0.05). The FMT group exhibited greater growth performance, lipase activity, and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05), higher mRNA expression levels of intestinal development and barrier-related genes in the small intestine (P < 0.05), and lower mRNA abundances of pro-inflammatory factor in the colon and jejunum (P < 0.05) than the CV group. In conclusion, the absence of gut microbes impaired the growth and nutrient digestibility, and healthy sow gut microbiota transplantation increased the growth and nutrient digestibility and improved the intestinal development and barrier function of newborn piglets, indicating the importance of intestinal microbes for intestinal development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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11
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Zhou H, Yu B, Sun J, Liu Z, Chen H, Ge L, Chen D. Short-chain fatty acids can improve lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the pig gut microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:61. [PMID: 33952344 PMCID: PMC8101156 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that exogenous short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) introduction attenuated the body fat deposition in conventional mice and pigs. However, limited studies have evaluated the effects of exogenously introduced SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the gut microbiota. This study was to investigate the effects of exogenous introduction of SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism in a germ-free (GF) pig model. METHODS Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn pigs were reared in six sterile isolators. All pigs were hand-fed with sterile milk powder for 21 d, then the sterile feed was introduced to pigs for another 21 d. In the second 21-d period, six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day and considered as the GF group, while the other six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, 45, 15, and 11 mmol/L, respectively) per day and regarded as FA group. RESULTS Orally administrated with SCFAs tended to increase the adiponectin concentration in serum, enhance the CPT-1 activity in longissimus dorsi, and upregulate the ANGPTL4 mRNA expression level in colon (P < 0.10). Meanwhile, the mRNA abundances of ACC, FAS, and SREBP-1C in liver and CD36 in longissimus dorsi of the FA group were decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those in the GF group. Besides, the mRNA expression of PGC-1α in liver and LPL in longissimus dorsi tended to (P < 0.10) upregulate and downregulate respectively in the FA group. Moreover, oral administration of SCFAs tended to increase the protein level of GPR43 (P < 0.10) and decrease the protein level of ACC (P < 0.10) in liver. Also, oral administration of SCFAs upregulated the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and the mRNA expressions of GLUT-2 and GYS2 in liver (P < 0.05). In addition, the metabolic pathway associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was most significantly promoted (P < 0.05) by oral administration of SCFAs. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous introduction of SCFAs might attenuate the fat deposition and to some extent improve the glucose control in the pig model, which occurred independently of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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12
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Rao X, Liu L, Wang H, Yu Y, Li W, Chai T, Zhou W, Ji P, Song J, Wei H, Xie P. Regulation of Gut Microbiota Disrupts the Glucocorticoid Receptor Pathway and Inflammation-related Pathways in the Mouse Hippocampus. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:59-72. [PMID: 33462159 PMCID: PMC7926043 DOI: 10.5607/en20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have recently indicated the important effects of gut microbes on various functions of the central nervous system. However, the underlying mechanisms by which gut microbiota regulate brain functions and behavioral phenotypes remain largely unknown. We therefore used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic analysis to obtain proteomic profiles of the hippocampus in germ-free (GF), colonized GF, and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. We then integrated the resulting proteomic data with previously reported mRNA microarray data, to further explore the effects of gut microbes on host brain functions. We identified that 61 proteins were upregulated and 242 proteins were downregulated in GF mice compared with SPF mice. Of these, 124 proteins were significantly restored following gut microbiota colonization. Bioinformatic analysis of these significant proteins indicated that the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway and inflammation-related pathways were the most enriched disrupted pathways. This study provides new insights into the pathological mechanisms of gut microbiota-regulated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Rao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Ying Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenxia Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tingjia Chai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Ji
- College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology and Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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13
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Basic M, Bolsega S, Smoczek A, Gläsner J, Hiergeist A, Eberl C, Stecher B, Gessner A, Bleich A. Monitoring and contamination incidence of gnotobiotic experiments performed in microisolator cages. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151482. [PMID: 33636479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased interest in the microbiome research, gnotobiotic animals and techniques emerged again as valuable tools to investigate functional effects of host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The increased demand for gnotobiotic experiments has resulted in the greater need for housing systems for short-term maintenance of gnotobiotic animals. During the last six years, the gnotobiotic facility of the Hannover Medical School has worked intensively with different housing systems for gnotobiotic animals. Here, we report our experience in handling, contamination incidence, and monitoring strategies that we apply for controlling gnotobiotic experiments. From our experience, the risk of introducing contaminants to animals housed in microisolator cages is higher than in isolators. However, with strict operating protocols, the contamination rate in these systems can be minimized. In addition to spore-forming bacteria and fungi from the environment, spore-forming bacteria from defined bacterial communities used in experiments represent the major risk for contamination of gnotobiotic experiments performed in microisolator cages. The presence/absence of contaminants in germ-free animals can be easily monitored by preparation of wet mounts and Gram staining of fecal samples. Contaminants in animals colonized with specific microorganisms need to be tracked with methods such as next-generation sequencing. However, when using PCR-based methods it is important to consider that relatively small amounts of bacterial DNA detected likely originates from food, bedding, or reagents and is not to be interpreted as true contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Bolsega
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Smoczek
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim Gläsner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Eberl
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Weitekamp CA, Kvasnicka A, Keely SP, Brinkman NE, Howey XM, Gaballah S, Phelps D, Catron T, Zurlinden T, Wheaton E, Tal T. Monoassociation with bacterial isolates reveals the role of colonization, community complexity and abundance on locomotor behavior in larval zebrafish. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:12. [PMID: 33499997 PMCID: PMC7818562 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Across taxa, animals with depleted intestinal microbiomes show disrupted behavioral phenotypes. Axenic (i.e., microbe-free) mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies exhibit increased locomotor behavior, or hyperactivity. The mechanism through which bacteria interact with host cells to trigger normal neurobehavioral development in larval zebrafish is not well understood. Here, we monoassociated zebrafish with either one of six different zebrafish-associated bacteria, mixtures of these host-associates, or with an environmental bacterial isolate. Results As predicted, the axenic cohort was hyperactive. Monoassociation with three different host-associated bacterial species, as well as with the mixtures, resulted in control-like locomotor behavior. Monoassociation with one host-associate and the environmental isolate resulted in the hyperactive phenotype characteristic of axenic larvae, while monoassociation with two other host-associated bacteria partially blocked this phenotype. Furthermore, we found an inverse relationship between the total concentration of bacteria per larvae and locomotor behavior. Lastly, in the axenic and associated cohorts, but not in the larvae with complex communities, we detected unexpected bacteria, some of which may be present as facultative predators. Conclusions These data support a growing body of evidence that individual species of bacteria can have different effects on host behavior, potentially related to their success at intestinal colonization. Specific to the zebrafish model, our results suggest that differences in the composition of microbes in fish facilities could affect the results of behavioral assays within pharmacological and toxicological studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-020-00069-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Kvasnicka
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Scott P Keely
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nichole E Brinkman
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xia Meng Howey
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Shaza Gaballah
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Drake Phelps
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Tara Catron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, RTP, NC, USA.,, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Todd Zurlinden
- , Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Emily Wheaton
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tamara Tal
- , Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US EPA, RTP, NC, USA. .,Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany. .,Present Address: Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology Department, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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15
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Mezö C, Dokalis N, Mossad O, Staszewski O, Neuber J, Yilmaz B, Schnepf D, de Agüero MG, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Macpherson AJ, Meyer-Luehmann M, Staeheli P, Blank T, Prinz M, Erny D. Different effects of constitutive and induced microbiota modulation on microglia in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:119. [PMID: 32727612 PMCID: PMC7389451 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently revealed that gut microbiota promote amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms when using either germ-free (GF) housing conditions or treatments with antibiotics (ABX) remained unknown. In this study, we show that GF and ABX-treated 5x familial AD (5xFAD) mice developed attenuated hippocampal Aβ pathology and associated neuronal loss, and thereby delayed disease-related memory deficits. While Aβ production remained unaffected in both GF and ABX-treated 5xFAD mice, we noticed in GF 5xFAD mice enhanced microglial Aβ uptake at early stages of the disease compared to ABX-treated 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing of hippocampal microglia from SPF, GF and ABX-treated 5xFAD mice revealed distinct microbiota-dependent gene expression profiles associated with phagocytosis and altered microglial activation states. Taken together, we observed that constitutive or induced microbiota modulation in 5xFAD mice differentially controls microglial Aβ clearance mechanisms preventing neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits.
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16
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Johnson KVA, Burnet PWJ. Opposing effects of antibiotics and germ-free status on neuropeptide systems involved in social behaviour and pain regulation. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:32. [PMID: 32698770 PMCID: PMC7374917 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has revealed that the community of microorganisms inhabiting the gut affects brain development, function and behaviour. In particular, disruption of the gut microbiome during critical developmental windows can have lasting effects on host physiology. Both antibiotic exposure and germ-free conditions impact the central nervous system and can alter multiple aspects of behaviour. Social impairments are typically displayed by antibiotic-treated and germ-free animals, yet there is a lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiological changes. Since the μ-opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems are key modulators of mammalian social behaviour, here we investigate the effect of experimentally manipulating the gut microbiome on the expression of these pathways. Results We show that social neuropeptide signalling is disrupted in germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits observed in these animal models. The most notable finding is the reduction in neuroreceptor gene expression in the frontal cortex of mice administered an antibiotic cocktail post-weaning. Additionally, the changes observed in germ-free mice were generally in the opposite direction to the antibiotic-treated mice. Conclusions Antibiotic treatment when young can impact brain signalling pathways underpinning social behaviour and pain regulation. Since antibiotic administration is common in childhood and adolescence, our findings highlight the potential adverse effects that antibiotic exposure during these key neurodevelopmental periods may have on the human brain, including the possible increased risk of neuropsychiatric conditions later in life. In addition, since antibiotics are often considered a more amenable alternative to germ-free conditions, our contrasting results for these two treatments suggest that they should be viewed as distinct models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina V A Johnson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK. .,Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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17
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Mao JH, Kim YM, Zhou YX, Hu D, Zhong C, Chang H, Brislawn CJ, Fansler S, Langley S, Wang Y, Peisl BYL, Celniker SE, Threadgill DW, Wilmes P, Orr G, Metz TO, Jansson JK, Snijders AM. Genetic and metabolic links between the murine microbiome and memory. Microbiome 2020; 8:53. [PMID: 32299497 PMCID: PMC7164142 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has linked the gut microbiome to host behavior via the gut-brain axis [1-3]; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we determined the links between host genetics, the gut microbiome and memory using the genetically defined Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse cohort, complemented with microbiome and metabolomic analyses in conventional and germ-free (GF) mice. RESULTS A genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) identified 715 of 76,080 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with short-term memory using the passive avoidance model. The identified SNPs were enriched in genes known to be involved in learning and memory functions. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbial community in the same CC cohort, we identified specific microorganisms that were significantly correlated with longer latencies in our retention test, including a positive correlation with Lactobacillus. Inoculation of GF mice with individual species of Lactobacillus (L. reuteri F275, L. plantarum BDGP2 or L. brevis BDGP6) resulted in significantly improved memory compared to uninoculated or E. coli DH10B inoculated controls. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed significantly higher levels of several metabolites, including lactate, in the stools of Lactobacillus-colonized mice, when compared to GF control mice. Moreover, we demonstrate that dietary lactate treatment alone boosted memory in conventional mice. Mechanistically, we show that both inoculation with Lactobacillus or lactate treatment significantly increased the levels of the neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in the hippocampus of the mice. CONCLUSION Together, this study provides new evidence for a link between Lactobacillus and memory and our results open possible new avenues for treating memory impairment disorders using specific gut microbial inoculants and/or metabolites. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Yan-Xia Zhou
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Dehong Hu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Chenhan Zhong
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Hang Chang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Colin J. Brislawn
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Sarah Fansler
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Sasha Langley
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033 Shandong China
| | - B. Y. Loulou Peisl
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Susan E. Celniker
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine Texas, A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Galya Orr
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Janet K. Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Antoine M. Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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18
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Radulescu CI, Garcia-Miralles M, Sidik H, Bardile CF, Yusof NABM, Lee HU, Ho EXP, Chu CW, Layton E, Low D, De Sessions PF, Pettersson S, Ginhoux F, Pouladi MA. Reprint of: Manipulation of microbiota reveals altered callosal myelination and white matter plasticity in a model of Huntington disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 135:104744. [PMID: 31931139 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and molecular myelination deficits represent early pathological features of Huntington disease (HD). Recent evidence from germ-free (GF) animals suggests a role for microbiota-gut-brain bidirectional communication in the regulation of myelination. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of microbiota on myelin plasticity and oligodendroglial population dynamics in the mixed-sex BACHD mouse model of HD. Ultrastructural analysis of myelin in the corpus callosum revealed alterations of myelin thickness in BACHD GF compared to specific-pathogen free (SPF) mice, whereas no differences were observed between wild-type (WT) groups. In contrast, myelin compaction was altered in all groups when compared to WT SPF animals. Levels of myelin-related proteins were generally reduced, and the number of mature oligodendrocytes was decreased in the prefrontal cortex under GF compared to SPF conditions, regardless of genotype. Minor differences in commensal bacteria at the family and genera levels were found in the gut microbiota of BACHD and WT animals housed in standard living conditions. Our findings indicate complex effects of a germ-free status on myelin-related characteristics, and highlight the adaptive properties of myelination as a result of environmental manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola I Radulescu
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore; Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK
| | - Marta Garcia-Miralles
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Harwin Sidik
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Costanza Ferrari Bardile
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Nur Amirah Binte Mohammad Yusof
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore
| | - Hae Ung Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Eliza Xin Pei Ho
- GIS Efficient Rapid Microbial Sequencing, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 138672, Singapore
| | - Collins Wenhan Chu
- GIS Efficient Rapid Microbial Sequencing, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 138672, Singapore
| | - Emma Layton
- GIS Efficient Rapid Microbial Sequencing, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 138672, Singapore
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648, Singapore
| | - Paola Florez De Sessions
- GIS Efficient Rapid Microbial Sequencing, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 138672, Singapore
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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19
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Jaggar M, Rea K, Spichak S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. You've got male: Sex and the microbiota-gut-brain axis across the lifespan. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100815. [PMID: 31805290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex is a critical factor in the diagnosis and development of a number of mental health disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa and others; likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones and genetics. Recent evidence suggests that sex can also influence the complexity and diversity of microbes that we harbour in our gut; and reciprocally that our gut microbes can directly and indirectly influence sex steroid hormones and central gene activation. There is a growing emphasis on the role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the maintenance of mental health and their role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we introduce mechanisms by which gastrointestinal microbiota are thought to mediate positive health benefits along the gut-brain axis, we report how they may be modulated by sex, the role they play in sex steroid hormone regulation, and their sex-specific effects in various disorders relating to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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20
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van de Wouw M, Stilling RM, Peterson VL, Ryan FJ, Hoban AE, Shanahan F, Clarke G, Claesson MJ, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Host Microbiota Regulates Central Nervous System Serotonin Receptor 2C Editing in Rodents. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3953-3960. [PMID: 31415146 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in the development of enteric and central nervous system functionality. The serotonergic system has been heavily implicated in microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling, particularly in proof-of-principle studies in germ-free (GF) animals. One aspect of the serotonergic system that has been left unexplored in relation to the microbiota is the unique ability of the serotonin receptor 2C (5-HT2C) to undergo post-transcriptional editing, which has been implicated in decreased receptor functionality. We investigated whether GF mice, with absent microbiota from birth, have altered 5-HT2C receptor expression and editing in the brain, and if colonization of the microbiota is able to restore editing patterns. Next, we investigated whether microbiota depletion later in life using a chronic antibiotic treatment could affect 5-HT2C receptor editing patterns in rats. We found that GF mice have an increased prevalence of the edited 5-HT2C receptor isoforms in the amygdala, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum, which was partially normalized upon colonization post-weaning. However, no alterations were observed in the hypothalamus after microbiota depletion using an antibiotic treatment in adult rats. This suggests that alterations in the microbiome during development, but not later in life, could influence 5-HT2C receptor editing patterns. Overall, these results demonstrate that the microbiota affects 5-HT2C receptor editing in the brain and may inform novel therapeutic strategies in conditions in which 5-HT2C receptor editing is altered, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roman M. Stilling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veronica L. Peterson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Feargal J. Ryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E. Hoban
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus J. Claesson
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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21
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Paik J, Meeker S, Hsu CC, Seamons A, Pershutkina O, Snyder JM, Brabb T, Maggio-Price L. Validation studies for germ-free Smad3-/- mice as a bio-assay to test the causative role of fecal microbiomes in IBD. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:21-31. [PMID: 31138018 PMCID: PMC6973324 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1611151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While the association between microbiomes and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well known, establishing causal relationships between the two is difficult in humans. Germ-free (GF) mice genetically susceptible to IBD can address this question. Smad3-/- mice with defective transforming growth factor ß signaling are a model of IBD and colon cancer. They develop IBD upon colonization with Helicobacter under specific pathogen-free conditions, suggesting a role of the microbiome in IBD in this model. Thus, we rederived Smad3-/- mice GF to determine the potential of using these mice for testing the causative role of microbiomes in IBD. We found that fecal microbiomes from mice with IBD cause more severe gut inflammation in GF Smad3-/- and wild type mice compared to microbiomes from healthy mice and that Helicobacter induces gut inflammation within the context of other microbiomes but not by itself. Unexpectedly, GF Smad3+/+ and Smad3+/- mice given IBD microbiomes develop IBD despite their lack of disease in SPF conditions upon Helicobacter infection. This was not unique to the background strain of our Smad3 model (129); both wild type C57BL/6 and 129 strains developed IBD upon fecal transfer. However, wild type Swiss Webster stock was not susceptible, indicating that the genetic background of recipient mice influences the severity of IBD following fecal transfer. Our data suggest that the microbiome is an independent risk factor contributing to IBD development, and careful characterization of new GF models is needed to understand potential sources of confounding factors influencing microbiome studies in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Paik
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,CONTACT Jisun Paik The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stacey Meeker
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charlie C. Hsu
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Audrey Seamons
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olesya Pershutkina
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica M. Snyder
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thea Brabb
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Gupta N, Quah SY, Yeo JF, Ferreira J, Tan KS, Hong CHL. Role of oral flora in chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in vivo. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:51-56. [PMID: 30889505 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if commensal oral microflora impacts the severity of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM). DESIGN Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free Swiss Webster mice in the experimental groups were dosed with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to induce OM. Mice in the control group received phosphate buffered saline. Comparative analyses of the epithelial thickness and cell proliferation/turnover rates, as well as the expression levels of metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory mediators in the oral mucosa between the control and experimental groups were determined by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS 5-FU-treated SPF and germ-free mice showed characteristic features of OM with reduced oral epithelial thickness, presence of inflammatory cells in the connective tissues, and increased levels of expression of metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the respective control groups. When 5-FU-treated SPF and germ-free mice were compared, 5-FU-treated germ-free mice exhibited less severe epithelial destruction with higher expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67, coupled with lower expression levels of metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokine in the oral mucosa. CONCLUSION This study provides the first histopathological evidence that oral flora has a detrimental effect on chemotherapy-induced OM in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gupta
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Y Quah
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J F Yeo
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Ferreira
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K S Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - C H L Hong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Ohyama W. Markedly enhanced micronucleus induction by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in colonic cells of rats with bacterial colonization in the intestine. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2019; 838:1-8. [PMID: 30678822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how intestinal bacteria affect host cytogenetic alterations in the early initiation step of colon carcinogenesis, we conducted a comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test using germ-free (GF) and conventionalized (Cvd) rats after a single subcutaneous injection of the carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH). DNA damage was also determined in the liver in comet assays, as DMH is metabolized and activated in this organ. The time-response patterns of DNA damage in the liver and colon were similar in both rats, and maximum values were observed at 3 h after the treatment. In contrast, the maximum frequency of micronucleated (MNed) colonic cells was markedly higher in the Cvd rats than in the GF rats and was observed after 72 h and 120 h, respectively. The frequency of MNed cells in non-treated animals was similar in the GF and Cvd rats. In addition, we determined time-responses in the incidence of apoptosis and cell proliferation indices, i.e., the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells, mitotic cells in the crypts, and crypt column heights, using histological sections of the colons in these rats. Maximal incidence of apoptosis was observed at 6 and 24 h in the Cvd and GF rats, respectively. The value in the Cvd rats tended to be higher than that in the GF rats. Cell proliferation was suppressed until 24 and 48 h in the Cvd and GF rats, respectively, and increased subsequently. The rebound response of cell proliferation was more pronounced and occurred earlier in the Cvd rats than that in the GF rats. We demonstrated that cytogenetic alterations other than DNA damage, particularly the MNed colonic cell induction by DMH, were markedly enhanced in rats with bacterial colonization in the intestine compared to those in GF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Ohyama
- Yakult Central Institute, Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, 186-8650, Japan.
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Kiouptsi K, Finger S, Garlapati VS, Knorr M, Brandt M, Walter U, Wenzel P, Reinhardt C. Hypoxia evokes increased PDI and PDIA6 expression in the infarcted myocardium of ex- germ-free and conventionally raised mice. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038851. [PMID: 30498015 PMCID: PMC6361221 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prototypic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), encoded by the P4HB gene, has been described as a survival factor in ischemic cardiomyopathy. However, the role of protein disulfide isomerase associated 6 (PDIA6) under hypoxic conditions in the myocardium remains enigmatic, and it is unknown whether the gut microbiota influences the expression of PDI and PDIA6 under conditions of acute myocardial infarction. Here, we revealed that, in addition to the prototypic PDI, the PDI family member PDIA6, a regulator of the unfolded protein response, is upregulated in the mouse cardiomyocyte cell line HL-1 when cultured under hypoxia. In vivo, in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation mouse model of acute myocardial infarction, similar to PDI, PDIA6 protein expression was enhanced in the infarcted area (LAD+) relative to uninfarcted sham tissue or the neighbouring area at risk (LAD–) of C57BL/6J mice. Interestingly, we found that ex-germ-free (ex-GF) mice subjected to the LAD ligation model for 24 h had a reduced ejection fraction compared with their conventionally raised (CONV-R) SPF controls. Furthermore, the LAD+ area in the infarcted heart of ex-GF mice showed reduced PDIA6 expression relative to CONV-R controls, suggesting that the presence of a gut microbiota enhanced LAD ligation-triggered PDIA6 expression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PDIA6 is upregulated in cardiomyocytes as a consequence of hypoxia. In the LAD mouse model, PDIA6 was also increased in the infarcted area under in vivo conditions, but this increase was suppressed in ex-GF mice relative to CONV-R controls. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We identified PDIA6 as a hypoxia-induced element of the unfolded protein response in cardiomyocytes and infarcted mouse hearts. PDIA6 expression and ejection fractions were reduced in infarcted ex-germ-free mouse hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Finger
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Venkata S Garlapati
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maike Knorr
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Brandt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walter
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center Mainz, Partner Site RheinMain, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Nielsen BL, Jérôme N, Saint-Albin A, Joly F, Rabot S, Meunier N. Sexual responses of male rats to odours from female rats in oestrus are not affected by female germ-free status. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:686-693. [PMID: 30261201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rats detect and use odorant molecules as a source of information about their environment. Some of these molecules come from conspecifics, and many arise as by-products from microbial activity. Thus, compared to conventionally housed rats, germ-free rats are raised in an environment with fewer odorants, but this reduction is rarely quantified. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found that germ-free rat faeces samples contained half as many volatile molecules than conventional rat faeces (52 vs 109 (±2.4) molecules; P < 0.001) and overall these were only 12% as abundant. We then investigated if odours from female germ-free rats in oestrus would have pro-erectile effects in conventional male rats. For this aim, conventionally housed Brown Norway (BN) rats (n = 16) with sexual experience with either Fischer or BN females, were exposed to four different odour types: faeces from germ-free Fischer rat in oestrus, faeces from conventional rats in oestrus and di-oestrus (either from Fischer or BN), and a control (either 1-hexanol or male rat faeces). The number of penile erections per test as well as the duration of freezing behaviour was significantly higher with the oestrous odours (germ-free and conventional) compared to the control, with intermediate responses to the di-oestrous faeces. The findings indicate that, despite a significantly reduced composition in terms of volatiles compared to conventionally housed rats, the faeces of germ-free rats contain sufficient odorants to evoke sexual responses in conventional male rats. Oestrous odours of rats thus appear not to be of microbial origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte L Nielsen
- MoSAR, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 75005, Paris, France; NBO, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Nathalie Jérôme
- NBO, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | | | - Fatima Joly
- Micalis, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- Micalis, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- NBO, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France; Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, 78000, Versailles, France; VIM, Inra, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France.
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26
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Ulici V, Kelley K, Azcarate-Peril M, Cleveland R, Sartor R, Schwartz T, Loeser R. Osteoarthritis induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus is reduced in germ-free mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1098-1109. [PMID: 29857156 PMCID: PMC7970023 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the contribution of the gut microbiota to the development of injury-induced osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN OA was induced using the destabilized medial meniscus (DMM) model in 20 germ-free (GF) C57BL/6J male mice housed in a gnotobiotic facility and 23 strain-matched specific pathogen free (SPF) mice in 2 age groups -13.5 weeks avg age at DMM (17 SPF and 15 GF) and 43 weeks avg age at DMM (6 SPF and 5 GF). OA severity was measured using scores for articular cartilage structure (ACS), loss of safranin O (SafO) staining, osteophyte size, and synovial hyperplasia. Microbiome analysis by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed on stool samples and LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP) were measured in plasma. RESULTS Compared to the SPF DMM mice, the maximum (MAX) ACS score per joint was 28% lower (p = 0.036) in GF DMM mice while the SafO sum score of all sections evaluated per joint was decreased by 31% (p = 0.009). The differences between SPF and GF mice in these scores were greater when only the younger mice were included in the analysis. The younger GF DMM mice also had significant reductions in osteophyte size (36%, P = 0.0119) and LBP (27%, P = 0.007) but not synovial scores or LPS. Differences in relative abundance of a number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were noted between SPF mice with high vs low maximum ACS scores. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest factors related to the gut microbiota promote the development of OA after joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ulici
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K.L. Kelley
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M.A. Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R.J. Cleveland
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R.B. Sartor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Gnotobiotic Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T.A. Schwartz
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R.F. Loeser
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: R.F. Loeser, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, (R.F. Loeser)
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27
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Krocova Z, Plzakova L, Benuchova M, Macela A, Kubelkova K. Early cellular responses of germ-free and specific-pathogen-free mice to Francisella tularensis infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:314-322. [PMID: 30055244 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that are highly virulent, expressing high infectivity, and able to survive nebulization, pose great risk to the human population. One of these is Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia. F. tularensis is a subject of intense scientific interest due to the fact that vaccines for its immunoprophylaxis in humans are not yet routinely available. One of the substantial obstacles in developing such vaccines is our insufficient knowledge of processes that initiate and regulate the expression of effective protective immunity against intracellular bacteria. Here, we present data documenting the different pattern of cellular behavior occurring in an environment unaffected by microbiota using the model of germ-free mice mono-associated with F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strain LVS in comparison with a classic specific-pathogen-free murine model during early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Krocova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 1575 Trebesska, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plzakova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 1575 Trebesska, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milota Benuchova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 1575 Trebesska, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Macela
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 1575 Trebesska, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Kubelkova
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 1575 Trebesska, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Zaheer M, Wang C, Bian F, Yu Z, Hernandez H, de Souza RG, Simmons KT, Schady D, Swennes AG, Pflugfelder SC, Britton RA, de Paiva CS. Protective role of commensal bacteria in Sjögren Syndrome. J Autoimmun 2018; 93:45-56. [PMID: 29934134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD25 knock-out (CD25KO) mice spontaneously develop Sjögren Syndrome (SS)-like inflammation. We investigated the role of commensal bacteria by comparing CD25KO mice housed in conventional or germ-free conditions. Germ-free CD25KO mice have greater corneal barrier dysfunction, lower goblet cell density, increased total lymphocytic infiltration score, increased expression of IFN-γ, IL-12 and higher a frequency of CD4+IFN-γ+ cells than conventional mice. CD4+ T cells isolated from female germ-free CD25KO mice adoptively transferred to naive immunodeficient RAG1KO recipients caused more severe Sjögren-like disease than CD4+ T cells transferred from conventional CD25KO mice. Fecal transplant in germ-free CD25KO mice reversed the spontaneous dry eye phenotype and decreased the generation of pathogenic CD4+IFN-γ+ cells. Our studies indicate that lack of commensal bacteria accelerates the onset and severity of dacryoadenitis and generates autoreactive CD4+T cells with greater pathogenicity in the CD25KO model, suggesting that the commensal bacteria or their metabolites products have immunoregulatory properties that protect exocrine glands in the CD25KO SS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahira Zaheer
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Changjun Wang
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Bian
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Humberto Hernandez
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo G de Souza
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken T Simmons
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Schady
- Department of Texas Children's Hospital Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alton G Swennes
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Castillo-Ruiz A, Mosley M, George AJ, Mussaji LF, Fullerton EF, Ruszkowski EM, Jacobs AJ, Gewirtz AT, Chassaing B, Forger NG. The microbiota influences cell death and microglial colonization in the perinatal mouse brain. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:218-29. [PMID: 28890156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian fetus develops in a largely sterile environment, and direct exposure to a complex microbiota does not occur until birth. We took advantage of this to examine the effect of the microbiota on brain development during the first few days of life. The expression of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, developmental cell death, and microglial colonization in the brain were compared between newborn conventionally colonized mice and mice born in sterile, germ-free (GF) conditions. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α was markedly suppressed in GF newborns. GF mice also had altered cell death, with some regions exhibiting higher rates (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the CA1 oriens layer of the hippocampus) and other regions exhibiting no change or lower rates (arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus) of cell death. Microglial labeling was elevated in GF mice, due to an increase in both microglial cell size and number. The changes in cytokine expression, cell death and microglial labeling were evident on the day of birth, but were absent on embryonic day 18.5, approximately one-half day prior to expected delivery. Taken together, our results suggest that direct exposure to the microbiota at birth influences key neurodevelopmental events and does so within hours. These findings may help to explain some of the behavioral and neurochemical alterations previously seen in adult GF mice.
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30
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Molinaro A, Caesar R, Holm LM, Tremaroli V, Cani PD, Bäckhed F. Host-microbiota interaction induces bi-phasic inflammation and glucose intolerance in mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1371-1380. [PMID: 29107285 PMCID: PMC5681278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut microbiota modulates adiposity and glucose metabolism in humans and mice. Here we investigated how colonization of germ-free (GF) mice affects kinetics of adiposity and glucose metabolism. Methods Adiposity and glucose metabolism were evaluated at different time points in ex-GF and antibiotic treated mice after colonization with gut microbiota from a conventionally raised (CONV-R) mouse. Mouse physiology, microbiome configuration, serum cytokine levels, and gene expression for inflammatory markers were performed in different tissues. Results Colonization resulted in a bi-phasic glucose impairment: the first phase occurring within 3 days of colonization (early phase) and the second 14–28 days after colonization (delayed phase). The early phase co-occurred with an inflammatory response and was independent of adiposity, while the delayed phase was mostly ascribed to adipose tissue expansion and inflammation. Importantly, re-colonization of antibiotic treated mice displays only the delayed phase of glucose impairment and adiposity, suggesting that the early phase may be unique to colonization of the immature GF mice gut. Conclusions Our results provide new insights on host–microbiota interaction during colonization of GF mice and the resulting effects on adiposity and glucose metabolism in a time resolved fashion. Inflammation affects glucose tolerance in early phase of colonization of GF mice. Adiposity affects glucose tolerance in delayed phase of colonization of GF mice. Colonization of antibiotics treated mice show only the delayed phase of glucose impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molinaro
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Caesar
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Mannerås Holm
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrice D Cani
- WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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31
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Hoban AE, Stilling RM, M Moloney G, Moloney RD, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Clarke G. Microbial regulation of microRNA expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Microbiome 2017; 5:102. [PMID: 28838324 PMCID: PMC5571609 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for a role of the gut microbiome in shaping behaviour relevant to many psychiatric and neurological disorders. Preclinical studies using germ-free (GF) animals have been essential in contributing to our current understanding of the potential importance of the host microbiome for neurodevelopment and behaviour. In particular, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that manipulation of the gut microbiome modulates anxiety-like behaviours. The neural circuits that underlie anxiety- and fear-related behaviours are complex and heavily depend on functional communication between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional networks within the amygdala and PFC of GF mice are altered. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act through translational repression to control gene translation and have also been implicated in anxiety-like behaviours. However, it is unknown whether these features of host post-transcriptional machinery are also recruited by the gut microbiome to exert control over CNS transcriptional networks. RESULTS We conducted Illumina® next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the amygdala and PFC of conventional, GF and germ-free colonized mice (exGF). We found a large proportion of miRNAs to be dysregulated in GF animals in both brain regions (103 in the amygdala and 31 in the PFC). Additionally, colonization of GF mice normalized some of the noted alterations. Next, we used a complementary approach to GF by manipulating the adult rat microbiome with an antibiotic cocktail to deplete the gut microbiota and found that this strategy also impacted the expression of relevant miRNAs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the microbiome is necessary for appropriate regulation of miRNA expression in brain regions implicated in anxiety-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Hoban
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
| | - Roman M Stilling
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
| | - Rachel D Moloney
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Room 1.15, College Road, Cork City, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Room 1.15, College Road, Cork City, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork City, Ireland.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Room 1.15, College Road, Cork City, Ireland.
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Staley C, Kaiser T, Beura LK, Hamilton MJ, Weingarden AR, Bobr A, Kang J, Masopust D, Sadowsky MJ, Khoruts A. Stable engraftment of human microbiota into mice with a single oral gavage following antibiotic conditioning. Microbiome 2017; 5:87. [PMID: 28760163 PMCID: PMC5537947 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human microbiota-associated (HMA) animal models relying on germ-free recipient mice are being used to study the relationship between intestinal microbiota and human disease. However, transfer of microbiota into germ-free animals also triggers global developmental changes in the recipient intestine, which can mask disease-specific attributes of the donor material. Therefore, a simple model of replacing microbiota into a developmentally mature intestinal environment remains highly desirable. RESULTS Here we report on the development of a sequential, three-course antibiotic conditioning regimen that allows sustained engraftment of intestinal microorganisms following a single oral gavage with human donor microbiota. SourceTracker, a Bayesian, OTU-based algorithm, indicated that 59.3 ± 3.0% of the fecal bacterial communities in treated mice were attributable to the donor source. This overall degree of microbiota engraftment was similar in mice conditioned with antibiotics and germ-free mice. Limited surveys of systemic and mucosal immune sites did not show evidence of immune activation following introduction of human microbiota. CONCLUSIONS The antibiotic treatment protocol described here followed by a single gavage of human microbiota may provide a useful, complimentary HMA model to that established in germ-free facilities. The model has the potential for further in-depth translational investigations of microbiota in a variety of human disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th St. S.E., Room 3-184, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Aleh Bobr
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th St. S.E., Room 3-184, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Johnthomas Kang
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th St. S.E., Room 3-184, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th St. S.E., Room 3-184, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, 2101 6th St. S.E., Room 3-184, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gut microbiota can be considered a hidden organ that plays essential roles in host homeostasis. Exploration of the effects of microbiota on bone has just begun. Complimentary studies using germ-free mice, antibiotic, and probiotic treatments reveal a complicated relationship between microbiota and bone. Here, we review recent reports addressing the effect of gut microbiota on bone health, discuss potential reasons for discrepant findings, and explore potential mechanisms for these effects. RECENT FINDINGS Manipulation of microbiota by colonization of germ-free mice, antibiotics, or probiotic supplementation significantly alters bone remodeling, bone development and growth, as well as bone mechanical strength. Different experimental models reveal context-dependent effects of gut microbiota on bone. By examining phenotypic effects, experimental context, and proposed mechanisms, revealed by recent reports, we hope to provide comprehensive and fresh insights into the many facets of microbiota and bone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, 6002Q, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julia F Charles
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, 6002Q, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Moloney GM, O'Leary OF, Salvo-Romero E, Desbonnet L, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Cryan JF. Microbial regulation of hippocampal miRNA expression: Implications for transcription of kynurenine pathway enzymes. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:50-54. [PMID: 28736331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a functional role of the enteric microbiota in brain development, function and behaviour including the regulation of transcriptional activity in the hippocampus. Changes in CNS miRNA expression may reflect the colonisation status of the gut. Given the pivotal impact of miRNAs on gene expression, our study was based on the hypothesis that gene expression would also be altered in the germ-free state in the hippocampus. We measured miRNAs in the hippocampus of Germ free (GF), conventional (C) and Germ free colonised (exGF) Swiss Webster mice. miRNAs were selected for follow up based on significant differences in expression between groups according to sex and colonisation status. The expression of miR-294-5p was increased in male germ free animals and was normalised following colonisation. Targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs were over-represented in the kynurenine pathway. We show that the microbiota modulates the expression of miRNAs associated with kynurenine pathway metabolism and, demonstrate that the gut microbiota regulates the expression of kynurenine pathway genes in the hippocampus. We also show a sex-specific role for the microbiota in the regulation of miR-294-5p expression in the hippocampus. The gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating small RNAs that influence hippocampal gene expression, a process critical to hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Eloisa Salvo-Romero
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lieve Desbonnet
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) can influence various neurological outcomes, like cognition, learning, and memory. Commensal GM modulates brain development and behavior and has been implicated in several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anxiety, stress and much more. A recent study has shown that Parkinson's disease patients suffer from GM dysbiosis, but whether it is a cause or an effect is yet to be understood. In this review, we try to connect the dots between GM and PD pathology using direct and indirect evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Parashar
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, District- Solan, Himachal Pradesh, PIN-173234, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, District- Solan, Himachal Pradesh, PIN-173234, India.
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Fleming C, Cai Y, Sun X, Jala VR, Xue F, Morrissey S, Wei YL, Chien YH, Zhang HG, Haribabu B, Huang J, Yan J. Microbiota-activated CD103 + DCs stemming from microbiota adaptation specifically drive γδT17 proliferation and activation. Microbiome 2017; 5:46. [PMID: 28438184 PMCID: PMC5404689 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-17-producing γδT cells (γδT17) promote autoinflammatory diseases and cancers. Yet, γδT17 peripheral regulation has not been thoroughly explored especially in the context of microbiota-host interaction. The potent antigen-presenting CD103+ dendritic cell (DC) is a key immune player in close contact with both γδT17 cells and microbiota. This study presents a novel cellular network among microbiota, CD103+ DCs, and γδT17 cells. METHODS Immunophenotyping of IL-17r-/- mice and IL-17r-/- IRF8-/- mice were performed by ex vivo immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. We observed striking microbiome differences in the oral cavity and gut of IL-17r-/- mice by sequencing 16S rRNA gene (v1-v3 region) and analyzed using QIIME 1.9.0 software platform. Principal coordinate analysis of unweighted UniFrac distance matrix showed differential clustering for WT and IL-17r-/- mice. RESULTS We found drastic homeostatic expansion of γδT17 in all major tissues, most prominently in cervical lymph nodes (cLNs) with monoclonal expansion of Vγ6 γδT17 in IL-17r-/- mice. Ki-67 staining and in vitro CFSE assays showed cellular proliferation due to cell-to-cell contact stimulation with microbiota-activated CD103+ DCs. A newly developed double knockout mice model for IL-17r and CD103+ DCs (IL-17r-/-IRF8-/-) showed a specific reduction in Vγ6 γδT17. Vγ6 γδT17 expansion is inhibited in germ-free mice and antibiotic-treated specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Microbiota transfer using cohousing of IL-17r-/- mice with wildtype mice induces γδT17 expansion in the wildtype mice with increased activated CD103+ DCs in cLNs. However, microbiota transfer using fecal transplant through oral gavage to bypass the oral cavity showed no difference in colon or systemic γδT17 expansion. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal for the first time that γδT17 cells are regulated by microbiota dysbiosis through cell-to-cell contact with activated CD103+ DCs leading to drastic systemic, monoclonal expansion. Microbiota dysbiosis, as indicated by drastic bacterial population changes at the phylum and genus levels especially in the oral cavity, was discovered in mice lacking IL-17r. This network could be very important in regulating both microbiota and immune players. This critical regulatory pathway for γδT17 could play a major role in IL-17-driven inflammatory diseases and needs further investigation to determine specific targets for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yihua Cai
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Venkatakrishna R Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Samantha Morrissey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yu-Ling Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang University the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Mistry RH, Verkade HJ, Tietge UJF. Absence of intestinal microbiota increases ß-cyclodextrin stimulated reverse cholesterol transport. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28087885 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Non-digestible oligosaccharides are used as prebiotics for perceived health benefits, among these modulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. The present study characterized the impact of dietary ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD, 10%, w/w), a cyclic oligosaccharide, on sterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in conventional and also germ-free mice to establish dependency on metabolism by intestinal bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS In conventional ßCD-fed C57BL/6J wild-type mice plasma cholesterol decreased significantly (-40%, p < 0.05), largely within HDL, while fecal neutral sterol excretion increased (3-fold, p < 0.01) and fecal bile acid excretion was unchanged. Hepatic cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol secretion were unaltered. Changes in cholesterol metabolism translated into increased macrophage-to-feces RCT in ßCD-administered mice (1.5-fold, p < 0.05). In germ-free C57BL/6J mice ßCD similarly lowered plasma cholesterol (-40%, p < 0.05). However, ßCD increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (7.5-fold, p < 0.01), bile acid excretion (2-fold, p < 0.05) and RCT (2.5-fold, p < 0.01) even more substantially in germ-free mice compared with the effect in conventional mice. CONCLUSION In summary, this study demonstrates that ßCD lowers plasma cholesterol levels and increases fecal cholesterol excretion from a RCT-relevant pool. Intestinal bacteria decrease the impact of ßCD on RCT. These data suggest that dietary ßCD might have cardiovascular health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima H Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Qin X. Impaired inactivation of digestive proteases: The possible key factor for the high susceptibility of germ-free and antibiotic-treated animals to gut epithelial injury. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:1-2. [PMID: 28251033 PMCID: PMC5311466 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent study shows that germ-free and antibiotic-treated animals are highly susceptible to gut epithelial injury. This paper addresses that impaired inactivation of digestive proteases may be the key factor for the increased susceptibility.
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Tung YT, Chen YJ, Chuang HL, Huang WC, Lo CT, Liao CC, Huang CC. Characterization of the serum and liver proteomes in gut-microbiota-lacking mice. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:257-267. [PMID: 28367086 PMCID: PMC5370288 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current nutrition research is focusing on health promotion, disease prevention, and performance improvement for individuals and communities around the world. The humans with required nutritional ingredients depend on both how well the individual is provided with balanced foods and what state of gut microbiota the host has. Studying the mutually beneficial relationships between gut microbiome and host is an increasing attention in biomedical science. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of gut microbiota and to study interactions between gut microbiota and host. In this study, we used a shotgun proteomic approach to reveal the serum and liver proteomes in gut-microbiota-lacking mice. For serum, 15 and 8 proteins were uniquely detected in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice, respectively, as well as the 3 and 20 proteins were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in GF mice compared to SPF mice. Among the proteins of the serum, major urinary protein 1 (MUP-1) of GF mice was significantly decreased compared to SPF mice. In addition, MUP-1 expression is primarily regulated by testosterone. Lacking in gut flora has been implicated in many adverse effects, and now we have found its pathogenic root maybe gut bacteria can regulate the sex-hormone testosterone levels. In the liver, 8 and 22 proteins were uniquely detected in GF mice and SPF mice, respectively, as well as the 14 and 30 proteins were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in GF mice compared to SPF mice. Furthermore, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) indicated that gut microbiota influence the host in cancer, organismal injury and abnormalities, respiratory disease; cell cycle, cellular movement and tissue development; cardiovascular disease, reproductive system disease; and lipid metabolism, molecular transport and small molecule biochemistry. Our findings provide more detailed information of the role of gut microbiota and will be useful to help study gut bacteria and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, College of Exercise and Health Sciences, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, College of Exercise and Health Sciences, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tsung Lo
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, College of Exercise and Health Sciences, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Melancon E, Gomez De La Torre Canny S, Sichel S, Kelly M, Wiles TJ, Rawls JF, Eisen JS, Guillemin K. Best practices for germ-free derivation and gnotobiotic zebrafish husbandry. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 138:61-100. [PMID: 28129860 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All animals are ecosystems with resident microbial communities, referred to as microbiota, which play profound roles in host development, physiology, and evolution. Enabled by new DNA sequencing technologies, there is a burgeoning interest in animal-microbiota interactions, but dissecting the specific impacts of microbes on their hosts is experimentally challenging. Gnotobiology, the study of biological systems in which all members are known, enables precise experimental analysis of the necessity and sufficiency of microbes in animal biology by deriving animals germ-free (GF) and inoculating them with defined microbial lineages. Mammalian host models have long dominated gnotobiology, but we have recently adapted gnotobiotic approaches to the zebrafish (Danio rerio), an important aquatic model. Zebrafish offer several experimental attributes that enable rapid, large-scale gnotobiotic experimentation with high replication rates and exquisite optical resolution. Here we describe detailed protocols for three procedures that form the foundation of zebrafish gnotobiology: derivation of GF embryos, microbial association of GF animals, and long-term, GF husbandry. Our aim is to provide sufficient guidance in zebrafish gnotobiotic methodology to expand and enrich this exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melancon
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, Unites States
| | | | - S Sichel
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, Unites States
| | - M Kelly
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, Unites States
| | - T J Wiles
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, Unites States
| | - J F Rawls
- Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J S Eisen
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, Unites States
| | - K Guillemin
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, Unites States; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hernández-Chirlaque C, Aranda CJ, Ocón B, Capitán-Cañadas F, Ortega-González M, Carrero JJ, Suárez MD, Zarzuelo A, Sánchez de Medina F, Martínez-Augustin O. Germ-free and Antibiotic-treated Mice are Highly Susceptible to Epithelial Injury in DSS Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:1324-1335. [PMID: 27117829 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal microbiota is required to maintain immune homeostasis and intestinal barrier function. At the same time, intraluminal bacteria are considered to be involved in inflammatory bowel disease and are required for colitis induction in animal models, with the possible exception of dextran sulphate sodium [DSS] colitis. This study was carried out to ascertain the mechanism underlying the induction of colitis by DSS in the absence of bacteria. METHODS Conventional and germ-free [GF] Naval Medical Research Institute [NMRI] mice were used, plus conventional mice treated with an antibiotic cocktail to deplete the intestinal microbiota ['pseudo-GF' or PGF mice]. The differential response to DSS was assessed. RESULTS Conventional mice developed DSS-induced colitis normally, whereas GF mice showed only minimal inflammation [no colonic thickening, lower myeloperoxidase activity, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ secretion by splenocytes and mesenteric cell cultures, etc.]. However, these mice suffered enhanced haemorrhage, epithelial injury and mortality as a consequence of a weakened intestinal barrier, as shown by lower occludin, claudin 4, TFF3, MUC3, and IL-22. In contrast, PGF mice had a relatively normal, albeit attenuated, inflammatory response, but were less prone to haemorrhage and epithelial injury than GF mice. This was correlated with an increased expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 and preservation barrier-related markers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that enteric bacteria are essential for the development of normal DSS-induced colitis. The absence of microbiota reduces DSS colonic inflammation dramatically but it also impairs barrier function, whereas subtotal microbiota depletion has intermediate effects at both levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández-Chirlaque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos J Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Ocón
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fermín Capitán-Cañadas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ortega-González
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - María Dolores Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Zarzuelo
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas [CIBERehd], University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Davis DJ, Bryda EC, Gillespie CH, Ericsson AC. Microbial modulation of behavior and stress responses in zebrafish larvae. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:219-227. [PMID: 27217102 PMCID: PMC6423445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the microbiota on behavior and stress responses is poorly understood. Zebrafish larvae have unique characteristics that are advantageous for neuroimmune research, however, they are currently underutilized for such studies. Here, we used germ-free zebrafish to determine the effects of the microbiota on behavior and stress testing. The absence of a microbiota dramatically altered locomotor and anxiety-related behavior. Additionally, characteristic responses to an acute stressor were also obliterated in larvae lacking exposure to microbes. Lastly, treatment with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum was sufficient to attenuate anxiety-related behavior in conventionally-raised zebrafish larvae. These results underscore the importance of the microbiota in communicating to the CNS via the microbiome-gut-brain axis and set a foundation for using zebrafish larvae for neuroimmune research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Catherine H Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65201, USA.
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Abstract
The conservation of intestinal stem cell crypt dynamics between Drosophila melanogaster and mammals allows for the genetically tractable fly model to be used for analyses of intestinal development, homeostasis, and renewal in relation to microbiota. The invertebrate fly model is advantageous for genetic research due to its anatomical and genetic simplicity and short lifespan. Accordingly, experimental resources such as large numbers of mutant and genetically modified flies have been developed. We have developed techniques to generate germ-free Drosophila, monoassociate them with candidate bacteria, and assess ensuing physiological responses within the gut tissue that include the generation of reactive oxygen species and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Building, Room 105F, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - April R Reedy
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rheinallt M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Building, Room 105F, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Abstract
Germ-free (GF) mice are a relevant model system to study host-microbial interactions in health and disease. In this chapter, we underscore the importance of using GF mice model to study host-microbial interactions in obesity, immune development and gastrointestinal physiology by reviewing current literature. Furthermore, we also provide a brief protocol on how to setup a gnotobiotic facility in order to properly maintain and assess GF status in mice colonies.
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Milligan-Myhre K, Small CM, Mittge EK, Agarwal M, Currey M, Cresko WA, Guillemin K. Innate immune responses to gut microbiota differ between oceanic and freshwater threespine stickleback populations. Dis Model Mech 2015; 9:187-98. [PMID: 26681746 PMCID: PMC4770144 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal hosts must co-exist with beneficial microbes while simultaneously being able to mount rapid, non-specific, innate immune responses to pathogenic microbes. How this balance is achieved is not fully understood, and disruption of this relationship can lead to disease. Excessive inflammatory responses to resident microbes are characteristic of certain gastrointestinal pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The immune dysregulation of IBD has complex genetic underpinnings that cannot be fully recapitulated with single-gene-knockout models. A deeper understanding of the genetic regulation of innate immune responses to resident microbes requires the ability to measure immune responses in the presence and absence of the microbiota using vertebrate models with complex genetic variation. Here, we describe a new gnotobiotic vertebrate model to explore the natural genetic variation that contributes to differences in innate immune responses to microbiota. Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, has been used to study the developmental genetics of complex traits during the repeated evolution from ancestral oceanic to derived freshwater forms. We established methods to rear germ-free stickleback larvae and gnotobiotic animals monoassociated with single bacterial isolates. We characterized the innate immune response of these fish to resident gut microbes by quantifying the neutrophil cells in conventionally reared monoassociated or germ-free stickleback from both oceanic and freshwater populations grown in a common intermediate salinity environment. We found that oceanic and freshwater fish in the wild and in the laboratory share many intestinal microbial community members. However, oceanic fish mount a strong immune response to residential microbiota, whereas freshwater fish frequently do not. A strong innate immune response was uniformly observed across oceanic families, but this response varied among families of freshwater fish. The gnotobiotic stickleback model that we have developed therefore provides a platform for future studies mapping the natural genetic basis of the variation in immune response to microbes. Summary: We developed a gnotobiotic threespine stickleback system to identify the cellular and genetic bases for variation in inflammatory responses to microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Milligan-Myhre
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Clayton M Small
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Erika K Mittge
- Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Meghna Agarwal
- Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Mark Currey
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - William A Cresko
- Biology Department, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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McCoy KD, Köller Y. New developments providing mechanistic insight into the impact of the microbiota on allergic disease. Clin Immunol 2015; 159:170-6. [PMID: 25988860 PMCID: PMC4553911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increase in allergic diseases over the past several decades is correlated with changes in the composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Microbial-derived signals are critical for instructing the developing immune system and conversely, immune regulation can impact the microbiota. Perturbations in the microbiota composition may be especially important during early-life when the immune system is still developing, resulting in a critical window of opportunity for instructing the immune system. This review highlights recent studies investigating the role of the microbiome in susceptibility or development of allergic diseases with a focus on animal models that provide insight into the mechanisms and pathways involved. Identification of a causal link between reduced microbial diversity or altered microbial composition and increased susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases will hopefully pave the way for better preventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D McCoy
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Yasmin Köller
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Druart C, Bindels LB, Schmaltz R, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Walter J, Ramer-Tait AE, Delzenne NM. Ability of the gut microbiota to produce PUFA-derived bacterial metabolites: Proof of concept in germ-free versus conventionalized mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1603-13. [PMID: 25820326 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The gut microbiota is able to modulate host physiology through the production of bioactive metabolites. Our recent studies suggest that changes in gut microbiota composition upon prebiotics supplementation alter tissue levels of PUFA-derived metabolites in mice. However, in vivo evidence that gut microbes produces PUFA-derived metabolites is lacking. This study aimed to decipher the contribution of gut microbes versus that of the host in PUFA-derived metabolite production. METHODS AND RESULTS To achieve this goal, we compared the proportion of PUFA-derived metabolites and the expression of fatty acid desaturases in germ-free (GF) and conventionalized (CONV) mice fed either a low fat or Western diet. Higher concentrations of PUFA-derived metabolites were found in the colonic contents of conventionalized mice (CONV) mice compared to GF mice. The abundance of these metabolites in host tissues was modulated by dietary treatments but not by microbial status. Although microbial status did significantly influence desaturase expression, no correlations between host enzymes and tissue PUFA-derived metabolite levels were observed. CONCLUSION Together, these results highlight the ability of the gut microbiota to produce PUFA-derived metabolites from dietary PUFA. However, microbial production of these metabolites in colonic contents is not necessarily associated with modifications of their concentration in host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Druart
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens Walter
- Nutrition, Microbes, and Gastrointestinal Health, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Baxter NT, Zackular JP, Chen GY, Schloss PD. Structure of the gut microbiome following colonization with human feces determines colonic tumor burden. Microbiome 2014; 2:20. [PMID: 24967088 PMCID: PMC4070349 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence indicates that the gut microbiome plays a role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients with CRC harbor gut microbiomes that are structurally distinct from those of healthy individuals; however, without the ability to track individuals during disease progression, it has not been possible to observe changes in the microbiome over the course of tumorigenesis. Mouse models have demonstrated that these changes can further promote colonic tumorigenesis. However, these models have relied upon mouse-adapted bacterial populations and so it remains unclear which human-adapted bacterial populations are responsible for modulating tumorigenesis. RESULTS We transplanted fecal microbiota from three CRC patients and three healthy individuals into germ-free mice, resulting in six structurally distinct microbial communities. Subjecting these mice to a chemically induced model of CRC resulted in different levels of tumorigenesis between mice. Differences in the number of tumors were strongly associated with the baseline microbiome structure in mice, but not with the cancer status of the human donors. Partitioning of baseline communities into enterotypes by Dirichlet multinomial mixture modeling resulted in three enterotypes that corresponded with tumor burden. The taxa most strongly positively correlated with increased tumor burden were members of the Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Alistipes, and Akkermansia, all of which are Gram-negative. Members of the Gram-positive Clostridiales, including multiple members of Clostridium Group XIVa, were strongly negatively correlated with tumors. Analysis of the inferred metagenome of each community revealed a negative correlation between tumor count and the potential for butyrate production, and a positive correlation between tumor count and the capacity for host glycan degradation. Despite harboring distinct gut communities, all mice underwent conserved structural changes over the course of the model. The extent of these changes was also correlated with tumor incidence. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the initial structure of the microbiome determines susceptibility to colonic tumorigenesis. There appear to be opposing roles for certain Gram-negative (Bacteroidales and Verrucomicrobia) and Gram-positive (Clostridiales) bacteria in tumor susceptibility. Thus, the impact of community structure is potentially mediated by the balance between protective, butyrate-producing populations and inflammatory, mucin-degrading populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nielson T Baxter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick D Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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