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Errum A, Rehman N, Uzair M, Inam S, Ali GM, Khan MR. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of wheat Ppd-1 gene homoeologs alters spike architecture and grain morphometric traits. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:66. [PMID: 36840774 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1) gene are known to modify flowering time and yield in wheat. We cloned TaPpd-1 from wheat and found high similarity among the three homoeologs of TaPpd-1. To clarify the characteristics of TaPpd-1 homoeologs in different photoperiod conditions for inflorescence architecture and yield, we used CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate Tappd-1 mutant plants by simultaneous modification of the three homoeologs of wheat Ppd-1. Tappd-1 mutant plants showed no off-target mutations. Four T0-edited lines under short-day length and three lines under long-day length conditions with the mutation frequency of 25% and 21%, respectively. These putative transgenic plants of all the lines were self-fertilized and generated T1 and T2 progenies and were evaluated by phenotypic and expression analysis. Results demonstrated that simultaneously edited TaPpd-1- A1, B1, and D1 homoeologs gene copies in T2_SDL-8-4, T2_SDL-4-5, T2_SDL-3-9, and T2_LDL-10-9 showed similar spike inflorescence, flowering time, and significantly increase in 1000-grain weight, grain area, grain width, grain length, plant height, and spikelets per spike due to mutation in both alleles of Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 homoeologs but only spike length was decreased in T2_SDL-8-4, T2_SDL-4-5, and T2_LDL-13-3 mutant lines due to mutation in both alleles of Ppd-A1 homoeolog under both conditions. Our results indicate that all TaPpd1 gene homoeologs influence wheat spike development by affecting both late flowering and earlier flowering but single mutant TaPpd-A1 homoeolog affect lowest as compared to the combination with double mutants of TaPpd-B1 and TaPpd-D1, TaPpd-A1 and TaPpd-B1, and TaPpd-A1 and TaPpd-D1 homoeologs for yield enhancement. Our findings further raised the idea that the relative expression of the various genomic copies of TaPpd-1 homoeologs may have an impact on the spike inflorescence architecture and grain morphometric features in wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Errum
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
- PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture (PIASA), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rehman
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Safeena Inam
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan.
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Malik P, Kumar J, Sharma S, Meher PK, Balyan HS, Gupta PK, Sharma S. GWAS for main effects and epistatic interactions for grain morphology traits in wheat. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2022; 28:651-668. [PMID: 35465203 PMCID: PMC8986918 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study in wheat, GWAS was conducted for identification of marker trait associations (MTAs) for the following six grain morphology traits: (1) grain cross-sectional area (GCSA), (2) grain perimeter (GP), (3) grain length (GL), (4) grain width (GWid), (5) grain length-width ratio (GLWR) and (6) grain form-density (GFD). The data were recorded on a subset of spring wheat reference set (SWRS) comprising 225 diverse genotypes, which were genotyped using 10,904 SNPs and phenotyped for two consecutive years (2017-2018, 2018-2019). GWAS was conducted using five different models including two single-locus models (CMLM, SUPER), one multi-locus model (FarmCPU), one multi-trait model (mvLMM) and a model for Q x Q epistatic interactions. False discovery rate (FDR) [P value -log10(p) ≥ 5] and Bonferroni correction [P value -log10(p) ≥ 6] (corrected p value < 0.05) were applied to eliminate false positives due to multiple testing. This exercise gave 88 main effect and 29 epistatic MTAs after FDR and 13 main effect and 6 epistatic MTAs after Bonferroni corrections. MTAs obtained after Bonferroni corrections were further utilized for identification of 55 candidate genes (CGs). In silico expression analysis of CGs in different tissues at different parts of the seed at different developmental stages was also carried out. MTAs and CGs identified during the present study are useful addition to available resources for MAS to supplement wheat breeding programmes after due validation and also for future strategic basic research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01164-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Malik
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250 004 India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250 004 India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Govt. of India, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Shiveta Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250 004 India
| | - Prabina Kumar Meher
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Harindra Singh Balyan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250 004 India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250 004 India
| | - Shailendra Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250 004 India
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Crozier D, Riera-Lizarazu O, Rooney WL. Application of X-ray computed tomography to analyze the structure of sorghum grain. Plant Methods 2022; 18:3. [PMID: 35016682 PMCID: PMC8753924 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structural characteristics of whole sorghum kernels are known to affect end-use quality, but traditional evaluation of this structure is two-dimensional (i.e., cross section of a kernel). Current technology offers the potential to consider three-dimensional structural characteristics of grain. X-ray computed tomography (CT) presents one such opportunity to nondestructively extract quantitative data from grain caryopses which can then be related to end-use quality. RESULTS Phenotypic measurements were extracted from CT scans of grain sorghum caryopses. Extensive phenotypic variation was found for embryo volume, endosperm hardness, endosperm texture, endosperm volume, pericarp volume, and kernel volume. CT derived estimates were strongly correlated with ground truth measurements enabling the identification of genotypes with superior structural characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Presented herein is a phenotyping pipeline developed to quantify three-dimensional structural characteristics from grain sorghum caryopses which increases the throughput efficiency of previously difficult to measure traits. Adaptation of this workflow to other small-seeded crops is possible providing new and unique opportunities for scientists to study grain in a nondestructive manner which will ultimately lead to improvements end-use quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crozier
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Oscar Riera-Lizarazu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - William L Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Nnakwo KC, Mbah CN, Nnuka EE. Influence of trace additions of titanium on grain characteristics, conductivity and mechanical properties of copper-silicon-titanium alloys. Heliyon 2020; 5:e02471. [PMID: 32083195 PMCID: PMC7021817 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this research is to explore the influence of trace additions of titanium on grain characteristics (morphology and size), conductivity, and mechanical properties of copper-silicon-titanium alloys. The alloys compositions were designed using response surface optimal design (RSOD). The designed alloy compositions were melted, cast, and subjected to normalizing heat treatment at 900 °C for 0.5 hr. The grain characteristics and the elemental constituents of the produced alloys were analyzed using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The average grain size and distribution were also determined. The properties investigated were percentage elongation, tensile strength, hardness, electrical conductivity, and density. The results were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to obtain the significance of titanium content on the tested properties and to generate statistical model equations for future applications. The experimental results were optimized to ascertain the optimal alloy composition and properties. The OM and SEM results revealed a decrease in the average grain size of the parent alloy (Cu–3Si) from ≈10.1 μm to ≈4.4 μm and change in grain morphology after adding titanium, leading to improvement of properties. The results were confirmed to be statistically significant. The optimization results revealed Cu–3Si-0.47wt%Ti as the optimal alloy composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley C Nnakwo
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Christopher N Mbah
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Nigeria
| | - Eugene E Nnuka
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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Jia H, Feng X, Yang Y. Effect of grain morphology on the degradation behavior of Mg-4 wt% Zn alloy in Hank's solution. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 106:110013. [PMID: 31753338 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The degradation behavior of Mg-4 wt% Zn alloy with three different microstructures was examined in Hank's solution at 37 °C by electrochemical measurements and immersion tests in this study. The results show that the sample with cellular structure exhibits a more positive corrosion potential, lower corrosion current density, larger impedance and more protective film than samples with columnar dendritic and equiaxed dendritic structure. The higher corrosion resistance is attributed to the preferred orientation, eliminating susceptible grain boundaries and reduced secondary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Jia
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Xi'an Shiyou University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an, 710065, China.
| | - Xiaohui Feng
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Wang X, Dong L, Hu J, Pang Y, Hu L, Xiao G, Ma X, Kong X, Jia J, Wang H, Kong L. Dissecting genetic loci affecting grain morphological traits to improve grain weight via nested association mapping. Theor Appl Genet 2019; 132:3115-3128. [PMID: 31399755 PMCID: PMC6791957 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain morphological traits were identified via nested association mapping and validated in a natural wheat population via haplotype analysis. Grain weight, one of the three most important components of crop yield, is largely determined by grain morphological traits. Dissecting the genetic bases of grain morphology could facilitate the improvement of grain weight and yield production. In this study, four wheat recombinant inbred line populations constructed by crossing the modern variety Yanzhan 1 with three semi-wild wheat varieties (i.e., Chayazheda, Yutiandaomai, and Yunnanxiaomai from Xinjiang, Tibet, and Yunnan, respectively) and one exotic accession Hussar from Great Britain were investigated for grain weight and eight morphological traits in seven environments. Eighty-eight QTLs for all measured traits were totally identified through nested association mapping utilizing 14,643 high-quality polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by 90 K SNP array. Among them, 64 (72.7%) QTLs have the most favorable alleles donated by semi-wild wheat varieties. For 14 QTL clusters affecting at least two grain morphological traits, nine QTL clusters were located in similar position with known genes/QTL, and the other five were novel. Three important novel QTLs (i.e., qTGW-1B.1, qTGW-1B.2, and qTGW-1A.1) were further validated in a natural wheat population via haplotype analysis. The favorable haplotypes for these three QTLs might be used in marker-assisted selection for the improvement of wheat yield by modifying morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Luhao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Junmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yunlong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Guilian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jizeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Lingrang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Li ZL, Dong HJ, Song XG, Zhao HY, Tian H, Liu JH, Feng JC, Yan JC. Homogeneous (Cu, Ni) 6Sn 5 intermetallic compound joints rapidly formed in asymmetrical Ni/Sn/Cu system using ultrasound-induced transient liquid phase soldering process. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 42:403-410. [PMID: 29429685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) joints were rapidly formed in asymmetrical Ni/Sn/Cu system by an ultrasound-induced transient liquid phase (TLP) soldering process. In the traditional TLP soldering process, the intermetallic joints formed in Ni/Sn/Cu system consisted of major (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 and minor Cu3Sn IMCs, and the grain morphology of (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMCs subsequently exhibited fine rounded, needlelike and coarse rounded shapes from the Ni side to the Cu side, which was highly in accordance with the Ni concentration gradient across the joints. However, in the ultrasound-induced TLP soldering process, the intermetallic joints formed in Ni/Sn/Cu system only consisted of the (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMCs which exhibited an uniform grain morphology of rounded shape with a remarkably narrowed Ni concentration gradient. The ultrasound-induced homogeneous intermetallic joints exhibited higher shear strength (61.6 MPa) than the traditional heterogeneous intermetallic joints (49.8 MPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - H J Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - X G Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - H Y Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - H Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - J H Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - J C Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - J C Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
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Li ZL, Dong HJ, Song XG, Zhao HY, Feng JC, Liu JH, Tian H, Wang SJ. Rapid formation of Ni 3Sn 4 joints for die attachment of SiC-based high temperature power devices using ultrasound-induced transient liquid phase bonding process. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 36:420-426. [PMID: 28069229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High melting point Ni3Sn4 joints for the die attachment of SiC-based high temperature power devices was successfully achieved using an ultrasound-induced transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding process within a remarkably short bonding time of 8s. The formed intermetallic joints, which are completely composed of the refined equiaxial Ni3Sn4 grains with the average diameter of 2μm, perform the average shear strength of 26.7MPa. The sonochemical effects of ultrasonic waves dominate the mechanism and kinetics of the rapid formation of Ni3Sn4 joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - H J Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - X G Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - H Y Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - J C Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - J H Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - H Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - S J Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Special Welding Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
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Dharmaraj U, Meera MS, Reddy SY, Malleshi NG. Influence of hydrothermal processing on functional properties and grain morphology of finger millet. J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:1361-71. [PMID: 25745204 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Finger millet was hydrothermally processed followed by decortication. Changes in color, diameter, density, sphericity, thermal and textural characteristics and also some of the functional properties of the millet along with the grain morphology of the kernels after hydrothermal processing and decortication were studied. It was observed that, the millet turned dark after hydrothermal processing and color improved over native millet after decortication. A slight decrease in grain diameter was observed but sphericity of the grains increased on decortication. The soft and fragile endosperm turned into a hard texture and grain hardness increased by about 6 fold. Hydrothermal processing increased solubility and swelling power of the millet at ambient temperature. Pasting profile indicated that, peak viscosity decreased significantly on hydrothermal processing and both hydrothermally processed and decorticated millet exhibited zero breakdown viscosity. Enthalpy was negative for hydrothermally processed millet and positive for decorticated grains. Microscopic studies revealed that the orderly structure of endosperm changed to a coherent mass after hydrothermal processing and the different layers of seed coat get fused with the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Dharmaraj
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
| | - M S Meera
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
| | - S Yella Reddy
- Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
| | - Nagappa G Malleshi
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 India
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Mirzoyan N, Kamyshny A, Halevy I. An improved pyrite pretreatment protocol for kinetic and isotopic studies. Geochem Trans 2014; 15:10. [PMID: 25221435 PMCID: PMC4158268 DOI: 10.1186/s12932-014-0010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrite is one of the most abundant and widespread of the sulfide minerals with a central role in biogeochemical cycles of iron and sulfur. Due to its diverse roles in the natural and anthropogenic sulfur cycle, pyrite has been extensively studied in various experimental investigations of the kinetics of its dissolution and oxidation, the isotopic fractionations associated with these reactions, the microbiological processes involved, and the effects of pyrite on human health. Elemental sulfur (S0) is a common product of incomplete pyrite oxidation. Preexisting S0 impurities as unaccounted reaction products are a source of experimental uncertainty, as are adhered fine grains of pyrite and its oxidation products. Removal of these impurities is, therefore, desirable. A robust standardized pretreatment protocol for removal of fine particles and oxidation impurities from pyrite is lacking. Here we describe a protocol for S0 and fine particle removal from the surface of pyrite by rinsing in acid followed by repeated ultrasonication with warm acetone. RESULTS Our data demonstrate the presence of large fractions of S0 on untreated pyrite particle surfaces, of which only up to 60% was removed by a commonly used pretreatment method described by Moses et al. (GCA 51:1561-1571, 1987). In comparison, after pretreatment by the protocol proposed here, approximately 98% S0 removal efficiency was achieved. Additionally, the new procedure was more efficient at removal of fine particles of adhered pyrite and its oxidation products and did not appear to affect the particle size distribution, the specific surface area, or the properties of grain surfaces. CONCLUSIONS The suggested pyrite pretreatment protocol is more efficient in removal of impurities from pyrite grains, and provides multiple advantages for both kinetic and isotopic investigations of pyrite transformations under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natella Mirzoyan
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Alexey Kamyshny
- Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Itay Halevy
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100 Israel
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